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1 Madrid principles on the relationship between the media and judicial independence
Jur. Principes de Madrid sur la relation entre les médias et l'indépendance de la magistratureEnglish-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > Madrid principles on the relationship between the media and judicial independence
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2 principles that govern the balance between the three branches of government
Jur. principes qui régissent l'équilibre entre les pouvoirs exécutif, législatif et judiciaireEnglish-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > principles that govern the balance between the three branches of government
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3 between
between [bɪˈtwi:n]a. entre• between now and next week we must... d'ici la semaine prochaine nous devons...• between you and me, he is not very clever entre nous, il n'est pas très intelligentb. (cooperation) they managed to lift the box between them à eux deux, ils sont arrivés à soulever la caisse* * *Note: When between is used as a preposition expressing physical location ( between the lines), time ( between 8 am and 11 am), position in a range ( between 30 and 40 kilometres), relationship ( link between, difference between) it is translated by entre. For particular usages, see the entry below[bɪ'twiːn] 1.1) (in time, space etc) entrebetween the ages of 12 and 18 — entre l'âge de 12 ans et l'âge de 18 ans or entre 12 et 18 ans
it costs between £10 and £20 — cela coûte entre dix et vingt livres sterling
nothing now stands between us and success — rien ne peut plus faire obstacle à notre réussite maintenant
2) (together, in combination)the couples have seven children between them — à eux tous, les couples ont sept enfants
2.between them, they collected £200 — en tout, ils ont réuni 200 livres sterling
adverb (also in between) ( in space) au milieu, entre les deux; ( in time) dans l'intervalle, entre les deuxthe two main roads and the streets (in) between — les deux rues principales et les petites rues situées entre elles or et les petites rues au milieu
••between ourselves —
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4 between
❢ When between is used as a preposition expressing physical location ( between the lines), time ( between 8 am and 11 am), position in a range ( between 30 and 40 kilometres), relationship ( link between, difference between) it is translated by entre. For particular usages, see the entry below.A prep1 ( in space) entre ; there is a wall between the two gardens il y a un mur entre les deux jardins ; there are no stops between this station and Paris il n'y a pas d'arrêt entre cette gare et Paris, cette gare est le dernier arrêt avant Paris ;2 ( in time) entre ; between meals entre les repas ; between the ages of 12 and 18 entre l'âge de 12 et 18 ans ; between now and next year d'ici l'année prochaine ;3 ( on a scale or range) entre ; it costs between £10 and £20 cela coûte entre dix et vingt livres sterling ; it's between 50 and 60 kilometres away c'est à environ 50 ou 60 kilomètres d'ici ;4 ( to and from) entre ; flights between London and Amsterdam les vols entre Londres et Amsterdam ; the train that goes between London and Brighton le train qui va de Londres à Brighton or qui assure la liaison Londres-Brighton ;5 ( indicating connection or relationship) entre ; the link between smoking and cancer le lien entre le tabagisme et le cancer ; what's the difference between the two? quelle est la différence entre les deux? ; you must settle it between yourselves il faut que vous le régliez entre vous ; nothing now stands between us and success rien ne peut plus faire obstacle à notre réussite maintenant ; we mustn't allow this to come between us il ne faut pas que cela crée des problèmes entre nous ; it's something between a novel and an autobiography cela tient à la fois du roman et de l'autobiographie ;6 (indicating sharing, division) entre ; the estate was divided between them les biens ont été divisés entre eux ; they drank the whole bottle between (the two of) them à eux deux, ils ont bu toute la bouteille ; they had only one suitcase between (the three of) them ils n'avaient qu'une seule valise pour trois ; between ourselves, between you and me (and the gatepost) entre nous ;7 (together, in combination) the couples have seventeen children between them à eux tous, les couples ont dix-sept enfants ; between them, they collected £200 en tout, ils ont réuni 200 livres sterling ; they wrote the article between them ( two people) ils se sont mis à deux pour écrire l'article ; ( more than two) ils se sont mis à plusieurs pour écrire l'article ; between (the two of) us, we earn £30,000 a year à nous deux nous gagnons 30 000 livres sterling par an ; between housework, minding the children and studying, I never have any time to myself entre le ménage, les enfants et les études, je n'ai pas une minute à moi.1 ( in space) au milieu, entre les deux ; ( in time) dans l'intervalle, entre les deux ; the two main roads and the streets (in) between les deux rues principales et les petites rues situées entre elles or et les petites rues au milieu ; she spent four years at university and two years training, with a year off (in) between elle a passé quatre ans à l'université et deux ans en formation, avec une année sabbatique entre les deux ; neither red nor orange but somewhere (in) between ni rouge ni orange mais entre les deux. -
5 between
between [bɪ'twi:n](a) (in space or time) entre;∎ the crowd stood between him and the door la foule le séparait de la porte;∎ the distance between the two towns la distance entre ou qui sépare les deux villes;∎ it happened between 3 and 4 am cela s'est passé entre 3 heures et 4 heures (du matin);∎ between now and this evening d'ici ce soir;∎ I'm between jobs at the moment je suis entre deux emplois en ce moment;∎ you'll have an hour between trains vous aurez une heure entre les deux trains;∎ you shouldn't eat between meals tu ne devrais pas manger entre les repas ou en dehors des repas(b) (in the range that separates) entre;∎ it will cost between 5 and 10 million ça coûtera entre 5 et 10 millions;∎ children between the ages of 5 and 10 les enfants de 5 à 10 ans;∎ somewhere between a half and a third (quelque chose) entre une moitié et un tiers;∎ something between a laugh and a groan quelque chose entre un rire et un grognement(c) (indicating connection, relation) entre;∎ a bus runs between the airport and the hotel un bus fait la navette entre l'aéroport et l'hôtel;∎ it's a half-hour drive between home and the office il y a une demi-heure de route entre la maison et le bureau;∎ a treaty between the two nations un traité entre les deux États;∎ an argument between two experts une dispute entre deux experts;∎ a contest between two heavyweight boxers un combat entre deux poids lourds;∎ the difference/distinction between A and B la différence/distinction entre A et B;∎ he drew a comparison between the two systems il a établi une comparaison entre les deux systèmes;∎ he felt things weren't right between them il sentait que ça n'allait pas entre eux;∎ no one can come between us personne ne peut nous séparer;∎ between you and me, between ourselves entre nous;∎ humorous between you, me and the gatepost or bedpost entre nous;∎ this is strictly between ourselves or between you and me que cela reste entre nous(d) (indicating alternatives) entre;∎ I had to choose between going with them and staying at home il fallait que je choisisse entre les accompagner et rester à la maison∎ between us we saved enough money for the trip à nous tous nous avons économisé assez d'argent pour le voyage;∎ they have 7 children between them à eux deux ils ont 7 enfants;∎ the 5 groups collected £1,000 between them les 5 groupes ont recueilli 1000 livres en tout;∎ (in) between painting, writing and looking after the children, she was kept very busy entre la peinture, l'écriture et les enfants, elle était très occupée(f) (indicating division) entre;∎ he divided it between his children il l'a partagé entre ses enfants;∎ they shared the cake between them ils se sont partagé le gâteau2 adverb1 adverb∎ a row of bushes with little clumps of flowers in between une rangée d'arbustes intercalés de petits bouquets de fleurs;∎ he's neither right nor left but somewhere in between il n'est ni de droite ni de gauche mais quelque part entre les deux;∎ she either plays very well or very badly, never in between elle joue très bien ou très mal, jamais entre les deuxentre►► British old-fashioned between maid bonne f (qui aide la cuisinière et la femme de chambre) -
6 between
[bi'twi:n]1) (in, to, through or across the space dividing two people, places, times etc: between the car and the pavement; between 2 o'clock and 2.30; between meals.) entre2) (concerning the relationship of two things or people: the difference between right and wrong.) entre3) (by the combined action of; working together: They managed it between them.) à (eux, elles) deux4) (part to one (person or thing), part to (the other): Divide the chocolate between you.) entre (vous)• -
7 the ...
((with comparative adjective or adverb) used to show the connection or relationship between two actions, states, processes etc: The harder you work, the more you earn.) plus (...) plus (...) -
8 the generation gap
noun (the difference in views and the lack of understanding between younger and older people.) -
9 go-between
intermédiaire mf;∎ to act or serve as a go-between servir d'intermédiaire -
10 nothing / not much to choose between
(hardly any difference between: There's not much to choose between the two methods.) se valoirEnglish-French dictionary > nothing / not much to choose between
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11 wrestle between the trade unions and the management
Trav. bras de fer entre les syndicats et la directionEnglish-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > wrestle between the trade unions and the management
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12 imbalance between the various authorities
Pol. déséquilibre entre les pouvoirsEnglish-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > imbalance between the various authorities
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13 read between the lines
(to understand something (from a piece of writing etc) which is not actually stated.) lire entre les lignes -
14 Convention, on, the, Settlement, of, Investment, Disputes, between, States, and, Nationals, of, other, States
Convention f pour le règlement des différends relatifs aux investissements entre États et ressortissants d'autres ÉtatsEnglish-French legislative terms > Convention, on, the, Settlement, of, Investment, Disputes, between, States, and, Nationals, of, other, States
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15 matters, of, common, dispute, between, the, parties
questions f en litige communes aux partiesEnglish-French legislative terms > matters, of, common, dispute, between, the, parties
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16 Usage note : be
I am tired= je suis fatiguéCaroline is French= Caroline est françaisethe children are in the garden= les enfants sont dans le jardinIt functions in very much the same way as to be does in English and it is safe to assume it will work as a translation in the great majority of cases.Note, however, that when you are specifying a person’s profession or trade, a/an is not translated:she’s a doctor= elle est médecinClaudie is still a student= Claudie est toujours étudianteThis is true of any noun used in apposition when the subject is a person:he’s a widower= il est veufButLyons is a beautiful city= Lyon est une belle villeFor more information or expressions involving professions and trades consult the usage note Shops, Trades and Professions.For the conjugation of the verb être see the French verb tables.Grammatical functionsThe passiveêtre is used to form the passive in French just as to be is used in English. Note, however, that the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject:the rabbit was killed by a fox= le lapin a été tué par un renardthe window had been broken= la fenêtre avait été casséetheir books will be sold= leurs livres seront vendusour doors have been repainted red= nos portes ont été repeintes en rougeIn spoken language, French native speakers find the passive cumbersome and will avoid it where possible by using the impersonal on where a person or people are clearly involved : on a repeint nos portes en rouge.Progressive tensesIn French the idea of something happening over a period of time cannot be expressed using the verb être in the way that to be is used as an auxiliary verb in English.The presentFrench uses simply the present tense where English uses the progressive form with to be:I am working= je travailleBen is reading a book= Ben lit un livreIn order to accentuate duration être en train de is used: je suis en train de travailler ; Ben est en train de lire un livre.The futureFrench also uses the present tense where English uses the progressive form with to be:we are going to London tomorrow= nous allons à Londres demainI’m (just) coming!= j’arrive!I’m (just) going!= j’y vais!The pastTo express the distinction between she read a newspaper and she was reading a newspaper French uses the perfect and the imperfect tenses: elle a lu un journal/elle lisait un journal:he wrote to his mother= il a écrit à sa mèrehe was writing to his mother= il écrivait à sa mèreHowever, in order to accentuate the notion of describing an activity which went on over a period of time, the phrase être en train de (= to be in the process of) is often used:‘what was he doing when you arrived?’‘he was cooking the dinner’= ‘qu’est-ce qu’il faisait quand tu es arrivé?’ ‘il était en train de préparer le dîner’she was just finishing her essay when …= elle était juste en train de finir sa dissertation quand …The compound pastCompound past tenses in the progressive form in English are generally translated by the imperfect in French:I’ve been looking for you= je te cherchaisFor progressive forms + for and since (I’ve been waiting for an hour, I had been waiting for an hour, I’ve been waiting since Monday etc.) see the entries for and since.ObligationWhen to be is used as an auxiliary verb with another verb in the infinitive ( to be to do) expressing obligation, a fixed arrangement or destiny, devoir is used:she’s to do it at once= elle doit le faire tout de suitewhat am I to do?= qu’est-ce que je dois faire?he was to arrive last Monday= il devait arriver lundi derniershe was never to see him again= elle ne devait plus le revoir.In tag questionsFrench has no direct equivalent of tag questions like isn’t he? or wasn’t it? There is a general tag question n’est-ce pas? (literally isn’t it so?) which will work in many cases:their house is lovely, isn’t it?= leur maison est très belle, n’est-ce pas?he’s a doctor, isn’t he?= il est médecin, n’est-ce pas?it was a very good meal, wasn’t it?= c’était un très bon repas, n’est-ce pas?However, n’est-ce pas can very rarely be used for positive tag questions and some other way will be found to express the extra meaning contained in the tag: par hasard ( by any chance) can be very useful as a translation:‘I can’t find my glasses’ ‘they’re not in the kitchen, are they?’= ‘je ne trouve pas mes lunettes’ ‘elles ne sont pas dans la cuisine, par hasard?’you haven’t seen Gaby, have you?= tu n’as pas vu Gaby, par hasard?In cases where an opinion is being sought, si? meaning more or less or is it? or was it? etc. can be useful:it’s not broken, is it?= ce n’est pas cassé, si?he wasn’t serious, was he?= il n’était pas sérieux, si?In many other cases the tag question is simply not translated at all and the speaker’s intonation will convey the implied question.In short answersAgain, there is no direct equivalent for short answers like yes I am, no he’s not etc. Where the answer yes is given to contradict a negative question or statement, the most useful translation is si:‘you’re not going out tonight’ ‘yes I am’= ‘tu ne sors pas ce soir’ ‘si’In reply to a standard enquiry the tag will not be translated:‘are you a doctor?’ ‘yes I am’= ‘êtes-vous médecin?’ ‘oui’‘was it raining?’ ‘yes it was’= ‘est-ce qu’il pleuvait?’ ‘oui’ProbabilityFor expressions of probability and supposition ( if I were you etc.) see the entry be.Other functionsExpressing sensations and feelingsIn expressing physical and mental sensations, the verb used in French is avoir:to be cold= avoir froidto be hot= avoir chaudI’m cold= j’ai froidto be thirsty= avoir soifto be hungry= avoir faimto be ashamed= avoir hontemy hands are cold= j’ai froid aux mainsIf, however, you are in doubt as to which verb to use in such expressions, you should consult the entry for the appropriate adjective.Discussing health and how people areIn expressions of health and polite enquiries about how people are, aller is used:how are you?= comment allez-vous?( more informally) comment vas-tu?( very informally as a greeting) ça va?are you well?= vous allez bien?how is your daughter?= comment va votre fille?my father is better today= mon père va mieux aujourd’huiDiscussing weather and temperatureIn expressions of weather and temperature faire is generally used:it’s cold= il fait froidit’s windy= il fait du ventIf in doubt, consult the appropriate adjective entry.Visiting somewhereWhen to be is used in the present perfect tense to mean go, visit etc., French will generally use the verbs venir, aller etc. rather than être:I’ve never been to Sweden= je ne suis jamais allé en Suèdehave you been to the Louvre?= est-ce que tu es déjà allé au Louvre?or est-ce que tu as déjà visité le Louvre?Paul has been to see us three times= Paul est venu nous voir trois foisNote too:has the postman been?= est-ce que le facteur est passé?The translation for an expression or idiom containing the verb to be will be found in the dictionary at the entry for another word in the expression: for to be in danger see danger, for it would be best to … see best etc.This dictionary contains usage notes on topics such as the clock, time units, age, weight measurement, days of the week, and shops, trades and professions, many of which include translations of particular uses of to be. -
17 industrial relations
(the relationship between the management and the workers in a factory etc.) industrielles -
18 double figures
(the numbers between 10 and 99: The number of times you have been late is well into double figures.) nombre à deux chiffres -
19 middle age
(the years between youth and old age: She is well into middle age.) âge mûr -
20 gap
gap [gæp](a) (hole, opening → which needs mending) trou m; (→ in floorboards) interstice m; (→ created deliberately) trouée f, ouverture f; (→ in a wall) brèche f; (→ in clouds) trou m; (→ in trees) trouée f; (→ of spark plug, points) écartement m; (→ in piston ring) jeu m à la coupe (des segments);∎ a gap in the wall un trou dans le mur;∎ the sun shone through a gap in the clouds le soleil perça à travers les nuages∎ a gap of 2 cm un intervalle de 2 cm;∎ there was a gap of a few metres between each car il y avait une distance de quelques mètres entre chaque voiture;∎ he has a gap between his front teeth il a les dents de devant écartées;∎ I could see through a gap in the curtains je voyais par la fente entre les rideaux;∎ there's a gap in the curtains les rideaux bâillent;∎ the shelling had opened great gaps in the ranks le bombardement avait éclairci les rangs∎ fill in the gaps with the missing letters remplissez les blancs avec les lettres manquantes∎ there's a perceptible gap between stimulus and response il y a un intervalle sensible entre le stimulus et la réponse;∎ she returned to work after a gap of six years elle s'est remise à travailler après une interruption de six ans∎ to bridge or to fill a gap combler un vide;∎ to fill the gaps in one's education combler les lacunes de son éducation;∎ his death left a gap in our lives sa mort a laissé un vide dans notre vie;∎ a gap in the market un créneau sur le marché(f) (omission) lacune f;∎ there are several gaps in his story il y a plusieurs trous dans son histoire(h) (disparity) écart m, inégalité f;∎ we need to reduce the gap between theory and practice il nous faut réduire l'écart entre la théorie et la pratique;∎ there's a technology gap between our two countries il y a un fossé technologique entre nos deux pays;∎ to close the gap réduire l'écart;∎ age gap différence f d'âge►► gap financing crédit m relais;gap site terrain m vague (entre deux bâtiments);British gap year = année, souvent passée à voyager, que s'accorde un étudiant avant son entrée à l'université ou à la fin de ses études
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