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(edge)+(of+forest)

  • 81 border

    حَافَة \ border: edge: That cloth has a red border.. brim: the edge of a cup, bowl, etc.: My glass is full to the brim. brink: the edge (of a cliff, of land beside deep water, of sth. dangerous or unknown). edge: the border of sth.: This fence runs along the edge of a field. fringe: the outside edge: the fringe of the forest. rim: the edge of sth. that is round: the rim of a cup. verge: a border: a grass verge along the roadside.

    Arabic-English glossary > border

  • 82 brim

    حَافَة \ border: edge: That cloth has a red border.. brim: the edge of a cup, bowl, etc.: My glass is full to the brim. brink: the edge (of a cliff, of land beside deep water, of sth. dangerous or unknown). edge: the border of sth.: This fence runs along the edge of a field. fringe: the outside edge: the fringe of the forest. rim: the edge of sth. that is round: the rim of a cup. verge: a border: a grass verge along the roadside.

    Arabic-English glossary > brim

  • 83 brink

    حَافَة \ border: edge: That cloth has a red border.. brim: the edge of a cup, bowl, etc.: My glass is full to the brim. brink: the edge (of a cliff, of land beside deep water, of sth. dangerous or unknown). edge: the border of sth.: This fence runs along the edge of a field. fringe: the outside edge: the fringe of the forest. rim: the edge of sth. that is round: the rim of a cup. verge: a border: a grass verge along the roadside.

    Arabic-English glossary > brink

  • 84 fringe

    حَافَة \ border: edge: That cloth has a red border.. brim: the edge of a cup, bowl, etc.: My glass is full to the brim. brink: the edge (of a cliff, of land beside deep water, of sth. dangerous or unknown). edge: the border of sth.: This fence runs along the edge of a field. fringe: the outside edge: the fringe of the forest. rim: the edge of sth. that is round: the rim of a cup. verge: a border: a grass verge along the roadside.

    Arabic-English glossary > fringe

  • 85 rim

    حَافَة \ border: edge: That cloth has a red border.. brim: the edge of a cup, bowl, etc.: My glass is full to the brim. brink: the edge (of a cliff, of land beside deep water, of sth. dangerous or unknown). edge: the border of sth.: This fence runs along the edge of a field. fringe: the outside edge: the fringe of the forest. rim: the edge of sth. that is round: the rim of a cup. verge: a border: a grass verge along the roadside.

    Arabic-English glossary > rim

  • 86 verge

    حَافَة \ border: edge: That cloth has a red border.. brim: the edge of a cup, bowl, etc.: My glass is full to the brim. brink: the edge (of a cliff, of land beside deep water, of sth. dangerous or unknown). edge: the border of sth.: This fence runs along the edge of a field. fringe: the outside edge: the fringe of the forest. rim: the edge of sth. that is round: the rim of a cup. verge: a border: a grass verge along the roadside.

    Arabic-English glossary > verge

  • 87 margin

    noun
    1) (of page) Rand, der

    notes [written] in the margin — Randbemerkungen

    2) (extra amount) Spielraum, der

    profit margin — Gewinnspanne, die

    win by a narrow/wide margin — knapp/mit großem Vorsprung gewinnen

    3) (edge) Rand, der; Saum, der (geh.)
    * * *
    1) (the blank edge round a page of writing or print: Please write your comments in the margin.) der Rand
    2) (an edge or border: the margin of the lake.) die Grenze
    3) (something extra, beyond what should be needed: Leave a wide margin for error!) der Überschuß
    •
    - academic.ru/45207/marginal">marginal
    * * *
    mar·gin
    [ˈmɑ:ʤɪn, AM ˈmɑ:r-]
    n
    1. (outer edge) Rand m; TYPO [Seiten]rand m
    on the \margins of society am Rand[e] der Gesellschaft
    to write sth in the \margin TYPO etw an den Rand schreiben
    2. (amount) Differenz f, Abstand m
    to win by a wide [or large] /narrow [or small] \margin mit einem großen/knappen Vorsprung [o Abstand] gewinnen
    3. (provision) Spielraum m; SCI Streubereich m
    \margin of [or for] error Fehlerspanne f
    safety \margin [or \margin for safety] Sicherheitsspielraum m; (distance) Sicherheitsabstand m; SCI, TECH Sicherheitskoeffizient m, Sicherheitsfaktor m; ( fig) Pufferzone f
    4. ECON
    [profit] \margin Gewinnspanne f, Verdienstspanne f, Marge f fachspr
    narrow [or tight] \margin geringe [o knappe] Gewinnspanne
    5. FIN (deposit) Einschuss m, Einschussmarge f, Einschusszahlung f, Marge f
    \margin call Einschussforderung f
    to buy on \margin auf Einschuss kaufen
    6. FIN (difference between paid and charged interest) Zinsspanne f
    7. STOCKEX (difference between base rates and premium rates) Ekart m
    * * *
    ['mAːdZɪn]
    n
    1) (on page) Rand m

    a note ( written) in the margin — eine Randbemerkung, eine Bemerkung am Rand

    2) (= extra amount) Spielraum m

    he left a safety margin of one hour — sicherheitshalber kalkulierte er einen Spielraum von einer Stunde ein

    3) (COMM) Gewinnspanne f, Verdienstspanne f
    4) (liter: edge) Rand m, Saum m (liter)
    * * *
    margin [ˈmɑː(r)dʒın]
    A s
    1. Rand m (auch fig):
    at the margin of the forest am Rande des Waldes;
    on the margin of good taste am Rande des guten Geschmacks;
    the margin of consciousness PSYCH die Bewusstseinsschwelle
    2. auch pl (Seiten)Rand m (bei Büchern etc):
    as by ( oder per) margin WIRTSCH wie nebenstehend;
    in the margin am Rande oder nebenstehend (vermerkt etc);
    write sth in the margin etwas an den Rand schreiben;
    bled margin bis in die Schrift hinein beschnittener Rand;
    cropped margin zu stark beschnittener Rand
    3. Grenze f (auch fig):
    margin of income Einkommensgrenze
    4. Spielraum m:
    leave ( oder allow) a margin (for) Spielraum lassen (für)
    5. fig Überschuss m ( auch WIRTSCH), (ein) Mehr n (of an Zeit, Geld etc):
    margin of safety Sicherheitsspanne f;
    by a narrow margin mit knapper Not;
    catch one’s train by a comfortable margin seinen Zug (ganz) bequem erreichen
    6. WIRTSCH (Gewinn-, Verdienst) Spanne f
    7. Börse: Hinterlegungssumme f, Deckung f (von Kursschwankungen), (Bar)Einschuss(zahlung) m(f), Marge f:
    purchase securities on margin Wertpapiere auf Einschuss kaufen
    8. WIRTSCH Rentabilitätsgrenze f
    9. a) Mehrheit f
    b) SPORT Abstand m, ( auch Punkt)Vorsprung m:
    by a margin of four seconds mit 4 Sekunden Vorsprung oder Abstand;
    they were ahead by a two-goal margin sie führten mit zwei Toren Vorsprung;
    by a wide margin mit großem Vorsprung;
    win by a narrow margin knapp gewinnen
    B v/t
    1. mit einem Rand versehen
    2. a) umranden
    b) säumen
    3. mit Randbemerkungen versehen
    4. an den Rand schreiben
    5. WIRTSCH (durch Hinterlegung) decken
    * * *
    noun
    1) (of page) Rand, der

    notes [written] in the margin — Randbemerkungen

    2) (extra amount) Spielraum, der

    profit margin — Gewinnspanne, die

    win by a narrow/wide margin — knapp/mit großem Vorsprung gewinnen

    3) (edge) Rand, der; Saum, der (geh.)
    * * *
    n.
    Begrenzung f.
    Rand ¨-er m.
    Seitenrand m. v.
    begrenzen v.

    English-german dictionary > margin

  • 88 طرف

    طَرَفٌ \ border: edge: That cloth has a red border.. edge: the border of sth.: This fence runs along the edge of a field. fringe: the outside edge: the fringe of the forest. point: a sharp end (of a nail, pencil, weapon, etc.). side: (of a flat area) the edge: the 4 sides of a square. verge: a border: a grass verge along the roadside. \ See Also جانب (جانِب)، ضلع (ضِلع)‏ \ الطَّرَفُ الحادّ مِن \ edge: the sharp side of a blade. \ طَرَفُ خَبَر \ inkling: a slight idea, a faint guess: I had no inkling of his plans. \ طَرَفُ الخَيْط \ lead: the act of leading; a personal example; sth. that guides: The rest of the class followed his lead. The footmarks gave the police a lead. \ طَرَفُ الكُمّ \ cuff: the end of a sleeve, at the wrist. \ طَرَفٌ مُسْتَدِق \ tip: an end; a point: the tips of one’s fingers; the tip of a cigarette. \ طَرَفٌ من أطراف الجِسْم \ limb: a leg, arm or wing.

    Arabic-English dictionary > طرف

  • 89 fringe

    1. n бахрома
    2. n чёлка
    3. n окаймление; кайма

    a fringe of houses round a lake — дома, окаймляющие озеро

    4. n край; каёмка; обочина

    on the fringe of a crowd — с краю, сбоку, не в самой толпе

    5. n крайняя группа
    6. n собир. «фриндж», маленькие и экспериментальные театры
    7. n физ. интерференционная полоса
    8. n спец. несовмещение цветов
    9. n кино цветная кайма
    10. v отделывать, бахромой
    11. v окаймлять
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. edge (noun) border; brim; brink; edge; hem; margin; rim; selvage; skirt; verge
    2. perimeter (noun) borderline; frontier; limit; outer limit; outside edge; perimeter; periphery
    3. suburbs (noun) outskirts; suburbs
    4. tasseled border (noun) crocheted edge; edgework; edging; knitting; needle point; tassel; tasseled border; tatting; trimming
    5. border (verb) border; bound; define; edge; hem; margin; outline; rim; skirt; surround; verge

    English-Russian base dictionary > fringe

  • 90 border

    طَرَفٌ \ border: edge: That cloth has a red border.. edge: the border of sth.: This fence runs along the edge of a field. fringe: the outside edge: the fringe of the forest. point: a sharp end (of a nail, pencil, weapon, etc.). side: (of a flat area) the edge: the 4 sides of a square. verge: a border: a grass verge along the roadside. \ See Also جانب (جانِب)، ضلع (ضِلع)‏

    Arabic-English glossary > border

  • 91 fringe

    طَرَفٌ \ border: edge: That cloth has a red border.. edge: the border of sth.: This fence runs along the edge of a field. fringe: the outside edge: the fringe of the forest. point: a sharp end (of a nail, pencil, weapon, etc.). side: (of a flat area) the edge: the 4 sides of a square. verge: a border: a grass verge along the roadside. \ See Also جانب (جانِب)، ضلع (ضِلع)‏

    Arabic-English glossary > fringe

  • 92 point

    طَرَفٌ \ border: edge: That cloth has a red border.. edge: the border of sth.: This fence runs along the edge of a field. fringe: the outside edge: the fringe of the forest. point: a sharp end (of a nail, pencil, weapon, etc.). side: (of a flat area) the edge: the 4 sides of a square. verge: a border: a grass verge along the roadside. \ See Also جانب (جانِب)، ضلع (ضِلع)‏

    Arabic-English glossary > point

  • 93 side

    طَرَفٌ \ border: edge: That cloth has a red border.. edge: the border of sth.: This fence runs along the edge of a field. fringe: the outside edge: the fringe of the forest. point: a sharp end (of a nail, pencil, weapon, etc.). side: (of a flat area) the edge: the 4 sides of a square. verge: a border: a grass verge along the roadside. \ See Also جانب (جانِب)، ضلع (ضِلع)‏

    Arabic-English glossary > side

  • 94 verge

    طَرَفٌ \ border: edge: That cloth has a red border.. edge: the border of sth.: This fence runs along the edge of a field. fringe: the outside edge: the fringe of the forest. point: a sharp end (of a nail, pencil, weapon, etc.). side: (of a flat area) the edge: the 4 sides of a square. verge: a border: a grass verge along the roadside. \ See Also جانب (جانِب)، ضلع (ضِلع)‏

    Arabic-English glossary > verge

  • 95 опушка

    I жен. (леса) edge/border (of a forest/wood) II жен. (отделка) trimming, edging
    edge of a forest

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > опушка

  • 96 стена леса

    1) Engineering: forest edge

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > стена леса

  • 97 अन्त _anta

    अन्त a. [अम्-तन् Uṇ.3.86]
    1 Near.
    -2 Last.
    -3 Handsome, lovely; Me.23; दन्तोज्ज्वलासु विमलोपलमे- खलान्ताः Śi.4.4, (where, however, the ordinary sense of 'border' or 'skirt' may do as well, though Malli. renders अन्त by रम्य, quoting the authority of शब्दार्णव - 'मृताववसिते रम्ये समाप्तावन्त इष्यते').
    -4 Lowest, worst.
    -5 Youngest.
    -तः (n. in some senses)
    1 (a) End, limit, boundary (in time or space); final limit, last or extreme point; स सागरान्तां पृथिवीं प्रशास्ति H.4.5 bounded by the ocean, as far as the sea; अपाङ्गौ नेत्रयो- रन्तौ Ak.; उद्युक्तो विद्यान्तमधिगच्छति H.3.114 goes to the end of, masters completely; श्रुतस्य यायादयमन्तमर्भकस्तथा परेषां युधि चेति पार्थिवः (where अन्त also means end or destruction); जीवलोकसुखानामन्तं ययौ K.59 enjoyed all worldly pleasures; आलोकितः खलु रमणीयानामन्तः K.124 end, furthest extremity; दिगन्ते श्रूयन्ते Bv.1.2.
    -2 Skirt, border, edge, precinct; a place or ground in general; यत्र रम्यो वनान्तः U.2.25 forest ground, skirts of the forest; ओदकान्तात् स्निग्धो जनो$नुगन्तव्यः Ś.4; उपवनान्तलताः R.9.35 as far as the borders or skirts; वृत्तः स नौ संगतयोर्वनान्ते R.2.58,2.19; Me.23. Upper part (शिरोभाग); महा- र्हमुक्तामणिभूषितान्तम् Rām.5.4.3.
    -3 End of a texture, edge, skirt, fringe or hem of a garment; वस्त्र˚; पवनप्रनर्तितान्तदेशे दुकूले K.9 (by itself in Veda).
    -4 Vicinity, proximity, neighbourhood, presence; नाधीयीत श्मशानान्ते ग्रामान्ते Ms. 4.116; Y.2.162; जलान्ते छन्दसां कुर्यादुत्सर्गं विधिवद् बहिः 1.143; गङ्गाप्रपातान्तविरूढशष्पम् (गह्वरम्) R.2.26; पुंसो यमान्तं व्रजतः P.2.115 going into the vicinity or presence of Yama; अन्योन्यामन्त्रणं यत्स्याज्जनान्ते तज्जनान्तिकम् S. D.; यां तु कुमारस्यान्ते वाचमभाषथास्तां मे ब्रूहि Śat. Br. (These four senses are allied).
    -5 End, conclusion, termination (opp. आरम्भ or आदि); सेकान्ते R.1.51; दिनान्ते निहितम् R.4.1; मासान्ते, पक्षान्ते, दशाहान्ते &c.; एकस्य दुःखस्य न यावदन्तं गच्छाम्यहं पारमिवार्णवस्य Pt.2.175; व्यसनानि दुरन्तानि Ms.7.45; दशान्तमुपेयिवान् R.12.1 going to the end of the period of life (end of the wick); व्यसनं वर्धयत्येव तस्यान्तं नाधिगच्छति Pt.2.18; oft. in comp. in this sense, and meaning 'ending in or with', 'ceasing to exist with', 'reaching to the end'; तदन्तं तस्य जीवितम् H.1.91 ends in it; कलहान्तानि हर्म्याणि कुवाक्यान्तं च सौहृदम् । कुराजान्तानि राष्ट्राणि कुकर्मान्तं यशो नृणाम् ॥ Pt.5.76; विशाखान्ता गता मेघा प्रसूत्यन्तं च यौवनम् । प्रणामान्तः सतां कोपो याचनान्तंहि गौरवम् ॥ Subhā. फलोदयान्ताय तपःसमाधये Ku.5.6 ending with (lasting till) the attainment of fruit; यौवनान्तं वयो यस्मिन् Ku.6.44; R.11.62,14.41; विपदन्ता ह्यविनीतसंपदः Ki.2.52; युगसहस्रान्तं ब्राह्मं पुण्यमहर्विदुः Ms.1.73 at the end of 1 Yugas; प्राणान्तं दण़्डम् Ms.8.359 capital punishment (such as would put an end to life).
    -6 Death, destruc- tion; end or close of life; धरा गच्छत्यन्तं Bh.3.71 goes down to destruction; योगेनान्ते तनुत्यजाम् R.1.8; एका भवेत्स्वस्तिमती त्वदन्ते 2.48;12.75; ममाप्यन्ते Ś.6; अद्य कान्तः कृतान्तो वा दुःखस्यान्तं करिष्यति Udb.; औषध्यः फलपाकान्ताः Ms.1.46; अन्तं या To be destroyed, perish, be ruined.
    -7 (In gram.) A final syllable or letter of a word; अजन्त ending in a vowel; so हलन्त, सुबन्त, तिडन्त &c.
    -8 The last word in a compound.
    -9 Ascertainment, or settlement (of a question); definite or final settle- ment; pause, final determination, as in सिद्धान्त; न चैव रावणस्यान्तो दृश्यते जीवितक्षये Rām.6.17.58 उभयोरपि दृष्टोन्तस्त्वनयोस्तत्त्वदर्शिभिः Bg.2.16 (सदसतोः इत्यर्थः).
    -1 The last portion or the remainder (n. also); निशान्तः; वेदान्तः &c. वेदांश्चैव तु वेदाङ्गान् वेदान्तानि तथा स्मृतीः । अधीत्य ब्राह्मणः पूर्वं शक्तितो$न्यांश्च संपठेत् ॥ Bṛihadyogi- yājñavalkya Smṛiti 12.34.
    -11 Underneath, inside, inner part; युष्मदीयं च जलान्ते गृहम् Pt.4 in water, underneath water; सुप्रयुक्तस्य दम्भस्य ब्रह्माप्यन्तं न गच्छति Pt.1.22 does not penetrate or dive into, sound, fathom; आशङ्कितस्यान्तं गच्छामि M.3 shall dive deep into, fully satisfy, my doubts.
    -12 Total amount, whole number or quantity.
    -13 A large number.
    -14 Nature, condition; sort, species; मम मोक्षस्य को$न्तो वै ब्रह्मन्ध्यायस्व वै प्रभो Mb.12.282.32. एतदन्तास्तु गतयो ब्रह्माद्याः समुदाहृताः Ms.1.5.
    -15 Disposition; essence; शुद्धान्तः
    -16 Division (विभाग); ते$नया कात्यायन्या$न्तं करवाणीति Bri. Up.2.4.1. [cf. Goth. andeis, and; Germ. ende and ent; also Gr. anti; L. ante]. cf. अन्तस्तु भागे$- वसिते रचनायां च तत्परे । मृतौ निषेवणे रम्ये समाप्तावग्रमध्ययोः ॥ स्वरूपे च समीपे च पुंलिङ्गे$पि प्रकीर्तितः । Nm.
    -Comp. -अवशा- यिन् m. [अन्ते पर्यन्तदेशे अवशेते] a chāṇḍāla.
    -अवसायिन् [नखकेशानामन्तं अवसातुं छेत्तुं शीलमस्य, सो-णिनि]
    1 a barber.
    -2 a chāṇḍāla, low caste.
    -3 N. of a sage, see अन्त्याव- सायिन् (अन्ते पश्चिमे वयसि अवस्यति तत्त्वं निश्चिनोति).
    -उदात्त a. having the acute accent on the last syllable. (
    -त्तः) the acute accent on the last syllable; P.VI,1.199.
    -ओष्ठः The lower lip (अधरोष्ठ); रुधिरं न व्यतिक्रामदन्तोष्ठादम्ब मा शुचः Mb.11.15.16.
    -कर, -करण,-कारिन् a. causing death or destruction, fatal, mortal, destructive; क्षत्रिया- न्तकरणो$पि विक्रमः R.11.75 causing the destruction of; राज्यान्तकरणावेतौ द्वौ दोषौ पृथिवीक्षिताम् Ms.9.221; अहमन्तकरो नूनं ध्वान्तस्येव दिवाकरः Bk.
    -कर्मन् n. death, destruction; षो अन्तकर्मणि Dhātupāṭha.
    -कालः, -वेला time or hour of death; स्थित्वा स्यामन्तकाले$पि ब्रह्मनिर्वाणमृच्छति Bg.2.72.
    -कृत् m. death; वर्जयेदन्तकृन्मर्त्यं वर्जयेदनिलो$नलम् Rām.
    -कृद्दशाः N. of the eighth of the twelve sacred Aṅga texts of the Jainas (containing ten chapters).
    -ग a. having gone to the end of, thoroughly conversant or familiar with, (in comp.); शाखान्तगमथाध्वर्युम् Ms.3.145.
    -गति, -गामिन् a. perishing. प्राप्तो$न्तगामी विपरीतबुद्धिः Rām.6.59.94.
    -गमनम् 1 going to the end, finishing, completing; प्रारब्धस्य ˚नं द्वितीयं बुद्धिलक्षणम्
    -2 death, perishing, dying.
    -चक्रम् Reading of omens and augury; Kau. A.
    -चर a.
    1 walking about, going to the borders or frontiers.
    -2 completing or finishing (as a business &c.).
    -ज a. last born.
    -दीपकम् a figure of speech (in Rhetoric).
    -परिच्छदः a. cover, covering utensil. राजतान्तपरिच्छदां दिव्यपायससंपूर्णां पात्रीम् Rām.1.16.14.
    -पालः 1 a frontier-guard, guarding the frontiers; विनीतैरन्तपालैश्च रक्षोभिश्च सुरक्षितम् Rām.5.6.9. ˚दुर्गे M.1; त्वदीयेनान्तपाले- नावस्कन्द्य गृहीतः ibid.
    -2 a door-keeper (rare). सुद्युम्न- स्त्वन्तपालेभ्यः श्रुत्वा लिखितमागतम् Mb.12.23.29.
    -भव, -भाज् a. being at the end, last.
    -लीन a. hidden, con- cealed.
    -लोपः dropping of the final of a word. (न्ते˚)
    -वासिन् a. dwelling near the frontiers, dwelling close by. -m. [अन्ते गुरुसमीपे वस्तुं शीलं यस्य]
    1 a pupil (who always dwells near his master to receive instruction); P.IV.3.14;VI.2.36.; Ms.4.33.
    -2 a chāṇḍāla (who dwells at the extremity of a village).
    -वेला = ˚कालः q. v.
    -व्यापत्तिः f. change of the final syllable, as in मेघ from मिह् Nir.
    -शय्या 1 a bed on the ground.
    -2 the last bed, death-bed; hence death itself.
    -3 a place for burial or burning.
    -4 a bier or funeral pile.
    -संश्लेषः union (सन्धि), joint; सुखदुःखान्तसंश्लेषम् (काल- चक्रम्) Mb.14.45.3.
    -सत्क्रिया last rites, funeral ceremonies, obsequies.
    -सढ् m. pupil; तमुपासते गुरुमिवा- न्तसदः Ki.6.34.
    -स्वरितः the svarita accent on the last syllable of a word.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > अन्त _anta

  • 98 снова засаждать лесом

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > снова засаждать лесом

  • 99 Outram, Benjamin

    [br]
    b. 1 April 1764 Alfreton, England
    d. 22 May 1805 London, England
    [br]
    English ironmaster and engineer of canals and tramroads, protagonist of angled plate rails in place of edge rails.
    [br]
    Outram's father was one of the principal promoters of the Cromford Canal, Derbyshire, and Benjamin Outram became Assistant to the canal's Engineer, William Jessop. In 1789 Outram was appointed Superintendent in charge of construction, and his responsibilities included the 2,978 yd (2,723 m) Butterley Tunnel; while the tunnel was being driven, coal and iron ore were encountered. Outram and a partner purchased the Butterley Hall estate above the tunnel and formed Outram \& Co. to exploit the coal and iron: a wide length of the tunnel beneath the company's furnace was linked to the surface by shafts to become in effect an underground wharf. Jessop soon joined the company, which grew and prospered to eventually become the long-lived Butterley Company.
    As a canal engineer, Outram's subsequent projects included the Derby, Huddersfield Narrow and Peak Forest Canals. On the Derby Canal he built a small iron aqueduct, which though designed later than the Longdon Aqueduct of Thomas Telford was opened earlier, in 1796, to become the first iron aqueduct.
    It is as a tramroad engineer that Outram is best known. In 1793 he completed a mile-long (1.6 km) tramroad from Outram \& Co.'s limestone quarry at Crich to the Cromford Canal, for which he used plate rails of the type recently developed by John Curr. He was, however, able to use a wider gauge—3 ft 6 in. (1.07 m) between the flanges—and larger wagons than Curr had been able to use underground in mines. It appears to have been Outram's idea to mount the rails on stone blocks, rather than wooden sleepers.
    Outram then engineered tramroads to extend the lines of the Derby and Peak Forest Canals. He encouraged construction of such tramroads in many parts of Britain, often as feeders of traffic to canals. He acted as Engineer, and his company often provided the rails and sometimes undertook the entire construction of a line. Foreseeing that lines would be linked together, he recommended a gauge of 4 ft 2 in. (1.27 m) between the flanges as standard, and for twenty years or so Outram's plateways, with horses or gravity as motive power, became the usual form of construction for new railways. However, experience then showed that edge rails, weight for weight, could carry greater load, and were indeed almost essential for the introduction of steam locomotives.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    R.B.Schofield, 1986, "The design and construction of the Cromford Canal, 1788–1794", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 57 (provides good coverage of Outram's early career).
    P.J.Riden, 1973, The Butterley Company and railway construction, 1790–1830', Transport History 6(1) (covers Outram's development of tramroads).
    R.A.Mott, 1969, Tramroads of the eighteenth century and their originator: John Curr', Transactions of the Newcomen Society 42.
    "Dowie" (A.R.Cowlishaw, J.H.Price and R.G.P. Tebb), 1971, The Crich Mineral Railways, Crich: Tramway Publications.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Outram, Benjamin

  • 100 border

    border [bɔʀde]
    ➭ TABLE 1 transitive verb
       a. ( = longer) [arbres, immeubles, maisons] to line
       b. [+ personne, couverture] to tuck in
    * * *
    bɔʀde
    1) ( suivre un contour) to line (de with)
    2) ( entourer) [plage] to skirt [côte]; [plantes] to border [massif, lac]
    3) ( longer) [chemin, cours d'eau] to border, to run alongside [maison, terrain]; [marin, navire] to sail along [côte]
    4) ( arranger la literie) to tuck [somebody] in [personne]
    5) ( garnir) to edge [vêtement] (de with)
    6) Nautisme to take up the slack in [voile]; to ship [avirons]

    border un navire — ( en bois) to plank; ( en metal) to plate

    * * *
    bɔʀde vt
    2) (= garnir)
    3) (dans son lit) to tuck up

    Sa mère vient la border tous les soirs. — Her mother comes and tucks her up every night.

    * * *
    border verb table: aimer vtr
    1 ( suivre un contour) to line (de with); route bordée d'arbres road lined ou bordered with trees, tree-lined road;
    2 ( entourer) [plage, îles] to skirt [côte]; [plantes] to border [massif, lac]; une pelouse bordée de rosiers a lawn bordered with rose bushes;
    3 ( longer) [chemin, cours d'eau] to border, to run alongside [maison, terrain]; [marin, navire] to sail along [côte]; sentier bordant la forêt track bordering the forest;
    4 ( arranger la literie) to tuck in [lit]; to tuck [sb] in [personne];
    5 Cout ( garnir) to edge [vêtement, lingerie] (de with); un mouchoir bordé de dentelle a handkerchief edged with lace, a lace-trimmed handkerchief;
    6 ( étarquer) [marin] to take up the slack in [voile];
    7 ( revêtir de bordages) ( en bois) to plank; ( en métal) to plate;
    8 ( ramener) [rameur] to ship [avirons].
    [bɔrde] verbe transitif
    1. [garnir] to edge, to trim
    border quelque chose de to trim ou to edge something with
    2. [en se couchant]
    va te coucher, je viendrai te border go to bed, I'll come and tuck you in
    3. [délimiter] to line
    4. NAUTIQUE [de planches] to plank
    [de tôles] to plate
    [voile] to haul on

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > border

Страницы

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