-
101 -ngwë
we, 1st person dual inclusive pronominal ending: *thou and I compare the exclusive dual form -mmë. Caringwë, *the two of us do VT49:16. One source lists the ending as -inke -inque instead VT49:51, 53, 57; inke was apparently Old Quenya. In an earlier pronoun table reproduced in VT49:48, the ending -ngwë is listed as an alternative to -lmë, which Tolkien at the time used as the plural inclusive ending a later revision made it plural exclusive. -
102 D
D, d (n. indecl., sometimes f. sc. littera), the flat dental mute, corresponding in character and sound to the English d and the Greek D, was the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, and was called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., Auson. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the end of a syllable, or after another consonant, its sound was sharpened, so that the grammarians often discuss the question whether d or t should be written, especially in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa quoque servata est a multis differentia, ut ad cum esset praepositio, d litteram, cum autem conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we may infer that some disputed this distinction, and that the sounds of ad and at must at least have been very similar (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also aput, it, quit, quot, aliut, set, haut are found for apud, id, quid, quod, aliud, sed, haud. It would appear from the remarks of these authors that the last two words in particular, having a proclitic character, while they distinctly retained the d sound before an initial vowel in the following word, were pronounced before a consonant almost as set, haut (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The use of t for d in the middle of a word, as Alexenter for Alexander, atnato for adnato, is very rare (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the other hand, the use of d for t, which sometimes appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of which occur in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions after the Augustan period), is to be ascribed to a later phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).II.As an initial, the letter d, in pure Latin words, suffers only a vowel after it; the single consonantal compound dr being found only in borrowed words, such as drama, Drusus, Druidae, etc., and in the two onomatopees drenso and drindio. Accordingly, the d of the initial dv, from du, was rejected, and the remaining v either retained unaltered (as in v iginti for du iginti; cf. triginta) or changed into b (as in b ellum, b is, b onus, for du ellum, du is, du onus; v. those words and the letter B). So too in and after the 4th century A.D., di before vowels was pronounced like j (cf. J ovis for Dj ovis, and J anus for Di anus); and hence, as the Greek di ( di) passed into dz, i. e. z (as in z a for d ia, and z eta for di aeta), we sometimes find the same name written in two or three ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In many Greek words, however, which originally began with a y sound, d was prefixed by an instinctive effort to avoid a disagreeable utterance, just as in English the initial j has regularly assumed the sound of dj: thus Gr. zugon, i. e. diugon = L. jugum; and in such cases the d sound has been prefixed in Greek, not lost in Latin and other languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).b. As a medial, d before most consonants undergoes assimilation; v. ad, no. II.; assum, init., and cf. iccirco, quippiam, quicquam, for idcirco, quidpiam, quidquam; and in contractions like cette from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, sella from sedela. In contractions, however, the d is sometimes dropped and a compensation effected by lengthening the preceding vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D before endings which begin with s was suppressed, as pes from ped-s, lapis from lapid-s, frons from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from rid-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; but in the second and third roots of cedo, and in the third roots of some other verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted before s in composition when another consonant follows the s, as ascendo, aspicio, asto, astringo, and so also before the nasal gn in agnatus, agnitus, and agnosco, from gnatus, etc.: but in other combinations it is assimilated, as assentio, acclamo, accresco; affligo, affrico; agglomero, aggrego; applico, approbo, etc. In tentum, from tendo, d is dropped to avoid the combination ndt or ntt, since euphony forbids a consonant to be doubled after another.g. Final d stood only in ad, apud, sed, and in the neuter pronouns quid, quod, illud, istud, and aliud, anciently alid. Otherwise, the ending d was considered barbarous, Prisc. p. 686 P.III.The letter d represents regularly an original Indo-Germanic d, in Greek d, but which in German becomes z, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. hêdomai, Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte (sweet), with Lat. suadeo; domare with Gr. damaô, Germ. zähmen, Eng. tame; domus with demô, timber, O. H. Germ. zimber; duo with duô, zwei, two. But it is also interchanged with other sounds, and thus sometimes represents—1. 2.An original r: ar and ad; apur or apor and apud; meridies and medidies, audio and auris; cf. arbiter, from ad-beto; arcesso for ad-cesso.—3.An original l: adeps, Gr. aleipha; dacrima and lacrima, dingua and lingua; cf. on the contrary, olere for odere, consilium and considere, Ulixes from Odusseus (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—4.An original s: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus, medius and misos; and, on the contrary, rosa and rhodon. —5. IV.In the oldest period of the language d was the ending of the ablat. sing. and of the adverbs which were originally ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): pu CNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD (thrice) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST (thrice), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and even EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So intra-d, ultra-d, citra-d, contra-d, infra-d, supra-d; contro-d, intro-d, etc.; and probably interea-d, postea-d. Here too belongs, no doubt, the adverb FACILVMED, found in the last-mentioned inscription. But this use of the d became antiquated during the 3d century B.C., and is not found at all in any inscription after 186 B. C. Plautus seems to have used or omitted it at will (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).2.D final was also anciently found—a.In the accus. sing. of the personal pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for inter se conjuravisse and inter se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This usage was retained, at least as a license of verse, when the next word began with a vowel, even in the time of Plautus. But in the classic period this d no longer appears. —b.In the imperative mood;c.as estod,
Fest. p. 230. The Oscan language retained this ending (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—In the preposition se-, originally identical with the conjunction sed (it is retained in the compound seditio); also in red-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. ( redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, too, it is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).V.As an abbreviation, D usually stands for the praenomen Decimus; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; over epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; over temple inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the later emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d. = ante diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = dono or donum dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.► The Romans denoted the number 500 by D; but the character was then regarded, not as a letter, but as half of the original Tuscan numeral (or CI[C ]) for 1000. -
103 d
D, d (n. indecl., sometimes f. sc. littera), the flat dental mute, corresponding in character and sound to the English d and the Greek D, was the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, and was called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., Auson. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the end of a syllable, or after another consonant, its sound was sharpened, so that the grammarians often discuss the question whether d or t should be written, especially in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa quoque servata est a multis differentia, ut ad cum esset praepositio, d litteram, cum autem conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we may infer that some disputed this distinction, and that the sounds of ad and at must at least have been very similar (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also aput, it, quit, quot, aliut, set, haut are found for apud, id, quid, quod, aliud, sed, haud. It would appear from the remarks of these authors that the last two words in particular, having a proclitic character, while they distinctly retained the d sound before an initial vowel in the following word, were pronounced before a consonant almost as set, haut (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The use of t for d in the middle of a word, as Alexenter for Alexander, atnato for adnato, is very rare (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the other hand, the use of d for t, which sometimes appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of which occur in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions after the Augustan period), is to be ascribed to a later phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).II.As an initial, the letter d, in pure Latin words, suffers only a vowel after it; the single consonantal compound dr being found only in borrowed words, such as drama, Drusus, Druidae, etc., and in the two onomatopees drenso and drindio. Accordingly, the d of the initial dv, from du, was rejected, and the remaining v either retained unaltered (as in v iginti for du iginti; cf. triginta) or changed into b (as in b ellum, b is, b onus, for du ellum, du is, du onus; v. those words and the letter B). So too in and after the 4th century A.D., di before vowels was pronounced like j (cf. J ovis for Dj ovis, and J anus for Di anus); and hence, as the Greek di ( di) passed into dz, i. e. z (as in z a for d ia, and z eta for di aeta), we sometimes find the same name written in two or three ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In many Greek words, however, which originally began with a y sound, d was prefixed by an instinctive effort to avoid a disagreeable utterance, just as in English the initial j has regularly assumed the sound of dj: thus Gr. zugon, i. e. diugon = L. jugum; and in such cases the d sound has been prefixed in Greek, not lost in Latin and other languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).b. As a medial, d before most consonants undergoes assimilation; v. ad, no. II.; assum, init., and cf. iccirco, quippiam, quicquam, for idcirco, quidpiam, quidquam; and in contractions like cette from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, sella from sedela. In contractions, however, the d is sometimes dropped and a compensation effected by lengthening the preceding vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D before endings which begin with s was suppressed, as pes from ped-s, lapis from lapid-s, frons from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from rid-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; but in the second and third roots of cedo, and in the third roots of some other verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted before s in composition when another consonant follows the s, as ascendo, aspicio, asto, astringo, and so also before the nasal gn in agnatus, agnitus, and agnosco, from gnatus, etc.: but in other combinations it is assimilated, as assentio, acclamo, accresco; affligo, affrico; agglomero, aggrego; applico, approbo, etc. In tentum, from tendo, d is dropped to avoid the combination ndt or ntt, since euphony forbids a consonant to be doubled after another.g. Final d stood only in ad, apud, sed, and in the neuter pronouns quid, quod, illud, istud, and aliud, anciently alid. Otherwise, the ending d was considered barbarous, Prisc. p. 686 P.III.The letter d represents regularly an original Indo-Germanic d, in Greek d, but which in German becomes z, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. hêdomai, Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte (sweet), with Lat. suadeo; domare with Gr. damaô, Germ. zähmen, Eng. tame; domus with demô, timber, O. H. Germ. zimber; duo with duô, zwei, two. But it is also interchanged with other sounds, and thus sometimes represents—1. 2.An original r: ar and ad; apur or apor and apud; meridies and medidies, audio and auris; cf. arbiter, from ad-beto; arcesso for ad-cesso.—3.An original l: adeps, Gr. aleipha; dacrima and lacrima, dingua and lingua; cf. on the contrary, olere for odere, consilium and considere, Ulixes from Odusseus (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—4.An original s: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus, medius and misos; and, on the contrary, rosa and rhodon. —5. IV.In the oldest period of the language d was the ending of the ablat. sing. and of the adverbs which were originally ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): pu CNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD (thrice) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST (thrice), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and even EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So intra-d, ultra-d, citra-d, contra-d, infra-d, supra-d; contro-d, intro-d, etc.; and probably interea-d, postea-d. Here too belongs, no doubt, the adverb FACILVMED, found in the last-mentioned inscription. But this use of the d became antiquated during the 3d century B.C., and is not found at all in any inscription after 186 B. C. Plautus seems to have used or omitted it at will (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).2.D final was also anciently found—a.In the accus. sing. of the personal pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for inter se conjuravisse and inter se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This usage was retained, at least as a license of verse, when the next word began with a vowel, even in the time of Plautus. But in the classic period this d no longer appears. —b.In the imperative mood;c.as estod,
Fest. p. 230. The Oscan language retained this ending (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—In the preposition se-, originally identical with the conjunction sed (it is retained in the compound seditio); also in red-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. ( redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, too, it is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).V.As an abbreviation, D usually stands for the praenomen Decimus; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; over epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; over temple inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the later emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d. = ante diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = dono or donum dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.► The Romans denoted the number 500 by D; but the character was then regarded, not as a letter, but as half of the original Tuscan numeral (or CI[C ]) for 1000. -
104 -uva
future tense ending. In avuva, caluva, cenuva, hiruva, enquantuva, entuluva, laituvalmet, lauva, maruvan, termaruva, tiruvantes. A final -a drops out before the ending -uva is added: quanta- fill, future tense quantuva PE17:68. A verbal stem in -av- may be contracted when -uva follows, as when avuva is stated to have become auva VT49:13. Origin/etymology of the ending -uva, see VT48:32. In VT49:30, the future tense of the verb to be is given as uva, apparently the future-tense ending appearing independently, but several other sources rather give nauva for will be see ná \#1. -
105 -mmë
we, 1st person dual exclusive pronominal ending: *I and one other compare the inclusive dual form -ngwë or -nquë. First written -immë in one source VT49:57. Carimmë, *the two of us do VT49:16, cf. VT43:6. At an earlier conceptual stage, the ending was already exclusive, but plural rather than dual: vammë "we won't" WJ:371, firuvammë "we will die" VT43:34, etemmë ?"out of us" VT43:36; see also VT49:48, 49, 55. Also compare the corresponding emphatic pronoun emmë q.v.. The ending -lmë replaced -mmë in its former plural exclusive sense. In some early material, -mmë was apparently used as an ending for plural inclusive we VT49:55. -
106 -stë
you, 2nd person dual pronominal ending VT49:51, 53, e.g. caristë *the two of you do VT49:16. Tolkien first wrote carindë, but changed the ending VT49:33. The ending -stë is derived from earlier -dde VT49:46, 51. An archaic ending of similar form could also be the third person dual, *the two of them but see -ttë \#1. -
107 -iel
patronymic/matronymic ending -"daughter" YEL, VT46:22-23 In the Etymologies, Tolkien struck out this ending and the corresponding independent word yeldë "daughter", changing them to -ien, yendë. However, the ending -iel later turns up in later forms: Uinéniel "Daughter of Uinen" in UT:182 and Elerondiel daughter of Elrond Elerondo in PE17:56. Hence it would seem that Tolkien changed his mind again and restored this ending, and perhaps the noun yeldë along with it. The form Elerondiel from Elerondo demonstrates that a final vowel is omitted before -iel. -
108 rush
{rʌʃ}
I. 1. бот. шавар, дзука (Juncus), тръстика
2. rushlight
II. 1. втурвам се (in, into, out, out of, at)
хвърлям се, връхлитам (at)
an idea RUSHed into my head изведнъж ми хрумна една идея
fools RUSH in where angels fear to tread глупците се заемат с неща, пред които най-мъдрите се колебаят, глупците не мислят за последствията
the words RUSHed to his lips той заговори бързо, без много да се замисля
2. прен. впускам се, хвърлям се (необмислено) (into в някакво начинание)
to RUSH through one's work свършвам си работата набързо/надве-натри, претупвам си работата
3. карам/тикам/движа стремително
откарвам/изпращам бързо (to), карам (някого) да бърза, притеснявам, вадя душата на
to RUSH someone through lunch карам някого да изяде обеда си набързо
to be RUSHed имам много работа, много съм притеснен от работа
I refuse to be RUSHed не съм съгласен да ме притесняват/да ми вадят душата
to RUSH someone into doing something карам някого да направи нещо, без да му дам време да помисли
to RUSH someone off his feet принуждавам някого да действува, без да му дам време да помисли, изтощавам някого
to RUSH a bill through Parliament прокарвам законопроект през парламента по бързата/съкратената процедура
to RUSH into print изпращам бързо на печат (ръкопис)
to RUSH the ending театр. ускорямм развръзката
4. воен. щурмувам, нападам, атакувам, превземам с шурм
the passengers tried to RUSH lhe boats пътниците се мъчеха да се вмъкнат насила в лодките
to RUSH the gates нахлувам през вратите
5. sl. прен. оскубвам (купувач)
6. ам. sl. ухажвам усилено, свалям
7. ам. sl. проагитирам, мъча ce да спечеля някого (за член на организация и пр.)
8. to RUSH up явявам се внезапно, изниквам, изскачам, повишавам бързо/рязко
изпращам бързo
III. 1. втурване, спускане, стремително движение, нахлуване, щурм, атака, нападение
2. изблик, прилив
3. бързане, притеснение
4. усилено (улично) движение
5. усилена дейност
gold RUSH златна треска, треска за злато
6. внезапно търсене (for на някаква стока), внезапно раздвижване/активизиране
7. струя, вълна
8. кино първи/пробни снимки
9. aм. sl. усилено ухажване, сваляне, особено внимание (за да се спечели някой за член и пр.)
IV. 1. претупан, свършен надве-натри
2. (много) спешен/бърз
3. оживен, натоварен* * *{r^sh} n 1. бот. шавар, дзука (Juncus); тръстика; 2. rushlight.(2) {r^sh} v 1. втурвам се (in, into, out, out of, at); хвърлям с{3} {r^sh} n 1. втурване, спускане; стремително движение; нахлува{4} {r^sh} а 1. претупан, свършен надве-натри; 2. (много) спешен/* * *устремявам; спускам; спешен; руча; оживен; претупан; втурвам се; втурване; впускам се; завтичвам се; натиск; нахлуване; наплив; напор; нахлувам;* * *1. (много) спешен/бърз 2. an idea rushed into my head изведнъж ми хрумна една идея 3. aм. sl. усилено ухажване, сваляне, особено внимание (за да се спечели някой за член и пр.) 4. fools rush in where angels fear to tread глупците се заемат с неща, пред които най-мъдрите се колебаят, глупците не мислят за последствията 5. gold rush златна треска, треска за злато 6. i refuse to be rushed не съм съгласен да ме притесняват/да ми вадят душата 7. i. бот. шавар, дзука (juncus), тръстика 8. ii. втурвам се (in, into, out, out of, at) 9. iii. втурване, спускане, стремително движение, нахлуване, щурм, атака, нападение 10. iv. претупан, свършен надве-натри 11. rushlight 12. sl. прен. оскубвам (купувач) 13. the passengers tried to rush lhe boats пътниците се мъчеха да се вмъкнат насила в лодките 14. the words rushed to his lips той заговори бързо, без много да се замисля 15. to be rushed имам много работа, много съм притеснен от работа 16. to rush a bill through parliament прокарвам законопроект през парламента по бързата/съкратената процедура 17. to rush into print изпращам бързо на печат (ръкопис) 18. to rush someone into doing something карам някого да направи нещо, без да му дам време да помисли 19. to rush someone off his feet принуждавам някого да действува, без да му дам време да помисли, изтощавам някого 20. to rush someone through lunch карам някого да изяде обеда си набързо 21. to rush the ending театр. ускорямм развръзката 22. to rush the gates нахлувам през вратите 23. to rush through one's work свършвам си работата набързо/надве-натри, претупвам си работата 24. to rush up явявам се внезапно, изниквам, изскачам, повишавам бързо/рязко 25. ам. sl. проагитирам, мъча ce да спечеля някого (за член на организация и пр.) 26. ам. sl. ухажвам усилено, свалям 27. бързане, притеснение 28. внезапно търсене (for на някаква стока), внезапно раздвижване/активизиране 29. воен. щурмувам, нападам, атакувам, превземам с шурм 30. изблик, прилив 31. изпращам бързo 32. карам/тикам/движа стремително 33. кино първи/пробни снимки 34. оживен, натоварен 35. откарвам/изпращам бързо (to), карам (някого) да бърза, притеснявам, вадя душата на 36. прен. впускам се, хвърлям се (необмислено) (into в някакво начинание) 37. струя, вълна 38. усилена дейност 39. усилено (улично) движение 40. хвърлям се, връхлитам (at)* * *rush[rʌʃ] I. v 1. впускам се, втурвам се, хвърлям се; they were \rushed into danger бяха изложени на опасност; to \rush to a conclusion правя бърз (прибързан) извод; правя прибързано заключение; the words \rushed to his lips думите му се лееха от устата; to \rush in where angels fear to tread проявявам (безразсъдна) смелост, без да си давам сметка за последствията; 2. карам (тикам, тласкам, движа) стремително; подтиквам, карам ( някого) да бърза; to \rush through o.'s work свършвам си работата по късата процедура (набързо), претупвам работата си; he \rushed me through breakfast той ме накара да изгълтам закуската си набързо, той ме накара да закуся надве-натри; I refuse to be \rushed не съм съгласен да ме карат да бързам, не позволявам да ми вадят душата; to \rush a bill through Parliament прокарвам набързо (по бързата процедура) законопроект през парламента; to \rush into print изпращам набързо за печат (ръкопис и пр.); to \rush the ending театр. ускорявам развръзката; to \rush (o.'s) fences действам прибързано; 3. воен. връхлитам, нападам, щурмувам, атакувам; to be \rushed подложен съм на внезапно нападение; 4. sl излъгвам ( купувач), "одирам", "оскубвам"; 5. профучавам; II. n 1. напор, натиск; наплив; втурване, впускане; нахвърляне; \rush meeting набързо свикано събрание; \rush work ( job) напрегната (усилена) работа; gold \rush златна треска; 2. воен. прибежка; стремителна атака; 3. ам. университетско състезание; 4. мин. срутване, сриване; 5. струя; a \rush of cold air вълна (полъх) студен въздух; 6. бързина; III. adj 1. който се характеризира със спешност, бързина, неотложност; изискващ бърза реакция; 2. активен; трескав; пиков; IV. rush n бот. шавар, дзука Junkus; папур; not to care a \rush не ме интересува, пет пари не давам. -
109 HIS
-rya (possessive suffix, e.g. coarya his house. This ending covers the entire 3rd pers sg and also means "her" and *"its".) Nouns ending in a consonant take the shorter form -ya, e.g. talya “his foot”, macilya “his sword” (cf. tál, tal- “foot”, macil “sword”). In colloquial Quenya (which used -rya = “their” rather than “his, her, its”), the ending -ya could be added even to nouns ending in a vowel: cambeya (“k”) “his hand”, yulmaya “his cup”. –WJ:369, PE17:130, VT49:17, 48 -
110 expiry
اِنْتِهَاء أَجَل \ expiry: the ending of sth. that has a time limit: On the expiry of the present agreement, the rent for this house will be raised. \ اِنْقِضَاء مُدَّة \ expiry: to the ending of sth. that has a time limit: On the expiry of the present agreement, the rent for this house will be raised. \ بُطْلان مَفْعول \ expiry: the ending of sth. that has a time limit: On the expiry of the present agreement, the rent for this house will be raised. -
111 omentië
noun "meeting" meeting or junction of the directions of two people WJ:367, *omentielva "our meeting", only attested in the genitive: omentielvo "of our meeting" discussed in VT48:11. See -lv-. Concerning the alternative reading omentielmo, see -lma. Omentienya *my meeting PE17:58. The form omentiemman appears in early material, with the ending -mma at the time plural inclusive our and the ending -n at the time the genitive ending RS:324, VT49:55 -
112 -on
gen.pl. ending 3O, in aldaron, aranion, elenion, Eldaron, \#esseron, Ingweron, Istarion, Númevalion, Quendion, Silmarillion, Sindaron, tasarion see Nan-Tasarion, Valion, wenderon, yénion. Normally the ending -on is added to the nominative plural, whether it ends in -i or -r, but some nouns in -ë that would have nominative plurals in -i seem to prefer the ending -ron in the genitive hence \#esseron as the gen. pl. of essë "name", though the nominative pl. is attested as essi and we might have expected the gen. pl. *ession; similarly wenderon, Ingweron. -
113 -ima
adjectival suffix. Sometimes it is used to derive simple adjectives, like vanima "fair" or calima "bright"; it can also take on the meaning "-able" PE17:68, as in mátima edible mat- eat, nótima countable not- count and with a negative prefix úquétima "unspeakable" from quet- "speak". Note that the stem-vowel is normally lengthened in the derivatives where -ima means "-able", though this fails to occur in cenima visible q.v., but contrast hraicénima, q.v. and also before a consonant cluster as in úfantima not concealable PE17:176. "X-ima" may mean "apt to X" when the ending is added to an intransitive verbal stem, as in Fírimar "mortals", literally "those apt to die" WJ:387. The adj. úfantima not concealable PE17:176 also appears as úfantuma PE17:180, indicating the existence of a variant ending -uma possibly used to derive adjectives with a bad meaning; compare the ending *-unqua next to -inqua, q.v. -
114 IT
(impersonal 3rd sg. pronoun – notice that “personal” forms are used of all living things including plants; see HE): As a pronominal suffix, the entire 3rd person singular “he, she it” is expressed by the ending -s, e.g. caris *“(s)he/it does” (VT49:16). The ending -s is also attested in object position, e.g. utúvienyes, "I have found [utúvienye-] it [-s]"). “It”, with reference to non-living or abstract things, does have a distinct form when appearing as an independent pronoun: sa (VT49:37), with long vowel (sá, VT49:51) when stressed. It is attested in object position: carë sa, “to do it” (VT49:34). Another word for “it” or “that” is ta (though in some sources, Tolkien used ta for plural impersonal “they, them” instead). Case endings may probably be added to sa, e.g. dative *san “for it” (cf. nin “for me”); sa also appears suffixed to a preposition in the word ósa *”with it” (VT43:29). Genitive ITS would normally appear as the ending -rya (only attested with personal meanings “his, her” – see HIS). “Its” as an independent word may be *sanya, formed from *san as the dative form of sa “it” (compare ninya “my” vs. ni “I”, dative nin “for me”). –VT49:16, 51, VT43:29, LotR:1008, TA -
115 finale
[fi'nale]1. aggproposizione finale Gramm — purpose clause
2. sm(di libro, film) ending, end, Mus, (di spettacolo) finale3. sf1) Sport final2) Gramm last syllable (o letter) -
116 -nta
1 ending for dual allative Plotz; see -nna 2 possessive 3rd person pl. pronominal ending: their VT49:17. Lintienta their speed PE17:58, nassentar their true-beings PE17:175. This ending corresponds to -ntë they other versions of Quenya uses -ltë for they and hence -lta for their. Also -ntya, q.v. According to VT49:17, the ending -nta appears as -inta following a consonant other sources point to -e- rather than -i- as the connecting vowel in such cases. -
117 -lmë
1st person pl. pronominal ending: "we" VT49:38; 51 carilmë *we do, VT49:16. It was originally intended to be inclusive "we" VT49:48, including the persons spoken to, but by 1965 Tolkien made this the ending for exclusive "we" instead cf. the changed definition of the corresponding possessive ending -lma, see above. VT49:38 Exemplified in laituvalmet "we shall bless them" lait-uva-lme-t "bless-shall-we-them" the meaning apparently changed from inclusive to exclusive we, VT49:55, see also nalmë under ná\# 1. LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308 -
118 except
{ik'sept}
I. 1. изключвам
present company always EXCEPTed с изключение на присъствуващите лица, присъствуващите се изключват
2. възразявам (to, against), отхвърлям, не признавам
правя отвод (to)
II. prep освен, с изключение на
EXCEPT for the ending освен края, ако не беше краят, като изключим края
III. cj ост., книж. освен ако, ако не* * *{ik'sept} v 1. изключвам; present company always excepted с изключе(2) {ik'sept} prep освен, с изключение на; except for the ending ос{3} {ik'sept} cj ост., книж. освен ако, ако не.* * *освен; отхвърлям; изключая; изключвам;* * *1. except for the ending освен края, ако не беше краят, като изключим края 2. i. изключвам 3. ii. prep освен, с изключение на 4. iii. cj ост., книж. освен ако, ако не 5. present company always excepted с изключение на присъствуващите лица, присъствуващите се изключват 6. възразявам (to, against), отхвърлям, не признавам 7. правя отвод (to)* * *except[ik´sept] I. prep освен, с изключение на, \except for John the room was empty като изключим Джон стаята бе празна, освен Джон в стаята нямаше никой; II. v 1. изключвам; изпускам; present company \excepted с изключение на присъстващите; 2. възразявам ( against, to); отхвърлям, не признавам; юрид. правя отвод (to); to \except to a tribunal оспорвам компетентността на съда; III. cj ост. освен; ако не. -
119 -ilco
k *you two, abandoned pronominal ending for the familiar 2nd person dual; in later sources the relevant ending is rather -stë VT49:48. The ending -ilco was apparently changed from -ilto VT49:49. Compare -illo. -
120 -ldë
1 pronominal suffix you, 2nd person pl. VT49:51; carildë *you do, VT49:16. This ending Tolkien revised from -llë in earlier sources VT49:48, cf. PE17:69. 2 feminine agental suffix. Tolkien at one point commented that Vardas title Tintallë Kindler should be Tintaldë because the ending -llë was rather the suffix for plural you PE17:69. Since this pronominal suffix -llë was later revised to -ldë, it is now the ending of Tintaldë itself that would be potentially problematic.
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