small+patent

SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines

[br]

[br]

[br]

Stuart's involvement with engines covered a period of less than ten years and was concerned with a means of vaporizing the heavier oils for use in the so-called oil engines. Leaving his native Yorkshire for Bletchley in Buckinghamshire, Stuart worked in his father's business, the Bletchley Iron and Tin Plate works. After finishing grammar school, he worked as an assistant in the Mechanical Engineering Department of the City and Guilds of London Technical College. He also formed a connection with the Finsbury Technical College, where he became acquainted with Professor William Robinson, a distinguished engineer eminent in the field of internal-combustion engines.

Resuming work at Bletchley, Stuart carried out experiments with engines. His first patent was concerned with new methods of vaporizing the fuel, scavenging systems and improvement of speed control. Two further patents, in 1890, specified substantial improvements and formed the basis of later engine designs. In 1891 Stuart joined forces with R.Hornsby and Sons of Grantham, a firm founded in 1815 for the manufacture of machinery and steam engines. Hornsby acquired all rights to Stuart's engine patents, and their superior technical resources ensured substantial improvements to Stuart's early design. The Hornsby-Ackroyd engines, introduced in 1892, were highly successful and found wide acceptance, particularly in agriculture. With failing health, Stuart's interest in his engine work declined, and in 1899 he emigrated to Australia, where in 1903 he became a partner in importing gas engines and gas-producing plants. Following his death in 1927, under the terms of his will he was interred in England; sadly, he also requested that all papers and materials pertaining to his engines be destroyed.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy, Textiles

[br]

[br]

[br]

John Wyatt was the eldest son of John and Jane Wyatt, who lived in the small village of Thickbroom in the parish of Weeford, near Lichfield. John the younger was educated at Lichfield school and then worked as a carpenter at Thickbroom till 1730. In 1732 he was in Birmingham, engaged by a man named Heely, a gunbarrel forger, who became bankrupt in 1734. Wyatt had invented a machine for making files and sought the help of Lewis Paul to manufacture this commercially.

The surviving papers of Paul and Wyatt in Birmingham are mostly undated and show a variety of machines with which they were involved. There was a machine for "making lead hard" which had rollers, and "a Gymcrak of some consequence" probably refers to a machine for boring barrels or the file-making machine. Wyatt is said to have been one of the unsuccessful competitors for the erection of London Bridge in 1736. He invented and perfected the compound-lever weighing machine. He had more success with this: after 1744, machines for weighing up to five tons were set up at Birmingham, Chester, Gloucester, Hereford, Lichfield and Liverpool. Road construction, bridge building, hydrostatics, canals, water-powered engines and many other schemes received his attention and it is said that he was employed for a time after 1744 by Matthew Boulton.

It is certain that in April 1735 Paul and Wyatt were working on their spinning machine and Wyatt was making a model of it in London in 1736, giving up his work in Birmingham. The first patent, in 1738, was taken out in the name of Lewis Paul. It is impossible to know which of these two invented what. This first patent covers a wide variety of descriptions of the vital roller drafting to draw out the fibres, and it is unknown which system was actually used. Paul's carding patent of 1748 and his second spinning patent of 1758 show that he moved away from the system and principles upon which Arkwright built his success. Wyatt and Paul's spinning machines were sufficiently promising for a mill to be set up in 1741 at the Upper Priory, Birmingham, that was powered by two asses. Wyatt was the person responsible for constructing the machinery. Edward Cave established another at Northampton powered by water while later Daniel Bourn built yet another at Leominster. Many others were interested too. The Birmingham mill did not work for long and seems to have been given up in 1743. Wyatt was imprisoned for debt in The Fleet in 1742, and when released in 1743 he tried for a time to run the Birmingham mill and possibly the Northampton one. The one at Leominster burned down in 1754, while the Northampton mill was advertised for sale in 1756. This last mill may have been used again in conjunction with the 1758 patent. It was Wyatt whom Daniel Bourn contacted about a grant for spindles for his Leominster mill in 1748, but this seems to have been Wyatt's last association with the spinning venture.

[br]

1) (written communication) Brief, der (to an + Akk.); (official communication) Schreiben, das

2) (of alphabet) Buchstabe, der

3) (fig.)

4) in pl. (literature) Literatur, die

* * *

1) (a mark expressing a sound: the letters of the alphabet.) der Buchstabe

2) (a written message, especially sent by post in an envelope: She slowly took the letter from its envelope; Did you post my letter?) der Brief

•

- academic.ru/42567/lettering">lettering

* * *

[ˈletəʳ, AM -t̬ɚ]

1. (message) Brief m, Schreiben nt

a business/love \letter ein Geschäfts-/Liebesbrief m

L\letters to the Editor JOURN Leserbriefe pl

a \letter from/to a friend ein Brief m von einem/an einen Freund

to inform sb by \letter jdn schriftlich verständigen

2. (of alphabet) Buchstabe m

to have a lot of \letters after one's name viele Titel haben

three-\letter word Wort nt mit drei Buchstaben

four-\letter word Schimpfwort nt

in large \letters in Großbuchstaben

in small \letters in Kleinbuchstaben

▶ to keep to [or follow] the \letter of the law nach dem Buchstaben des Gesetzes handeln

▶ to the \letter buchstabengetreu, genau nach Vorschrift

* * *

1. n

1) (of alphabet) Buchstabe m

2) (= written message) Brief m; (COMM ETC) Schreiben nt (form) (to an +acc)

3) (LITER)

4) (US: award) als Auszeichnung verliehenes Schulabzeichen

2. vt

* * *

letter¹ [ˈletə(r)]

A s

1. Buchstabe m (auch fig buchstäblicher Sinn):

a) wortwörtlich, buchstäblich,

b) fig peinlich genau;

the letter of the law der Buchstabe des Gesetzes;

in letter and in spirit dem Buchstaben und dem Sinne nach

2. a) Brief m, Schreiben n ( beide:

to an akk):

by letter brieflich, schriftlich;

letter of application Bewerbungsschreiben;

letter of complaint Beschwerdebrief;

letter of introduction Einführungsschreiben;

letter of thanks Dank(es)brief, Dankschreiben;

letter to the editor Leserbrief;

“all letters (will be) answered” (in Kontaktanzeigen etc) „beantworte jede Zuschrift“; → condolence, recommendation c

b) → French letter

3. meist pl (amtlicher) Brief, Urkunde f:

letters of administration JUR Nachlassverwalterzeugnis n;

letters of credence, letters credential POL Beglaubigungsschreiben n;

letter of credit WIRTSCH Akkreditiv n;

a)(Adels- etc) Patent n,

b) JUR Patenturkunde;

letters testamentary JUR US Testamentsvollstreckerzeugnis n; → attorney b, rogatory

4. TYPO

a) Letter f, Type f

b) koll Lettern pl, Typen pl

c) Schrift(art) f

5. pl (auch als sg konstruiert)

a) (schöne) Literatur

b) Bildung f

c) Wissenschaft f:

man of letters Literat m; Gelehrte(r) m

6. SCHULE, UNIV US Abzeichen mit den Initialen einer Schule etc, das besonders für herausragende sportliche Leistungen verliehen wird

B v/t

1. beschriften

2. mit Buchstaben bezeichnen

3. ein Buch am Rand mit den Buchstaben (des Alphabets als Daumenindex) versehen

letter² [ˈletə(r)] s besonders Br Vermieter(in), Verpächter(in)

* * *

1) (written communication) Brief, der (to an + Akk.); (official communication) Schreiben, das

2) (of alphabet) Buchstabe, der

3) (fig.)

4) in pl. (literature) Literatur, die

* * *

Brief -e m.

Buchstabe m.

Einsendung f.

1) (set down) schriftlich festhalten [Name, Zahl, Detail]

2) (enter) registrieren [Geburt, Heirat, Todesfall, Patent]; (cause to be entered) registrieren lassen; eintragen [Warenzeichen, Firma, Verein]; anmelden [Auto, Patent]; abs. (at hotel) sich ins Fremdenbuch eintragen

3) (enrol) anmelden; (Univ.) einschreiben; immatrikulieren; (as voter) eintragen (on in + Akk.) [Person]; abs. (as student) sich einschreiben od. immatrikulieren; (in list of voters) sich ins Wählerverzeichnis eintragen lassen

4) (Post) eingeschrieben versenden

5) zum Ausdruck bringen [Entsetzen, Überraschung]

(make impression) einen Eindruck machen (on, with auf+ Akk.)

* * *

1) (to write or cause to be written in a register: to register the birth of a baby.) eintragen

2) (to write one's name, or have one's name written, in a register etc: They arrived on Friday and registered at the Hilton Hotel.) sich eintragen

3) (to insure (a parcel, letter etc) against loss in the post.) einschreiben

4) ((of an instrument, dial etc) to show (a figure, amount etc): The thermometer registered 25°C.) registrieren

•

- academic.ru/61193/registered">registered

* * *

[ˈreʤɪstəʳ, AM -ɚ]

I. n

1. (official list) Register nt, Verzeichnis nt

\register of births, marriages and deaths Personenstandsregister nt

bridal \register Hochzeitstisch m

class \register Klassenbuch nt

electoral \register Wählerverzeichnis nt

\register of electors [or voters] Wählerverzeichnis nt

hotel \register Gästebuch nt

\register of members [or shareholders] BRIT Aktienbuch nt

2. (device) Registriergerät nt; AM (till) Kasse f

3. (range) Volumen nt, Stimmumfang m; (part of span) Stimmlage f

higher/lower \register höhere/tiefere Stimmlage

4. LING Register nt fachspr, Sprachebene f

informal \register informelles Register

transactional \register Transaktionsregister nt

5. (of fire place) Klappe f; (of heater) Lüftungsschieber m

6. (in printing) [Inhalts]verzeichnis nt

7. (of book) Lesezeichen nt

8. COMPUT Register nt

II. vt

1. (report)

▪ to \register sb/sth jdn/etw registrieren [o eintragen]

to \register a birth/death eine Geburt/einen Tod anmelden [o eintragen lassen]

to \register a car ein Auto zulassen

she \registered the car in her name sie meldete das Auto auf ihren Namen an

to \register a copyright/trademark ein Urheberrecht/Warenzeichen eintragen

to \register an invention eine Erfindung patentieren lassen

to \register luggage BRIT Gepäck aufgeben

to \register a voter einen Wähler registrieren

2. (measure)

▪ to \register sth etw anzeigen

to \register heat/light/movement/rainfall Hitze/Licht/Bewegung/Regen registrieren

3. (at post office)

to \register a letter/parcel einen Brief/ein Päckchen per Einschreiben schicken

4. (notice)

▪ to \register sth sich dat etw merken

5. (show)

to \register disappointment/shock/surprise sich akk enttäuscht/schockiert/überrascht zeigen

to \register protest Protest zum Ausdruck bringen

6. COMPUT

▪ to \register sth (react to stimulus) auf etw akk ansprechen

III. vi

1. (person) sich akk melden; to vote sich akk eintragen; at university sich akk einschreiben [o immatrikulieren]

the bridal couple \registered at a popular department store das Hochzeitspaar stellte einen Hochzeitstisch in einem beliebten Warenhaus auf

to \register with the authorities/police sich akk behördlich/polizeilich melden

to \register for a course [or class] einen Kurs [o eine Klasse] belegen; (at university) sich akk für einen Kurs einschreiben

to \register for the draft esp AM sich akk zum Wehrdienst melden

to \register at a hotel sich akk in einem Hotel anmelden

to \register as unemployed sich akk arbeitslos melden

2. machine, measuring device angezeigt werden

the earthquake was too small to \register on the Richter scale das Erdbeben war zu klein, um auf der Richterskala angezeigt zu werden

3. ( fam: be understood) ankommen fam

I did mention the address but I'm not sure that it \registered [with him] ich habe die Adresse genannt, aber ich bin nicht sicher, ob sie bei ihm angekommen ist

4. (show) sich akk zeigen

a smile slowly \registered on his face ein Lächeln zeigte sich langsam auf seinem Gesicht

5. COMPUT (superimpose images) Register halten

* * *

1. n

1) (= book) Register nt; (at school) Namensliste f; (in hotel) Gästebuch nt; (of members etc) Mitgliedsbuch nt

2) (TECH: recording device) Registriergerät nt; (for controlling airflow) Klappe f → cash register

3) (MUS) Register nt; (= organ stop) Registerzug m

4) (LING) (Sprach)ebene f, Register nt (geh)

5) (TYP) Register nt

2. vt

1) (authorities = record formally) registrieren; (in book, files) eintragen; fact, figure erfassen

2) (individual = have recorded) birth, marriage, death (COMM) company, trademark anmelden, eintragen lassen; vehicle, child at school etc, candidate anmelden; student einschreiben

3) (= indicate) (machine) speed, quantity, rainfall, temperature registrieren; (face, expression) happiness, disapproval zum Ausdruck bringen

4) (POST) letter einschreiben → registered

5) (TYP) in Register bringen

6) (= realize) registrieren

3. vi

1) (on electoral list etc) sich eintragen; (in hotel) sich anmelden; (student) sich einschreiben, sich immatrikulieren

2) (inf

* * *

register¹ [ˈredʒıstə(r)]

A s

1. Register n ( auch IT), Eintragungsbuch n, Verzeichnis n, (Wähler- etc) Liste f:

keep a register of Buch führen über (akk);

register of births, deaths, and marriages Personenstandsregister;

register of companies Handelsregister;

register of patents Patentrolle f;

register of taxes Hebeliste f;

unpaid register WIRTSCH Verzeichnis nicht eingelöster Schecks;

register office Br Standesamt n;

they got married at a register office sie heirateten standesamtlich;

(ship’s) register SCHIFF

a) Registerbrief m,

b) Schiffsregister n; → condolence, ton¹ 2, tonnage 1

2. Registrierung f:

a) Eintrag m

b) Eintragung f

3. a) Register n, (Inhalts)Verzeichnis n, Index m

b) Buchzeichen n

4. TECH

a) Registriervorrichtung f, Zählwerk n: → cash register

b) Reguliervorrichtung f, Schieber m, Ventil n, Klappe f

5. MUS

a) (Orgel) Register n

b) Stimm-, Tonlage f

c) Stimmumfang m

6. TYPO Register n:

be in register Register halten

7. LING Register n, Sprach-, Stilebene f

B v/t

1. registrieren, eintragen oder -schreiben (lassen), anmelden ( for school zur Schule), weitS. (amtlich) erfassen, (auch fig einen Erfolg etc) verzeichnen, -buchen:

register o.s. POL sich in die (Wahl)Liste eintragen;

register a company WIRTSCH eine Gesellschaft (handelsgerichtlich) eintragen

2. JUR

a) ein Warenzeichen anmelden

b) einen Artikel gesetzlich schützen

3. Postwesen: einen Brief etc einschreiben (lassen)

4. Br sein Gepäck aufgeben

5. TECH Messwerte registrieren, anzeigen, verzeichnen

6. eine Empfindung zeigen, ausdrücken

7. TYPO Gedrucktes in das Register bringen

8. MIL ein Geschütz einschießen

C v/i

1. a) sich (in das Fremdenbuch, in die Wählerliste etc) eintragen (lassen)

b) UNIV etc sich einschreiben ( for für)

2. sich (an)melden (at, with bei der Polizei etc)

3. TYPO Register halten

4. it didn’t register with me umg ich hab es nicht registriert oder zur Kenntnis genommen

5. TECH

a) sich decken, genau zu- oder aufeinanderpassen

b) einrasten

6. MIL sich einschießen

7. MUS registrieren

register² [ˈredʒıstər] s:

register of wills JUR US Urkundsbeamte(r) m oder -beamtin f des Nachlassgerichts

reg. abk

1. MIL regiment Regt.

2. register (registered)

3. registrar

4. registry

5. regular (regularly) regelm.

6. regulation

* * *

1) (set down) schriftlich festhalten [Name, Zahl, Detail]

2) (enter) registrieren [Geburt, Heirat, Todesfall, Patent]; (cause to be entered) registrieren lassen; eintragen [Warenzeichen, Firma, Verein]; anmelden [Auto, Patent]; abs. (at hotel) sich ins Fremdenbuch eintragen

3) (enrol) anmelden; (Univ.) einschreiben; immatrikulieren; (as voter) eintragen (on in + Akk.) [Person]; abs. (as student) sich einschreiben od. immatrikulieren; (in list of voters) sich ins Wählerverzeichnis eintragen lassen

4) (Post) eingeschrieben versenden

5) zum Ausdruck bringen [Entsetzen, Überraschung]

(make impression) einen Eindruck machen (on, with auf+ Akk.)

* * *

Liste -n f.

Register - n. v.

anmelden v.

eintragen v.

registrieren v.

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

[br]

[br]

[br]

The son of a Congregationalist minister, Hall was educated at Oberlin College. There he was instructed in chemistry by Professor F.F.Jewett, a former student of the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler, who encouraged Hall to believe that there was a need for a cheap process for the manufacture of aluminium. After graduating in 1885, Hall set to work in his private laboratory exploring the method of fused salt electrolysis. On Wednesday 10 February 1886 he found that alumina dissolved in fused cryolite "like sugar in water", and that the bath so produced was a good conductor of electricity. He contained the solution in a pure graphite crucible which also acted as an efficient cathode, and by 16 February 1886 had produced the first globules of metallic aluminium. With two backers, Hall was able to complete his experiments and establish a small pilot plant in Boston, but they withdrew after the US Patent Examiners reported that Hall's invention had been anticipated by a French patent, filed by Paul Toussaint Héroult in April 1886. Although Hall had not filed until July 1886, he was permitted to testify that his invention had been completed by 16 February 1886 and on 2 April 1889 he was granted a seventeen-year monopoly in the United States. Hall now had the support of Captain A.E. Hunt of the Pittsburgh Testing Institute who provided the capital for establishing the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, which by 1889 was selling aluminium at $1 per pound compared to the $15 for sodium-reduced aluminium. Further capital was provided by the banker Andrew Mellon (1855–1937). Hall then turned his attention to Britain and began negotiations with Johnson Matthey, who provided land on a site at Patricroft near Manchester. Here the Aluminium Syndicate, owned by the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, began to produce aluminium in July 1890. By this time the validity of Hall's patent was being strongly contested by Héroult and also by the Cowles brothers, who attempted to operate the Hall process in the United States. Hall successfully sued them for infringement, and was confirmed in his patent rights by the celebrated ruling in 1893 of William Howard Taft, subsequently President of the USA. In 1895 Hall's company changed its name to the Pittsburgh Aluminium Company and moved to Niagara Falls, where cheap electrical power was available. In 1903 a legal compromise ended the litigation between the Hall and Héroult organizations. The American rights in the invention were awarded to Hall, and the European to Héroult. The Pittsburgh Aluminium Company became the Aluminium Company of America on 1 January 1907. On his death he left his estate, worth about $45 million, for the advancement of education.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines

[br]

[br]

[br]

Jonathan came from a family with an engineering tradition: his grandfather Joseph had worked under Thomas Newcomen. Jonathan was the sixth child in a family of thirteen whose names all began with "J". In 1781 he was living at Penryn, Cornwall and described himself as a plumber, brazier and engineer. As early as 1776, when he wished to amuse himself by making a small st-eam engine, he wanted to make something new and wondered if the steam would perform more than one operation in an engine. This was the foundation for his compound engine. He worked on engines in Cornwall, and in 1778 was Engineer at the Ting Tang mine where he helped Boulton \& Watt erect one of their engines. He was granted a patent in 1781 and in that year tried a large-scale experiment by connecting together two engines at Wheal Maid. Very soon John Winwood, a partner in a firm of iron founders at Bristol, acquired a share in the patent, and in 1782 an engine was erected in a colliery at Radstock, Somerset. This was probably not very successful, but a second was erected in the same area. Hornblower claimed greater economy from his engines, but steam pressures at that time were not high enough to produce really efficient compound engines. Between 1790 and 1794 ten engines with his two-cylinder arrangement were erected in Cornwall, and this threatened Boulton \& Watt's near monopoly. At first the steam was condensed by a surface condenser in the bottom of the second, larger cylinder, but this did not prove very successful and later a water jet was used. Although Boulton \& Watt proceeded against the owners of these engines for infringement of their patent, they did not take Jonathan Hornblower to court. He tried a method of packing the piston rod by a steam gland in 1781 and his work as an engineer must have been quite successful, for he left a considerable fortune on his death.

[br]

[kleɪm]

advance a claim заявлять претензию advance a claim предъявлять иск advance claim предварительное требование advise a claim сообщать об иске alternative claim юр. альтернативная претензия apparatus claim патентное притязание на устройство apparatus claim пункт формулы изобретения на устройство apparatus claim формула изобретения на устройство article claim пат. предмет заявки assert a claim предъявлять претензию average claim страх. иск об убытках от аварии belated claim задержанный иск cash claim денежное требование civil claim гражданский иск claim юр. возбуждать иск о возмещении убытков claim добиваться claim заявление claim заявление права claim заявлять claim заявлять права claim заявлять право claim заявлять претензию claim преим. амер. и австрал. участок земли, отведенный под разработку недр; заявка на отвод участка claim иск; рекламация claim иск claim иск о возмещении ущерба claim искать claim патентная формула claim патентные притязания claim право требования claim предъявлять иск claim предъявлять претензию claim предъявлять притязание claim предъявлять рекламацию claim предъявлять требование claim претендовать, предъявлять претензию, заявлять права (на что-л.); to claim the victory настаивать на своей победе claim претендовать claim претензия claim притязать claim пункт патентной заявки claim рекламация claim требование; претензия; притязание; утверждение, заявление claim требование, рекламация, иск claim требование claim требовать; to claim damages требовать возмещения убытков; to claim attention требовать к себе внимания claim требовать claim утверждать, заявлять claim утверждать claim утверждение claim участок, отведенный под разработку недр claim требовать; to claim damages требовать возмещения убытков; to claim attention требовать к себе внимания claim требовать; to claim damages требовать возмещения убытков; to claim attention требовать к себе внимания damages: claim claim взыскивать убытки claim claim требовать возмещения убытков claim claim требовать компенсации claim for compensation требование компенсации claim for damages требование о возмещении ущерба claim for dismissal требование об отклонении иска claim for indemnification требование о возмещении ущерба claim for nonperformance of activity иск на неисполнение действия claim for payment иск на оплату claim for recovery иск о возмещении ущерба claim for reduction просьба о возврате долга claim for refund требование возврата денег claim for relief требование снижения суммы платежа claim for restitution of property требование восстановления первоначального права собственности claim not settled неурегулированная претензия claim of indemnity требование возмещения убытков claim of recourse требование права регресса to claim one's right требовать своего claim over against возбуждать иск против claim that the defendant be ordered to требовать явки ответчика в суд claim претендовать, предъявлять претензию, заявлять права (на что-л.); to claim the victory настаивать на своей победе claim to personal property предъявление иска на личную собственность commercial claim торговая претензия compensation claim иск о компенсации ущерба consider a claim рассматривать претензию damage claim требование возмещения ущерба debt claim иск о взыскании долга deferred claim отсроченное требование delayed claim задержанная претензия delayed claim задержанное требование delayed claim задержанный иск dependent claim дополнительный пункт формулы изобретения dependent claim зависимый пункт формулы изобретения dismiss a claim отклонять претензию due claim платежное требование entitlement to claim право на жалобу erase a claim отказываться от претензии established claim обоснованная претензия fictitious claim ложная жалоба fiscal claim финансовая претензия free claim свободное требование garnished claim иск с наложенным арестом groundless claim необоснованная претензия illiquid claim юридически не обоснованный иск inadmissible claim неприемлемое требование independent claim независимый пункт формулы изобретения independent claim самостоятельный пункт формулы изобретения insurance claim страховое требование interest claim требование о выплате процентов irrecoverable claim требование невозместимости joint claim совместный иск to jump a claim незаконно захватить (что-л.), принадлежащее другому to jump a claim незаконно захватить участок, отведенный другому jump: claim захватывать (что-л.), завладевать (чем-л. в отсутствие владельца); to jump a (mining) claim завладеть чужим (горным) участком justified claim справедливое требование lawful claim законная претензия lawful claim законное требование lawful claim законный иск lay claim заявлять претензию lay claim предъявлять права lay claim претендовать to raise a claim предъявить претензию; to lay claim (to smth.), to put (smth.) in a claim предъявлять права (на что-л.) lay: claim приписывать (кому-л. что-л.); предъявлять; обвинять; to lay claim предъявлять права, притязания legal claim судебный иск legitimate claim законная претензия legitimate claim обоснованный иск legitimate: claim правильный, разумный; legitimate argument правильный довод; legitimate claim законное требование, обоснованная претензия liquid claim ликвидный иск main claim основная претензия main claim основное притязание main claim основной пункт формулы изобретения maintain a claim выставлять требование maintain a claim предъявлять иск maintenance claim иск по алиментам maintenance claim обращение за пособием на содержание make a claim предъявлять иск make a claim предъявлять претензию maritime claim морской иск meet a claim готовить возражения против иска meet a claim оспаривать иск method claim пункт формулы изобретения на способ method claim формула изобретения на способ minor claim мелкая претензия monetary claim денежная претензия monetary claim денежное требование money claim денежное требование mortgage claim требование по ипотеке omnibus claim заключительный пункт формулы изобретения omnibus claim общая формула изобретения omnibus claim пат. общее притязание omnibus claim очень широкая формула изобретения outstanding claim неурегулированная претензия outstanding claim просроченный иск patent claim патентное притязание patent claim притязание на выдачу патента patent claim пункт формулы изобретения patent claim формула изобретения pecuniary claim денежный иск pecuniary claim имущественный иск pending claim неудовлетворенный иск pension claim иск о получении страховой пенсии petty claim незначительное требование prefer a claim подавать иск prefer a claim предъявлять требование preferential claim преимущественное требование preferential claim привилегированное требование, преимущественное требование preferential claim привилегированное требование present a claim предъявлять претензию primary claim основной иск primary claim первичный иск principal claim главный иск principal claim основной иск prior claim преимущественное требование prior: claim более важный, веский; a prior claim более веская претензия priority claim преимущественное требование priority claim пат. притязание на приоритет privileged claim преимущественное требование process claim пат. пункт формулы изобретения на способ process claim пат. формула изобретения на способ product claim пат. пункт формулы изобретения на продукт product claim пункт формулы изобретения на фабрикат product claim пат. формула изобретения на фабрикат product claim пат. характеристика продукции prove a claim засвидетельствовать правильность иска to raise a claim предъявить претензию; to lay claim (to smth.), to put (smth.) in a claim предъявлять права (на что-л.) put: claim in a claim предъявлять иск raise a claim подавать иск to raise a claim предъявить претензию; to lay claim (to smth.), to put (smth.) in a claim предъявлять права (на что-л.) raise a claim предъявлять претензию raise: claim ставить, поднимать (вопрос); to raise a question поставить вопрос; to raise objections выдвигать возражения; to raise a claim предъявить претензию recourse claim юр. регрессное требование register a claim подавать иск reject a claim отвергать требование reject a claim отклонять иск reject a claim отклонять претензию renounce claim отказываться от претензии salary claim требование повышения заработной платы sales claim коммерческий аргумент salvage claim требование о выплате спасательного вознаграждения secondary claim дополнительный иск secured claim удовлетворенный иск settled claim урегулированная претензия small claim мелкая претензия to stake out a claim закреплять свое право (на что-л.) to stake out a claim отмечать границы отведенного участка stake: to claim out a claim заявлять свои права (на что-л.); stake up загораживать кольями to claim out a claim отмечать вехами границу земельного участка в подтверждение своего права на него stale claim притязание, не заявленное вовремя stale claim притязание, заявленное после неосновательного промедления subordinated claim субординированная претензия substance claim сущность формулы изобретения supplementary claim дополнительное требование tax refund claim требование возврата налога unenforceable claim претензия, не могущая быть заявленной в суде unliquidated claim неурегулированный иск unsecured claim необоснованный иск use claim притязание на право использования vindicate a claim доказывать справедливость иска wage claim требование увеличения заработной платы waive a claim отказываться от иска waive a claim отказываться от требования withdraw a claim отзывать иск withdraw a claim отказываться от иска

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

[br]

[br]

[br]

England trained with John Penn \& Sons, marine engine and boilermakers, and set up his own business at Hatcham Iron Works, South London, in about 1840. This was initially a general engineering business and made traversing screw jacks, which England had patented, but by 1850 it was building locomotives. One of these, Little England, a 2–2– 2T light locomotive owing much to the ideas of W.Bridges Adams, was exhibited at the Great Exhibition of 1851, and England then prospered, supplying many railways at home and abroad with small locomotives. In 1863 he built two exceptionally small 0–4–0 tank locomotives for the Festiniog Railway, which enabled the latter's Manager and Engineer C.E. Spooner to introduce steam traction on this line with its gauge of just under 2 ft (60 cm). England's works had a reputation for good workmanship, suggesting he inspired loyalty among his employees, yet he also displayed increasingly tyrannical behaviour towards them: the culmination was a disastrous strike in 1865 that resulted in the loss of a substantial order from the South Eastern Railway. From 1866 George England became associated with development of locomotives to the patent of Robert Fairlie, but in 1869 he retired due to ill health and leased his works to a partnership of his son (also called George England), Robert Fairlie and J.S.Fraser under the title of the Fairlie Engine \& Steam Carriage Company. However, George England junior died within a few months, locomotive production ceased in 1870 and the works was sold off two years later.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

[br]

[br]

[br]

Lartigue worked as a civil engineer in Algeria and while there invented a simple monorail for industrial or agricultural use. It comprised a single rail carried on trestles; vehicles comprised a single wheel with two tubs suspended either side, like panniers. These were pushed or pulled by hand or, occasionally, hauled by mule. Such lines were used in Algerian esparto-grass plantations.

In 1882 he patented a monorail system based on this arrangement, with important improvements: traction was to be mechanical; vehicles were to have two or four wheels and to be able to be coupled together; and the trestles were to have, on each side, a light guide rail upon which horizontal rollers beneath the vehicles would bear. Early in 1883 the Lartigue Railway Construction Company was formed in London and two experimental prototype monorails were subsequently demonstrated in public. One, at the Paris Agricultural Exhibition, had an electric locomotive that was built in two parts, one either side of the rail to maintain balance, hauling small wagons. The other prototype, in London, had a small, steam locomotive with two vertical boilers and was designed by Anatole Mallet. By now Lartigue had become associated with F.B. Behr. Behr was Managing Director of the construction company and of the Listowel \& Ballybunion Railway Company, which obtained an Act of Parliament in 1886 to built a Lartigue monorail railway in the South West of Ireland between those two places. Its further development and successful operation are described in the article on Behr in this volume.

A much less successful attempt to establish a Lartigue monorail railway took place in France, in the départment of Loire. In 1888 the council of the département agreed to a proposal put forward by Lartigue for a 10 1/2 mile (17 km) long monorail between the towns of Feurs and Panissières: the agreement was reached on the casting vote of the Chairman, a contact of Lartigue. A concession was granted to successive companies with which Lartigue was closely involved, but construction of the line was attended by muddle, delay and perhaps fraud, although it was completed sufficiently for trial trains to operate. The locomotive had two horizontal boilers, one either side of the track. But the inspectors of the department found deficiencies in the completeness and probable safety of the railway; when they did eventually agree to opening on a limited scale, the company claimed to have insufficient funds to do so unless monies owed by the department were paid. In the end the concession was forfeited and the line dismantled. More successful was an electrically operated Lartigue mineral line built at mines in the eastern Pyrenees.

It appears to have reused equipment from the electric demonstration line, with modifications, and included gradients as steep as 1 in 12. There was no generating station: descending trains generated the electricity to power ascending ones. This line is said to have operated for at least two years.

[br]

See also: Brennan, Louis; Palmer, Henry Robinson

SUBJECT AREA: Railways and locomotives, Steam and internal combustion engines

[br]

[br]

[br]

Seguin trained under Joseph Montgolfier, one of the inventors of the hot-air balloon, and became a pioneer of suspension bridges. In 1825 he was involved in an attempt to introduce steam navigation to the River Rhône using a tug fitted with a winding drum to wind itself upstream along a cable attached to a point on the bank, with a separate boat to transfer the cable from point to point. The attempt proved unsuccessful and was short-lived, but in 1825 Seguin had decided also to seek a government concession for a railway from Saint-Etienne to Lyons as a feeder of traffic to the river. He inspected the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and met George Stephenson; the concession was granted in 1826 to Seguin Frères \& Ed. Biot and two steam locomotives were built to their order by Robert Stephenson \& Co. The locomotives were shipped to France in the spring of 1828 for evaluation prior to construction of others there; each had two vertical cylinders, one each side between front and rear wheels, and a boiler with a single large-diameter furnace tube, with a watertube grate. Meanwhile, in 1827 Seguin, who was still attempting to produce a steamboat powerful enough to navigate the fast-flowing Rhône, had conceived the idea of increasing the heating surface of a boiler by causing the hot gases from combustion to pass through a series of tubes immersed in the water. He was soon considering application of this type of boiler to a locomotive. He applied for a patent for a multi-tubular boiler on 12 December 1827 and carried out numerous experiments with various means of producing a forced draught to overcome the perceived obstruction caused by the small tubes. By May 1829 the steam-navigation venture had collapsed, but Seguin had a locomotive under construction in the workshops of the Lyons-Sain t- Etienne Railway: he retained the cylinder layout of its Stephenson locomotives, but incorporated a boiler of his own design. The fire was beneath the barrel, surrounded by a water-jacket: a single large flue ran towards the front of the boiler, whence hot gases returned via many small tubes through the boiler barrel to a chimney above the firedoor. Draught was provided by axle-driven fans on the tender.

Seguin was not aware of the contemporary construction of Rocket, with a multi-tubular boiler, by Robert Stephenson; Rocket had its first trial run on 5 September 1829, but the precise date on which Seguin's locomotive first ran appears to be unknown, although by 20 October many experiments had been carried out upon it. Seguin's concept of a multi-tubular locomotive boiler therefore considerably antedated that of Henry Booth, and his first locomotive was completed about the same date as Rocket. It was from Rocket's boiler, however, rather than from that of Seguin's locomotive, that the conventional locomotive boiler was descended.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity

[br]

[br]

[br]

After completing a mechanical engineering apprenticeship Wilde commenced in business as a telegraph and lightning conductor specialist in Lancashire. Several years spent on the design of an alphabetic telegraph resulted in a number of patents. In 1864 he secured a patent for an electromagnetic generator which gave alternating current from a shuttle-wound armature, the field being excited by a small direct-current magneto. Wilde's invention was described to the Royal Society by Faraday in March 1866. When demonstrated at the Paris Exhibition of 1867, Wilde's machine produced sufficient power to maintain an arc light. The small size of the generator provided a contrast to the large and heavy magnetoelectric machines also exhibited. He discovered, by experiment, that alternators in synchronism could be connected in parallel. At about the same time John Hopkinson arrived at the same conclusions on theoretical grounds.

Between 1866 and 1877 he sold ninety-four machines with commutators for electroplating purposes, a number being purchased by Elkingtons of Birmingham. He also supplied generators for the first use of electric searchlights on battleships. In his early experiments Wilde was extremely close to the discovery of true self-excitation from remnant magnetism, a principle which he was to discover in 1867 on machines intended for electroplating. His patents proved to be financially successful and he retired from business in 1884. During the remaining thirty-five years of his life he published many scientific papers, turning from experimental work to philosophical and, finally, theological matters. His record as an inventor established him as a pioneer of electrical engineering, but his lack of scientific training was to restrict his later contributions.

[br]

1) (a light, gentle blow or touch, usually with the palm of the hand and showing affection: She gave the child a pat on the head.) palmadita, caricia

2) ((of butter) a small piece; a lump.) porción pequeña

pat¹ n palmadita

pat² vb dar palmaditas

El pasado y el participio pasado de pat se escribe patted; el gerundio se escribe patting

tr['petɪənt]

abbreviation

1 ( patent) patente nombre femenino; (abbreviation) Pat

pat ['pæt] vt, patted ; patting : dar palmaditas a, tocar

pat adv

: de memoria

to have down pat: saberse de memoria

pat adj

1) apt: apto, apropiado

2) glib: fácil

3) unyielding: firme

to stand pat: mantenerse firme

pat n

1) tap: golpecito m, palmadita f

a pat on the back: una palmadita en la espalda

2) caress: caricia f

3) : porción f

a pat of butter: una porción de mantequilla

pat (of the hand)

• palmadita s.f.

• oportuno, -a adj.

• a propósito adv.

• caricia s.f.

• golpecito s.m.

• palmada s.f.

• acariciar v.

transitive verb - tt- darle* palmaditas a

1) ( tap) palmadita f, golpecito m; ( touch) toque m

2) ( Culin) ( of butter) porción f

adjective (pej) < answer> fácil

a) ( by heart)

b) (AmE)

[pæt]

* * *

transitive verb - tt- darle* palmaditas a

1) ( tap) palmadita f, golpecito m; ( touch) toque m

2) ( Culin) ( of butter) porción f

adjective (pej) < answer> fácil

a) ( by heart)

b) (AmE)

1) (a light, gentle blow or touch, usually with the palm of the hand and showing affection: She gave the child a pat on the head.) palmadita, caricia

2) ((of butter) a small piece; a lump.) porción pequeña

pat¹ n palmadita

pat² vb dar palmaditas

El pasado y el participio pasado de pat se escribe patted; el gerundio se escribe patting

tr['petɪənt]

abbreviation

1 ( patent) patente nombre femenino; (abbreviation) Pat

pat ['pæt] vt, patted ; patting : dar palmaditas a, tocar

pat adv

: de memoria

to have down pat: saberse de memoria

pat adj

1) apt: apto, apropiado

2) glib: fácil

3) unyielding: firme

to stand pat: mantenerse firme

pat n

1) tap: golpecito m, palmadita f

a pat on the back: una palmadita en la espalda

2) caress: caricia f

3) : porción f

a pat of butter: una porción de mantequilla

pat (of the hand)

• palmadita s.f.

• oportuno, -a adj.

• a propósito adv.

• caricia s.f.

• golpecito s.m.

• palmada s.f.

• acariciar v.

transitive verb - tt- darle* palmaditas a

1) ( tap) palmadita f, golpecito m; ( touch) toque m

2) ( Culin) ( of butter) porción f

adjective (pej) < answer> fácil

a) ( by heart)

b) (AmE)

1. N

1) (=light blow) palmadita f, golpecito m ; (=caress) caricia f

2) [of butter] porción f

VT (=touch) [+ hair, face etc] tocar, pasar la mano por; (=tap) dar una palmadita en; [+ child's head, dog] acariciar

- stand pat

ADJ [answer] fácil

* * *

transitive verb - tt- darle* palmaditas a

1) ( tap) palmadita f, golpecito m; ( touch) toque m

2) ( Culin) ( of butter) porción f

adjective (pej) < answer> fácil

a) ( by heart)

b) (AmE)

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

[br]

[br]

[br]

Booth followed his father as a Liverpool corn merchant but had great mechanical aptitude. In 1824 he joined the committee for the proposed Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) and after the company obtained its Act of Parliament in 1826 he was appointed Treasurer.

In 1829 the L \& MR announced a prize competition, the Rainhill Trials, for an improved steam locomotive: Booth, realizing that the power of a locomotive depended largely upon its capacity to raise steam, had the idea that this could be maximized by passing burning gases from the fire through the boiler in many small tubes to increase the heating surface, rather than in one large one, as was then the practice. He was apparently unaware of work on this type of boiler even then being done by Marc Seguin, and the 1791 American patent by John Stevens. Booth discussed his idea with George Stephenson, and a boiler of this type was incorporated into the locomotive Rocket, which was built by Robert Stephenson and entered in the Trials by Booth and the two Stephensons in partnership. The boiler enabled Rocket to do all that was required in the trials, and far more: it became the prototype for all subsequent conventional locomotive boilers.

After the L \& MR opened in 1830, Booth as Treasurer became in effect the general superintendent and was later General Manager. He invented screw couplings for use with sprung buffers. When the L \& MR was absorbed by the Grand Junction Railway in 1845 he became Secretary of the latter, and when, later the same year, that in turn amalgamated with the London \& Birmingham Railway (L \& BR) to form the London \& North Western Railway (L \& NWR), he became joint Secretary with Richard Creed from the L \& BR.

Earlier, completion in 1838 of the railway from London to Liverpool had brought problems with regard to local times. Towns then kept their own time according to their longitude: Birmingham time, for instance, was 7¼ minutes later than London time. This caused difficulties in railway operation, so Booth prepared a petition to Parliament on behalf of the L \& MR that London time should be used throughout the country, and in 1847 the L \& NWR, with other principal railways and the Post Office, adopted Greenwich time. It was only in 1880, however, that the arrangement was made law by Act of Parliament.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing

[br]

[br]

[br]

For the first twenty-five years of his life, Gestetner was a rolling stone and accordingly gathered no moss. Leaving school in 1867, he began working for an uncle in Sopron, making sausages. Four years later he apprenticed himself to another uncle, a stockbroker, in Vienna. The financial crisis of 1873 prompted a move to a restaurant, also in the family, but tiring of a menial existence, he emigrated to the USA, travelling steerage. He began to earn a living by selling Japanese kites: these were made of strong Japanese paper coated with lacquer, and he noted their long fibres and great strength, an observation that was later to prove useful when he was searching for a suitable medium for stencil duplicating. However, he did not prosper in the USA and he returned to Europe, first to Vienna and finally to London in 1879. He took a job with Fairholme \& Co., stationers in Shoe Lane, off Holborn; at last Gestetner found an outlet for his inventive genius and he began his life's work in developing stencil duplicating. His first patent was in 1879 for an application of the hectograph, an early method of duplicating documents. In 1881, he patented the toothed-wheel pen, or Cyclostyle, which made good ink-passing perforations in the stencil paper, with which he was able to pioneer the first practicable form of stencil duplicating. He then adopted a better stencil tissue of Japanese paper coated with wax, and later an improved form of pen. This assured the success of Gestetner's form of stencil duplicating and it became established practice in offices in the late 1880s. Gestetner began to manufacture the apparatus in premises in Sun Street, at first under the name of Fairholme, since they had defrayed the patent expenses and otherwise supported him financially, in return for which Gestetner assigned them his patent rights. In 1882 he patented the wheel pen in the USA and appointed an agent to sell the equipment there. In 1884 he moved to larger premises, and three years later to still larger premises. The introduction of the typewriter prompted modifications that enabled stencil duplicating to become both the standard means of printing short runs of copy and an essential piece of equipment in offices. Before the First World War, Gestetner's products were being sold around the world; in fact he created one of the first truly international distribution networks. He finally moved to a large factory to the north-east of London: when his company went public in 1929, it had a share capital of nearly £750,000. It was only with the development of electrostatic photocopying and small office offset litho machines that stencil duplicating began to decline in the 1960s. The firm David Gestetner had founded adapted to the new conditions and prospers still, under the direction of his grandson and namesake.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology

[br]

[br]

[br]

After education at a private school in Marlborough, Hancock spent some time in "mechanical pursuits". He went to London to better himself and c.1819 his interest was aroused in the uses of rubber, which until then had been limited. His first patent, dated 29 April 1820, was for the application of rubber in clothing where some elasticity was useful, such as braces or slip-on boots. He noticed that freshly cut pieces of rubber could be made to adhere by pressure to form larger pieces. To cut up his imported and waste rubber into small pieces, Hancock developed his "masticator". This device consisted of a spiked roller revolving in a hollow cylinder. However, when rubber was fed in to the machine, the product was not the expected shredded rubber, but a homogeneous cylindrical mass of solid rubber, formed by the heat generated by the process and pressure against the outer cylinder. This rubber could then be compacted into blocks or rolled into sheets at his factory in Goswell Road, London; the blocks and sheets could be used to make a variety of useful articles. Meanwhile Hancock entered into partnership with Charles Macintosh in Manchester to manufacture rubberized, waterproof fabrics. Despite these developments, rubber remained an unsatisfactory material, becoming sticky when warmed and losing its elasticity when cold. In 1842 Hancock encountered specimens of vulcanized rubber prepared by Charles Goodyear in America. Hancock worked out for himself that it was made by heating rubber and sulphur, and obtained a patent for the manufacture of the material on 21 November 1843. This patent also included details of a new form of rubber, hardened by heating to a higher temperature, that was later called vulcanite, or ebonite. In 1846 he began making solid rubber tyres for road vehicles. Overall Hancock took out sixteen patents, covering all aspects of the rubber industry; they were a leading factor in the development of the industry from 1820 until their expiry in 1858.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology

[br]

[br]

[br]

Kilby spent most of his childhood in Great Bend, Kansas, where he often accompanied his father, an electrical power engineer, on his maintenance rounds. Working in the blizzard of 1937, his father borrowed a "ham" radio, and this fired Jack to study for his amateur licence (W9GTY) and to construct his own equipment while still a student at Great Bend High School. In 1941 he entered the University of Illinois, but four months later, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, he was enlisted in the US Army and found himself working in a radio repair workshop in India. When the war ended he returned to his studies, obtaining his BSEE from Illinois in 1947 and his MSEE from the University of Wisconsin. He then joined Centralab, a small electronics firm in Milwaukee owned by Globe-Union. There he filed twelve patents, including some for reduced titanate capacitors and for Steatite-packing of transistors, and developed a transistorized hearing-aid. During this period he also attended a course on transistors at Bell Laboratories. In May 1958, concerned to gain experience in the field of number processing, he joined Texas Instruments in Dallas. Shortly afterwards, while working alone during the factory vacation, he conceived the idea of making monolithic, or integrated, circuits by diffusing impurities into a silicon substrate to create P-N junctions. Within less than a month he had produced a complete oscillator on a chip to prove that the technology was feasible, and the following year at the 1ERE Show he demonstrated a germanium integrated-circuit flip-flop. Initially he was granted a patent for the idea, but eventually, after protracted litigation, priority was awarded to Robert Noyce of Fairchild. In 1965 he was commissioned by Patrick Haggerty, the Chief Executive of Texas Instruments, to make a pocket calculator based on integrated circuits, and on 14 April 1971 the world's first such device, the Pocketronic, was launched onto the market. Costing $150 (and weighing some 2½ lb or 1.1 kg), it was an instant success and in 1972 some 5 million calculators were sold worldwide. He left Texas Instruments in November 1970 to become an independent consultant and inventor, working on, amongst other things, methods of deriving electricity from sunlight.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics, Recording

[br]

[br]

[br]

Lauste was a prolific inventor who as a 22-year-old had more than fifty patents to his name. He joined Edison's West Orange Laboratory as Assistant to W.K.L. Dickson in 1887; he was soon involved in the development of early motion pictures, beginning an association with the cinema that was to dominate the rest of his working life. He left Edison in 1892 to pursue an interest in petrol engines, but within two years he returned to cinematography, where, in association with Major Woodville Latham, he introduced small but significant improvements to film-projection systems. In 1900 an interest in sound recording, dating back to his early days with Edison, led Lauste to begin exploring the possibility of recording sound photographically on film alongside the picture. In 1904 he moved to England, where he continued his experiments, and by 1907 he had succeeded in photographing a sound trace and picture simultaneously, each image occupying half the width of the film.

Despite successful demonstrations of Lauste's system on both sides of the Atlantic, he enjoyed no commercial success. Handicapped by lack of capital, his efforts were finally brought to an end by the First World War. In 1906 Lauste had filed a patent for his sound-on-film system, which has been described by some authorities as the master patent for talking pictures. Although this claim is questionable, he was the first to produce a practicable scund-on-film system and establish the basic principles that were universally followed until the introduction of magnetic sound.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

[br]

[br]

[br]

At the age of 16 Charles Spooner helped his father, James, to build the Festiniog Railway, a horse-and-gravity tramroad; they maintained an even gradient and kept costs down by following a sinuous course along Welsh mountainsides and using a very narrow gauge. This was probably originally 2 ft 1 in. (63.5 cm) from rail centre to rail centre; with the introduction of heavier, and therefore wider, rails the gauge between them was reduced and was eventually standardized at 1 ft 11 1/2 in (60 cm). After James Spooner's death in 1856 Charles Spooner became Manager and Engineer of the Festiniog Railway and sought to introduce steam locomotives. Widening the gauge was impracticable, but there was no precedent for operating a public railway of such narrow gauge by steam. Much of the design work for locomotives for the Festiniog Railway was the responsibility of C.M.Holland, and many possible types were considered: eventually, in 1863, two very small 0–4–0 tank locomotives, with tenders for coal, were built by George England.

These locomotives were successful, after initial problems had been overcome, and a passenger train service was introduced in 1865 with equal success. The potential for economical operation offered by such a railway attracted widespread attention, the more so because it had been effectively illegal to build new passenger railways in Britain to other than standard gauge since the Gauge of Railways Act of 1846.

Spooner progressively improved the track, alignment, signalling and rolling stock of the Festiniog Railway and developed it from a tramroad to a miniaturized main line. Increasing traffic led to the introduction in 1869 of the 0–4–4–0 double-Fairlie locomotive Little Wonder, built to the patent of Robert Fairlie. This proved more powerful than two 0–4–0s and impressive demonstrations were given to engineers from many parts of the world, leading to the widespread adoption of narrow-gauge railways. Spooner himself favoured a gauge of 2 ft 6 in. (76 cm) or 2 ft 9 in. (84 cm). Comparison of the economy of narrow gauges with the inconvenience of a break of gauge at junctions with wider gauges did, however, become a continuing controversy, which limited the adoption of narrow gauges in Britain.

Bogie coaches had long been used in North America but were introduced to Britain by Spooner in 1872, when he had two such coaches built for the Festiniog Railway. Both of these and one of its original locomotives, though much rebuilt, remain in service.

Spooner, despite some serious illnesses, remained Manager of the Festiniog Railway until his death.

[br]