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  • 101 time

    [taɪm] n
    \time stood still die Zeit stand still;
    in the course of \time mit der Zeit;
    over the course of \time im Lauf der Zeit;
    to be a matter [or question] of \time eine Frage der Zeit sein;
    \time is on one's side die Zeit arbeitet für jdn;
    to have \time on one's side die Zeit auf seiner Seite haben;
    space and \time Raum und Zeit;
    for all \time für immer, für alle Zeiten;
    of all \time aller Zeiten;
    he was the greatest player of all \time er war der größte Spieler aller Zeiten;
    \time-tested [alt]bewährt;
    as \time goes by [or on] mit der Zeit;
    to make \time for sth/ to do sth sich dat die Zeit für etw akk nehmen/nehmen, um etw zu tun;
    to spend \time Zeit verbringen;
    [only] \time can [or will] tell es wird sich mit der Zeit zeigen;
    in \time mit der Zeit;
    over [or with] \time im Lauf der Zeit
    2) no pl (time period, duration) Zeit f;
    \time's up ( fam) die Zeit ist vorüber;
    injury \time ( Brit) sports Nachspielzeit f;
    to have the \time of one's life sich akk großartig amüsieren;
    most of the \time meistens;
    part [or some] [of the] \time einen Teil der Zeit;
    for a short/long period of \time kurze/lange Zeit;
    to take the \time and trouble to do sth sich dat die Mühe machen, etw zu tun;
    in one week's \time in einer Woche;
    to have all the \time in the world alle Zeit der Welt haben;
    all the [or this] \time die ganze Zeit;
    to have an easy/hard \time of it [with sth] keine Probleme/Probleme [mit etw dat] haben;
    extra \time sports Verlängerung f;
    they played extra \time sie mussten in die Verlängerung;
    three minutes into extra \time, Ricardo scored the decisive goal nach drei Minuten Verlängerung erzielte Ricardo das entscheidende Tor;
    free [or spare] \time Freizeit f;
    to have a good \time sich akk amüsieren;
    to give sb a hard \time ( fam) jdm Schwierigkeiten bereiten;
    a long \time ago vor langer Zeit;
    it takes a long/short \time es dauert lange/nicht lange;
    for [or in] a long \time lange Zeit;
    I haven't seen one of those in a long \time so einen/eine/eines habe ich schon seit langem nicht mehr gesehen;
    in [or next to] [or less than] no \time [at all] im Nu;
    running \time Spielzeit f;
    for a short \time kurze Zeit;
    some \time ago vor einiger Zeit;
    to be [all] out of \time (Am, Aus) ( fam) über der Zeit sein;
    for the \time being vorläufig;
    to do sth for a \time etw eine Zeitlang machen;
    to find the \time to do sth die Zeit [dazu] finden, etw zu tun;
    to give sb \time to do sth jdm Zeit geben, um etw zu tun;
    given [or in] \time mit der Zeit;
    to have [or have got] the \time die Zeit haben;
    to have \time to do sth Zeit haben, etw zu tun;
    to have [or take] \time off sich dat frei nehmen;
    there's no \time to lose [or to be lost] wir dürfen [jetzt] keine Zeit verlieren, es ist höchste Zeit;
    to pass the \time sich dat die Zeit vertreiben;
    to be pressed for \time in Zeitnot sein;
    to run out of \time nicht genügend Zeit haben;
    to save \time Zeit sparen;
    to take one's \time sich dat Zeit lassen;
    to take one's \time in doing sth sich dat bei etw dat Zeit lassen;
    to take one's \time to do sth sich dat mit etw dat Zeit lassen;
    to take more \time over [or with] sth sich dat mehr Zeit für etw akk nehmen, mehr Zeit für etw akk aufwenden;
    to waste \time Zeit vergeuden [o verschwenden];
    to waste \time doing sth die Zeit mit etw dat vergeuden [o verschwenden];
    after a \time nach einer gewissen Zeit
    daylight saving \time Sommerzeit f;
    Greenwich Mean T\time Greenwicher Zeit
    4) transp ( schedule) Zeit f;
    arrival/departure \time Ankunfts-/Abfahrtszeit f;
    bus/train \times Bus-/Zugzeiten fpl
    to keep bad/good \time falsch/richtig gehen;
    the right \time die korrekte Zeit;
    wrong \time falsche Zeit;
    to gain/lose \time Zeit gewinnen/verlieren;
    the \time die Uhrzeit;
    what's the \time? wie spät ist es?;
    to have [got] the \time on one eine Uhr haben;
    to tell the \time die Uhr lesen
    the best \time of day die beste Uhrzeit;
    what are you doing here at this \time of the day/night? was machst du um diese Uhrzeit hier?;
    for the [or this] \time of the day/ year für diese Tages-/Jahreszeit;
    at sb's \time of life in jds Alter;
    this \time tomorrow/ next month morgen/nächsten Monat um diese Zeit;
    the \time is drawing near when we'll have to make a decision der Zeitpunkt, zu dem wir uns entscheiden müssen, rückt näher;
    he recalled the \time when they had met er erinnerte sich daran, wie sie sich kennen gelernt hatten;
    at all \times immer;
    at any \time immer, jederzeit;
    at any given \time, at [any] one \time jederzeit;
    a bad/good \time eine schlechte/gute Zeit;
    at a different \time zu einer anderen Zeit;
    the last/next \time letztes/nächstes Mal;
    at other \times manchmal andererseits;
    at the present [or (Am) this] \time diesmal;
    \time and [\time] again immer wieder;
    ahead of \time ( esp Am) vorher;
    to know at the [or that] \time zur betreffenden Zeit wissen;
    to remember the \time... sich akk erinnern, wie [o als]...;
    do you remember the \time Alastair fell in the river? erinnerst du dich, als Alastair in den Fluss fiel?;
    at the \time damals, zu jener Zeit;
    by the \time als;
    it is about [or high] \time that... es ist höchste Zeit, dass...;
    \times when... Zeiten, zu denen...
    7) ( frequency) Mal nt;
    the \times I've [or how many \times have I] told you... wie oft habe ich dir schon gesagt...;
    three \times champion (Brit, Aus) [or (Am) three \time champion] dreimaliger Meister/dreimalige Meisterin;
    four/three \times vier/drei Mal;
    for the hundredth/ thousandth/umpteenth \time zum hundertsten/tausendsten/ ( fam) x-ten Mal;
    lots of [or many] \times oft, viele Male;
    at the same \time um dieselbe Zeit;
    from \time to \time von Zeit zu Zeit
    8) no pl ( correct moment) Zeitpunkt m; (Brit, Aus) (not before \time)
    about \time [too] (tasks etc. yet to be accomplished) wird aber auch [langsam] Zeit;
    (tasks etc. accomplished) wurde aber auch [langsam] Zeit;
    the \time is ripe die Zeit ist reif;
    breakfast/holiday \time Frühstücks-/Urlaubszeit f;
    in good \time rechtzeitig;
    in good \time for sth rechtzeitig zu etw dat;
    high \time for sth höchste Zeit für etw akk;
    ahead of \time vorzeitig;
    to do sth dead [or exactly] [or right] on \time etw pünktlich machen;
    it is \time that... es ist [an der] Zeit, dass...;
    it is \time to do sth es ist [an der] Zeit, etw zu tun;
    the \time has come der Zeitpunkt kommt;
    to see when the \time comes etw sehen, wenn es aktuell ist;
    \time for sth Zeit für etw akk;
    in \time rechtzeitig;
    in \time to do sth rechtzeitig [o früh genug], um etw zu machen;
    on \time pünktlich
    9) usu pl ( era) Zeit f;
    \times were difficult [or hard] das waren harte Zeiten;
    to set a book/film at the \time of the Russian Revolution ein Buch/Film spielt zur Zeit der Russischen Revolution;
    from [since] \time immemorial [or ( esp Brit) out of mind] seit undenklichen Zeiten;
    during [or in] former/medieval \times früher/im Mittelalter nt;
    in modern [or our] \times in der Gegenwart;
    she is one of the best writers of modern \times sie ist eine der besten Schriftstellerinnen der Gegenwart;
    at one \time früher;
    in \times past in der Vergangenheit, früher;
    to be behind the \times hinter seiner Zeit zurück sein;
    in \times gone by in der Vergangenheit;
    to keep up [or move] [or (Am) change] with the \times mit der Zeit gehen;
    \time was when sth could be done früher war alles besser
    record \time Rekordzeit f;
    he won the 100 metres in record \time er gewann das 100-Meter-Rennen in einer neuen Rekordzeit
    11) ( lifetime) Zeit f;
    my grandmother has seen a few things in her \time meine Großmutter hat in ihrem Leben schon einiges gesehen;
    at sb's \time of life in jds Alter;
    old \times alte Zeiten;
    if one had one's \time over again wenn man nochmals beginnen könnte;
    to be ahead of [or ( esp Brit) before] one's \time seiner Zeit voraus sein;
    \time marches [or moves] on die Zeit hat sich geändert;
    before [or ahead of] sb's \time ( advanced ideas) seiner Zeit voraus;
    the ideas of Galileo were ahead of his \time in seinem Denken war Galileo seiner Zeit weit voraus;
    before sb's \time ( occurring prematurely) vor der Zeit, frühzeitig;
    she has grown old before her \time sie ist frühzeitig gealtert;
    during sb's \time zu jds Zeit;
    in my \time zu meiner Zeit;
    in sth's \time zu seiner Zeit;
    in its \time the flying boat was the fastest means of transport zu seiner Zeit war das Amphibienflugzeug das schnellste Transportmittel
    12) no pl mus ( rhythm) Takt m;
    to be/play out of \time aus dem Takt sein;
    to beat \time den Rhythmus schlagen;
    to get out of \time aus dem Takt kommen;
    to keep \time den Takt halten;
    in \time with sth im Takt mit etw dat
    \time and a half Überzeit f;
    double \time doppelte Bezahlung f (an Feiertagen);
    part \time Teilzeit f;
    short \time ( Brit) Kurzzeit f;
    to work [or be on] short \time ( Brit) Kurzzeit arbeiten;
    to take \time off sich dat frei nehmen
    14) ( Brit) ( end of pub hours) Sperrstunde f;
    ‘\time [please]!’ „Sperrstunde!“
    PHRASES:
    not to give sb the \time of day jdn ignorieren;
    \time is of the essence die Zeit drängt;
    to have \time on one's hands viel Zeit zur Verfügung haben;
    \time is a great healer ( saying)
    \time heals all wounds ( prov) die Zeit heilt alle Wunden ( prov)
    \time and tide wait for no man [or one]; ( prov) man sollte jede Gelegenheit beim Schopf packen;
    \time is money ( prov) Zeit ist Geld ( prov)
    there's a \time and a place [for everything] ([for everything]) alles zu seiner Zeit;
    a week is a long \time in politics ( saying) eine Woche ist lang in der Politik;
    there's no \time like the present ( saying) was du heute kannst besorgen, das verschiebe nicht auf morgen ( prov)
    all good things in all good \time alles zu seiner Zeit;
    not to have much \time for sb jdn nicht mögen;
    to have a lot of \time for sb großen Respekt vor jdm haben;
    \time hangs heavy die Zeit steht still;
    \times are changing die Zeiten ändern sich;
    to do [or serve] \time ( fam) sitzen ( fig) ( fam)
    \time flies;
    doesn't \time fly? (?) die Zeit fliegt;
    to kill \time die Zeit totschlagen;
    \time moves on [or passes] wie die Zeit vergeht vt
    to \time sb over 100 metres für jdn die Zeit beim 100-Meter-Lauf nehmen [o stoppen];
    the winning team was \timed at 5 minutes 26 seconds die Gewinnermannschaft wurde mit 5 Minuten und 26 Sekunden gestoppt
    to \time sth für etw akk den richtigen Zeitpunkt auswählen

    English-German students dictionary > time

  • 102 remember

    1. I
    now I remember теперь я припоминаю; you will remember как вы помните /знаете/ (как вводное предложение); not that I remember [что-то] не припомню; have you ever met my brother? remember Not that I remember вы знакомы с моим братом? remember Не припоминаю; as far as I remember насколько я помню; he's been living here as far back as I can remember на моей памяти он всегда жил здесь; it is sometimes (often, etc.) more convenient (happier, etc.) to forget than to remember иногда и т.д. белее удобно и т.д. забыть, чем помнить; that is worth remembering это стоит запомнить; dogs remember у собак есть память
    2. II
    remember in some manner remember easily (quickly, correctly, etc.) запоминать легко и т.д.; if I remember rightly) he had six daughters если я правильно /точно/ помню, у него было шесть дочерей; remember for some time I'll give you smth. you'll remember all your life я дам (скажу, прочту и т.п.) вам кое-что, что вы запомните /будете помнить/ всю [свою] жизнь
    3. III
    1) remember smth., smb. remember a fact (a saying, poems, one's colleagues, etc.) помнить /не забывать/ какой-л. факт и т.д.; one cannot remember everything нельзя помнить все; I remember the occasion я помню этот случай; I cannot remember dates, names, addresses and details of that sort я не в состоянии запомнить такие подробности как даты, имена и адреса; he is able to remember things that happened long ago он может /способен/ помнить то, что случалось давным-давно; he remembered his promise он не забыл своего обещания
    2) remember smb., smth. remember a person (a fact, a place, a saying, a proverb, etc.) вспоминать /припоминать/ какого-л. человека и т.д.; we often remember the pleasant holiday we had with you мы часто вспоминаем, как мы приятно провели отпуск вместе с вами; I'll try to remember the exact date я постараюсь припомнить точную дату; I know your face, but I cannot remember your name мне знакомо ваше лицо, но я не могу вспомнить, как вас зовут; suddenly he remembered his promise вдруг он вспомнил о своем обещании
    3) remember smb. remember a waiter (a porter, etc.) не забыть отблагодарить официанта /дать на чай официанту/ и т.д.
    4. IV
    1) remember smb., smth. in some manner remember smb., smth. clearly /distinctly/ (vaguely, etc.) помнить о ком-л., чем-л. ясно /отчетливо/ и т.д.; I remember the poem by heart я наизусть помню это стихотворение; remember smth., smb. for some time I no longer remember the time (his sister, etc.) я больше не помню то время и т.д.; I shall always remember that terrible day я никогда не забуду /я всегда буду помнить/ этот ужасный день
    2) remember smb., smth. in some manner remember smb., smth. gratefully (sorrowfully, imperfectly, remorsefully, fondlessly, affectionately, etc.) вспоминать о ком-л., чем-л. с благодарностью и т.д.; remember smth. at some time I shall never be able to remember the date on the spur of the moment я никогда не смогу мгновенно /сразу/ вспомнить эту дату; I can't remember his name for the moment сейчас я не могу вспомнить его имя /, как его зовут/; I suddenly remembered everything я вдруг все вспомнил
    5. XI
    1) be remembered in some manner deserve to be gratefully remembered заслуживать того, чтобы [о ком-л., чем-л.] с благодарностью помнили /вспоминали/; the lesson should be thoroughly remembered этот урок следует хорошо /основательно/ запомнить
    2) be remembered to smb. she begs to be remembered to you она просит передать вам свой привет; he wishes (he asked) to be remembered to you он передает (просил передать) вам привет
    6. XIII
    remember to do smth. remember to turn out the lights не забудьте потушить свет; please remember to call me at eight не забудьте, пожалуйста, разбудить меня в восемь [часов]; I remembered to post your letters я не забыл опустить /отправить/ ваши письма
    7. XIV
    remember doing /having done/ smth. I remember posting your letters (seeing it, etc.) я помню, что отправил ваши письма и т.д.; he remembered his sister singing that song он помнил, что его сестра пела эту песню; I remember having heard you speak on that subject я помню /вспоминаю/, что слышал, как вы говорили на эту тему /об этом предмете/; I do not remember having said anything of the sort (having ever seen you, etc.) я не помню, чтобы я говорил что-нибудь подобное и т.д.
    8. XVIII 9. XXI1
    1) remember smth. to smb. I shall always remember your kindness to my son я буду всегда помнить ваше доброе отношение к моему сыну; remember smb., smth. by smth. it will be something to remember you by это будет напоминать мне о вас; he remembered the book by its pictures он вспомнил эту книгу по картинкам; remember smth. against smb. please don't remember this unfortunate affair against me пожалуйста, не держите на меня зло из-за этого злополучного дела; remember smth. with smb. remember your appointment with the dentist не забудьте, что вы идете /вам надо/ на прием к зубному врачу
    2) remember smb. at some time remember a child on its birthday послать ребенку подарок ко дню рождения; he always remembers us at Christmas он всегда делает нам подарки к рождеству; remember smb. in smth. remember smb. in one's will не забыть кого-л. в своем завещании; remember me in your prayers eccl. не забудьте помянуть меня в своих молитвах
    3) remember smb. to smb. remember me [kindly] to your mother (to your brother, to your father, to your family, etc.) передайте [, пожалуйста,] от меня привет вашей маме и т.д.
    10. XXIV1
    remember smb., smth. as smb., smth. I remember her as a slim young girl я помню /вспоминаю/ ее стройной девушкой; she remembered the book as her favourite childhood reading - она помнила, что в детстве это была ее любимая книга
    11. XXV
    1) remember that... (what..., where..., how...) remember that he is only ten years old помните /не забывайте/, что ему только десять лет; remember that you have an appointment with the doctor tomorrow не забывайте, что вы завтра идете к врачу; I remember that I promised to be there early я помню, что обещал быть там рано; I remember quite well what you said about it я очень хорошо помню, что вы сказали об этом; do you remember where you put the key (how it is done, etc.)? вы помните, куда вы положили ключ и т.д.?
    2) remember where... (that...) then I remembered where I was тогда я вспомнил, где нахожусь; I just remembered that it's your birthday today я только что вспомнил, что сегодня у тебя день рождения

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > remember

  • 103 adventure

    [əd'venʧə] 1. сущ.

    real / ultimate adventure — настоящее приключение

    breathtaking / exciting / thrilling adventure — захватывающее приключение

    The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes — "Приключения Шерлока Холмса"

    sense / spirit of adventure — дух приключенчества; страсть к неизведанному, необычному, таящему опасность

    adventure story — приключенческий роман; рассказ или повесть о приключениях

    gourmet meals that are an adventure in dining — изысканные блюда, которых вы раньше никогда не пробовали

    Along the way he had a great many adventures. — В пути с ним произошло множество приключений.

    I got back to my inn without any adventure. — На обратном пути в гостиницу со мной не произошло ничего необычного.

    But soon after this they met with an adventure which deserves record. — Но вскоре после этого с ними произошла история, заслуживающая отдельного рассказа.

    From travels in search of head-hunting tribes in Indonesia to trekking across India on an elephant, his life has been one big adventure. — Начиная с путешествий по Индонезии в поисках племён охотников за скальпами и заканчивая походом по Индии верхом на слонах, его жизнь была одним большим приключением.

    Art flourishes where there is a sense of adventure. — Искусство процветает там, где есть страсть к неизведанному.

    You get a sense of adventure, of exploring unknown territory and not knowing what you're going to find. — У тебя возникает ощущение приключения, как будто ты вступаешь в область неизведанного, не знаешь, что тебя ждёт впереди.

    ...the spirit of adventure that had been my curse… —...страсть к неизведанному, которая всегда была моей бедой…

    I felt the spirit of adventure quicken within me. — Я чувствовал(а), как во мне пробуждается дух приключенчества.

    adventure holiday — отпуск, связанный с активным отдыхом (например, поездка на сафари, поход на лошадях)

    2) коммерческая спекуляция; рискованный или сомнительный проект (в бизнесе, международных делах); авантюра
    2. гл.; книжн.
    а) рисковать (чем-л.)

    You must take care not to adventure yourself single-handed against the combined forces of those bandits. — Ты не должен подвергать себя риску, выступая в одиночку против этих бандитов.

    Syn:
    б) отваживаться, рискнуть (отправиться куда-л., сказать / сделать что-л.)

    I adventured out of the house. — Я рискнул выйти на улицу.

    "Did he tell you about us?" she adventured, cautiously. — "Он рассказал тебе о нас?" - отважилась она спросить.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > adventure

  • 104 cut

    I [kʌt] 1. гл.; прош. вр., прич. прош. вр. cut
    1)
    а) резать, разрезать

    Cut the cake. — Разрежь пирог.

    The knife does not cut. — Нож не режет.

    This book is not cut. I have cut a few leaves at the beginning. — Эта книга не разрезана. Я разрезал только несколько листов в начале.

    He cut the loaf into thick slices. — Он порезал хлеб толстыми ломтями.

    Syn:
    sever, incise, nick 2., slice 2., shear 2.
    б) резаться, разрезаться

    The meat cuts easily. — Это мясо легко режется.

    2) порезать, поранить, нанести резаную рану

    He cut his chin while shaving. — Он порезался, когда брился.

    Syn:
    gash 2., slash I 1.
    3)
    а) = cut away срезать, отрезать; обрезать

    If you cut away some of the dead wood, you will have a healthier tree. — Если ты срубишь сухие ветки, дереву станет лучше.

    б) стричь, подстригать

    It's time to cut the lawn again. — Пора снова стричь газон.

    He's had his hair cut really short. — Он очень коротко подстригся.

    Syn:
    trim 3., clip II 1., shear 2., crop 2., prune II, pare, snip 2., shave 2.
    4)
    а) = cut down укорачивать, сокращать ( текст)

    Cut the report to four pages. — Сократите доклад до четырёх страниц.

    Your article will have to be cut down to fit into the book. — Чтобы ваша статья вошла в сборник, её нужно подсократить.

    I could cut your father's trousers down for the boy. — Я могла бы укоротить для мальчика брюки твоего отца.

    Syn:
    б) = cut back снижать (цены, налоги); урезать, сокращать ( доходы)

    The market has begun to cut rates again. — Цены на рынке снова начали падать.

    The factory's production has been cut back. — Завод сократил количество выпускаемой продукции.

    The Government has cut back on defence spending. — Правительство сократило расходы на оборону.

    Syn:
    6) сокращать путь, идти напрямик, среза́ть
    7) информ. вырезать (операция при редактировании текста, изображения)
    8) резаться, прорезаться ( о зубах)

    Many infants do not cut their first tooth until they are a year old. — У многих детей первые зубы прорезаются только на второй год жизни.

    9)
    а) ударить, нанести удар ( предметом)

    The farmer cut at the snake with a stick. — Фермер ударил змею палкой.

    He cut at the hedges with his stick. — Он ударил тростью по ограде.

    Syn:
    lash 2.
    б) нанести обиду, глубоко ранить (чьи-л. чувства), причинить страдание, горе

    His cruel remarks cut her deeply. — Его жестокие замечания глубоко задели её.

    10) порывать, разрывать ( связи)

    If two straight lines cut one another, the opposite angles shall be equal. — Если две прямые пересекают друг друга, то противолежащие углы будут равны.

    Syn:
    12) прорубать, прокладывать дорогу; продвигаться

    The road cuts through the forest. — Эта дорога идёт через лес.

    They had to cut their way through the forest with axes. — В лесной чаще они были вынуждены прорубать себе дорогу топорами.

    13) бурить, копать, рыть, прорывать (яму, канал, туннель)
    14) разг.; = cut and run убегать, удирать

    Don't worry. He won't cut and run. — Не волнуйся. Он не убежит.

    15) разг.
    а) = cut out прекращать, переставать (что-л. делать)

    Cut it out!разг. Перестаньте! Бросьте!

    I wish she would cut out that stupid behaviour. — Я хотел бы, чтобы она перестала вести себя так по-дурацки.

    When the director wants to stop the camera he calls out "Cut". — Когда режиссёр хочет остановить камеру, он кричит "Стоп!".

    б) пропускать, прогуливать ( занятия)

    He's always cutting class. — Он постоянно прогуливает.

    16) амер.; разг. победить ( в соревновании)
    17) кино; тлв.; радио монтировать (фильм, передачу)
    18) кино; тлв.; радио быстро переходить ( от одного кадра или сцены к другому)

    The scene cuts from the house to the street. — Следующая сцена происходит уже не в доме, а на улице.

    19) записывать (музыкальный) диск, кассету; делать (музыкальную) запись; записываться

    The Beatles cut their first disc in 1962. — Группа "Битлз" выпустила свою первую пластинку в 1962 году.

    20)
    а) преим. амер.; разг. разбавлять ( спиртное)
    б) нарк. смешивать героин с другими веществами

    When I was 13 I knew how much quinine and sugar water you needed to cut heroin and sell it. — Когда мне было 13, я знал, сколько требуется хинина и сиропа, чтобы разбавить героин и продать его.

    Syn:
    21) разг.; = cut dead игнорировать, не замечать

    We spoke to her, but she cut us. — Мы заговорили с ней, но она сделала вид, что не заметила нас.

    I passed Mrs Brown in the street today but she cut me dead. — Сегодня на улице я встретил миссис Браун, но она в упор меня не узнала.

    Syn:
    snub I 2., ignore
    22) новозел.; разг. кончать, заканчивать

    We must cut this bottle tonight. — Мы должны сегодня прикончить эту бутылку.

    Syn:
    finish 2.
    23) разг.; сниж. пукать, пускать газы
    24)
    а) косить; жать
    Syn:
    mow III
    25) = cut down рубить, валить ( лес)

    Half the forest was cut down to make room for the new road. — Пол-леса вырубили, чтобы проложить новую дорогу.

    Syn:
    26)
    а) высекать, гравировать ( на камне)
    б) резать, вырезать ( по дереву)
    в) тесать, стёсывать; шлифовать, гранить ( драгоценные камни)
    Syn:
    28) вет. засекаться ( о лошади)
    29) карт. снимать колоду

    to cut for partners — снимать колоду, чтобы определить партнёров

    Let's cut for dealer. — Давайте снимем колоду и определим, кто будет сдавать.

    31) спорт. срезать мяч, закручивать мяч
    32) иск. резать глаза, резко выделяться, выступать слишком резко ( о красках)
    33) ( cut across)
    охватывать, затрагивать; включать

    The market surge cuts across all sectors. — Всплеск деловой активности заметен во всех секторах.

    34) ( cut across)
    а) мешать, препятствовать (чему-л.)

    Her loud voice cut across the conversation. — Её громкий голос прервал нашу беседу.

    б) противоречить, идти вразрез

    The chairman's decision cuts across the opinion of the whole committee. — Решение председателя идёт вразрез с мнением всего комитета.

    35) ( cut into)

    The children cut into the conversation with demands for attention. — Дети вмешиваются в разговор, чтобы обратить на себя внимание.

    Syn:

    My aunt's regular visits cut into my weekends. — Регулярные визиты моей тётки рушат мне все выходные.

    36) ( cut into) разг. залезть в сбережения, потратить часть денег

    I shall have to cut into my savings to pay for the holiday. — Мне придётся потратить часть сбережений, чтобы оплатить отпуск.

    37) ( cut through) проскочить, опустить что-л.

    Can't we cut through some of these formalities and get on with the real business? — Нельзя ли опустить все эти формальности и поскорее перейти к делу?

    Syn:
    skip I 2.
    - cut down
    - cut in
    - cut off
    - cut out
    - cut under
    - cut up
    ••

    to be cut out for smth. — быть словно созданным для чего-л.

    to cut an antic / a curvet / a flourish — выделывать, выкидывать курбеты

    Cut the coat according to the cloth. — посл. По одёжке протягивай ножки.

    - cut a feather
    - cut a joke
    - cut faces
    - cut both ways
    - cut to pieces
    - cut it
    - cut it too fat
    - cut it fine
    - cut loose
    - cut short
    2. сущ.
    1) разрезание, отрезание; подстригание
    2) разрез, порез; глубокая рана

    Put a bandage on that cut. — Наложи повязку на рану.

    Syn:
    gash, incision, slash I 1., slit 1.
    3) удар (мечом, хлыстом)

    His face had been disfigured by a sabre cut. — Его лицо было обезображено сабельным ударом.

    4) австрал.; новозел.; разг. телесное наказание (школьников)
    5) оскорбление, насмешка, выпад; удар

    to make an unkind cut on / at smb. / smth. — сделать выпад в чей-л. адрес / по какому-л. поводу

    Syn:
    blow I, shock I 1.
    6) уменьшение, сокращение, снижение (цен, количества)

    Some auto makers have announced a price cut. — Некоторые производители автомобилей объявили о снижении цен на свою продукцию.

    Syn:
    7) выемка, углубление, траншея

    The bulldozer made a cut for the railroad tracks. — Бульдозер прорыл траншею для железнодорожной колеи.

    Syn:
    slash I 1., furrow 1., trench 1., excavation
    8) канал, искусственный сток
    Syn:
    9) проход; перевал; просека (дорога, проложенная через лес, скалы, заселённую часть города)
    Syn:
    passage I 1.
    Syn:
    11)
    б) разг. отдельный номер на музыкальном диске (песня, композиция)
    12)
    а) отрезанный кусок, ломоть; вырезка

    This is a good lean cut of beef. — Это хороший нежирный кусок говядины.

    Syn:
    piece 1., portion 1., slice 1., section 1., segment 1.
    13) амер.; австрал.; новозел. часть овец или коров, отделённая от основного стада
    14) разг. доля (прибыли, дохода)

    The actor's agent gets a 10 percent cut. — Агент этого актёра получает 10 процентов комиссии.

    Syn:
    commission 1., share I 1.
    15) преим. амер. количество сваленного леса, настрига шерсти
    16) форма, очертание, абрис, контур
    Syn:
    fashion 1., shape 1.
    17) покрой, фасон ( одежды)
    Syn:
    fashion 1., style 1., make 2.
    18) = haircut стрижка; модель стрижки
    19) профиль, сечение; пролёт ( моста)
    20) = short cut кратчайший путь, короткая дорога, путь напрямик

    A short cut across the fields was made for the convenience of the inhabitants. — Для удобства жителей через поля была проложена кратчайшая дорога.

    The old man had arrived before me, by a nearer cut in the wood. — Старик пришёл раньше меня по более короткой лесной тропе.

    22) кино монтажный кадр
    23) карт. снятие ( колоды)
    24) спорт. срезка мяча ( в теннисе), закрутка мяча
    25) разг.
    а) намеренное, демонстративное неузнавание (кого-л.), подчёркнутое игнорирование

    We met… and gave each other the cut that night. (W. M. Thackeray, The Book of Snobs, 1848) — Мы встретились в тот же вечер… - и не узнали друг друга. (пер. Н. Дарузес)

    б) ( cuts) люди, порвавшие друг с другом

    Some people leave Southampton the best of friends and arrive in Bombay dead cuts. — Некоторые люди оставляют Саутгемптон лучшими друзьями, а прибывают в Бомбей совершенно чужими людьми.

    26) разг. пропуск, прогул
    27) спорт. отсев ( в ходе отборочного тура)

    to make the cutразг. пройти отборочный тур

    to miss the cutразг. не пройти отборочный тур

    ••

    the cut of one's rig / jib — внешний вид человека

    3. прил.
    1)
    а) срезанный, отрезанный, нарезанный
    б) порезанный, пораненный
    3) шлифованный, гранёный

    cut glass — гранёное стекло; хрусталь

    4) урезанный, уменьшенный
    5) преим. амер. разбавленный, разведённый, нечистый (об алкоголе, наркотиках)

    Suckers paid exorbitant prices for cut and adulterated liquor. — Пьянчуги платили непомерно много за разбавленное и никуда не годное спиртное.

    Syn:
    Syn:
    7) разг. пьяный; одурманенный наркотиками

    I'm sure we had not much more than a bottle apiece, I was not cut. — Я уверен, что у нас было не больше бутылки на брата, я не был пьян.

    Syn:
    ••
    II [kʌt] сущ.; уст.

    We three will draw cuts for the honour of going with him. — Мы трое будем тянуть жребий, кому выпадет честь сопровождать его.

    Syn:
    lot 1.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > cut

  • 105 si

    I [si] pron
    davanti la, li, le, ne diventa se
    1) (in verbi riflessivi: impersonale) oneself, (maschile) himself, (femminile) herself, (plurale) themselves, (in verbi intransitivi pronominali) itself

    si crede importante — he (o she) thinks a lot of himself (o herself)

    si è dimenticato di me — he has forgotten me

    si guardava allo specchio — he was looking at himself in the mirror

    2)

    se l'è ricordato — he remembered it

    si godette la vacanzahe (o she) enjoyed his (o her) holiday

    3) (uso reciproco) each other, one another

    si incontrarono alle 5 — they met at 5 o'clock

    si odianothey hate each other o one another

    4)

    (passivo) dove si parla russo — where Russian is spoken, where they speak Russian

    si ripara facilmente — it can easily be repaired

    si vende al chilo — it is sold by the kilo

    5)

    (impersonale) si dice che... — it is said that..., people say that...

    mi si dice che... — I am told that...

    non si risponde così! — that's no way to answer somebody!

    non si sa mai — you never can tell, you never know

    si vede che è nuovo — one (o you) can tell it's new

    II [si] sm inv

    Nuovo dizionario Italiano-Inglese > si

  • 106 something like

    I adj infml
    1)

    Grandad has so few wants now that I usually end up giving him something like a pair of socks for his birthday — Моему деду сейчас мало что нужно, так что я обычно дарю ему что-то вроде пары носков на день рождения и все

    Isn't there something like a detective or adventure story I can read in bed? — У вас не найдется что-нибудь вроде детектива, чтобы почитать в постели?

    2)

    Now, that's something like it — Это уже другое дело

    My word, that's something like! — Да ну! Вот это я понимаю!

    II adv infml
    1) esp BrE
    2)

    It sounds something like Beethhoven — Это, кажется, Бетховен

    The new dictionary of modern spoken language > something like

  • 107 systems go

    adj infml

    It's all systems go — Все готово, начали

    But through meeting Ken I also met his son Darren and so it came about that it was all systems go for a holiday romance of my very own — Познакомившись с Кэном, я, естественно, встретила и его сына Даррена, и так получилось, что все было на мази для моего летнего романа

    The new dictionary of modern spoken language > systems go

  • 108 down tools

    разг.
    1) кончить работу, перестать работать

    Constance: "...I've worked like a dog for a year and last night at six o'clock I downed tools... You said I could take six weeks' holiday." (W. S. Maugham, ‘The Constant Wife’, act 3) — Констанс: "...Я работала не покладая рук целый год и вчера в шесть часов вечера все закончила... Вы сказали, что мне полагается полуторамесячный отпуск."

    2) (за)бастовать, прекратить работу

    The workmen threatened to down tools unless their demands were met. (EVI) — Рабочие угрожали объявить забастовку, если их требования не будут удовлетворены.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > down tools

  • 109 сами с усами

    разг., шутл., тж. сам с усам прост., шутл.
    smb. is big enough to look after oneself; smb. has got a head on his shoulders too

    - Да ты не думай чего. Девка она законная. Мы с ней в доме отдыха познакомились. - Да я что ж, я ничего. Ты и сам уж с усам, - успокоила сына Аграфена Семёновна. (В. Астафьев, Дикий лук) — 'Don't you start thinking things,' he ordered. 'She's a smashing girl. I met her at the holiday home.' 'What's it got to do with me? You're big enough to look after yourself,' his mother said.

    Пятнадцать лет человеку, а для папы с мамой всё ребёнок, и никогда это не кончится, если не заявить раз и навсегда: сам. Сам с усам. (В. Распутин, Век живи - век люби) — A fellow's fifteen, but I'm still a child to mum and dad and there'll never be an end to it if I don't make a statement once and for all: I'm me. Me, myself and I.

    Русско-английский фразеологический словарь > сами с усами

  • 110 observable

    1. a заметный, видимый; обозримый
    2. a соблюдаемый, требующий соблюдения
    3. a достопримечательный; достойный внимания
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. detectable (adj.) appreciable; detectable; discernible; macroscopic; noticeable; obvious; palpable; perceivable; perceptible; sensible; tangible; understandable; visible
    2. noteworthy (adj.) memorable; nameable; notable; noteworthy; red-letter; rubric
    3. pointed (adj.) arresting; conspicuous; eye-catching; marked; outstanding; pointed; prominent; remarkable; salient; signal; striking

    English-Russian base dictionary > observable

  • 111 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 112 Revolution of 25 april 1974

       Refers to the events that began in the early morning hours of 25 April 1974, when the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) began military operations against the Estado Novo in the Lisbon area. Signals for action included the playing of two songs on a popular radio station's (Rádio Renascença) midnight program broadcast. The songs were Depois do Adeus and Grândola, Vila Morena. The latter song, sung on the record made by composer-singer José Afonso, had been banned by government censorship and was usually played only clandestinely. The military coup proceeded during the period from midnight to about 4:30 p.m. on the afternoon of 25 April, a rainy day, and met relatively little resistance from the Estado Novo's few remaining staunch defenders.
       Most of the drama was played out in the streets of Lisbon as MFA tanks, armored cars, and troops took positions and demanded the surrender of neutral or loyal forces. After Prime Minister Marcello Caetano had taken refuge in the Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR) Carmo barracks, traditionally a place of sanctuary for government incumbents in previous military coup attempts, Caetano surrendered to the insurgent military forces. He was later flown to exile in Madeira, with President Américo Tómas, and then to Brazil. This date marks the end of the Estado Novo and the beginning of democratic Portugal. The 25th of April is an official national holiday.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Revolution of 25 april 1974

  • 113 congé

    [ontslag] dismissal notice
    [verlof] holiday, vacation leave, time off
    voorbeelden:
    1   iemand zijn congé geven give someone his notice
         zijn congé krijgen ontslagen worden get dismissed; get the brush-off met betrekking tot minnaar

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > congé

  • 114 gezin

    family
    voorbeelden:
    1   een vakantie voor het hele gezin ook a family holiday
         een onvolledig gezin a single-/one-parent family
         een gezin stichten start a family
         een gezin met kleine kinderen a young family

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > gezin

  • 115 landelijk

    voorbeelden:
    1   landelijke bekendheid genieten have a national reputation
         landelijke dagbladen national (news)papers
         het feest wordt landelijk gevierd the holiday is celebrated all over the country
    [met betrekking tot het platteland] rural country
    voorbeelden:
    1   landelijke eenvoud rustic simplicity
         landelijke eigendommen country/rural estates

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > landelijk

  • 116 permitteren

    voorbeelden:
    1   zich de vrijheid permitteren (om) take the liberty (of)
         ik kan me niet permitteren dat te doen het is niet verantwoord I can't permit/allow myself to do that; het is mij te duur I can't afford to do that
         zich alles kunnen permitteren be allowed to do anything; informeel get away with murder
         zich permitteren met vakantie te gaan allow oneself a holiday

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > permitteren

  • 117 resteren

    [nog overblijven] be left, remain
    [met betrekking tot geld] remain, be outstanding
    voorbeelden:
    1   de resterende dagen van onze vakantie the remaining days of our holiday
         het resterende the remainder
    2   het resterende bedrag betalen pay the outstanding amount
         het resterende saldo the balance

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > resteren

  • 118 wensen

    [verlangen] wish, desire
    [dulden, willen] 〈zie voorbeelden 2
    [verlangen te hebben] want, desire
    [toewensen] wish
    voorbeelden:
    1   het is te wensen dat … it would be desirable if …
         dat laat aan duidelijkheid niets te wensen over that is perfectly clear
         nog veel te wensen overlaten leave a lot to be desired
         (doe) zoals u wenst (do) as you wish/please
         ik wens met rust gelaten te worden I want to be left alone
    2   ik wens me niet door jou te laten beledigen I will not be insulted by you
    3   wenst u nog iets? (will there be) anything else?
         wat wenst u? what can I do for you?
    4   iemand goede morgen/een prettige vakantie wensen wish someone good morning/a nice holiday

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > wensen

  • 119 wintersport

    voorbeelden:
    1   met/op/naar de wintersport gaan go skiing, go on a winter sports holiday

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > wintersport

  • 120 nice

    1 (enjoyable, pleasant) [drive, holiday] agréable ; it would be nice to do ce serait bien de faire ; it would be nice for him to do ce serait bien qu'il fasse ; it's not very nice doing ce n'est pas très agréable de faire ; did you have a nice time? tu t'es bien amusé? ; nice weather isn't it? beau temps, n'est-ce pas? ; a nice cool drink une boisson bien fraîche ; it's nice and sunny il fait beau ; to have a nice long chat bien bavarder ; nice work if you can get it! hum il y en a qui ont de la veine ! ; nice to have met you ravi d'avoir fait votre connaissance ; nice to see you ça fait plaisir de te voir ; how nice! comme c'est bien! ; have a nice day! bonne journée! ;
    2 ( attractive) [house, district, painting] beau/belle ; [place] agréable ; a really nice house une très belle maison ; Edinburgh is a really nice place Édimbourg est vraiment une ville agréable ; you look very nice tu es très chic ; he has a nice taste in clothes il a très bon goût en matière de vêtements ;
    3 ( tasty) bon/bonne ; to taste nice avoir bon goût ; a nice cup of tea une bonne tasse de thé ;
    4 ( kind) sympathique ; to be nice to être gentil avec ; it was nice of her to do c'était gentil de sa part de faire ; how nice of you to come comme c'est gentil d'être venu ; he's a really nice guy c'est un type très sympa ; what a nice man! quel homme sympathique! ; he says really nice things about you il dit beaucoup de bien de toi ;
    5 ( socially acceptable) [manners, behaviour, neighbourhood, school] comme il faut inv ; it is not nice to do ce n'est pas bien de faire ; a nice girl une jeune fille bien or comme il faut ; that's not very nice! ça ne se fait pas! ;
    6 ( used ironically) nice friends you've got! ils sont bien tes amis! ; a nice mess you've got us into! tu nous as fichus dans un beau pétrin ! ; that's a nice way to talk to your father! en voilà une façon de parler à ton père! ; this is a nice state of affairs! c'est du propre! ;
    7 sout ( subtle) [distinction] subtil ;
    8 sout ( pleasing to the mind) [coincidence, contrast] plaisant fml.
    nice one! ( in admiration) bravo! ; iron il ne manquait plus que ça.

    Big English-French dictionary > nice

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