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to+issue+a+policy

  • 81 cuestión

    f.
    issue, matter, problem, subject.
    * * *
    1 (pregunta) question
    2 (asunto) business, matter, question
    3 (discusión) dispute, quarrel, argument
    \
    en cuestión in question
    en cuestión de... (tiempo) in just a few..., in a matter of...
    eso es otra cuestión that's a whole different matter
    la cuestión es que... the thing is that...
    ser cuestión de vida o muerte figurado to be a matter of life or death
    cuestión candente burning question
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=asunto) matter, question

    ¡sigue gritando, la cuestión es no dejarme tranquilo! — iró * carry on shouting, don't mind me!

    no sé por qué, pero la cuestión es que ahora soy más pobre — * I don't know why, but the fact is that I'm poorer now than I was

    • cuestión de, una cuestión de honor — a matter of honour

    todo es cuestión de proponérselo — it's all a matter o question of telling yourself you can do it

    puedes beber, pero no es cuestión de que te emborraches — you can have a drink or two, but there's no need to get drunk

    • en cuestión — in question

    quid, vida 1)
    2) (=pregunta) question
    3) (=duda)

    poner algo en cuestión — to call sth into question, raise doubts about sth

    * * *
    1)
    a) (tema, problema) question, matter

    otra cuestión sería que or si estuviera enfermo — if he were ill, that would be another matter o a different matter altogether

    la cuestión es... — the thing is...

    la cuestión es molestar — he/she only does it to annoy

    es cuestión de diez minutos — it'll only take/I'll only be ten minutes

    si fuera cuestión de dinero, no habría problema — if it were a question of money, there'd be no problem

    todo es cuestión de... — it's just a question of...

    2) ( duda)
    3) (fam) ( problema) disagreement, problem; (cosa, objeto) thing, thingamajig* (colloq)
    * * *
    = affair, consideration, enquiry [inquiry, -USA], issue, matter, point, question, topic, business [businesses, -pl.], concern, question.
    Ex. And also until Groome appeared, newcomers were a nullity as an active political force, exerting little influence in city affairs.
    Ex. This broader consideration of descriptive cataloguing problems serves to set a context for the consideration of cataloguing problems associated with nonbook materials.
    Ex. A threshold weight appropriate to the specificity of the searcher's enquiry must be established.
    Ex. These issues are reviewed more thoroughly in chapter 10.
    Ex. AACR2 generally recommends collocation although it is suggested that the extent of collocation and the need for uniform titles is a matter for local decisions.
    Ex. The point being that these systems are very much in their infancy and have a long way to go before they reach the comparable sophistication of space probes and reusable rocketry.
    Ex. One argument against including a list of questions is that often analysts will think they are the only questions that might be asked.
    Ex. A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.
    Ex. I think this whole business about whether punctuation is obtrusive or not is quite honestly not worth discussing.
    Ex. Her article lays emphasis on some of the concerns that are important to the continued development of effective information policies.
    Ex. The question is not how much time we have, but what we do with it and how we utilize it.
    ----
    * aclarar una cuestión = clarify + matter, clarify + issue.
    * adoptar una postura firme ante una cuestión = take + position on + issue.
    * analizar una cuestión = explore + question, explore + issue.
    * cuestión administrativa = management issue, administrative issue.
    * cuestión candente = burning issue, burning question.
    * cuestión científica = scientific issue.
    * cuestión controvertida = vexed question, vexing question.
    * cuestión crítica = critical issue.
    * cuestión debatible = debatable point.
    * cuestión de importancia = matter of consequence.
    * cuestión delicada = sensitive issue.
    * cuestión de vida o muerte = life or death issue.
    * cuestión difícil = thorny issue, thorny question, poser.
    * cuestión económica = economic issue, financial issue.
    * cuestiones = matters.
    * cuestiones bibliotecarias = library issues.
    * cuestiones clave = key issues.
    * cuestiones de intendencia = housekeeping.
    * cuestiones de reglamento = policy issue.
    * cuestiones implicadas = issues involved.
    * cuestión específica = topical issue.
    * cuestiones poco claras = grey area [gray area].
    * cuestiones prácticas = mechanics, how-to.
    * cuestiones problemáticas = problem areas.
    * cuestiones sociales = social affairs.
    * cuestiones técnicas = check + under the hood, crawl + under the hood.
    * cuestión ética = ethical issue.
    * cuestión financiera = financial issue.
    * cuestión + girar en torno a = question + revolve around.
    * cuestión histórica = historical issue.
    * cuestión imprescindible = imperative.
    * cuestión insignificante = matter of no consequence.
    * cuestión laboral = work-related issue.
    * cuestión legal = legal issue.
    * cuestión negociable = negotiable point.
    * cuestión peliaguda = sticky issue.
    * cuestión personal = life issue, personal issue.
    * cuestión polémica = vexed question, vexing question.
    * cuestión política = political issue.
    * cuestión práctica = practicality.
    * cuestión problemática = issue of concern, sticky issue.
    * cuestión relacionada con el trabajo = work-related issue.
    * cuestión sin importancia = matter of no consequence.
    * cuestión sin trascendencia = matter of no consequence.
    * cuestión social = social issue, societal issue.
    * cuestión + surgir = issue + surface.
    * cuestión técnica = technical issue.
    * cuestión tecnológica = technological issue.
    * debatir una cuestión = discuss + idea, discuss + issue.
    * dejar la cuestión abierta = leave + the question open.
    * desviarse del tema en cuestión = go off on + another track.
    * discutir una cuestión = air + issue.
    * el quid de la cuestión = the crux of the problem, the crux of the matter.
    * eludir una cuestión = dodge + issue.
    * en cuestión = at hand, concerned, in hand, in question, individual, at issue, of concern.
    * en cuestión de minutos = within minutes, in a matter of minutes.
    * en cuestión de segundos = within seconds, in a matter of seconds.
    * en cuestión de + Tiempo = in a matter of + Tiempo, within a matter of + Tiempo.
    * en cuestiones de = in matters of.
    * enfrentarse a una cuestión = run up against + issue.
    * en las cuestiones relacionadas con = in the areas of.
    * esa es la cuestión = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * esquivar la cuestión = sidestep + the issue.
    * esquivar una cuestión = dodge + issue.
    * estado de la cuestión = state of the art.
    * estudio crítico del estado de la cuestión = review.
    * estudio del estado de la cuestión = survey.
    * evitar discutir una cuestión = circumvent + issue.
    * evitar una cuestión = skirt + issue, tiptoe around + issue.
    * exponer una cuestión = raise + point.
    * informe del estado de la cuestión = state of the art report, state of the art review.
    * la cuestión es que = the thing is.
    * la juventud no es cuestión de edad sino de espíritu = you are as old as you feel.
    * llegar al fondo de la cuestión = see to the + bottom of things.
    * llegar al meollo de la cuestión = arrive at + the heart of the matter.
    * llegar al quid de la cuestión = arrive at + the heart of the matter.
    * llevar a hablar de una cuestión = bring up + issue.
    * mencionar una cuestión = bring up + matter, bring up + point.
    * meollo de la cuestión, el = heart of the matter, the, heart of the question, the.
    * no ser cuestión de = there + be + no question of.
    * partes en cuestión, las = parties concerned, the.
    * plantearle a Alguien una cuestión = put before + Nombre + an issue.
    * plantear una cuestión = bring forth + issue, issue + arise, pose + question, raise + argument, raise + issue, raise + point, open up + issue.
    * poner en cuestión = call into + question, render + questionable.
    * poner en cuestión la validez de = bring into + question the validity of, question + the validity of.
    * proyección de cuestiones de interés = issues management.
    * quid de la cuestión, el = heart of the matter, the, heart of the question, the.
    * relacionado con cuestiones raciales = race-related.
    * resolver las cuestiones menores = work out + details.
    * resolver una cuestión = resolve + point, resolve + question, issue + settle.
    * responder la cuestión = get behind + the question.
    * sacar a colación una cuestión = bring up + matter, bring up + issue, bring up + point.
    * ser cuestión de = come down to.
    * ser la cuestión = be the point.
    * ser una cuestión de = be a matter for/of.
    * ser una cuestión debatible = be an open question.
    * ser una cuestión problemática = be at issue.
    * surgir una cuestión = issue + arise, arise + question.
    * suscitar una cuestión = evoke + issue, open up + issue.
    * tocar una cuestión = touch on/upon + issue.
    * tratar la cuestión de = get to + the issue of.
    * tratar una cuestión = address + constraint, address + issue, address + question, consider + issue, tackle + issue, address + concern, deal with + issue, broach + issue, broach + question, grapple with + issue.
    * tratar una cuestión ligeramente = touch on/upon + issue.
    * una cuestión de principios = a matter of principle.
    * una cuestión de vida o muerte = a matter of life and death.
    * zanjar la cuestión = clinch + the affair, clinch + the argument.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (tema, problema) question, matter

    otra cuestión sería que or si estuviera enfermo — if he were ill, that would be another matter o a different matter altogether

    la cuestión es... — the thing is...

    la cuestión es molestar — he/she only does it to annoy

    es cuestión de diez minutos — it'll only take/I'll only be ten minutes

    si fuera cuestión de dinero, no habría problema — if it were a question of money, there'd be no problem

    todo es cuestión de... — it's just a question of...

    2) ( duda)
    3) (fam) ( problema) disagreement, problem; (cosa, objeto) thing, thingamajig* (colloq)
    * * *
    = affair, consideration, enquiry [inquiry, -USA], issue, matter, point, question, topic, business [businesses, -pl.], concern, question.

    Ex: And also until Groome appeared, newcomers were a nullity as an active political force, exerting little influence in city affairs.

    Ex: This broader consideration of descriptive cataloguing problems serves to set a context for the consideration of cataloguing problems associated with nonbook materials.
    Ex: A threshold weight appropriate to the specificity of the searcher's enquiry must be established.
    Ex: These issues are reviewed more thoroughly in chapter 10.
    Ex: AACR2 generally recommends collocation although it is suggested that the extent of collocation and the need for uniform titles is a matter for local decisions.
    Ex: The point being that these systems are very much in their infancy and have a long way to go before they reach the comparable sophistication of space probes and reusable rocketry.
    Ex: One argument against including a list of questions is that often analysts will think they are the only questions that might be asked.
    Ex: A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.
    Ex: I think this whole business about whether punctuation is obtrusive or not is quite honestly not worth discussing.
    Ex: Her article lays emphasis on some of the concerns that are important to the continued development of effective information policies.
    Ex: The question is not how much time we have, but what we do with it and how we utilize it.
    * aclarar una cuestión = clarify + matter, clarify + issue.
    * adoptar una postura firme ante una cuestión = take + position on + issue.
    * analizar una cuestión = explore + question, explore + issue.
    * cuestión administrativa = management issue, administrative issue.
    * cuestión candente = burning issue, burning question.
    * cuestión científica = scientific issue.
    * cuestión controvertida = vexed question, vexing question.
    * cuestión crítica = critical issue.
    * cuestión debatible = debatable point.
    * cuestión de importancia = matter of consequence.
    * cuestión delicada = sensitive issue.
    * cuestión de vida o muerte = life or death issue.
    * cuestión difícil = thorny issue, thorny question, poser.
    * cuestión económica = economic issue, financial issue.
    * cuestiones = matters.
    * cuestiones bibliotecarias = library issues.
    * cuestiones clave = key issues.
    * cuestiones de intendencia = housekeeping.
    * cuestiones de reglamento = policy issue.
    * cuestiones implicadas = issues involved.
    * cuestión específica = topical issue.
    * cuestiones poco claras = grey area [gray area].
    * cuestiones prácticas = mechanics, how-to.
    * cuestiones problemáticas = problem areas.
    * cuestiones sociales = social affairs.
    * cuestiones técnicas = check + under the hood, crawl + under the hood.
    * cuestión ética = ethical issue.
    * cuestión financiera = financial issue.
    * cuestión + girar en torno a = question + revolve around.
    * cuestión histórica = historical issue.
    * cuestión imprescindible = imperative.
    * cuestión insignificante = matter of no consequence.
    * cuestión laboral = work-related issue.
    * cuestión legal = legal issue.
    * cuestión negociable = negotiable point.
    * cuestión peliaguda = sticky issue.
    * cuestión personal = life issue, personal issue.
    * cuestión polémica = vexed question, vexing question.
    * cuestión política = political issue.
    * cuestión práctica = practicality.
    * cuestión problemática = issue of concern, sticky issue.
    * cuestión relacionada con el trabajo = work-related issue.
    * cuestión sin importancia = matter of no consequence.
    * cuestión sin trascendencia = matter of no consequence.
    * cuestión social = social issue, societal issue.
    * cuestión + surgir = issue + surface.
    * cuestión técnica = technical issue.
    * cuestión tecnológica = technological issue.
    * debatir una cuestión = discuss + idea, discuss + issue.
    * dejar la cuestión abierta = leave + the question open.
    * desviarse del tema en cuestión = go off on + another track.
    * discutir una cuestión = air + issue.
    * el quid de la cuestión = the crux of the problem, the crux of the matter.
    * eludir una cuestión = dodge + issue.
    * en cuestión = at hand, concerned, in hand, in question, individual, at issue, of concern.
    * en cuestión de minutos = within minutes, in a matter of minutes.
    * en cuestión de segundos = within seconds, in a matter of seconds.
    * en cuestión de + Tiempo = in a matter of + Tiempo, within a matter of + Tiempo.
    * en cuestiones de = in matters of.
    * enfrentarse a una cuestión = run up against + issue.
    * en las cuestiones relacionadas con = in the areas of.
    * esa es la cuestión = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * esquivar la cuestión = sidestep + the issue.
    * esquivar una cuestión = dodge + issue.
    * estado de la cuestión = state of the art.
    * estudio crítico del estado de la cuestión = review.
    * estudio del estado de la cuestión = survey.
    * evitar discutir una cuestión = circumvent + issue.
    * evitar una cuestión = skirt + issue, tiptoe around + issue.
    * exponer una cuestión = raise + point.
    * informe del estado de la cuestión = state of the art report, state of the art review.
    * la cuestión es que = the thing is.
    * la juventud no es cuestión de edad sino de espíritu = you are as old as you feel.
    * llegar al fondo de la cuestión = see to the + bottom of things.
    * llegar al meollo de la cuestión = arrive at + the heart of the matter.
    * llegar al quid de la cuestión = arrive at + the heart of the matter.
    * llevar a hablar de una cuestión = bring up + issue.
    * mencionar una cuestión = bring up + matter, bring up + point.
    * meollo de la cuestión, el = heart of the matter, the, heart of the question, the.
    * no ser cuestión de = there + be + no question of.
    * partes en cuestión, las = parties concerned, the.
    * plantearle a Alguien una cuestión = put before + Nombre + an issue.
    * plantear una cuestión = bring forth + issue, issue + arise, pose + question, raise + argument, raise + issue, raise + point, open up + issue.
    * poner en cuestión = call into + question, render + questionable.
    * poner en cuestión la validez de = bring into + question the validity of, question + the validity of.
    * proyección de cuestiones de interés = issues management.
    * quid de la cuestión, el = heart of the matter, the, heart of the question, the.
    * relacionado con cuestiones raciales = race-related.
    * resolver las cuestiones menores = work out + details.
    * resolver una cuestión = resolve + point, resolve + question, issue + settle.
    * responder la cuestión = get behind + the question.
    * sacar a colación una cuestión = bring up + matter, bring up + issue, bring up + point.
    * ser cuestión de = come down to.
    * ser la cuestión = be the point.
    * ser una cuestión de = be a matter for/of.
    * ser una cuestión debatible = be an open question.
    * ser una cuestión problemática = be at issue.
    * surgir una cuestión = issue + arise, arise + question.
    * suscitar una cuestión = evoke + issue, open up + issue.
    * tocar una cuestión = touch on/upon + issue.
    * tratar la cuestión de = get to + the issue of.
    * tratar una cuestión = address + constraint, address + issue, address + question, consider + issue, tackle + issue, address + concern, deal with + issue, broach + issue, broach + question, grapple with + issue.
    * tratar una cuestión ligeramente = touch on/upon + issue.
    * una cuestión de principios = a matter of principle.
    * una cuestión de vida o muerte = a matter of life and death.
    * zanjar la cuestión = clinch + the affair, clinch + the argument.

    * * *
    A
    1 (tema, problema) question, matter
    es experto en cuestiones de derecho internacional he is an expert on matters o questions of international law
    otra cuestión sería que or si estuviera enfermo if he were ill, that would be another matter o a different matter
    llegar al fondo de la cuestión to get to the heart of the matter o issue, to get to the root of the problem
    2 ( en locs):
    en cuestión in question
    el museo en cuestión va a ser clausurado the museum in question is going to be closed
    en cuestión de in a matter of
    aprendió inglés en cuestión de meses she learnt English in a matter of months
    la cuestión es … the thing is …
    la cuestión es que no tengo tiempo the problem o thing is that I don't have time
    la cuestiónes divertirnos the main thing is to enjoy ourselves
    pide por pedir, la cuestión es molestar she asks just for the sake of asking, she only does it to annoy
    ser cuestión de to be a matter o question of
    es una cuestión de principios it's a matter o question of principle
    en taxi es cuestión de diez minutos it's only a ten-minute taxi ride
    si fuera cuestión de dinero, no habría problema if it were a question of money, there'd be no problem
    todo es cuestión de darle tiempo al tiempo it's just a question of waiting
    todo es cuestión de poner atención it's just o all a question of concentrating, it's just o all a matter of concentration
    será cuestión de planteárselo y ver we'll just have to put it to him and see
    tampoco es cuestión de enloquecernos there's no need to get in a flap ( colloq)
    ayúdala, pero tampoco es cuestión de que lo hagas todo tú help her by all means, but there's no reason why you should do it all yourself
    B
    (duda): poner algo en cuestión to call sth into question, to raise questions o doubts about sth
    este descubrimiento pone en cuestión la validez del método this discovery raises questions about o raises doubts about o calls into question the validity of the method
    C ( fam)
    1 (problema) disagreement, problem
    2 (cosa, objeto) thing, thingamajig* ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    cuestión sustantivo femenino
    a) (tema, problema) question, matter;

    ◊ cuestiones de derecho internacional matters o questions of international law;

    llegar al fondo de la cuestión to get to the heart of the matter
    b) ( en locs)


    en cuestión de in a matter of;
    la cuestión es … the thing is …;
    la cuestión es divertirnos the main thing is to enjoy ourselves;
    ser cuestión de to be a matter of;
    todo es cuestión de … it's just a question of …
    cuestión sustantivo femenino
    1 (asunto) matter, question
    2 (pregunta) question
    ♦ Locuciones: en cuestión, in question: el muchacho en cuestión, the boy in questión
    en cuestión de unas horas, in just a few hours
    poner en cuestión algo, to doubt sthg
    si te cansas de conducir, es cuestión de parar en cualquier lado, if you get tired of driving, we can stop anywhere
    ' cuestión' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    discutir
    - inaccesible
    - indecisa
    - indeciso
    - intrincada
    - intrincado
    - palpitante
    - quid
    - radicar
    - resolverse
    - seno
    - soslayar
    - tratar
    - volar
    - asunto
    - chabolismo
    - delicado
    - empezar
    - fondo
    - plantear
    - tema
    - vida
    English:
    arise
    - burning
    - cast
    - crux
    - issue
    - matter
    - morality
    - nitty-gritty
    - open
    - pose
    - principle
    - proceed
    - question
    - raise
    - stake
    - undecided
    - vexed
    - whip on
    - come
    - point
    * * *
    1. [pregunta] question
    2. [problema] problem;
    no es cuestión de tamaño sino de peso it's a question o matter of weight not size
    3. [asunto] matter, issue;
    una cuestión de honor/de principios a matter of honour/principle;
    los investigadores quieren llegar al fondo de la cuestión the investigators want to get to the bottom of the matter;
    la cuestión es que no he tenido tiempo the thing is, I haven't had time;
    en cuestión in question;
    el candidato en cuestión es venezolano the candidate in question is Venezuelan;
    tenemos que discutir el tema en cuestión we must discuss the matter at hand;
    en cuestión de [en materia de] as regards;
    en cuestión de una hora in no more than an hour;
    el edificio se hundió en cuestión de segundos the building collapsed in a matter of seconds;
    es cuestión de un par de días it is a matter of a couple of days;
    ya acabo, es cuestión de cinco minutos I'm nearly finished, I'll only be five minutes;
    es cuestión de trabajar más it's a question of working harder;
    será cuestión de ir yéndose it's time we were on our way;
    será cuestión de esforzarnos más we'll just have to work harder;
    no es cuestión de que el abuelo se ponga a hacerlo there's no need for grandad to have to do it
    4.
    poner algo en cuestión to call sth into question
    * * *
    f
    1 question
    2 ( asunto) matter, question;
    en cuestión de dinero as far as money is concerned;
    no es cuestión de dinero it’s not a question of money;
    en cuestión in question;
    la cuestión es que the thing is
    * * *
    cuestión nf, pl - tiones asunto, tema: matter, affair
    * * *
    1. (asunto) matter
    2. (pregunta) question

    Spanish-English dictionary > cuestión

  • 82 tema

    m.
    1 subject (asunto).
    cambiar de tema to change the subject
    temas de actualidad current affairs
    tema de conversación talking point, topic of conversation
    3 theme (Music).
    4 obsession, mania.
    5 musical track, track.
    pres.subj.
    1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: temer.
    * * *
    1 (de discurso, escrito, etc) topic, subject, theme
    2 (de examen) subject
    3 MÚSICA theme
    4 GRAMÁTICA root, stem, theme
    \
    atenerse al tema to keep/stick to the point
    cada loco con su tema familiar everyone has his hobbyhorse
    salir(se) del tema to go off at a tangent, get sidetracked
    tema de actualidad current news item, current topic of interest
    * * *
    noun m.
    theme, topic
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=asunto) subject

    el tema de su discurso — the subject o theme of his speech

    • pasar del tema *, -¿qué piensas de las elecciones? -paso del tema — "what do you think about the elections?" - "I couldn't care less about them" *

    2) (Ling) [de palabra] stem; [de oración] theme
    3) (Mús) theme
    * * *
    1)
    a) (asunto, cuestión) matter; (de conferencia, composición) topic; ( de examen) subject; (Art, Cin, Lit) subject
    b) (Mús) ( motivo) theme
    2) (Ling) stem
    * * *
    = subject, theme, topic, locus [loci, -pl.], rubric, item of business, thread, question, topic area, issue.
    Ex. What is a subject?.
    Ex. Informative abstracts are appropriate for texts describing experimental work, and document with a central theme.
    Ex. A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.
    Ex. The locus of government policy making has been shifted to the Ministry of Research and Technology.
    Ex. And, as another instance, it's not fair to employ rubrics for ethnic groups that are not their own, preferred names.
    Ex. The Midwinter Meeting of the American Library Association included various items of business such as: the ALA stand on UNESCO; a new dues schedule; grants; role of school librarians in ALA; new cataloguing tools; and standards.
    Ex. The thread linking these giants is the acknowledgement that libraries exist to serve their users.
    Ex. The question is not how much time we have, but what we do with it and how we utilize it.
    Ex. This is the second revision of the topic areas in as many years.
    Ex. These issues are reviewed more thoroughly in chapter 10.
    ----
    * analizar un tema = explore + theme.
    * biblioteca especializada en temas polares = polar library.
    * biblioteconomía relacionada con los temas de las bibliotecas escolare = school librarianship.
    * cambiando de tema = on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * centrado en un tema específico = topic-centred.
    * clasificado por temas = classified.
    * de acuerdo con el tema = thematically.
    * debate por tema de interés = breakout discussion.
    * desviarse del tema = go off on + a tangent, go off at + a tangent, wander off + track, wander off + topic, go off + the track, get off + the track.
    * desviarse del tema en cuestión = go off on + another track.
    * desviarse del tema principal = sidetrack.
    * desviarse de un tema temporalmente = go off on + side excursions.
    * divagar sobre varios temas = roam over + topics.
    * editor de temas educativos = educational publisher.
    * el tema de la discusión = the focus of the discussion.
    * el tema del debate = the focus of the discussion.
    * entendido en el tema = knowledgeable.
    * establecer el tema = set + the theme.
    * estar con el tema = be on the topic.
    * estar hablando del tema = be on the topic.
    * estudiar un tema = pursue + subject.
    * evitar temas delicados = eschew + issues.
    * evitar un tema = skirt + issue, tiptoe around + issue.
    * examinar un tema = explore + theme.
    * frase que recoge el tema principal del artículo = topic sentence.
    * grado de coincidencia entre el tema de un documento y el tema de búsqu = topicality.
    * grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.
    * interesarse por el tema = enter + the field.
    * mencionar un tema = broach + subject, broach + topic, touch on + a point.
    * número de tema = thematic index number.
    * organizado alrededor de un tema = theme-based.
    * por temas = topically.
    * profundizar sobre un tema = go into + detail.
    * que no tiene que ver con el tema debatido = off-topic.
    * reunión por temas de interés = breakout session.
    * sacar a colación un tema = bring up + topic, bring up + subject.
    * sección de temas locales = local studies department, local studies library, local studies collection.
    * sesión por tema de interés = breakout session.
    * tema candente = hot topic, hot issue, burning issue, burning question, hot potato.
    * tema central = motif.
    * tema clave = key area.
    * tema común = common thread.
    * tema controvertido = vexed issue, vexing issue.
    * tema de actualidad = topical theme, current issue, hot topic.
    * tema de aprovechamiento político = political football.
    * tema de búsqueda = search topic.
    * tema de conversación = talking point.
    * tema de debate = thesis, talking point, subject of debate, discussion topic.
    * tema de discusión = discussion topic.
    * tema de estudio = study area, under study.
    * tema de importancia secundaria = footnote.
    * tema de interés = area of concern, area of enquiry [area of inquiry], area of interest, focus area, issue of concern, topic of interest.
    * tema de investigación = area of enquiry [area of inquiry], research question, research topic.
    * tema delicado = sore subject, sore spot, sore point, sensitive issue, hot potato.
    * tema de preocupación = issue of concern.
    * tema de secundaria importancia = footnote.
    * tema espinoso = sore subject, sore spot, sore point.
    * tema favorito = hobby-horse.
    * tema muerto = dead issue.
    * tema polémico = vexed issue, vexing issue.
    * tema principal = dominant theme, main focus, leitmotif.
    * temas africanos = Africana.
    * temas de actualidad = current affairs.
    * temas de interés de los usuarios = user interests.
    * temas de interés particular = particular concerns.
    * tema sensible = sore subject, sore spot, sore point.
    * tema tratado = aboutness.
    * tocar un tema = touch on + a point.
    * tratar un tema = broach + subject, broach + topic, address + theme, address + topic.
    * tratar un tema conocido = tread + familiar ground.
    * tratar un tema en detalle = go into + detail.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (asunto, cuestión) matter; (de conferencia, composición) topic; ( de examen) subject; (Art, Cin, Lit) subject
    b) (Mús) ( motivo) theme
    2) (Ling) stem
    * * *
    = subject, theme, topic, locus [loci, -pl.], rubric, item of business, thread, question, topic area, issue.

    Ex: What is a subject?.

    Ex: Informative abstracts are appropriate for texts describing experimental work, and document with a central theme.
    Ex: A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.
    Ex: The locus of government policy making has been shifted to the Ministry of Research and Technology.
    Ex: And, as another instance, it's not fair to employ rubrics for ethnic groups that are not their own, preferred names.
    Ex: The Midwinter Meeting of the American Library Association included various items of business such as: the ALA stand on UNESCO; a new dues schedule; grants; role of school librarians in ALA; new cataloguing tools; and standards.
    Ex: The thread linking these giants is the acknowledgement that libraries exist to serve their users.
    Ex: The question is not how much time we have, but what we do with it and how we utilize it.
    Ex: This is the second revision of the topic areas in as many years.
    Ex: These issues are reviewed more thoroughly in chapter 10.
    * analizar un tema = explore + theme.
    * biblioteca especializada en temas polares = polar library.
    * biblioteconomía relacionada con los temas de las bibliotecas escolare = school librarianship.
    * cambiando de tema = on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * centrado en un tema específico = topic-centred.
    * clasificado por temas = classified.
    * de acuerdo con el tema = thematically.
    * debate por tema de interés = breakout discussion.
    * desviarse del tema = go off on + a tangent, go off at + a tangent, wander off + track, wander off + topic, go off + the track, get off + the track.
    * desviarse del tema en cuestión = go off on + another track.
    * desviarse del tema principal = sidetrack.
    * desviarse de un tema temporalmente = go off on + side excursions.
    * divagar sobre varios temas = roam over + topics.
    * editor de temas educativos = educational publisher.
    * el tema de la discusión = the focus of the discussion.
    * el tema del debate = the focus of the discussion.
    * entendido en el tema = knowledgeable.
    * establecer el tema = set + the theme.
    * estar con el tema = be on the topic.
    * estar hablando del tema = be on the topic.
    * estudiar un tema = pursue + subject.
    * evitar temas delicados = eschew + issues.
    * evitar un tema = skirt + issue, tiptoe around + issue.
    * examinar un tema = explore + theme.
    * frase que recoge el tema principal del artículo = topic sentence.
    * grado de coincidencia entre el tema de un documento y el tema de búsqu = topicality.
    * grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.
    * interesarse por el tema = enter + the field.
    * mencionar un tema = broach + subject, broach + topic, touch on + a point.
    * número de tema = thematic index number.
    * organizado alrededor de un tema = theme-based.
    * por temas = topically.
    * profundizar sobre un tema = go into + detail.
    * que no tiene que ver con el tema debatido = off-topic.
    * reunión por temas de interés = breakout session.
    * sacar a colación un tema = bring up + topic, bring up + subject.
    * sección de temas locales = local studies department, local studies library, local studies collection.
    * sesión por tema de interés = breakout session.
    * tema candente = hot topic, hot issue, burning issue, burning question, hot potato.
    * tema central = motif.
    * tema clave = key area.
    * tema común = common thread.
    * tema controvertido = vexed issue, vexing issue.
    * tema de actualidad = topical theme, current issue, hot topic.
    * tema de aprovechamiento político = political football.
    * tema de búsqueda = search topic.
    * tema de conversación = talking point.
    * tema de debate = thesis, talking point, subject of debate, discussion topic.
    * tema de discusión = discussion topic.
    * tema de estudio = study area, under study.
    * tema de importancia secundaria = footnote.
    * tema de interés = area of concern, area of enquiry [area of inquiry], area of interest, focus area, issue of concern, topic of interest.
    * tema de investigación = area of enquiry [area of inquiry], research question, research topic.
    * tema delicado = sore subject, sore spot, sore point, sensitive issue, hot potato.
    * tema de preocupación = issue of concern.
    * tema de secundaria importancia = footnote.
    * tema espinoso = sore subject, sore spot, sore point.
    * tema favorito = hobby-horse.
    * tema muerto = dead issue.
    * tema polémico = vexed issue, vexing issue.
    * tema principal = dominant theme, main focus, leitmotif.
    * temas africanos = Africana.
    * temas de actualidad = current affairs.
    * temas de interés de los usuarios = user interests.
    * temas de interés particular = particular concerns.
    * tema sensible = sore subject, sore spot, sore point.
    * tema tratado = aboutness.
    * tocar un tema = touch on + a point.
    * tratar un tema = broach + subject, broach + topic, address + theme, address + topic.
    * tratar un tema conocido = tread + familiar ground.
    * tratar un tema en detalle = go into + detail.

    * * *
    A
    1 (asunto, materia) subject
    ¿no tienes otro tema de conversación? don't you ever talk about anything else?
    nos estamos alejando del tema we're getting off the subject o point
    procuren ceñirse al tema del debate please try to keep to the point o subject o topic of the discussion
    en el programa se tratan temas de actualidad the program deals with current issues
    el tema de la novela the subject matter of the novel
    hay que preparar 20 temas para el examen you have to prepare 20 subjects o topics for the exam
    2 ( Art, Mús) (motivo) theme
    el tema central de la película the central theme of the film
    B ( Ling) stem
    * * *

     

    Del verbo temer: ( conjugate temer)

    tema es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    tema    
    temer
    tema sustantivo masculino
    a) (asunto, cuestión) matter;

    (de conferencia, composición) topic;
    ( de examen) subject;
    (Art, Cin, Lit) subject;

    tema de conversación topic of conversation;
    cambiar de tema to change the subject
    b) (Mús) ( motivo) theme

    temer ( conjugate temer) verbo transitivo ‹castigo/reacción› to fear, dread;
    ‹ persona› to be afraid of;

    temo ofenderlo I'm afraid of offending him
    verbo intransitivo
    to be afraid;
    no temas don't be afraid
    temerse verbo pronominal


    me temo que tená razón I fear that he was right


    tema sustantivo masculino
    1 (de un libro, una conversación) subject, topic: no cambies de tema, don't change the subject
    2 (de una tesis, clase, conferencia) topic: no me preparé ese tema, I haven't studied that subject
    nos dio una conferencia sobre el tema, he gave us a lecture on the topic
    3 Mús theme
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar (cada uno a lo suyo) cada loco con su tema, each to his/her own
    temer
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (sentir miedo, temor) to fear, be afraid: temo que lo haya oído, I'm afraid she heard it
    sus hijos lo temen, his sons are afraid of him
    2 (tener un presagio, presentir) temíamos que no viniera, we were afraid he wouldn't come
    II verbo intransitivo to be afraid: temo por su vida, I'm afraid for his life ➣ Ver nota en afraid y fear
    ' tema' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abordar
    - acotar
    - adentrarse
    - ahondar
    - apartarse
    - braga
    - capítulo
    - ceñirse
    - circunscribirse
    - concretar
    - desviarse
    - empaparse
    - en
    - enfoque
    - enjuiciar
    - enjundia
    - espinosa
    - espinoso
    - ilustrar
    - jota
    - liosa
    - lioso
    - materia
    - oscuras
    - palpitante
    - particular
    - poca
    - poco
    - rehuir
    - repasar
    - soslayo
    - trabajo
    - actualidad
    - apartar
    - apasionante
    - apasionar
    - cambiar
    - candente
    - ceñir
    - conflictivo
    - conocer
    - controvertido
    - cuanto
    - cuestión
    - dar
    - delicado
    - desarrollar
    - desviar
    - discusión
    - divagar
    English:
    about
    - affair
    - agenda
    - anyhow
    - bring forward
    - bring up
    - central
    - change
    - depart
    - dominant
    - enlarge
    - euthanasia
    - get off
    - get on to
    - get onto
    - go off
    - hobbyhorse
    - ignorance
    - issue
    - motif
    - point
    - stray
    - subject
    - switch
    - talking point
    - theme
    - topic
    - touch on
    - touchy
    - bearing
    - drop
    - get
    - go
    - matter
    - side
    - sore
    - talking
    - track
    - turn
    - whichever
    - wrong
    * * *
    tema nm
    1. [asunto] subject;
    será mejor no sacar/tocar ese tema it would be best not to bring up that subject;
    ¿de qué tema quieres que hablemos? what do you want to talk about?;
    el tema de la película son las drogas the film deals with drugs;
    alejarse o [m5] salirse del tema to wander off the subject;
    cambiar de tema to change the subject;
    Fam
    el tema es que necesita ayuda the fact of the matter is she needs help
    temas de actualidad current affairs;
    tema de conversación talking point, topic of conversation;
    tema espinoso thorny issue
    2. [lección, unidad] topic;
    en el examen entran cinco temas the exam covers five topics
    3. [canción] track, song;
    una versión de un viejo tema a cover of an old song
    4. Mús [melodía básica] theme;
    el tema principal de la suite the main theme of the suite
    5. Ling theme
    * * *
    m de conversación subject, topic; MÚS, de novela theme
    * * *
    tema nm
    1) asunto: theme, topic, subject
    2) motivo: motif, central theme
    * * *
    tema n
    1. (en general) subject
    2. (canción) song

    Spanish-English dictionary > tema

  • 83 внешнеполитический внешнеполитическ·ий

    foreign-policy; после сущ. of foreign policy

    внешнеполитическая активность / деятельность — foreign-policy activities

    внешнеполитическая задача — foreign-policy issue, task / issue of foreign policy

    решать внешнеполитические задачи — to solve the tasks / issues of foreign policy, to tackle foreign-policy issues

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > внешнеполитический внешнеполитическ·ий

  • 84 premium

    1. сущ.
    сокр. prem
    1) общ. награда, вознаграждение, премия (что-л. предоставляемое в качестве стимула в каком-л. проекте, какой-л. системе и пр.)

    consumer premium — подарок [премия\] потребителю*

    The program will award points to consumers for each brewery visit during the week, allowing them to earn premiums such as beer mugs and logo shirts.

    Mortgage brokers, who match borrowers with lenders, can earn premiums by steering borrowers to higher-rate loans.

    They claim that lenders on the higher-than-market rate loans will pay a premium to the mortgage broker and that those payments will be used to pay the fees associated with the low-interest loans.

    See:
    2) страх. = insurance premium

    ATTRIBUTES: adjustable, assumed 3) а), base 3. 3) а), direct 1. 3) а), earned 1. 1) а), fixed 1. 4) а), flexible 1. 2) б), gross 1. 3) а), а initial 1. 2) б), level 2. 3) б), lump sum, net 3. 3) а), n1а outstanding 1. 3) а), periodic 1. 1) а), regular 1. 2) б), n2 subject 1. 2) б), n2 underlying 1. 2) б), n2 variable 1. 2) б), n2 written 1. 4) а), б

    annual [yearly\] premium — ежегодная премия

    monthly [biweekly, weekly\] premium — ежемесячная [двухнедельная, еженедельная\] премия

    annual [monthly, weekly\] premium insurance — страхование с ежегодной [ежемесячной, еженедельной\] уплатой премий [премии\]

    annual premium policy — полис с ежегодной уплатой премий [премии\]

    ATTRIBUTES:

    paid premium — уплаченная [выплаченная\] премия

    The refund of paid premium is based on the insured's age at death and is decreased by any benefits paid under the plan.

    Company-paid premiums are deductible by the employer as an ordinary and necessary business expense. — Уплаченные компанией премии подлежат вычету работодателем как обычные и необходимые деловые расходы.

    For federal tax purposes the employer-paid premiums are taxed as additional earned income for the employee. — Для целей федерального налогообложения, уплаченные работодателем премии облагаются налогом как дополнительный заработанный доход работника.

    Employee-paid premiums for health insurance vary by salary. — Размер уплачиваемых работником премий по страхованию здоровья меняется в зависимости от размера оклада.

    We can recover overpaid premiums for the last three policy years.

    unpaid premium — неуплаченная [невыплаченная\] премия

    The late charge formula is the unpaid premium amount multiplied by four percent.

    COMBS:

    life insurance premiums, life premiums — премии по страхованию жизни

    non-life insurance premiums, non-life premiums — премии по страхованию иному, чем страхование жизни; премии по страхованию "не жизни"

    health insurance premiums, health premiums — премии по страхованию здоровья

    liability insurance premiums, liability premiums — премии по страхованию ответственности

    disability insurance premiums, disability premiums — премии по страхованию от [на случай\] нетрудоспособности

    property insurance premiums, property premiums — премии по страхованию имущества

    premium payment — уплата [выплата\] премии; премиальный платеж

    Mortgage insurance premium payments are made once per year. — Выплаты премий по ипотечному страхованию осуществляются раз в год.

    premium of $1000, $1000 premium — премия [надбавка\] в размере 1000 долл.

    Our commercial premium finance program allows you to finance premiums from $0 to $200000 or more.

    The policies in question have a waiver of premium benefit, whereby the insurer would waive premiums during any period in which the policyholder is disabled.

    We cede premiums and losses to reinsurers under quota share reinsurance agreements. — Мы передаем премии и убытки перестраховщиками на основании договоров квотного перестрахования.

    Also, under our quota share assumed reinsurance contracts, we will continue to assume premiums through the third quarter of 2006. — Также, на основании принятых договоров квотного перестрахования, мы будем продолжать принимать премии на протяжении третьего квартала 2006 г.

    to write premiums — подписывать премии*; страховать*, принимать на страхование*, осуществлять страхование*

    In general, for insurers to write premiums in California, they must be admitted by the Insurance Commissioner. — В общем, для того, чтобы страховщики смогли осуществлять страховую деятельность в Калифорнии, они должны получить разрешение уполномоченного по страхованию.

    The company is licensed to write insurance business in all 50 states, has specialty lines in risk insurance for architects and lawyers and is expected to write premiums of $75 million this year. — Компания имеет лицензию на осуществление страховой деятельности во все 50 штатах, предлагает специальные разновидности страхования рисков для архитекторов и юристов и, как ожидается, подпишет в этом году премий на сумму 75 млн долл.

    Moreover, an insurance company that earns premiums between $300,000 and $1,000,000 is taxed at a reduced rate.

    If you want to pay premiums for a limited time, the limited payment whole life policy gives you lifetime protection but requires only a limited number of premium payments.

    to raise [to increase\] premiums — увеличивать премии

    to reduce [to decrease, to cut\] premiums — уменьшать премии

    premiums go down — премии снижаются [уменьшаются\]

    See:
    adjustable premium, advance premium, annual premium, annuity premium, base premium, beneficiary premium, deposit premium, direct premiums, earned premium, financed insurance premium, financed premium, fixed premium, flexible premium, graded premium, gross premium, in-force premiums, initial premium, level premium, lump sum premium, modified premium, mortgage insurance premium, net premium, net retained premiums, new business premiums, outstanding premiums, periodic premium, premium earned, premiums in force, premium written, regular premium, reinsurance premium, renewal premium, retained premiums, retrospective premium, return premium, single premium, subject premium, surplus line premium, surplus lines premium, underlying premium, unearned premium, valuation premium, vanishing premium, variable premium, written premium, yearly premium, overall premium limit, premium audit, premium auditor, premium base, premium bordereau, premium conversion, premium discount, premium financing, premium holiday, premium income б), premium loan, premium notice, premium rate 1) б), premium receipt, premium refund, premium subsidy, premium tax, premium trust fund, return of premium, waiver of premium, continuous-premium whole life, premium only plan, premium-to-surplus ratio
    3)

    to fetch a premium [a premium price\] — продаваться с надбавкой [с премией\]

    Premium products generally fetch a premium price. — Премиальные товары обычно продаются с надбавкой [с премией\].

    to command a premium [a premium price\] — продаваться с надбавкой [с премией\], продаваться по премиальной цене

    Some products command a premium price in the marketplace simply because they are considered to be higher in quality. — Некоторые товары продаются на рынке по премиальной цене просто из-за того, что они считаются товарами более высокого качества.

    to command a premium — содержать надбавку [премию\]* (о ценах, ставках)

    As long as there is a threat of war in the Middle Eastern oil fields, oil prices will command a premium. — До тех пор, пока существует угроза войны на территории средневосточных нефтяных месторождений, цены на нефть будут содержать надбавку.

    to attract a premium/a premium price/a premium rate — продаваться с премией [надбавкой\], стоить дороже; оплачиваться с надбавкой [с премией\]*

    Because of their locations these houses attract a premium. — Благодаря своему расположению эти дома стоят дороже.

    Therefore, when we buy your diamond, we can pay a premium over the current market price.

    For which services are customers willing to pay a premium when flying with a low-fare airline?

    Ant:
    See:
    б) фин. премия (сумма, на которую цена размещения или текущая рыночная цена ценной бумаги больше ее номинала)

    ATTRIBUTES: amortizable б)

    COMBS:

    $20-a-share premium — премия в размере $20 на (одну) акцию

    H-P will buy 1,2 million Convex shares at $14.875 a share, representing a 1,25-a-share premium over the price of Convex stock. — "H-P" купит 1,2 млн акций компании "Конвекс" по цене 14,875 долл. за штуку, что означает уплату премии в размере 1,25 долл. на акцию сверх цены акций "Конвекса".

    COMBS:

    premium over [to\] market price — премия к рыночной цене, премия сверх рыночной цены

    premium over [to\] issue price — премия к эмиссионной цене, премия сверх эмиссионной цены

    premium payment — уплата [выплата\] премии; премиальный платеж

    Mortgage insurance premium payments are made once per year. — Выплаты премий по ипотечному страхованию осуществляются раз в год.

    premium of $1000, $1000 premium — премия [надбавка\] в размере 1000 долл.

    10% premium, premium of 10% — премия [надбавка\] в размере 10%

    The shares jumped to a 70 per cent premium on the first day.

    Of all the common bond-tax errors, the most surprising to me is neglecting to amortize premiums paid on taxable bonds.

    For premium securities, we project the excess coupon. payments using our prepayment assumption.

    Ant:
    See:
    в) фин. премия (при оценке стоимости предприятия или крупных пакетов акций: разница, на которую фактически согласованная цена предприятия/пакета акций больше базовой рыночной цены)
    See:
    г) эк. премия; надбавка (сумма, на которую цена товара, услуги или ценной бумаги превышает цену сходного товара, услуги или ценной бумаги)

    Currently, US small caps are trading at a 15.7 per cent premium to large caps. — В настоящее время, акции американских компаний с маленькой капитализацией по сравнению с акциями компаний с большой капитализацией торгуются с премией в размере 15,7%.

    Platinum usually trades at a premium to gold. — Платина обычно продается по более высокой цене, чем золото.

    See:
    д) фин. ажио (превышение стоимости золотых или серебряных денег по сравнению с бумажными деньгами)
    Syn:
    agio в)
    See:
    е) эк. премия; надбавка (в самом общем смысле: дополнительная сумма, на которую увеличена базовая стоимость или другая базовая величина)

    перен. to put [place\] a premium on (smth.) — считать (что-л.) исключительно важным [ценным\], придавать (чему-л.) большое значение

    He put a premium on peace and stability. — Он считает исключительно важным поддержание мира и стабильности.

    Employers today put a premium on reasoning skills and willingness to learn. — В наше время работодатели придают большое значение умению рассуждать и готовности учиться.

    Ant:
    See:
    4) эк. тр. премия, (премиальная) надбавка (дополнительное вознаграждение, выплачиваемое в дополнение к заработной плате в качестве поощрения за хорошую работу, работу в сверхурочные и т. п.)

    COMBS:

    premium payment — уплата [выплата\] премии; премиальный платеж

    premium of $1000, $1000 premium — премия [надбавка\] в размере 1000 долл.

    to attract a premium/a premium rate — оплачиваться с надбавкой [с премией\]*

    In many industries work on Saturday or Sunday will attract a premium on the ordinary hourly rate. — Во многих отраслях работа в субботу или воскресенье предусматривает выплату надбавки сверх обычной часовой ставки.

    Neither federal law nor state law requires local government employers to give employees paid holidays or to pay a premium when employees must work on what would otherwise be a holiday.

    Syn:
    bonus 3)
    See:
    5) фин. = option premium

    Investors willing to buy stock at certain prices might consider selling puts to earn premiums, while those willing to sell shares at certain prices might think about selling calls.

    When you purchase an option, you pay a premium. — Покупая опцион, вы уплачиваете премию.

    See:
    2. прил.
    1) общ. первосортный, высшего качества [сорта\], исключительный, премиальный

    premium product — премиальный товар, товар высшего сорта

    premium card — первоклассная [приоритетная, премиальная\] карта [карточка\]*

    premium space — привилегированное [премиальное\] место*

    premium advertising — премиальная [первосортная, элитная\] реклама*

    premium customer — премиальный клиент [покупатель\]*

    premium quality — премиальное [высшее\] качество; премиальный [высший\] сорт

    premium grade — премиальный [высший\] сорт

    See:
    2) эк. премиальный, с премией, с надбавкой (о ценах, ставках выше обычного уровня)

    premium price — цена с надбавкой, цена с премией, премиальная цена

    See:

    * * *
    premium; PM; Prem премия, маржа: 1) премия (надбавка) к цене, курсу: разница между более высокой текущей (рыночной) и номинальной ценами финансового актива (напр., облигации); см. discount; 2) разница между более высоким срочным (форвардным) и наличным валютными курсами, т. е. валюта на срок продается с премией; 3) ажио: более высокая стоимость золотых или бумажных денег по отношению к бумажным деньгам; 4) цена опциона: сумма, уплачиваемая за получение права продать или купить финансовый инструмент; 5) = insurance premium; 6) платеж по рентному контракту; 7) = call premium; 8) льгота, призванная привлечь вкладчиков или заемщиков, а также покупателей товаров и услуг (напр., повышенная процентная ставка, скидки с цен и др.); 9) надбавка к рыночной цене, которую иногда приходится уплачивать при заимствованиях ценных бумаг для их поставки по "короткой" продаже; 10) разница в цене между данной ценной бумагой и сходными бумагами или индексом (напр., говорят: "бумага продается с премией к аналогичным бумагам"); 11) новая ценная бумага, продающаяся с премией; 12) надбавка к рыночной цене ценных бумаг в случае тендерного предложения; см. premium raid;
    * * *
    Финансы/Кредит/Валюта
    отклонение в сторону превышения рыночного курса денежных знаков и ценных бумаг от их нарицательной стоимости
    -----
    разница между рыночной ценой и ценой эмиссии акции или ценной бумаги; при начале операции с акциями нового выпуска говорится, что рыночная цена включает премию по отношению к цене эмиссии
    -----
    сумма, выплачиваемая держателем полиса для получения страховой суммы в нужный момент
    -----
    Банки/Банковские операции
    премия, вознаграждение, надбавка

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > premium

  • 85 plantear

    v.
    me planteó sus preocupaciones he put his concerns to me, he raised his concerns with me
    2 to propose (proponer) (solución, posibilidad).
    plantean una solución radical al cambio climático they are proposing a radical solution to climate change
    3 to put forward, to discuss, to raise, to present.
    María aventuró una sugerencia Mary ventured a suggestion.
    4 to propose to.
    * * *
    1 (pregunta) to pose, raise; (cuestión) to raise; (acuerdo) to suggest
    2 (problema, dificultad) to cause, give rise to
    3 (trazar un plan) to plan, outline
    4 MATEMÁTICAS (problema) to formulate
    1 to consider
    * * *
    verb
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=exponer)
    a) [+ situación, problema] to bring up, raise

    plantéaselo todo tal como es — explain o put the situation to him exactly as it is

    planteado el problema en estos términos... — with the problem expressed o put in these terms...

    b) (Mat) [+ ecuación, problema] to set out
    2) (=proponer) [+ cambio, posibilidad] to suggest
    3) (=causar) [+ problema] to pose, create
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (Mat) < problema> to set out
    b) ( exponer)
    2) (causar, provocar) <problemas/dificultades> to create, cause
    2.
    plantearse v pron
    1) ( considerar) <problema/posibilidad> to think about, consider
    2) ( presentarse) problema/posibilidad to arise

    se me planteó una disyuntiva — I came up against o I was faced with a dilemma

    * * *
    = pose, articulate, posit, put forward, put forth.
    Ex. This illustrates the puzzle that differential policies pose for users.
    Ex. From time to time librarians do catch a fleeting glimpse of how others see them when some journalist or academic does articulate this widespread phobia.
    Ex. We can choose to turn our backs on these principles with fatuous arguments which posit their anachronism and the nonexistent intelligence of computing machinery.
    Ex. One of the key recommendations put forward in the programme was the confirmation of the responsibility of the national bibliographic agency for establishing the authoritative form of name for its country's.
    Ex. Relevant cultural policy issues are explored, and recommendations are put forth for enhancing Canadian cultural sovereignty through book publishing.
    ----
    * plantear a la luz de = discuss + in the light of.
    * plantear dificultad = pose + difficulty.
    * plantear dificultades = raise + difficulties.
    * plantear dudas = raise + doubts.
    * plantear la necesidad = articulate + the need.
    * plantear la posibilidad = raise + possibility.
    * plantear la posibilidad de = discuss + the possibility of.
    * plantearle a Alguien una cuestión = put before + Nombre + an issue.
    * plantearse = conceptualise [conceptualize, -USA], flirt, teeter + on the edge of.
    * plantearse dudas = have + second thoughts.
    * plantearse un objetivo = adopt + goal.
    * plantear una cuestión = bring forth + issue, issue + arise, pose + question, raise + argument, raise + issue, raise + point, open up + issue.
    * plantear una idea = raise + idea.
    * plantear una posibilidad = pose + possibility.
    * plantear una probabilidad = pose + possibility.
    * plantear un desafío = pose + challenge.
    * plantear un problema = pose + dilemma, pose + problem, raise + question, raise + concern, raise + issue, raise + problem, articulate + problem.
    * plantear un reto = pose + challenge.
    * problema + plantearse = problem + come with.
    * volver a plantearse = reconceive of.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (Mat) < problema> to set out
    b) ( exponer)
    2) (causar, provocar) <problemas/dificultades> to create, cause
    2.
    plantearse v pron
    1) ( considerar) <problema/posibilidad> to think about, consider
    2) ( presentarse) problema/posibilidad to arise

    se me planteó una disyuntiva — I came up against o I was faced with a dilemma

    * * *
    = pose, articulate, posit, put forward, put forth.

    Ex: This illustrates the puzzle that differential policies pose for users.

    Ex: From time to time librarians do catch a fleeting glimpse of how others see them when some journalist or academic does articulate this widespread phobia.
    Ex: We can choose to turn our backs on these principles with fatuous arguments which posit their anachronism and the nonexistent intelligence of computing machinery.
    Ex: One of the key recommendations put forward in the programme was the confirmation of the responsibility of the national bibliographic agency for establishing the authoritative form of name for its country's.
    Ex: Relevant cultural policy issues are explored, and recommendations are put forth for enhancing Canadian cultural sovereignty through book publishing.
    * plantear a la luz de = discuss + in the light of.
    * plantear dificultad = pose + difficulty.
    * plantear dificultades = raise + difficulties.
    * plantear dudas = raise + doubts.
    * plantear la necesidad = articulate + the need.
    * plantear la posibilidad = raise + possibility.
    * plantear la posibilidad de = discuss + the possibility of.
    * plantearle a Alguien una cuestión = put before + Nombre + an issue.
    * plantearse = conceptualise [conceptualize, -USA], flirt, teeter + on the edge of.
    * plantearse dudas = have + second thoughts.
    * plantearse un objetivo = adopt + goal.
    * plantear una cuestión = bring forth + issue, issue + arise, pose + question, raise + argument, raise + issue, raise + point, open up + issue.
    * plantear una idea = raise + idea.
    * plantear una posibilidad = pose + possibility.
    * plantear una probabilidad = pose + possibility.
    * plantear un desafío = pose + challenge.
    * plantear un problema = pose + dilemma, pose + problem, raise + question, raise + concern, raise + issue, raise + problem, articulate + problem.
    * plantear un reto = pose + challenge.
    * problema + plantearse = problem + come with.
    * volver a plantearse = reconceive of.

    * * *
    plantear [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ( Mat) ‹problema› to set out
    2
    (exponer): plantéale las cosas tal como son tell him o explain to him exactly how things stand
    me planteó la situación de la siguiente manera he explained o put the situation to me in the following way
    planteó la necesidad de una reestructuración total she expressed the need for a total restructuring
    las reivindicaciones que plantearon the demands which they put forward o made
    le plantearé la cuestión a mi jefe I will raise the question with my boss, I will bring it up with my boss
    nos plantearon dos opciones they presented us with o gave us two options
    le planteé la posibilidad de ir de vacaciones a Grecia I suggested going to Greece on vacation
    B (causar, provocar) ‹problemas/dificultades› to create, cause
    su dimisión planteó graves problemas his resignation created o caused serious problems
    esto plantea situaciones cómicas this gives rise to o creates comic situations
    C ‹enfrentamiento/debate› to engage in
    A (considerar) ‹problema/posibilidad› to think about, consider
    ¿te has planteado lo que harás cuando termines de estudiar? have you thought about o considered what you'll do when you finish your studies?
    nunca me había planteado esa posibilidad I had never considered that possibility
    B (presentarse) «problema/posibilidades» to arise
    se nos ha planteado un nuevo problema a new problem has arisen o has come up, we have encountered o come across a new problem
    se me planteó la siguiente disyuntiva I came up against o I was faced with the following dilemma
    se le planteó la necesidad de abandonar el país he found he had to leave the country, he was faced with a situation in which he had to leave the country
    * * *

     

    plantear ( conjugate plantear) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹teoría/razones› to set out

    b) ( exponer) ‹tema/pregunta› to raise;


    plantearle algo a algn to raise sth with sb;
    le plantearé la cuestión a mi jefe I'll raise the matter with my boss;
    nos plantearon dos opciones they presented us with o gave us two options;
    le planteé la posibilidad de ir a Grecia I suggested going to Greece
    2 ‹problemas/dificultades› to pose
    plantearse verbo pronominal
    1 ( considerar) ‹problema/posibilidad› to think about, consider
    2 ( presentarse) [problema/posibilidad] to arise
    plantear verbo transitivo
    1 (una duda, un problema) to pose, raise
    2 (hacer una sugerencia) to suggest, propose
    3 (causar) to create, cause
    ' plantear' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abordar
    English:
    bring up
    - pose
    - present
    - propound
    - raise
    - state
    - point
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [formular] [problema matemático] to set out
    2. [exponer] [reivindicación] to put forward;
    [dificultad, duda, cuestión] to raise;
    me planteó sus preocupaciones he put his concerns to me, he raised his concerns with me
    3. [proponer] [solución, posibilidad] to propose;
    plantean una solución radical al cambio climático they are proposing a radical solution to climate change;
    nos plantearon la posibilidad de abandonar they asked us to consider the possibility of withdrawing
    4. [presentar] [problema] to pose
    * * *
    v/t
    1 dificultad, problema pose, create
    2 cuestión raise
    * * *
    1) : to set forth, to bring up, to suggest
    2) : to establish, to set up
    3) : to create, to pose (a problem)
    * * *
    1. (ocasionar) to cause / to create
    2. (presentar) to raise

    Spanish-English dictionary > plantear

  • 86 actuación

    f.
    1 behavior, behaviour, conduct.
    2 acting, play-acting.
    3 pretense, airs, show.
    4 judicial action, proceeding, action.
    * * *
    1 (en cine, teatro) performance
    2 (intervención) intervention, action
    3 DERECHO legal proceedings plural
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=intervención) [de cantante, deportista] performance; [de actor] acting

    actuación en directo, actuación en vivo — live performance

    2) (=espectáculo)
    3) (=acción) action
    4) (=conducta) behaviour, behavior (EEUU), conduct

    la actuación de la policía en la manifestación — the behaviour o conduct of the police at the demonstration

    5) pl actuaciones (Jur) (legal) proceedings
    * * *
    a) ( acción) action
    b) (Cin, Dep, Teatr) performance
    c) ( conducta) conduct
    d) (recital, sesión) performance, concert
    * * *
    = action, effort, initiative, performance, enactment, engagement, move, deed, action, implementation, measure.
    Ex. Americans, convinced that education could be the panacea for all their ills, answered with vigorous action.
    Ex. Co-operative, carefully planned and financed internationally backed efforts have been the keynote of more recent activity.
    Ex. These discussions will influence subsequent planning initiatives with regard to the design and layout of the new building.
    Ex. The totals and averages at the right-hand side if the screen give summary information about the performance of the vendor.
    Ex. To re-emphasize a point that cannot be over-emphasized: reading aloud to children of all ages is vital, if for no other reason, because this is the way we learn how to turn cold print into a dramatic enactment in the theater of our imagination.
    Ex. Any attempt to coerce a response without good reason based on that child's present predicament is to place in jeopardy the child's willing engagement now and in the future.
    Ex. This move has probably affirmed the future of DC.
    Ex. Books were kept for historical records of deeds done by the inhabitants: their worthy acts as well as their sins.
    Ex. Coates believed that in order to conceptualise an action it is necessary to visualise the thing on which the action is being performed.
    Ex. This software is important to the further implementation of the record format, especially in developing countries.
    Ex. If we as a society hope to deal with a very real and important issue, the implementation of this popular measure is a good place to start.
    ----
    * actuación académica = learning performance.
    * actuación como intermediario = mediating.
    * actuación común = concerted effort.
    * actuación concertada = concerted action.
    * actuación en vivo = live performance, live entertainment, live entertainment.
    * actuación estelar = star performance.
    * actuación legal = legal action, legal proceedings.
    * actuación militar = military action.
    * actuación musical = musical event, musical performance, music performance.
    * actuación positiva = positive action.
    * actuación relacionada con la información = information action.
    * actuación simbólica = symbolic action.
    * ámbito de actuación = sphere of activity, sphere of influence, arena for activity, extent of activity.
    * ámbito geográfico de actuación = catchment area.
    * área de actuación = area for action, area of policy, policy area.
    * calendario de actuación = time scale [timescale], action agenda.
    * calendario de actuaciones = action agenda.
    * campo de actuación = purview, scope, sphere of interest.
    * de actuación = for action.
    * decisión sobre qué política de actuación seguir = policy decision.
    * fase de actuación = implementation stage, stage of implementation.
    * línea de actuación = course of action, line of attack, operational line, action line, prong, line of direction.
    * llevar a cabo una actuación común = make + a concerted effort.
    * método de actuación = clinical practice.
    * organizar una actuación musical = put on + musical event.
    * pautas de actuación = best practices.
    * plan de actuación = action plan, business plan, plan of action, action statement, road map [roadmap], plan for action, response plan.
    * política de actuación = policy.
    * principio de actuación = governing principle.
    * programa de actuación = programme of action, action programme, action plan, operating programme.
    * * *
    a) ( acción) action
    b) (Cin, Dep, Teatr) performance
    c) ( conducta) conduct
    d) (recital, sesión) performance, concert
    * * *
    = action, effort, initiative, performance, enactment, engagement, move, deed, action, implementation, measure.

    Ex: Americans, convinced that education could be the panacea for all their ills, answered with vigorous action.

    Ex: Co-operative, carefully planned and financed internationally backed efforts have been the keynote of more recent activity.
    Ex: These discussions will influence subsequent planning initiatives with regard to the design and layout of the new building.
    Ex: The totals and averages at the right-hand side if the screen give summary information about the performance of the vendor.
    Ex: To re-emphasize a point that cannot be over-emphasized: reading aloud to children of all ages is vital, if for no other reason, because this is the way we learn how to turn cold print into a dramatic enactment in the theater of our imagination.
    Ex: Any attempt to coerce a response without good reason based on that child's present predicament is to place in jeopardy the child's willing engagement now and in the future.
    Ex: This move has probably affirmed the future of DC.
    Ex: Books were kept for historical records of deeds done by the inhabitants: their worthy acts as well as their sins.
    Ex: Coates believed that in order to conceptualise an action it is necessary to visualise the thing on which the action is being performed.
    Ex: This software is important to the further implementation of the record format, especially in developing countries.
    Ex: If we as a society hope to deal with a very real and important issue, the implementation of this popular measure is a good place to start.
    * actuación académica = learning performance.
    * actuación como intermediario = mediating.
    * actuación común = concerted effort.
    * actuación concertada = concerted action.
    * actuación en vivo = live performance, live entertainment, live entertainment.
    * actuación estelar = star performance.
    * actuación legal = legal action, legal proceedings.
    * actuación militar = military action.
    * actuación musical = musical event, musical performance, music performance.
    * actuación positiva = positive action.
    * actuación relacionada con la información = information action.
    * actuación simbólica = symbolic action.
    * ámbito de actuación = sphere of activity, sphere of influence, arena for activity, extent of activity.
    * ámbito geográfico de actuación = catchment area.
    * área de actuación = area for action, area of policy, policy area.
    * calendario de actuación = time scale [timescale], action agenda.
    * calendario de actuaciones = action agenda.
    * campo de actuación = purview, scope, sphere of interest.
    * de actuación = for action.
    * decisión sobre qué política de actuación seguir = policy decision.
    * fase de actuación = implementation stage, stage of implementation.
    * línea de actuación = course of action, line of attack, operational line, action line, prong, line of direction.
    * llevar a cabo una actuación común = make + a concerted effort.
    * método de actuación = clinical practice.
    * organizar una actuación musical = put on + musical event.
    * pautas de actuación = best practices.
    * plan de actuación = action plan, business plan, plan of action, action statement, road map [roadmap], plan for action, response plan.
    * política de actuación = policy.
    * principio de actuación = governing principle.
    * programa de actuación = programme of action, action programme, action plan, operating programme.

    * * *
    A
    1 (acción) performance
    el premio a la mejor actuación the prize for the best performance
    es un buen guión pero la actuación es pésima the script is good but the acting is appalling
    la brillante actuación del equipo/del abogado the team's/lawyer's brilliant performance
    criticó la actuación de la policía he criticized the conduct of the police
    2 (recital, sesión) performance
    3 ( Ling) performance
    B actuaciones fpl ( Der) proceedings (pl)
    podría dar lugar a actuaciones penales it could give rise to criminal proceedings
    * * *

     

    actuación sustantivo femenino

    b) (Cin, Dep, Teatr) performance;



    d) (recital, sesión) performance, concert

    actuación sustantivo femenino
    1 (interpretación, participación) performance
    2 (intervención) intervention, action: su actuación fue decisiva para que no murieran ahogados, her intervention was decisive in preventing them from drowning
    ' actuación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ámbito
    - arbitrariedad
    - broche
    - concertar
    - intervención
    - operación
    - papelón
    - teatralidad
    - aprobación
    - aprobar
    - bravo
    - brillante
    - cometido
    - desafortunado
    - deslucido
    - destacado
    - discreto
    - espontáneo
    - improvisación
    - irrepetible
    - lucido
    - magistral
    - notable
    - papel
    - pobre
    - precipitado
    - rematar
    - sobresaliente
    - valorar
    - vivo
    English:
    appearance
    - booking
    - gig
    - impromptu
    - match up
    - number
    - optimum
    - performance
    - scintillating
    - showing
    - spirited
    - unconvincing
    - uninspired
    - wooden
    - action
    - cameo
    - feature
    - highlight
    - star
    - venue
    * * *
    1. [conducta, proceder] conduct, behaviour
    2. [interpretación] performance;
    la actuación del protagonista es excelente the main character gives an excellent performance;
    esta tarde vamos a una actuación de unos cómicos we're going to a comedy show this evening;
    con la actuación estelar de… starring…;
    tuvo una actuación muy decepcionante she gave a very disappointing performance
    3. Der
    actuaciones proceedings
    4. Ling performance
    * * *
    f
    1 TEA performance
    2 ( intervención) intervention
    3
    :
    actuaciones pl JUR proceedings
    * * *
    actuación nf, pl - ciones
    1) : performance
    2) actuaciones nfpl
    diligencias: proceedings
    * * *
    1. (representación) performance
    2. (acción) action

    Spanish-English dictionary > actuación

  • 87 terms

    термы addition of similar terms ≈ приведение подобных членов calculable in terms of ≈ вычислимый с помощью( чего-л.), вычислимый (в каких-л. единицах) cancel like terms ≈ сокращать подобные члены cancellation of like terms ≈ сокращение подобных членов collect like terms ≈ группировать подобные члены collecting like terms ≈ приведение подобных combine like terms ≈ группировать подобные члены discard terms of series ≈ отбрасывать член ряда expansion in terms of ≈ разложение в ряд по expressed in terms of ≈ выраженный через fraction in its lowest terms ≈ матем. дробь несократимая fraction in lowest terms ≈ несократимая дробь group like terms ≈ приводить подобный приводить in terms of money ≈ в пересчете на деньги integration in finite terms ≈ интегрирование между конечными пределами linearly independent terms ≈ линейно независимые члены omit terms in x ≈ опустить члены, содержащие x progression to n terms ≈ прогрессия из n членов, прогрессия до n членов rearrangement of terms in series ≈ перестановка членов ряда reduce fraction to its lowest terms ≈ приводить дробь к несократимому виду reduction of fraction to its lowest terms ≈ приведение дроби к несокращаемому виду reduction to lowest terms ≈ приведение (дроби) к простейшему виду representation of group in terms of linear transformations ≈ линейное представление группы representation of group in terms of matrices ≈ матричное представление группы retain terms of series ≈ оставлять член ряда series in terms of powers of x ≈ ряд по степеням x series of positive terms ≈ знакоположительный ряд sum of arithmetic progression to n terms ≈ сумма n членов арифметической прогрессии terms applies to ≈ термин относится к terms to first order of N ≈ члены, содержащие N не выше первой степени - algebra of terms - collect terms - collecting terms - cross terms - dissimilar terms - gather terms - grouping of terms - grouping terms - homologous terms - identical terms - in general terms - in terms of - interpretation of terms - like terms - mean terms - of constant terms - of positive terms - realization of terms - rearrangement of terms - successive terms - terms grouping - terms of contract - tolerate terms (мн.ч.) условия account ~ условия оплаты счета business ~ условия деловой деятельности complex ~ совокупность условий conference ~ (CT) условия картельного соглашения судовладельцев contract ~ условия контракта credit ~ сроки кредита credit ~ условия кредита delivery ~ условия доставки disbursement ~ сроки платежа disbursement ~ условия платежа documentary credit ~ условия документарного аккредитива easier borrowing ~ облегченные условия займа easy ~ легкие условия favourable interest ~ благоприятные условия процентной ставки favourable interest ~ льготные условия процентной ставки favourable ~ благоприятные условия favourable ~ выгодные условия favourable ~ льготные условия general ~ общие условия hard ~ жесткие условия in real ~ в неизменных ценах in real ~ в реальном выражении in volume ~ в объемных показателях innominate ~ неназванные постановления innominate ~ неназванные решения interest ~ условия выплаты процентов issue ~ условия эмиссии lay down ~ формулировать условия liner ~ условия перевозки грузов рейсовыми судами loan ~ условия предоставления ссуды market ~ рыночная конъюнктура market ~ состояние рынка monthly account ~ условия ежемесячного расчета mortgage credit ~ условия ипотечной ссуды nominal ~ номинальные условия on attractive ~ на льготных условиях on deferred ~ на условиях предоставления отсрочки on favourable ~ на льготных условиях pay ~ условия платежа policy ~ условия страхования policy ~ условия страхового договора price ~ ценовые условия real ~ реальное выражение rental ~ сроки арендной платы repayment ~ условия оплаты repayment ~ условия погашения sales ~ условия продажи special policy ~ особые условия страхования standard ~ стандартные условия договора terms условия ~ условия оплаты ~ of affreightment условия фрахтования ~ of contract условия договора ~ of credit условия кредита ~ of delivery условия поставки ~ of engagement условия контракта ~ of engagement условия соглашения ~ of issue условия выпуска ценных бумаг ~ of issue условия денежной эмиссии ~ of issue условия займа ~ of loan условия займа ~ of payment условия платежа ~ of sale условия продажи ~ of sale and delivery условия продажи и поставки ~ of shipment условия перевозки ~ of taxation условия налогообложения trade ~ принятая в торговле терминология trade ~ торговые термины

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > terms

  • 88 terms

    account terms условия оплаты счета business terms условия деловой деятельности complex terms совокупность условий conference terms (CT) условия картельного соглашения судовладельцев contract terms условия контракта credit terms сроки кредита credit terms условия кредита delivery terms условия доставки disbursement terms сроки платежа disbursement terms условия платежа documentary credit terms условия документарного аккредитива easier borrowing terms облегченные условия займа easy terms легкие условия favourable interest terms благоприятные условия процентной ставки favourable interest terms льготные условия процентной ставки favourable terms благоприятные условия favourable terms выгодные условия favourable terms льготные условия general terms общие условия hard terms жесткие условия in real terms в неизменных ценах in real terms в реальном выражении in volume terms в объемных показателях innominate terms неназванные постановления innominate terms неназванные решения interest terms условия выплаты процентов issue terms условия эмиссии lay down terms формулировать условия liner terms условия перевозки грузов рейсовыми судами loan terms условия предоставления ссуды market terms рыночная конъюнктура market terms состояние рынка monthly account terms условия ежемесячного расчета mortgage credit terms условия ипотечной ссуды nominal terms номинальные условия on attractive terms на льготных условиях on deferred terms на условиях предоставления отсрочки on favourable terms на льготных условиях pay terms условия платежа policy terms условия страхования policy terms условия страхового договора price terms ценовые условия real terms реальное выражение rental terms сроки арендной платы repayment terms условия оплаты repayment terms условия погашения sales terms условия продажи special policy terms особые условия страхования standard terms стандартные условия договора terms условия terms условия оплаты terms of affreightment условия фрахтования terms of contract условия договора terms of credit условия кредита terms of delivery условия поставки terms of engagement условия контракта terms of engagement условия соглашения terms of issue условия выпуска ценных бумаг terms of issue условия денежной эмиссии terms of issue условия займа terms of loan условия займа terms of payment условия платежа terms of sale условия продажи terms of sale and delivery условия продажи и поставки terms of shipment условия перевозки terms of taxation условия налогообложения trade terms принятая в торговле терминология trade terms торговые термины

    English-Russian short dictionary > terms

  • 89 normativo

    adj.
    normative, regulatory.
    m.
    set of rules, ground rules, regulations.
    * * *
    1 normative
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=preceptivo) [aspecto, carácter] normative; [gramática] prescriptive
    2) (=legal)
    * * *
    - va adjetivo

    sistema normativo — set of rules o regulations

    * * *
    = regulatory, normative, standards-making, standard(s) setting.
    Nota: Adjetivo.
    Ex. The regulatory hurdles of local education planning committees, national resource allocation systems and local and national validating schemes hamper swift decision taking.
    Ex. Future bibliometric studies have to address this issue and reach the stage of normative principles.
    Ex. OSI is a de jure standard, formally approved by an official standards-making body and often having the status of a law or treaty.
    Ex. The internationalization of bibliographic control may reduce the importance of IFLA as a standard setting body.
    ----
    * aplicar una normativa = apply + regulations.
    * establecer normativa = govern.
    * marco normativo = regulations framework, legal framework.
    * normativa de préstamo = loan policy.
    * normativa de reclamaciones = claim policy.
    * normativa en caso de incendio = fire regulations.
    * normativa general = framework regulation.
    * normativas = norms and regulations.
    * poner en práctica una normativa = carry out + policy.
    * relativo a la normativa = constitutional.
    * * *
    - va adjetivo

    sistema normativo — set of rules o regulations

    * * *
    = regulatory, normative, standards-making, standard(s) setting.
    Nota: Adjetivo.

    Ex: The regulatory hurdles of local education planning committees, national resource allocation systems and local and national validating schemes hamper swift decision taking.

    Ex: Future bibliometric studies have to address this issue and reach the stage of normative principles.
    Ex: OSI is a de jure standard, formally approved by an official standards-making body and often having the status of a law or treaty.
    Ex: The internationalization of bibliographic control may reduce the importance of IFLA as a standard setting body.
    * aplicar una normativa = apply + regulations.
    * establecer normativa = govern.
    * marco normativo = regulations framework, legal framework.
    * normativa de préstamo = loan policy.
    * normativa de reclamaciones = claim policy.
    * normativa en caso de incendio = fire regulations.
    * normativa general = framework regulation.
    * normativas = norms and regulations.
    * poner en práctica una normativa = carry out + policy.
    * relativo a la normativa = constitutional.

    * * *
    A ‹sistema/régimen›
    se rigen por sistemas normativos distintos they are governed by different sets of rules o regulations
    tienen un régimen normativo muy estricto they have very strict rules o regulations
    B ( Ling) normative
    * * *
    normativo, -a adj
    normative
    * * *
    adj código, sistema etc regulatory

    Spanish-English dictionary > normativo

  • 90 Police

    Police f VERSICH policy
    * * *
    f < Versich> policy
    * * *
    Police
    policy [of insurance], (Lebensversicherung) life policy;
    • laut beigeschlossener Police as per copy of policy annexed;
    • mehrere verschiedenartige, dasselbe Versicherungsrisiko abdeckende Policen non-concurrent policies;
    • abgelaufene Police expired policy;
    • auf den Namen ausgestellte (eingetragene) Police registered policy;
    • zeitlich befristete Police time policy;
    • beitragsfreie Police free policy;
    • durchschnittliche Police standard policy;
    • nicht eingelöste Police policy not taken up;
    • voll eingezahlte Police paid-up policy;
    • erneuerungsfähige Police renewable term policy;
    • gemischte Police mixed policy;
    • geschlossene Police closed policy;
    • gewinnberechtigte Police participating policy;
    • laufende Police floating (paid-up, block, standing, unvalued, US, open-matter, Br.) policy;
    • nachschussfreie Police nonassessable policy (US);
    • nachschusspflichtige Police assessable police;
    • offene Police (Seeschadenversicherung) declared (floating, open, Br.) policy;
    • pauschale Police compound policy (US);
    • prämienfreie Police free policy;
    • prolongierte Police extended-term policy;
    • taxierte Police valued policy;
    • ungültige (verfallene) Police lapsed policy;
    • auf den Tag der Antragsstellung vordatierte Police antedated policy;
    • ausschließliche Police für Berufstätige commercial policy;
    • Police mit Gewinnbeteiligung participating policy;
    • Police mit fester Laufzeit time policy;
    • Police mit begrenzter Prämienzahlung limited payment policy;
    • Police über eine aufgeschobene Rentenversicherung deferred-annuity policy;
    • Police mit beschränktem Risiko limited policy;
    • Police auf eine bestimmte Summe value policy;
    • Police über eine Überlebensversicherung joint-life policy;
    • über eine in Teilbeträgen zahlbare Versicherungssumme instal(l)ment policy;
    • Police mit Wertangabe valued policy;
    • Police ohne Wertangabe open (unvalued) policy (Br.), (Seeschaden) declared policy;
    • Police mit laufender Wertangabepflicht (Feuerversicherung) declaration policy (US);
    • Police abändern to vary a policy;
    • Police ausfertigen (ausstellen) to issue (effect) a policy;
    • Police beleihen to lend money (borrow) on a policy;
    • Police ergänzen to amend a policy;
    • Police erneuern to renew a policy;
    • Police nehmen to take out a policy;
    • Police zurückkaufen to redeem a policy;
    • als Nachweis der Versicherung genügt die Police policy proof of interest.

    Business german-english dictionary > Police

  • 91 conditions

    сущ.;
    мн. обстоятельства, условия - employment conditions - difference in conditions - credit conditions - conditions of trade - conditions of production - conditions of payment - conditions of issue - conditions of delivery - conditions of contract, terms and conditions of contract, provisions of contract - conditions of an agent - conditions of acceptance - conditions of a guarantee - adverse market conditions - adverse conditions - actual operating conditions - impose conditions - market conditions - following conditions concurrent conditions mutual conditions (мн.ч.) обстоятельства (мн.ч.) условия (мн.ч.) access ~ условия доступа adverse ~ неблагоприятные условия adverse market ~ неблагоприятное состояние рынка adverse trading ~ неблагоприятные условия торговли business ~ деловая конъюнктура business ~ хозяйственная конъюнктура carriage ~ условия перевозки chartering ~ условия фрахтования conditions обстоятельства ~ условия ~ for subscription бирж. условия подписки ~ of carriage условия перевозки ~ of delivery условия поставки ~ of employment условия занятости ~ of issue условия выпуска ценных бумаг ~ of production условия производства ~ of tender условия торгов credit ~ условия кредитования disadvantageous ~ неблагоприятные условия disadvantageous ~ невыгодные условия dissimilar ~ неодинаковые условия distribution ~ условия распределения economic ~ конъюнктура в экономике economic ~ экономическое положение employment ~ условия приема на работу export ~ условия экспорта external ~ внешние условия favourable ~ благоприятная обстановка favourable ~ благоприятные условия favourable trade ~ благоприятные условия торговли fluctuating market ~ нестабильное состояние рынка fluctuating market ~ неустойчивая рыночная конъюнктура general ~ общие положения general ~ общие условия general insurance ~ условия общего страхования general policy ~ условия полиса общего страхования housing ~ жилищные условия impose ~ налагать условия insurance ~ условия страхования interest rate ~ условия ставок процента issuing ~ условия выпуска ценных бумаг market ~ рыночная конъюнктура market ~ состояние рынка monetary ~ состояние валютного рынка operating ~ условия работы orderly market ~ благоприятное состояние рынка policy ~ условия, содержащиеся в страховом полисе policy ~ условия страхования poor market ~ неблагоприятная рыночная конъюнктура price ~ ценовые условия principal ~ основные условия purchase ~ условия покупки purchase ~ условия приобретения repayment ~ условия возврата денег repayment ~ условия погашения sales ~ состояние сбыта sales ~ условия продажи sales ~ условия торговли social ~ социальные условия special policy ~ особые условия страхования standard ~ стандартные условия standard policy ~ типовые условия страхования stringent ~ строгие условия trade ~ торговая конъюнктура trading ~ торговая конъюнктура trading ~ условия торговой деятельности transport ~ условия перевозки unfavourable ~ неблагоприятные условия usual ~ нормальные условия wage ~ условия оплаты труда working ~ условия работы working ~ условия труда working ~ условия эксплуатации working: ~ conditions условия труда ~ conditions тех. эксплуатационный режим;
    working efficiency производительность труда

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > conditions

  • 92 Policenabschrift

    Policenabschrift, laut beigeschlossener
    as per copy of policy annexed;
    • Policenabtretung assignment of policy;
    • Policenabwandlung, Policenänderung policy modification (variation);
    • Policenausfertigung issue (execution) of policy, policy drafting;
    • Policenausstellungsbüro policy signing office;
    • Policenbeleihung policy loan (borrowing);
    • Policenbesitzer policyholder;
    • Policenbuch policy book;
    • Policendarlehn policy loan (borrowing);
    • Policendatum date of policy;
    • Policendauer life of a policy, policy period;
    • Policenerlös proceeds of policies;
    • Policenerneuerung renewal of a policy;
    • Policenform policy document;
    • Policenformular blank policy, policy (proposal) form;
    • Policengebühr entrance fee;
    • Policeninhaber policyholder;
    • Policenkürzung cancellation of policy;
    • Policenlaufzeit policy period, duration of policy;
    • Policennachtrag rider, endorsement on an insurance policy;
    • Policennummer policy number;
    • Policenregister policy book;
    • Policenrückkaufwert surrender value of a policy;
    • Policenverfall lapse of a policy;
    • Policenvermerk endorsement on a policy;
    • Policenvordruck policy form, blank policy.

    Business german-english dictionary > Policenabschrift

  • 93 laut beigeschlossener

    Policenabschrift, laut beigeschlossener
    as per copy of policy annexed;
    • Policenabtretung assignment of policy;
    • Policenabwandlung, Policenänderung policy modification (variation);
    • Policenausfertigung issue (execution) of policy, policy drafting;
    • Policenausstellungsbüro policy signing office;
    • Policenbeleihung policy loan (borrowing);
    • Policenbesitzer policyholder;
    • Policenbuch policy book;
    • Policendarlehn policy loan (borrowing);
    • Policendatum date of policy;
    • Policendauer life of a policy, policy period;
    • Policenerlös proceeds of policies;
    • Policenerneuerung renewal of a policy;
    • Policenform policy document;
    • Policenformular blank policy, policy (proposal) form;
    • Policengebühr entrance fee;
    • Policeninhaber policyholder;
    • Policenkürzung cancellation of policy;
    • Policenlaufzeit policy period, duration of policy;
    • Policennachtrag rider, endorsement on an insurance policy;
    • Policennummer policy number;
    • Policenregister policy book;
    • Policenrückkaufwert surrender value of a policy;
    • Policenverfall lapse of a policy;
    • Policenvermerk endorsement on a policy;
    • Policenvordruck policy form, blank policy.

    Business german-english dictionary > laut beigeschlossener

  • 94 intervención

    f.
    1 intervention, mediation.
    2 intervention, interposition, argumentative speech.
    3 surgery, intervention.
    * * *
    1 (gen) intervention
    2 (discurso) speech
    3 MEDICINA operation
    4 (de una empresa) auditing
    \
    intervención quirúrgica surgical operation
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=actuación) intervention (en in)
    2) (=discurso) speech
    3) (Mús, Teat) performance
    4) (Med) (tb: intervención quirúrgica) operation
    5) (=control) [en producción] supervision, control; [en empresa] intervention; LAm [de sindicatos] government takeover
    6) [de contrabando, droga] seizure, confiscation
    7) (=auditoría) audit, auditing
    8) (Telec) tapping
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( participación) intervention
    b) ( mediación) intervention, intercession (frml)
    2)
    a) ( injerencia) intervention
    b) ( de teléfono) tapping
    c) ( de empresa) placing in administration
    d) ( inspección de cuentas) auditing, official inspection
    e) (de droga, armas) seizure, confiscation
    f) (AmL) (de emisora, escuela) takeover
    •
    * * *
    = intercession, intervention, mediation, presentation, statement, handwork, intermediation.
    Ex. In faceted schemes synthesis is often achieved with the intercession of a facet indicator.
    Ex. The indexes are produced by computer, without necessarily any human intervention.
    Ex. In 1926 collective bargaining was established in the railway system and procedures for the handling of grievances, arbitration, 'cooling-off' periods, fact finding, and mediation.
    Ex. There are two other aspects of institutions I want to consider before moving to the closing section of this presentation.
    Ex. Statements conveying preferential relationships between terms indicate which terms are to be treated as equivalent to one another.
    Ex. The newspaper's suppression after the first issue was not, as some historians have declared, the handwork of Massachusetts' Puritan clergy = La supresión del periódico después de su primer número no fue, como algunos historiadores han declarado, por la intervención del clero puritano de Massachussetts.
    Ex. This is because of the nature of computer intermediation which reduces both the librarian's responsibility to the user and user contact with the library.
    ----
    * con intervención directa = obtrusive.
    * evaluación sin intervención del examinador = unobtrusive testing.
    * intervención armada = armed intervention.
    * intervención como intermediario = mediating.
    * intervención del hombre = human intervention.
    * intervención electrónica = wiretapping [wire-tapping], wiretap [wire-tap].
    * intervención estatal = state intervention.
    * intervención militar = military intervention, military action.
    * intervención quirúrgica = surgery, operation, surgical procedure.
    * sin intervención de un intermediario = disintermediated.
    * sin intervención directa = nonobtrusive.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( participación) intervention
    b) ( mediación) intervention, intercession (frml)
    2)
    a) ( injerencia) intervention
    b) ( de teléfono) tapping
    c) ( de empresa) placing in administration
    d) ( inspección de cuentas) auditing, official inspection
    e) (de droga, armas) seizure, confiscation
    f) (AmL) (de emisora, escuela) takeover
    •
    * * *
    = intercession, intervention, mediation, presentation, statement, handwork, intermediation.

    Ex: In faceted schemes synthesis is often achieved with the intercession of a facet indicator.

    Ex: The indexes are produced by computer, without necessarily any human intervention.
    Ex: In 1926 collective bargaining was established in the railway system and procedures for the handling of grievances, arbitration, 'cooling-off' periods, fact finding, and mediation.
    Ex: There are two other aspects of institutions I want to consider before moving to the closing section of this presentation.
    Ex: Statements conveying preferential relationships between terms indicate which terms are to be treated as equivalent to one another.
    Ex: The newspaper's suppression after the first issue was not, as some historians have declared, the handwork of Massachusetts' Puritan clergy = La supresión del periódico después de su primer número no fue, como algunos historiadores han declarado, por la intervención del clero puritano de Massachussetts.
    Ex: This is because of the nature of computer intermediation which reduces both the librarian's responsibility to the user and user contact with the library.
    * con intervención directa = obtrusive.
    * evaluación sin intervención del examinador = unobtrusive testing.
    * intervención armada = armed intervention.
    * intervención como intermediario = mediating.
    * intervención del hombre = human intervention.
    * intervención electrónica = wiretapping [wire-tapping], wiretap [wire-tap].
    * intervención estatal = state intervention.
    * intervención militar = military intervention, military action.
    * intervención quirúrgica = surgery, operation, surgical procedure.
    * sin intervención de un intermediario = disintermediated.
    * sin intervención directa = nonobtrusive.

    * * *
    A
    1 (participación) intervention
    la inmediata intervención de los bomberos the swift intervention of the fire service
    se ha probado su intervención en el atraco his involvement in the robbery has been proved
    su intervención en el congreso fue muy aplaudida her speech to the conference was warmly applauded
    su última intervención en una película española the last time she appeared in a Spanish film, her last appearance in a Spanish film
    2 (mediación) intervention, intercession ( frml)
    B
    1 (injerencia) intervention
    su política de no intervención their policy of nonintervention
    intervención estatal state intervention
    3 (de una empresa) placing in administration
    4 (inspección de cuentas) auditing, official inspection
    5 (de droga, armas) seizure, confiscation
    6 ( AmL) (de una emisora, escuela) takeover
    Compuesto:
    operation
    * * *

     

    intervención sustantivo femenino


    una política de no intervención a policy of nonintervention;
    intervención quirúrgica operation
    b) (de droga, armas) seizure, confiscation

    intervención sustantivo femenino
    1 (actuación) intervention, participation [en, in]
    una intervención militar, a military intervention
    2 Med intervention
    ' intervención' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    actuación
    - comentar
    - espera
    - magistral
    - nefasta
    - nefasto
    - significar
    - sola
    - solo
    - infeliz
    - participación
    - quirúrgico
    - rematar
    English:
    hands-off
    - intervention
    - operation
    - tapping
    - wiretapping
    * * *
    1. [acción, participación] intervention;
    la pelea fue controlada gracias a la rápida intervención de la policía the fight was brought under control thanks to the rapid intervention of the police;
    no intervención non-intervention;
    intervención televisiva television appearance
    2. [discurso] speech;
    [pregunta] question; [comentario] remark, comment
    3. [operación]
    4. Com [de cuentas] auditing
    5. [vigilancia] [de teléfono, línea] tapping;
    el juez ordenó la intervención de su correspondencia the judge ordered her correspondence to be opened (by the authorities)
    6. [incautación] seizure, confiscation
    * * *
    f
    1 intervention; en debate, congreso participation; en película, espectáculo appearance
    2 MED operation
    * * *
    1) : intervention
    2) : audit
    3)
    * * *
    intervención n intervention

    Spanish-English dictionary > intervención

  • 95 riesgo

    m.
    risk.
    a todo riesgo comprehensive (seguro, póliza)
    correr (el) riesgo de to run the risk of
    a riesgo de at the risk of
    un riesgo calculado a calculated risk
    * * *
    1 risk, danger
    \
    a riesgo de / con riesgo de at the risk of
    a todo riesgo (seguro) fully-comprehensive
    correr el riesgo de to run the risk of
    por su cuenta y riesgo at one's own risk
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM risk (de of)

    esta operación presenta mayores riesgos — the risks are higher with this operation, this operation is riskier

    seguro a o contra todo riesgo — fully comprehensive insurance policy

    a riesgo de: a riesgo de que me expulsen — at the risk of being expelled

    por su cuenta y riesgo —

    la compañía autorizó los pagos por su cuenta y riesgo, sin consultar — the company authorized the payments on their own behalf, without consulting

    * * *
    masculino risk

    siempre existe el riesgo de que... — there's always a danger o a risk that...

    un seguro a or contra todo riesgo — an all-risks o a comprehensive insurance policy

    * * *
    = danger, hazard, risk, stake, peril, gamble, safety hazard.
    Ex. Librarians have always been afraid of the danger of failing to collect important material or of disposing of it simply through ignorance of its value.
    Ex. Under WOMEN -- EMPLOYMENT, for instance, are listed works on the health and safety hazards of employment, the wages of employment, the problems of mothers, married and/or single women and employment, and so on.
    Ex. This is viewed as a mechanism for data base producers to become hosts, and to share the cost and risk participating in an international host service.
    Ex. This article aims to cover tools that shed light on what the stakes might be in getting involved with CD-ROM technology = Este artículo intenta analizar las herramientas que nos aclaren cuáles podrían ser los riesgos de involucrarse con la tecnología del CD-ROM.
    Ex. The article 'Librarian as author: the perils of publishing' reports on the issue that most academic librarians are now compelled by their terms of employment to engage in some form of scholarly activity and increasingly are writing for publication.
    Ex. The article 'The electronic boom: a gamble or a sure bet?' considers the threat of the new technology to the future of newspapers.
    Ex. Under WOMEN -- EMPLOYMENT, for instance, are listed works on the health and safety hazards of employment, the wages of employment, the problems of mothers, married and/or single women and employment, and so on.
    ----
    * alto riesgo = high stakes.
    * análisis de riesgos = risk analysis, risk assessment, risk evaluation.
    * asumir un riesgo = bear + risk, take + risks.
    * calcular un riesgo = calculate + risk.
    * capital de riesgo = venture capital.
    * capitalista que presta capital de riesgo = venture capitalist.
    * contra todo (tipo) de riesgo = against all risks.
    * correr el riesgo = risk, face + the risk, chance, take + Posesivo + chances.
    * correr un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes.
    * correr un riesgo = run + risk, take + chances (on).
    * de bajo riesgo = low-risk.
    * deporte de riesgo = extreme sport.
    * disminuir el riesgo = reduce + risk.
    * en situaciones de riesgo = in harm's way.
    * evaluación de riesgos = risk assessment.
    * evitar un riesgo = duck + risk.
    * factor de riesgo = risk factor.
    * libre de riesgo = riskless, risk-free.
    * mitigar el riesgo = minimise + risk.
    * póliza de seguro a todo riesgo = all risks cover.
    * poner en riesgo = put at + risk.
    * por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.
    * por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.
    * presentar un riesgo = pose + risk.
    * prevención de riesgos = risk management, risk prevention.
    * prevención de riesgos laborales = occupational hazard prevention.
    * reacio a la toma de riesgos = risk-averse.
    * reducir el riesgo = reduce + risk.
    * riesgo biológico = biological risk.
    * riesgo calculado = calculated risk.
    * riesgo comercial = business risk.
    * riesgo de incendio = fire risk, fire hazard.
    * riesgo de la profesión = occupational hazard.
    * riesgo del oficio = occupational hazard.
    * riesgo económico = financial risk.
    * riesgo financiero = financial risk.
    * riesgo innecesario = unnecessary risk.
    * riesgo laboral = occupational hazard.
    * riesgo muy elevado = high stakes.
    * riesgo para la salud = health risk, health hazard.
    * riesgo para la seguridad = security risk.
    * riesgo político = political risk.
    * riesgos-beneficios = risk-return.
    * riesgo social = social risk.
    * seguro a todo riesgo = comprehensive insurance, all-risk insurance.
    * sin riesgo = riskless.
    * sopesar riesgos = weigh up + risks.
    * toma de riesgos = risk-taking, calculated risk-taking.
    * tomar un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes.
    * * *
    masculino risk

    siempre existe el riesgo de que... — there's always a danger o a risk that...

    un seguro a or contra todo riesgo — an all-risks o a comprehensive insurance policy

    * * *
    = danger, hazard, risk, stake, peril, gamble, safety hazard.

    Ex: Librarians have always been afraid of the danger of failing to collect important material or of disposing of it simply through ignorance of its value.

    Ex: Under WOMEN -- EMPLOYMENT, for instance, are listed works on the health and safety hazards of employment, the wages of employment, the problems of mothers, married and/or single women and employment, and so on.
    Ex: This is viewed as a mechanism for data base producers to become hosts, and to share the cost and risk participating in an international host service.
    Ex: This article aims to cover tools that shed light on what the stakes might be in getting involved with CD-ROM technology = Este artículo intenta analizar las herramientas que nos aclaren cuáles podrían ser los riesgos de involucrarse con la tecnología del CD-ROM.
    Ex: The article 'Librarian as author: the perils of publishing' reports on the issue that most academic librarians are now compelled by their terms of employment to engage in some form of scholarly activity and increasingly are writing for publication.
    Ex: The article 'The electronic boom: a gamble or a sure bet?' considers the threat of the new technology to the future of newspapers.
    Ex: Under WOMEN -- EMPLOYMENT, for instance, are listed works on the health and safety hazards of employment, the wages of employment, the problems of mothers, married and/or single women and employment, and so on.
    * alto riesgo = high stakes.
    * análisis de riesgos = risk analysis, risk assessment, risk evaluation.
    * asumir un riesgo = bear + risk, take + risks.
    * calcular un riesgo = calculate + risk.
    * capital de riesgo = venture capital.
    * capitalista que presta capital de riesgo = venture capitalist.
    * contra todo (tipo) de riesgo = against all risks.
    * correr el riesgo = risk, face + the risk, chance, take + Posesivo + chances.
    * correr un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes.
    * correr un riesgo = run + risk, take + chances (on).
    * de bajo riesgo = low-risk.
    * deporte de riesgo = extreme sport.
    * disminuir el riesgo = reduce + risk.
    * en situaciones de riesgo = in harm's way.
    * evaluación de riesgos = risk assessment.
    * evitar un riesgo = duck + risk.
    * factor de riesgo = risk factor.
    * libre de riesgo = riskless, risk-free.
    * mitigar el riesgo = minimise + risk.
    * póliza de seguro a todo riesgo = all risks cover.
    * poner en riesgo = put at + risk.
    * por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.
    * por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.
    * presentar un riesgo = pose + risk.
    * prevención de riesgos = risk management, risk prevention.
    * prevención de riesgos laborales = occupational hazard prevention.
    * reacio a la toma de riesgos = risk-averse.
    * reducir el riesgo = reduce + risk.
    * riesgo biológico = biological risk.
    * riesgo calculado = calculated risk.
    * riesgo comercial = business risk.
    * riesgo de incendio = fire risk, fire hazard.
    * riesgo de la profesión = occupational hazard.
    * riesgo del oficio = occupational hazard.
    * riesgo económico = financial risk.
    * riesgo financiero = financial risk.
    * riesgo innecesario = unnecessary risk.
    * riesgo laboral = occupational hazard.
    * riesgo muy elevado = high stakes.
    * riesgo para la salud = health risk, health hazard.
    * riesgo para la seguridad = security risk.
    * riesgo político = political risk.
    * riesgos-beneficios = risk-return.
    * riesgo social = social risk.
    * seguro a todo riesgo = comprehensive insurance, all-risk insurance.
    * sin riesgo = riskless.
    * sopesar riesgos = weigh up + risks.
    * toma de riesgos = risk-taking, calculated risk-taking.
    * tomar un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes.

    * * *
    risk
    en cualquier operación hay un componente de riesgo there's an element of risk in any operation
    los riesgos que esto implica son enormes/mínimos the risks involved are enormous/minimal
    siempre existe el riesgo de que no paguen there's always a danger o a risk that they won't pay up
    aun a riesgo de perder su amistad even at the risk of losing his friendship
    heridas con riesgo de muerte injuries which could prove fatal
    lo salvó con riesgo de su propia vida she put her own life at risk o she risked her own life to save him
    un riesgo que hay que correr a risk you have to take
    corres el riesgo de perderlo you run the risk of losing it
    una inversión de alto riesgo a high-risk investment
    se encuentran entre los grupos de alto riesgo ( Med) they are in the high-risk groups
    por su cuenta y riesgo at your own risk
    un seguro a or contra todo riesgo an all-risks o a comprehensive insurance policy
    riesgo no asegurable uninsurable risk
    Compuestos:
    biohazard
    life-threatening risk
    está grave y con or en riesgo vital he is in a very serious condition and his life is at risk
    asma de riesgo vital a life-threatening case of asthma
    situaciones de riesgo vital life-threatening situations
    * * *

     

    riesgo sustantivo masculino
    risk;

    a riesgo de perder su amistad at the risk of losing his friendship;
    riesgos que hay que correr risks you have to take;
    corres el riesgo de perderlo you run the risk of losing it;
    un seguro a or contra todo riesgo an all-risks o a comprehensive insurance policy
    riesgo sustantivo masculino risk
    deportes de alto riesgo, high-risk sports
    ♦ Locuciones: correr el riesgo de, to run the risk of
    seguro a todo riesgo, fully-comprehensive insurance ➣ Ver nota en risk

    ' riesgo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    correr
    - peligro
    - segura
    - seguro
    - significar
    - suponer
    - vida
    - asegurado
    - asegurar
    - asumir
    - cubrir
    - encerrar
    English:
    acceptable
    - calculated
    - chance
    - comprehensive
    - cover
    - danger
    - diminish
    - fear
    - gamble
    - hazard
    - incidental
    - jeopardy
    - needless
    - peril
    - risk
    - safe
    - subject
    - health
    - high
    - low
    - pit
    - still
    * * *
    riesgo nm
    risk;
    hay riesgo de inundaciones there's a danger of flooding;
    a riesgo de at the risk of;
    saltó por el barranco (aun) a riesgo de matarse he jumped across the ravine even though he was risking his life;
    se lo contó, a riesgo de que se enfadara she told him, despite the risk of him getting annoyed;
    a todo riesgo [seguro, póliza] comprehensive;
    aseguró la casa a todo riesgo she took out comprehensive home insurance;
    correr (el) riesgo de to run the risk of;
    corremos el riesgo de no llegar a tiempo we are in danger of not arriving in time;
    ¿para qué correr riesgos innecesarios? why should we take unnecessary risks?;
    existe el riesgo de que no queden localidades there's a risk o danger that there won't be any tickets left
    * * *
    m risk;
    a riesgo de at the risk of;
    correr el riesgo run the risk (de of);
    correr un riesgo to take a risk;
    de alto/bajo riesgo high/low risk;
    riesgo de desplome danger of collapse
    * * *
    riesgo nm
    : risk
    * * *
    riesgo n risk

    Spanish-English dictionary > riesgo

  • 96 курс

    1) (направление) course, policy, line

    взять курс на подъём чего-л. — to take the course / the path of raising smth.

    изменять свой курс — to alter / to change one's course

    намечать курс — to map out / to mark out a course; (в общих чертах) to outline a course

    придерживаться курса — to adhere / to stick to a policy / a course

    проводить курс — to conduct / to pursue a policy, to hold / to pursue / to take a line, to steer / to tread a course

    следовать курсом — to pursue / to follow the course

    авантюристический курс — adventurist(ic) policy, policy of adventure

    внешнеполитический курс — foreign policy, foreign policy course

    генеральный курс — general line / course

    жёсткий курс — hard / tough line, tough policy

    несговорчивый / упрямый сторонник жёсткого курса — intractable hard-liner

    милитаристский курс — militarist course / policy

    независимый курс — independent course / policy

    искажать / фальсифицировать политический курс — to falsify a policy

    позитивный / положительный политический курс — positive policy

    умеренный курс — moderate line, middle-of-the road course

    курс на затягивание чего-л. — policy of dragging out smth. курс на конфронтацию collision course курс на оздоровление / улучшение отношений course toward(s) improving relations

    курс на "прямое противоборство" — policy of "direct confrontation"

    курс на сегрегацию без каких-л. отступлений — hard-line segregationist platform

    курс партии — party line, party's policy

    курс перестройки экономики — course for reorganization / restructuring of the economy

    2) эк. course, rate, quotation exchange

    играть на повышение курса — to be bullish, to go a bull

    биржевой курс — exchange / market quotation, share price

    валютный курс, курс валюты — (foreign) exchange rate, course / par / rate of exchange, exchange

    выгодный валютный курс — profitable rate of exchange, favourable exchange

    высокий валютный курс — high rate (of exchange) / exchange rate

    гибкий валютный курс — flexible exchange rate / rate of exchange

    двойной валютный курс — double exchange rate / rate of exchange

    действующий / эффективный валютный курс — effective exchange rate / rate of exchange

    заключительный валютный курс — closing rate (of exchange) / exchange rate

    закреплённый валютный курс — fixed rate (of exchange) / exchange rate

    колеблющийся валютный курс — floating / fluctuating / free exchange rate, variable exchange

    единый / унифицированный колеблющийся валютный курс — unitary floating rate of exchange

    наличный валютный курс — current rate of exchange / exchange rate

    начальный валютный курс — opening rate of exchange / exchange rate

    неодинаковые / различные валютные курсы — different rates of exchange / exchange rates

    неподдерживаемый / нерегулируемый валютный курс — unpegged rate of exchange / exchange rate

    неустойчивый валютный курс — variable exchange rate / rate of exchange

    обменный валютный курс — exchange rate, rate of exchange

    официально объявленный / официальный валютный курс (установленный центральным банком) — official rate (of exchange) / exchange rate

    плавающий валютный курс — floating rate of exchange / exchange rate, float

    вводить плавающий / свободно колеблющийся валютный курс — to float

    повышенный валютный курс — higher rate of exchange / exchange rate

    пониженный валютный курс — reduced rate (of exchange) / exchange rate

    свободный валютный курс — free rate of exchange / exchange rate

    справочный валютный курс — posted rate of exchange / exchange

    твёрдый / фиксированный валютный курс — fixed exchange rate / rate of exchange

    текущий рыночный валютный курс — going market rate of exchange / exchange rate

    введение нового соотношения / новой системы валютных курсов — exchange rate alignment

    расчёт валютного курса — (exchange) rate calculation, calculation of exchange

    движение / динамика валютных курсов — exchange rate movements, movement in the exchange rate

    размах колебаний валютного курса, пределы отклонений валютного курса от паритета — fluctuation band

    курс валюты — см. валюта

    неустойчивый курс иностраннной валюты — fluctuant foreign exchange rate, variable exchange

    падение валютного курса — fall in the exchange rate / in exchange

    курс акций — stock exchange; stock price амер.

    ежедневно / еженедельно публикуемый курс акций — daily / weekly average

    курс при закрытии банка / биржи / рынка — closing rate

    курс при открытии банка / биржи / рынка — opening rate

    курс ценных бумаг — rate of securities, price

    согласованный (в ходе переговоров) курс ценных бумаг — negotiated price

    твёрдый / устойчивый курс ценных бумаг — firm price

    курс, предлагаемый покупателем ценных бумаг — bid price

    курс, предлагаемый продавцом ценных бумаг — asked price

    3)

    быть в курсе политики — to be well informed / versed in politics

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > курс

  • 97 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 98 innenpolitisch

    I Adj. domestic (political), internal; innenpolitische Ereignisse auch home affairs; innenpolitische Auseinandersetzung dispute over domestic policy
    II Adv. on the domestic front; innenpolitisch gesehen as far as domestic policy is ( oder home affairs are) concerned
    * * *
    ịn|nen|po|li|tisch
    1. adj
    domestic, internal; Sprecher on domestic policy

    auf innenpolitischem Gebiet — in the field of home affairs

    2. adv

    innenpolitisch bewandert sein — to be well-versed in or familiar with domestic policy

    innenpolitisch unverantwortlich/bedenklich — irresponsible/questionable as far as domestic policy is concerned

    * * *
    in·nen·po·li·tisch
    [ˈɪnənpolitɪʃ]
    I. adj concerning home affairs [or domestic policy
    II. adv with regard to home affairs [or domestic policy]
    die Regierung hat \innenpolitisch versagt the government has failed on the issue of home affairs
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv < question> relating to domestic policy; < mistake> in domestic policy; < experience> in home affairs

    eine innenpolitische Debatte — a debate on domestic policy; s. auch außenpolitisch 1.

    2.
    adverbial as regards domestic policy
    * * *
    A. adj domestic (political), internal;
    innenpolitische Auseinandersetzung dispute over domestic policy
    B. adv on the domestic front;
    innenpolitisch gesehen as far as domestic policy is ( oder home affairs are) concerned
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv < question> relating to domestic policy; < mistake> in domestic policy; < experience> in home affairs

    eine innenpolitische Debatte — a debate on domestic policy; s. auch außenpolitisch 1.

    2.
    adverbial as regards domestic policy
    * * *
    adj.
    internal adj. adv.
    on the domestic front n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > innenpolitisch

  • 99 personal

    adj.
    personal.
    una opinión/pregunta personal a personal opinion/question
    personal e intransferible non-transferable
    f.
    personal foul.
    m.
    staff, personnel (trabajadores).
    personal docente teaching staff
    personal mínimo skeleton staff
    personal en plantilla in-house staff
    personal sanitario health workers
    personal de tierra ground crew
    * * *
    1 personal
    1 (de una empresa) personnel, staff
    2 familiar (gente) everyone, everybody
    1 DEPORTE (falta) personal foul
    \
    personal docente teaching staff
    * * *
    1. adj. 2. noun m.
    staff, personnel
    * * *
    1.
    2. SM
    1) (=plantilla) staff, personnel; ( esp Mil) force; (Náut) crew, complement

    personal de tierra — (Aer) ground crew, ground staff

    2) * (=gente) people
    3.
    SF (Baloncesto) personal foul
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo personal
    II
    a) (de fábrica, empresa) personnel (pl), staff (sing or pl)
    b) (Esp fam & hum) ( gente) people
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo personal
    II
    a) (de fábrica, empresa) personnel (pl), staff (sing or pl)
    b) (Esp fam & hum) ( gente) people
    * * *
    personal1
    1 = manpower, manpower force, personnel, staff, staffing, work-force [workforce], crew.

    Ex: The question has been raised as to the manpower required to produce the ever-increasing number of abstracts.

    Ex: This article focusses attention on formulating plans and policy for building up a manpower force for modernising library and information systems India within the next 5 years.
    Ex: Application areas include: personnel records, mailing lists, accident and incident records, clinical and health records, committee minutes and records, and so on.
    Ex: The current LC MARC data base contains both records created by the LC staff and those created by co-operating libraries and verified by the LC.
    Ex: During the discussions it became apparent that the most pressing issues of staffing, resources, procedural complexities and educational opportunities related to IT.
    Ex: Employers of library and information staff have to develop and maintain skills within the workforce.
    Ex: Phillips has 12 installations with a crew of 15-450 men.
    * actitud del personal = staff attitude.
    * administración de personal = personnel administration.
    * ahorro de personal = staff saving.
    * apoyo del personal = staff support.
    * asignar personal = commit + manpower.
    * bien dotado de personal = well-staffed.
    * costes de personal = staff costs.
    * dedicación del personal = staff hours.
    * desarrollo profesional del personal = staff development.
    * dotación de personal = staffing.
    * encargado de personal = personnel officer, welfare officer.
    * evaluación del personal = personnel evaluation.
    * exceso de personal administrativo = administrative bloat.
    * falta de personal = undermanning.
    * falto de personal = understaffed [under-staffed].
    * formación continua del personal = staff development.
    * formación del personal = staff training, professional development.
    * formar personal = produce + personnel.
    * funciones del personal = staff duties.
    * gastos en personal = staff costs.
    * gestión de personal = personnel management.
    * jefe de personal = personnel officer, welfare officer, staff manager.
    * jefe de personal de la biblioteca = library personnel officer.
    * miembro del personal = staff member, staffer.
    * movimiento de personal = staff turnover, turnover, labour turnover.
    * número y distribución de personal = staffing conditions.
    * personal administrativo = administrative staff.
    * personal administrativo de apoyo = clerical staff, clerical worker, clerical personnel.
    * personal auxiliar = clerical staff.
    * personal bibliotecario = library personnel, library staff, library worker.
    * personal civil = civilian staff.
    * personal cualificado = qualified staff, qualified personnel.
    * personal de ambulancia = ambulance crew.
    * personal de apoyo = paraprofessional staff, support staff.
    * personal de apoyo bibliotecario = library support staff.
    * personal de cabina = cabin crew.
    * personal de dirección = senior staff, senior management.
    * personal de la biblioteca = library staff, library worker.
    * personal del mostrador = counter staff.
    * personal del mostrador de préstamo = counter staff.
    * personal de mantenimiento = service worker.
    * personal de proceso de datos = operation staff.
    * personal de recepción = reception staff.
    * personal de referencia = reference staff, reference personnel.
    * personal de secretaría = secretarial staff.
    * personal de seguridad = security staff.
    * personal de servicios = service worker.
    * personal de un centro multimedia escolar = school media staff.
    * personal de vuelo = flight crew.
    * personal equivalente a tiempo completo = full-time equivalent staff (FTE staff).
    * personal joven = new blood.
    * personal más nuevo = junior staff.
    * personal militar = military personnel.
    * personal necesario = staffing levels.
    * personal paraprofesional = paraprofessional staff.
    * personal profesional = professional staff.
    * personal sanitario = clinical staff.
    * personal técnico = technical staff.
    * personal técnico de apoyo = support staff.
    * política de personal = personnel policy, staff policy.
    * puesta al día del personal = staff development.
    * que necesita bastante dedicación de personal = labour-intensive [labour intensive], staff-intensive [staff intensive].
    * razones del movimiento de personal = turnover behaviour.
    * recorte de personal = downsizing, staffing cut.
    * reducción de personal = staff cutbacks, downsizing.
    * registro de personal = personnel record.
    * renovación de personal = turnover, labour turnover.
    * responsable del personal de la biblioteca = library personnel officer.
    * reunión de personal = staff meeting.
    * ritmo de movimiento de personal = turnover rate.
    * sala de estar para el personal = coffee lounge.
    * sala de personal = staff lounge.
    * sección de personal = personnel department, personnel office.
    * selección de personal = personnel recruitment.
    * sólo para personal autorizado = restricted access.
    * tareas del personal = staff duties.
    * tasa de movimiento de personal = turnover rate, turnover rate.
    * turnos del personal = staffing rota.
    * vacante de personal = staff vacancy.

    personal2
    = one-to-one, personal, private, intimate, one-on-one.

    Ex: A few large libraries contain an adult learning centre, which provides training courses for volunteer tutors, one-to-one tutoring or instruction in small groups.

    Ex: Cards will remain useful for small local and personal indexes but other options, in the form of microcomputers and their software are beginning to compete in this application.
    Ex: SWALCAP supports a network arrangement of remote terminals and minicomputers linked to the central computer via private lines.
    Ex: Until we feel as librarians that we are an intimate part of society, we will never begin to believe that we really function.
    Ex: The one-on-one training pattern predominates and is effective at this institution where education in the singular is stressed.
    * actitud personal = personal attitude.
    * a favor de la decisión personal sobre el aborto = pro-choice.
    * alarma personal = rape alarm, personal alarm.
    * anuncio personal = personal ad.
    * aprovechamiento personal = personal gain.
    * archivo personal = private archives, personal archive(s), personal records.
    * armadura personal = body armour.
    * artículo personal = personal item.
    * asunto personal = personal issue.
    * atención personal = personal attention.
    * atención personal al cliente = personal selling.
    * a título personal = in a personal capacity, in a private capacity.
    * atracción personal = personal attraction.
    * autoría personal = personal authorship.
    * autor personal = personal author.
    * autor personal único = single personal authorship.
    * beneficio personal = personal gain.
    * biblioteca personal = personal library.
    * bienes personales = personal property.
    * blindaje personal = body armour.
    * característica personal = personality trait, personality characteristic.
    * carta personal = personal letter.
    * cheque personal = personal cheque.
    * comentario personal = personal note.
    * comentario personal de una lectura = reading-reportage.
    * compromiso personal = personal engagement, personal investment.
    * contacto personal = personal contact, public contact.
    * contratación de personal cualificado de otras empresas = lateral hiring.
    * convicción personal = personal conviction.
    * cualidades personales = personal qualities.
    * cuestión personal = personal issue, life issue.
    * datos personales = personal details.
    * dinero para gastos personales = pocket change, pocket money.
    * documentos personales = personal papers.
    * economía personal = personal finance.
    * efectos personales = personal belongings.
    * ego personal = personal ego.
    * encabezamiento de nombre personal = personal name heading.
    * enriquecimiento personal = personal enrichment.
    * entrada de nombre personal = personal name entry.
    * entrevista personal = personal interview.
    * espacio personal = personal space, territorial space, personal space territory.
    * estilo personal = persona [personae, -pl.].
    * expediente personal = personal records.
    * experiencia personal = personal experience.
    * gestión de archivos personales = personal archives management, personal records management.
    * gusto personal = personal taste, personal preference.
    * hábito personal = personal habit.
    * hacer uso personal = make + personal use.
    * higiene personal = personal hygiene.
    * historia personal = personal history.
    * índice de rendimiento personal = individual performance index.
    * información personal = personal information.
    * interés personal = vested interest, personal interest.
    * interpersonal = person-to-person.
    * intimidad personal = personal privacy.
    * invasión del espacio personal = invasion of space.
    * libertad personal = personal freedom.
    * logro personal = a feather in + Posesivo + cap, personal achievement.
    * marca personal = personal record.
    * miembro personal = personal member.
    * nombre personal = personal name.
    * norma personal = personal norm.
    * opinión personal = personal opinion.
    * ordenador personal (PC) = personal computer (PC).
    * para uso personal = for personal use.
    * perder un objeto personal = lose + property.
    * personal investigador = research staff.
    * PIN (número de identificación personal) = PIN (personal identification number).
    * por razones personales = for personal reasons.
    * preferencia personal = personal preference.
    * problema personal = personal problem.
    * razones personales = personal reasons.
    * realización personal = personal fulfilment.
    * récord personal = personal record.
    * responsabilidad personal = personal responsibility.
    * satisfacción personal = personal satisfaction.
    * seguridad personal = personal safety.
    * sello personal = fingerprint [finger-print].
    * sicología personal = personal psychology.
    * sistema de valores personales = personal value system.
    * tecnología del ordenador personal = personal computer technology.
    * tener un interés muy personal en = hold + a stake in, have + a stake in.
    * territorio personal = personal space territory.
    * toque personal = personal touch.
    * triunfo personal = a feather in + Posesivo + cap.
    * uso personal = personal use.
    * vida personal = personal life.
    * voluntad personal = personal will.

    * * *
    ‹asunto/documento/pregunta› personal; ‹opinión/juicio› personal
    objetos de uso personal personal effects
    una alusión personal a personal remark
    está basado en su experiencia personal it is based on (his own) personal experience
    no tiene ningún interés personal en el asunto he has no personal interest in the matter
    1 (de una fábrica, empresa) personnel (pl), staff ( sing or pl)
    estamos escasos de personal we're short-staffed
    intentan aumentar la producción con el mismo personal they are trying to increase production with the same number of staff o with the same workforce
    2 ( Esp fam hum) (gente) people
    ¡cuánto personal hay en la calle! what a lot of people there are in the street!
    saca unas copas para el personal get some glasses out for everyone o for people
    Compuestos:
    cabin staff o crew
    ( Arg) staff ( of a building)
    ground crew o staff
    flight crew
    * * *

     

    personal adjetivo
    personal;

    ■ sustantivo masculino (de fábrica, empresa) personnel (pl), staff ( sing or pl);
    estamos escasos de personal we're short-staffed
    personal
    I adjetivo personal
    una carta personal, a private letter
    II sustantivo masculino (trabajadores) staff, personnel

    ' personal' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    consignar
    - contingente
    - dato
    - efecto
    - escala
    - interés
    - jefa
    - jefe
    - lavandería
    - llave
    - objeto
    - particular
    - pasar
    - placa
    - plana
    - plano
    - presente
    - primar
    - privada
    - privado
    - abandonar
    - ampliación
    - ampliar
    - aseo
    - auxiliar
    - bien
    - citar
    - computadora
    - consultorio
    - coqueto
    - defensa
    - dejadez
    - dejado
    - despedir
    - diario
    - falta
    - historial
    - insuficiencia
    - intimidad
    - número
    - palacio
    - patrimonio
    - PC
    - planilla
    - plantilla
    - reducción
    - tarjeta
    - uno
    English:
    accustom
    - achievement
    - agree
    - appreciate
    - averse
    - balloon
    - battle
    - cleanliness
    - computer
    - dear
    - decision
    - decision making
    - delay
    - despite
    - diary
    - dodge
    - employ
    - excuse
    - exploit
    - first-hand
    - gap
    - heart-to-heart
    - love
    - maintenance staff
    - mate
    - myself
    - neglect
    - office staff
    - PA
    - pc
    - personal
    - personal best
    - personal computer
    - personal pronoun
    - personally
    - personnel
    - personnel department
    - personnel management
    - private
    - private income
    - put off
    - referee
    - self-improvement
    - self-interest
    - short-staffed
    - staff
    - staff meeting
    - staff training
    - staffing
    - strength
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    [privado, íntimo] personal;
    una opinión/pregunta personal a personal opinion/question;
    mi teléfono personal es… my home o private number is…;
    para uso personal for personal use;
    personal e intransferible non-transferable
    ♦ nm
    1. [trabajadores] staff, personnel
    personal administrativo administrative staff;
    personal de cabina cabin staff o crew;
    personal docente teaching staff;
    personal de oficina office staff;
    personal de tierra ground staff o crew;
    personal de ventas sales force o team
    2. Esp Fam [gente] people;
    el personal quería ir al cine the gang wanted to go to the cinema
    ♦ nf
    [en baloncesto] personal foul
    * * *
    I adj personal
    II m
    1 personnel, staff;
    personal docente teaching staff
    2 en baloncesto personal foul
    * * *
    : personal
    : personnel, staff
    * * *
    personal1 adj personal / private
    personal2 n staff

    Spanish-English dictionary > personal

  • 100 общ

    general
    (сумарен) total, aggregate
    общ въпрос a general issue
    общ брой a total number; a grand total
    общ живот life together, (в казарма, училище) community life
    общ брой на членовете на организация an aggregate membership
    общ работник labourer, an unskilled worker
    общ вид a general appearance
    (на страна) physiognomy
    въпроси от общ интерес matters of general interest
    общ фронт a common front
    общ доход a total income
    общ капитал a total capital
    общ ефект a total/a cumulative/an overall effect
    общ поглед a general view (of)
    общ език a common language; lingua franca
    намираме общ език find common ground, learn to understand one another
    не можем да намерим общ език talk at cross-purposes
    общ смисъл a general sense/meaning
    общ повик a popular demand
    общ познат a mutual acquaintance
    общ бой a general/free fight
    общ опит a shared experience
    обща сума a sum total
    обща работа work done in common
    на обща стойност to a total value of
    обща цифра an overall figure
    обща мобилизация a general mobilization
    обща стена a party/partition wall
    обща листа a joint list
    обща граница a common boundary, a joint border, a border in common (with)
    имам обща граница с have a common border with, share a border with
    имам общи граници с have common frontiers with
    обща употреба/практика general usage
    обща култура general knowledge/information
    обща база прен. common ground
    обща картина/представа an overall picture; pattern
    обща цел a common goal
    обща насока a general trend
    обща политика a joint policy
    обща амнистия a wholesale/general amnesty
    общ а заблуда a common fallacy
    общодомакинство a joint household
    общоблаго general welfare
    за общодобро for the general benefit, for the benefit of all, for the common/general good; for the general/common/public weal
    общодело a common cause
    общопритежание common possession
    общодостояние е, че it is common knowledge that
    за общо ползуване for general use
    общоиме/название a generic/an overall name
    общото равнище the common level
    общообразование a general education
    общоземеделие communal farming
    общовпечатление a general/an all-round impression
    общото мнение the general opinion, the consensus of opinion
    по общосъгласие by general agreement/consent
    по общопризнание by universal acknowledgment/consent
    общоодобрение general approval
    общоправило/събрание a general rule/meeting
    общоувеличение на цените a blanket rise in prices
    общоявление a common occurrence
    общотвърдение a broad statement
    много общо твърдение/заключение a sweeping statement
    общокомюнике a joint communique
    имам нещо общо с have to do with, touch
    имам нещо много общо с have a good deal in common with, have a great deal to do with
    нямам нищо общо с have nothing to do with, bear no relation to
    това няма нищо общо с въпроса that is neither here nor there, that's not to the point, it's nothing to do with it
    нямам нищо общо с have nothing to do with, bear no relation to
    идваме до нещо общо reach a common point
    от общото към частното from the general to the particular
    за общо удоволствие/учудване to everybody's delight/surprise
    имаме общи интереси have interests in common
    на общо основание вж. основание
    общи разноски general expenses
    общи цифри overall figures
    общи сили aggregate forces
    общи усилия combined
    * * *
    прил. general; ( който се отнася за повече хора или предмети) common (за to); ( който засяга всички) universal; ( съвместен) joint; shared; ( взаимен) mutual; ( сумарен) total, aggregate; ( всеобхватен) икон. blanket (attr.); (за помещение) shared; в \общи линии in (rough) outline, roughly speaking, in general terms, in substance; за \общо благо for the benefit of all, for the common/general good; for the general/common/public weal; за \общо ползване for general use; за \общо удоволствие/учудване to everybody’s delight/surprise; идваме до нещо \общо reach a common point; имам нещо много \общо с have a good deal in common with, have a great deal to do with; много \общо твърдение/заключение sweeping statement; налучкване в \общи линии a wide guess; намираме \общ език find common ground, learn to understand one another; не искам да имам нищо \общо с разг. I wouldn’t touch (s.th.) with a barge pole; не можем да намерим \общ език talk at cross-purposes; нямам нищо \общо с have nothing to do with, bear no relation to; \общ бой воен. general/free fight; разг. free-far-all; \общ брой total number; grand total; \общ брой на членовете на организация aggregate membership; \общ вид general appearance; (на страна, местност, ландшафт) physiognomy; \общ въпрос general issue; \общ език common language; lingua franca; \общ ефект total/a cumulative/overall effect; \общ живот life together, (в казарма, училище) community life; \общ повик a popular demand; \общ поглед general view (of); \общ работник labourer, unskilled worker; разг. dogsbody; \общ фронт common front; \обща амнистия wholesale/general amnesty; \обща база прен. common ground; \обща баня (в хотел, на етаж) communal bathroom; \обща граница common boundary, joint border, a border in common (with); \обща заблуда common fallacy; \обща картина/представа an overall picture; pattern; \обща култура general knowledge/information; \обща кухня shared kitchen; \обща листа joint list; \обща насока general trend; \обща политика joint policy; \обща работа work done in common; \обща сума sum total; \обща употреба/практика general usage; \обща цел common goal; \общи мерки common measures; \общи насоки broad terms of reference; \общи положения general principles, premises, general assumptions/(pro)positions; \общи разноски general expenses; \общи сили aggregate forces; \общи усилия combined/joint forces/efforts; \общи фрази generalities; \общи цифри overall figures; \общи черти general/broad outlines; \общо благо general welfare; \общо впечатление general/all-round impression; \общо дело common cause; \общо домакинство a joint household; \общо достояние е, че it is common knowledge that; \общо земеделие communal farming; \общо име/название generic/overall name; \общо комюнике joint communiqué; \общо правило/събрание general rule/meeting; \общо притежание common possession; \общо твърдение broad statement; \общо увеличение на цените blanket rise in prices; \общото мнение the general opinion, the consensus of opinion; от \общото към частното from the general to the particular; по \общо признание by universal acknowledgement/consent; by general confession, confessedly; това няма нищо \общо с въпроса that is neither here nor there, that’s beside/not to the point, it’s nothing to do with it.
    * * *
    general: общ mobilization - обща мобилизация, общ impression - общо впечатление; common (за повече хора); total: общ value - обща стойност, aggregate (сумарен); collective; corporate; gross{grOs}; impersonal
    * * *
    1. (взаимен) mutual 2. (за помещение) shared 3. (който засяга всички) universal 4. (който се отнася за повече хора или предмети) common (за to) 5. (на страна) physiognomy 6. (сумарен) total, aggregate 7. (съвместен) joint 8. general 9. no ОБЩo признание by universal acknowledgment/consent 10. no ОБЩo съгласие by general agreement/consent 11. ОБЩ а заблуда a common fallacy 12. ОБЩ бой a general/free fight 13. ОБЩ брой a total number;a grand total 14. ОБЩ брой на членовете на организация an aggregate membership 15. ОБЩ вид a general appearance 16. ОБЩ въпрос а general issue 17. ОБЩ доход a total income 18. ОБЩ език a common language;lingua franca 19. ОБЩ ефект a total/a cumulative/an overall effect 20. ОБЩ живот life together, (в казарма, училище) community life 21. ОБЩ капитал a total capital 22. ОБЩ опит a shared experience 23. ОБЩ повик a popular demand 24. ОБЩ поглед a general view (of) 25. ОБЩ познат а mutual acquaintance 26. ОБЩ работник labourer, an unskilled worker 27. ОБЩ смисъл a general sense/meaning 28. ОБЩ фронт a common front 29. ОБЩa амнистия a wholesale/general amnesty 30. ОБЩa база прен. common ground 31. ОБЩa картина/ представа an overall picture;pattern 32. ОБЩa култура general knowledge/information 33. ОБЩa листа a joint list 34. ОБЩa мобилизация a general mobilization 35. ОБЩa насока a general trend 36. ОБЩa политика a joint policy 37. ОБЩa работа work done in common 38. ОБЩa стена a party/partition wall 39. ОБЩa сума a sum total 40. ОБЩa употреба/практика general usage 41. ОБЩa цел a common goal 42. ОБЩa цифра an overall figure 43. ОБЩo благо general welfare 44. ОБЩo впечатление a general/an all-round impression 45. ОБЩo дело a common cause 46. ОБЩo домакинство a joint household 47. ОБЩo достояние е, че it is common knowledge that 48. ОБЩo име/название a generic/an overall name: ОБЩото равнище the common level 49. ОБЩo комюнике a joint communique 50. ОБЩo образование a general education: ОБЩo земеделие communal farming 51. ОБЩo одобрение general approval 52. ОБЩo правило/събрание a general rule/meeting 53. ОБЩo притежание common possession 54. ОБЩo твърдение a broad statement 55. ОБЩo увеличение на цените a blanket rise in prices 56. ОБЩo явление a common occurrence 57. ОБЩа граница a common boundary, a joint border, a border in common (with) 58. ОБЩи разноски general expenses 59. ОБЩи сили aggregate forces 60. ОБЩи усилия combined 61. ОБЩи цифри overall figures 62. ОБЩото мнение the general opinion, the consensus of opinion 63. въпроси от ОБЩ интерес matters of general interest 64. за ОБЩo добро for the general benefit, for the benefit of all, for the common/general good;for the general/common/public weal 65. за ОБЩо ползуване for general use 66. за ОБЩо удоволствие/учудване to everybody's delight/surprise 67. идваме до нещо ОБЩо reach a common point 68. имам ОБЩа граница с have a common border with, share a border with 69. имам ОБЩи граници с have common frontiers with 70. имам нещо ОБЩo c have to do with, touch 71. имам нещо много ОБЩо с have a good deal in common with, have a great deal to do with 72. имаме ОБЩи интереси have interests in common 73. много ОБЩо твърдение/заключение a sweeping statement 74. на ОБЩа стойност to a total value of 75. на ОБЩо основание вж. основание 76. намираме ОБЩ език find common ground, learn to understand one another 77. не можем да намерим ОБЩ език talk at cross-purposes 78. нямам нищо ОБЩо с have nothing to do with, bear no relation to 79. от ОБЩото към частното from the general to the particular 80. това няма нищо ОБЩо с въпроса that is neither here nor there, that's not to the point, it's nothing to do with it

    Български-английски речник > общ

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