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(believe+to+have)

  • 1 believe

    اعْتَقَدَ \ believe: to hold an opinion: I believe (that) they’ll be back soon. consider: to think; have an opinion: Do you consider that I am to blame?. hold: to consider; believe: He holds very strange ideas. He was held to blame for the accident. imagine: to suppose; think: I imagine that you’re right. regard: to consider; look at: They regard it as an honour to work for her. They regard her with great respect. think: to believe; consider; have a firm opinion: I think she’s beautiful. Don’t you think so? We never thought it possible (that it was possible). \ See Also اعتبر (اِعْتَبَرَ)، افترض (اِفْتَرَضَ)، ظَنَّ أَنّ

    Arabic-English glossary > believe

  • 2 believe in

    آمَنَ بِـ \ believe in: to have faith in; trust the value of: Every Christian believes in God. I believe in having 8 hours sleep each night.. hold: to believe: He holds very strange ideas. \ See Also اعتقد (اِعْتَقَدَ)‏

    Arabic-English glossary > believe in

  • 3 have reason to (believe/think etc)

    I have (good) reason to think that he is lying.

    لَدَيه سَبَبٌ مَعقول

    Arabic-English dictionary > have reason to (believe/think etc)

  • 4 have reason to (believe/think etc)

    I have (good) reason to think that he is lying.

    لَدَيه سَبَبٌ مَعقول

    Arabic-English dictionary > have reason to (believe/think etc)

  • 5 mengimani

    believe in, have faith in
    * * *
    believe in, have faith in

    Indonesia-Inggris kamus > mengimani

  • 6 tener fe en

    • believe in
    • have completed the nine months of pregnancy
    • have connections
    • have eyes in the back of one's head
    • have fear
    • take stock in
    • trust to
    • trust to be able of
    • trust to be able to

    Diccionario Técnico Español-Inglés > tener fe en

  • 7 tener motivos para

    • have reach
    • have reason to
    • have reason to believe that
    • have recourse to

    Diccionario Técnico Español-Inglés > tener motivos para

  • 8 acogerse a

    • have reason to believe that
    • have regard for
    • recur to
    • resort to
    • seek sanctuary in
    • seek sanctuary with
    • take refuge in

    Diccionario Técnico Español-Inglés > acogerse a

  • 9 creer en

    • believe in
    • have eyes in the back of one's head
    • have fear

    Diccionario Técnico Español-Inglés > creer en

  • 10 Glauben

    glau·ben
    1. glau·ben [ʼglaubn̩]
    vt
    [jdm] etw \Glauben to believe sth [of sb's];
    das glaubst du doch selbst nicht! you don't really believe that, do you! [or can't be serious!];
    ob du es glaubst oder nicht, aber... believe it or not, but...;
    jdm jedes Wort \Glauben to believe every word sb says;
    kaum [o nicht] zu \Glauben unbelievable, incredible;
    etw nicht \Glauben wollen to not want to believe sth;
    jdn etw \Glauben machen wollen ( fam) to try to make sb believe sth
    2) ( wähnen)
    sich in der Mehrzahl/im Recht \Glauben to believe oneself in the majority/to think [that] one is right;
    sich allein/unbeobachtet \Glauben to think [that] one is alone/nobody is watching one; s. a. selig
    vi
    1) ( vertrauen)
    jdm \Glauben to believe sb;
    jdm aufs Wort \Glauben to take sb's word for it;
    an jdn/etw \Glauben to believe in sb/sth;
    an jds Ehrlichkeit/das Gute im Menschen \Glauben to believe in sb's honesty/the good in people;
    an sich selbst \Glauben to believe [or have faith] in oneself
    an etw \Glauben to believe in sth;
    an Gott/ Gespenster/ den Weihnachtsmann/Wunder \Glauben to believe in God/ghosts/Father Christmas [or (Am) Santa Claus] /miracles
    fest/unerschütterlich \Glauben to have a strong/an unshakeable faith
    WENDUNGEN:
    dran \Glauben müssen (sl: sterben müssen) to kick the bucket (sl), to snuff [or (Am) buy] it (sl) ( weggeworfen werden müssen) to get chucked out (sl) ( etw tun müssen) to be stuck with it (sl) ( getrunken/ gegessen werden müssen) to have to go [or ( hum) be sacrificed];
    wer's glaubt, wird selig a likely story ( iron), only an idiot would buy it
    2. Glau·ben <-s> [ʼglaubn̩] m

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > Glauben

  • 11 glauben

    glau·ben
    1. glau·ben [ʼglaubn̩]
    vt
    [jdm] etw \glauben to believe sth [of sb's];
    das glaubst du doch selbst nicht! you don't really believe that, do you! [or can't be serious!];
    ob du es glaubst oder nicht, aber... believe it or not, but...;
    jdm jedes Wort \glauben to believe every word sb says;
    kaum [o nicht] zu \glauben unbelievable, incredible;
    etw nicht \glauben wollen to not want to believe sth;
    jdn etw \glauben machen wollen ( fam) to try to make sb believe sth
    2) ( wähnen)
    sich in der Mehrzahl/im Recht \glauben to believe oneself in the majority/to think [that] one is right;
    sich allein/unbeobachtet \glauben to think [that] one is alone/nobody is watching one; s. a. selig
    vi
    1) ( vertrauen)
    jdm \glauben to believe sb;
    jdm aufs Wort \glauben to take sb's word for it;
    an jdn/etw \glauben to believe in sb/sth;
    an jds Ehrlichkeit/das Gute im Menschen \glauben to believe in sb's honesty/the good in people;
    an sich selbst \glauben to believe [or have faith] in oneself
    an etw \glauben to believe in sth;
    an Gott/ Gespenster/ den Weihnachtsmann/Wunder \glauben to believe in God/ghosts/Father Christmas [or (Am) Santa Claus] /miracles
    fest/unerschütterlich \glauben to have a strong/an unshakeable faith
    WENDUNGEN:
    dran \glauben müssen (sl: sterben müssen) to kick the bucket (sl), to snuff [or (Am) buy] it (sl) ( weggeworfen werden müssen) to get chucked out (sl) ( etw tun müssen) to be stuck with it (sl) ( getrunken/ gegessen werden müssen) to have to go [or ( hum) be sacrificed];
    wer's glaubt, wird selig a likely story ( iron), only an idiot would buy it
    2. Glau·ben <-s> [ʼglaubn̩] m

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > glauben

  • 12 fe

    f.
    1 faith (creencia, confianza).
    la fe católica the Catholic faith
    hacer algo de buena fe to do something in good faith
    tener fe en to have faith in, to believe in
    la fe mueve montañas faith can move mountains
    2 certificate (document).
    fe de bautismo baptismal certificate
    3 Fe, iron.
    * * *
    fe
    1 faith
    2 DERECHO (certificado) certificate
    \
    de buena fe in good faith, with good intentions
    ■ lo hizo de buena fe, pensando que nos ayudaría he did it in good faith thinking it would help us
    de mala fe dishonestly, with dishonest intentions
    tener una fe ciega to have blind faith (en, in)
    fe de bautismo baptism certificate
    fe de matrimonio marriage certificate
    la fe cristiana the Christian faith
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF ABR
    ( Hist) = Falange Española

    FE de las JONS —

    = Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista
    * * *
    1) (Relig) faith; (creencia, confianza) faith

    le tiene una fe ciega — he has absolute o blind faith in it

    2) (frml) ( testimonio)
    3) (voluntad, intención)

    buena/mala fe — good/bad faith

    actuar de buena/mala fe — to act in good/bad faith

    * * *
    = faith, shibboleth.
    Ex. This may be seen as a good or a bad thing, depending on your faith in the market forces and laisser-faire of Prestel or the benign dictatorship of the BBC and ITV.
    Ex. The article is entitled ' Shibboleth and substance in North American library and information science education'.
    ----
    * acto de fé = act of faith.
    * actuar de buena fe = act in + good faith.
    * buena fe = goodwill [good will].
    * crisis de fe = crisis of faith.
    * dar fe = attest, certify.
    * dar fe de = testify (to/of), vouch (for), be testimony to.
    * dar fe de que = attest to + the fact that.
    * de buena fe = bona fide, in good faith.
    * fe católica = Catholic faith.
    * fe ciega = blind faith, blind trust.
    * fe de erratas = corrigenda [sing. corrigendum], errata [erratum, -sing.], errata slip, errata sheet.
    * fe religiosa = religious faith.
    * la fe mueve montañas = faith will move mountains.
    * obrar de buena fe = act in + good faith.
    * perder la fe = lose + Posesivo + faith.
    * salto de fe = leap of faith.
    * tener fe = have + faith (in).
    * tener fe en = have + faith (in).
    * * *
    1) (Relig) faith; (creencia, confianza) faith

    le tiene una fe ciega — he has absolute o blind faith in it

    2) (frml) ( testimonio)
    3) (voluntad, intención)

    buena/mala fe — good/bad faith

    actuar de buena/mala fe — to act in good/bad faith

    * * *
    = faith, shibboleth.

    Ex: This may be seen as a good or a bad thing, depending on your faith in the market forces and laisser-faire of Prestel or the benign dictatorship of the BBC and ITV.

    Ex: The article is entitled ' Shibboleth and substance in North American library and information science education'.
    * acto de fé = act of faith.
    * actuar de buena fe = act in + good faith.
    * buena fe = goodwill [good will].
    * crisis de fe = crisis of faith.
    * dar fe = attest, certify.
    * dar fe de = testify (to/of), vouch (for), be testimony to.
    * dar fe de que = attest to + the fact that.
    * de buena fe = bona fide, in good faith.
    * fe católica = Catholic faith.
    * fe ciega = blind faith, blind trust.
    * fe de erratas = corrigenda [sing. corrigendum], errata [erratum, -sing.], errata slip, errata sheet.
    * fe religiosa = religious faith.
    * la fe mueve montañas = faith will move mountains.
    * obrar de buena fe = act in + good faith.
    * perder la fe = lose + Posesivo + faith.
    * salto de fe = leap of faith.
    * tener fe = have + faith (in).
    * tener fe en = have + faith (in).

    * * *
    fe
    A
    1 ( Relig) faith
    abrazar la fe cristiana to embrace the Christian faith
    ha perdido la fe she has lost her faith
    2 (creencia, confianza) faith
    tener fe en Dios to have faith in God
    había puesto toda mi fe en ti I had put all my trust in you
    le tiene una fe ciega he has absolute o blind faith in it
    Compuesto:
    la fe del carbonero blind faith
    B ( frml)
    (testimonio): dar fe de algo to testify to sth
    doy fe de su honestidad I can testify to o vouch for his honesty
    doy fe de que el documento es auténtico I bear witness to the authenticity of the document, I certify that the document is authentic
    en fe de todo ello ( frml); in witness hereof ( frml)
    a fe mía ( arc); upon my soul ( arch)
    Compuestos:
    certificate of baptism
    ● fe de erratas or errores
    errata
    C
    (voluntad, intención): buena/mala fe good/bad faith
    actuar de buena/mala fe to act in good/bad faith
    no dudo de su buena fe I don't doubt his good intentions
    lo hizo con la mejor fe del mundo he did it with the best of intentions
    * * *

     

    fe sustantivo femenino
    a) (Relig) faith;

    (creencia, confianza) faith;
    ◊ tener fe en algo/algn to have faith in sth/sb;

    puse toda mi fe en ti I put all my trust in you
    b) ( intención):


    actuar de buena/mala fe to act in good/bad faith
    fe sustantivo femenino
    1 faith
    de buena/mala fe, in good/bad faith
    2 (documento oficial) certificate
    fe de bautismo, baptism certificate
    3 Impr fe de erratas, (list of) errata
    4 (testimonio) dar fe, to testify
    'fe' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    confianza
    - creer
    - descreída
    - descreído
    - ciego
    - confiar
    - desmoronarse
    - ferviente
    - inquebrantable
    - obrar
    - vacilar
    English:
    affair
    - attest
    - barefaced
    - belief
    - believe in
    - blind
    - bona fide
    - buffet
    - Cellophane
    - consolation
    - deface
    - defame
    - efface
    - fable
    - face
    - faceless
    - facelift
    - facial
    - facing
    - fade
    - faded
    - fail
    - failing
    - failsafe
    - failure
    - faint
    - faint-hearted
    - fainting
    - faintly
    - faintness
    - fair
    - fair-haired
    - fair-skinned
    - fairground
    - fairly
    - fairminded
    - fairmindedness
    - fairness
    - fairy
    - fairyland
    - fairylights
    - faith
    - faithful
    - faithfully
    - faithfulness
    - faithless
    - fake
    - fame
    - famous
    - famously
    * * *
    fe nf
    1. [creencia] faith;
    la fe mueve montañas faith can move mountains;
    la fe obra milagros faith can work miracles
    la fe del carbonero blind o unquestioning faith;
    fe ciega blind faith;
    tiene una fe ciega en ese medicamento he has absolute faith in that medicine
    2. [religión] faith;
    la fe católica/islámica the Catholic/Islamic faith
    3. [confianza] faith, confidence;
    ser digno de fe to be credible;
    tener fe en to have faith in, to believe in;
    hay que tener fe en el médico one must have confidence in one's doctor
    4. [documento] certificate
    fe de bautismo baptismal certificate;
    fe de erratas errata [plural];
    fe de vida = certificate testifying that owner is still alive
    5. [palabra de honor]
    dar fe de que [sujeto: notario] to certify that;
    doy fe de que ocurrió así I confirm that this is how it happened;
    Anticuado
    a fe mía on my word (of honour)
    6. [intención]
    buena/mala fe good/bad faith;
    hacer algo de buena/mala fe to do sth in good/bad faith;
    no pongo en duda su buena fe I don't doubt her good intentions
    * * *
    fe
    f
    1 faith (en in);
    tener fe en believe in, have faith in;
    la fe mueve montañas faith moves mountains
    :
    de buena/mala fe in good/bad faith
    3
    :
    dar fe de testify to;
    dar fe de que vouch for the fact that; JUR testify that
    * * *
    fe nf
    1) : faith
    2) : assurance, testimony
    dar fe de: to bear witness to
    3) : intention, will
    de buena fe: bona fide, in good faith
    * * *
    fe n faith
    tengan fe en mí have faith in me / trust me

    Spanish-English dictionary > fe

  • 13 geloven

    2 [+ aan] believe (in)
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   geloven in God • believe in God
         in zichzelf geloven • believe in oneself
    2   je zult eraan moeten geloven • 〈 het toch moeten doen〉 you'll (just) have to, you'd better face (up to) it; 〈 moeten sterven〉 you've had it, your number is up
    ¶   ik geloof van wel • I think so
         ik geloof van niet • I don't think so, I think not
    1 [vertrouwen stellen in; voor waar houden] believe ⇒ credit
    2 [menen] think ⇒ believe
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   zijn ogen/oren niet kunnen/durven geloven • not dare to believe one's eyes/ears
         〈 ironisch〉 kun je geloven! • don't you believe it!
         je kunt me geloven of niet • believe it or not
         geloof dat maar • you take my word for it
         geloof je dat zelf? • come off it!
         geloof maar gerust dat ze er spijt van heeft • you can take it from me that she is sorry
         geloof dat maar niet! • don't you believe it!
         niet te geloven! • incredible!
         iemand op zijn woord geloven • take someone at his word
         ik geloof er niets van • I don't believe a (single) word of it
    2   hij is het er, geloof ik, niet mee eens • I don't think he agrees
    ¶   hij gelooft het wel • he is letting things slide
         ik geloof het verder wel • I think I'll pack it in

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > geloven

  • 14 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 15 श्रद्धा


    ṡrad-dhā

    Ved. inf. ṡraddhé cf. ṡrát above), to have faith orﾠ faithfulness, have belief orﾠ confidence, believe, be true orﾠ trustful (with na, « to disbelieve» etc.) RV. etc. etc.;
    to credit, think anything true (two acc.) MBh. Kāv. etc.;
    to believe orﾠ have faith in orﾠ be true to (with dat., andﾠ in later language with gen. of thing orﾠ person, orﾠ with loc. of thing) RV. etc. etc.;
    to expect anything (acc.) from (abl.) MBh. ;
    to consent, assent to, approve, welcome (with acc.;
    with na, « to disapprove») Kathās. ;
    to be desirous of (acc.), wish to (inf.) ib. BhP.:
    Caus. - dhāpayati, to make faithful, render trustful, inspire confidence RV. X, 151, 5. ;
    ṡraddhā́
    f. faith, trust, confidence, trustfulness, faithfulness, belief in (loc. orﾠ comp.;

    ṡraddhayā-gam, « to believe in», with gen. Divyâ̱v.), trust, confidence, loyalty (Faith orﾠ Faithfulnesses is often personified andﾠ in RV. X, 151 invoked as a deity;
    in TBr. she is the daughter of Prajā-pati, andﾠ in ṠBr. of the Sun;
    in MBh. she is the daughter of Daksha andﾠ wife of Dharma;
    in MārkP. she is the mother of Kāma, andﾠ in BhP. the daughter of Kardama andﾠ wife of Aṇgiras orﾠ Manu) RV. etc. etc.;
    wish, desire ( ṡraddhayā ind. « willingly, gladly»), longing for (loc. acc. with prati inf., orﾠ comp.) MBh. Kāv. etc.;
    desire of eating, appetite Suṡr. ;
    the longing of a pregnant woman Car. ;
    curiosity ( ṡraddhāmākhyāhinastāvat, « just satisfy our curiosity andﾠ tell us») Kathās. ;
    purity L. ;
    respect, reverence W. ;
    calmness orﾠ composure of mind MW. ;
    intimacy ib. ;
    a term for the fem. nouns in ā Kāt. ;
    (with kāmāyanī) N. of the authoress of RV. X, 151 (cf. above);
    du. (with prajā-pateḥ) N. of two Sāmans ĀrshBr. ;
    ṡraddhā

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > श्रद्धा

  • 16 اعتقد

    اعْتَقَدَ \ believe: to hold an opinion: I believe (that) they’ll be back soon. consider: to think; have an opinion: Do you consider that I am to blame?. hold: to consider; believe: He holds very strange ideas. He was held to blame for the accident. imagine: to suppose; think: I imagine that you’re right. regard: to consider; look at: They regard it as an honour to work for her. They regard her with great respect. think: to believe; consider; have a firm opinion: I think she’s beautiful. Don’t you think so? We never thought it possible (that it was possible). \ See Also اعتبر (اِعْتَبَرَ)، افترض (اِفْتَرَضَ)، ظَنَّ أَنّ \ اِعْتَقَدَ أَنَّ \ feel, (felt): to think: I feel that you could try harder. \ See Also شعر (شَعَرَ)‏

    Arabic-English dictionary > اعتقد

  • 17 consider

    اعْتَقَدَ \ believe: to hold an opinion: I believe (that) they’ll be back soon. consider: to think; have an opinion: Do you consider that I am to blame?. hold: to consider; believe: He holds very strange ideas. He was held to blame for the accident. imagine: to suppose; think: I imagine that you’re right. regard: to consider; look at: They regard it as an honour to work for her. They regard her with great respect. think: to believe; consider; have a firm opinion: I think she’s beautiful. Don’t you think so? We never thought it possible (that it was possible). \ See Also اعتبر (اِعْتَبَرَ)، افترض (اِفْتَرَضَ)، ظَنَّ أَنّ

    Arabic-English glossary > consider

  • 18 hold

    اعْتَقَدَ \ believe: to hold an opinion: I believe (that) they’ll be back soon. consider: to think; have an opinion: Do you consider that I am to blame?. hold: to consider; believe: He holds very strange ideas. He was held to blame for the accident. imagine: to suppose; think: I imagine that you’re right. regard: to consider; look at: They regard it as an honour to work for her. They regard her with great respect. think: to believe; consider; have a firm opinion: I think she’s beautiful. Don’t you think so? We never thought it possible (that it was possible). \ See Also اعتبر (اِعْتَبَرَ)، افترض (اِفْتَرَضَ)، ظَنَّ أَنّ

    Arabic-English glossary > hold

  • 19 imagine

    اعْتَقَدَ \ believe: to hold an opinion: I believe (that) they’ll be back soon. consider: to think; have an opinion: Do you consider that I am to blame?. hold: to consider; believe: He holds very strange ideas. He was held to blame for the accident. imagine: to suppose; think: I imagine that you’re right. regard: to consider; look at: They regard it as an honour to work for her. They regard her with great respect. think: to believe; consider; have a firm opinion: I think she’s beautiful. Don’t you think so? We never thought it possible (that it was possible). \ See Also اعتبر (اِعْتَبَرَ)، افترض (اِفْتَرَضَ)، ظَنَّ أَنّ

    Arabic-English glossary > imagine

  • 20 regard

    اعْتَقَدَ \ believe: to hold an opinion: I believe (that) they’ll be back soon. consider: to think; have an opinion: Do you consider that I am to blame?. hold: to consider; believe: He holds very strange ideas. He was held to blame for the accident. imagine: to suppose; think: I imagine that you’re right. regard: to consider; look at: They regard it as an honour to work for her. They regard her with great respect. think: to believe; consider; have a firm opinion: I think she’s beautiful. Don’t you think so? We never thought it possible (that it was possible). \ See Also اعتبر (اِعْتَبَرَ)، افترض (اِفْتَرَضَ)، ظَنَّ أَنّ

    Arabic-English glossary > regard

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