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1 βιασμός
rapeΕλληνικά-Αγγλικά νέο λεξικό (Greek-English new dictionary) > βιασμός
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2 κράμβη
rapeΕλληνικά-Αγγλικά νέο λεξικό (Greek-English new dictionary) > κράμβη
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3 ἁρπαγή
ἁρπαγ-ή, ἡ,A seizure, robbery, rape, first in Sol.4.13; ὀφλὼν ἁρπαγῆς δίκην found guilty of rape, A.Ag. 534;αἰτέειν δίκας τῆς ἁ. Hdt.1.2
; ἁρπαγῇ χρησαμένους ib.5; ἁρπαγὴν ποιεῖσθαι, ποιεῖν, Th.6.52, X.Cyr. 7.2.12;ἐφ' ἁ. τραπέσθαι Th.4.104
, X.Cyr.4.2.25;τοῦ κρητῆρος ἡ ἁ. Hdt.3.48
: pl., of a single act,συνεπρήξαντο τὰς Ἑλένης ἁ. Id.5.94
, cf. A.Th. 351 (lyr.), Supp. 510; Καδμείων ἁ., of the Sphinx, E.Ph. 1021 (lyr.).II thing seized, booty, prey,τοῦ φθάσαντος ἁ. A.Pers. 752
; ἁ. κυσί, θηρσί, Id.Th. 1019, E.El. 896; ἁρπαγὴν ποιεῖσθαί τι to make booty of a thing. Th.8.62.IV ἐν ἁρπαγῇ σελήνης when the moon is invisible, PMag.Par.1.750. -
4 γογγύλος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `round' (A.).Derivatives: Substantivized (with change of stress) γόγγυλος "the round one" = `κόνδυλος, the clenched fist' (Sch.), `ὄλυνθος, wild fig' (Nic.). γογγυλίς (Com.), γογγύλη (Str.) `rape', also `round bread' (Ar.), γογγυλίδιον `pill' (medic.); γογγυλώδης `round' (Sch.); denom. γογγύλλω `make round' (Porson Ar. Th. 56 for γογγυλίζω after γογγύλ\<λ\> ειν συστρέφειν H.); γογγυλεύματα στρογγυλεύματα H. - Isolated γογγυλά̄της `hurling balls of fire'? epith. of Zeus (Lyc.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Beside γογγύλος stands στρογγύλος `id.' (cf. ἀγκύλος, καμπύλος). - If γογγύ-λος was based on an u-stem, this is perh. found in ON kǫkkr `clump', PGm. * kanku-z, \< * gongu-s. Connection with γιγγίς, γιγγίδιον a kind of `rape' (s. vv.) \< *γεγγίς seems not probable. Comparison with Lith. gungulỹs `ball' also is rather useless. Reconstruction of IE * geng-, gong-, gn̥g- `clump, ball' (Pok. 379) is of doubtful value; most words are Germanic and would mean `bend'.Page in Frisk: 1,318-319Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γογγύλος
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5 ἐκβιάζω
V 0-1-0-2-2=5 JgsB 14,15; Ps 37(38),13; Prv 16,26; Wis 14,19; SusLXX 19A: to do violence to, to force [τινα] JgsB 14,15M: to press upon [τι] Ps 37(38),13; to force out, to dislodge, to expel [τι] Prv 16,26; to use violence against, to rape [τινα] SusLXX 19Cf. HELBING 1928, 13; LARCHER 1985 819-820(Wis 16,19) -
6 καταισχύνω
+ V 0-5-34-27-13=79 JgsB 18,7; 2 Sm 10,6; 16,21; 19,6; 2 Kgs 19,26A: to dishonour, to put to shame [τινα] 2 Sm 16,21; to disappoint [τινα] Ps 118 (119),31; to dishonour, to violate, to rape [τινα] (of women) Ru 2,15; to put to shame [τι] JgsB 18,7; to live dishonestly Sir 22,4M/P: to be ashamed Jer 10,14; to be ashamed of [ἀπό τινος] Jer 31(48),13*2 Sm 10,6 κατῃσχύνθησαν they were ashamed-ושׁנבו שׁבו(?) for MT ושׁנבא they had become odious; *2 Sm 16,21 κατῄσχυνας you have dishonoured-תשׁהבי for MT תשׁנבא you have made yourself odious; *Is 28,16 καταισχυνθῇ he shall be ashamed-שׁיבו for MT שׁיחי שׁחו he will panic, he will be in haste; *Jer 27(50),38 καταισχυνθήσονταιthey shall be ashamed-ושׁיבו שׁבו for MT ושׁיב שׁיב that they may be dried up; *Ez 24,12 καταισχυνθήσεται he shall become shameful-השׁבא? שׁבו for MT שׁא/ב in fireCf. HELBING 1928, 262; SCHREINER 1957 103 (Jgs 18,7) -
7 βία
Aβίηφι Od.6.6
:—bodily strength, force, Hom., etc.;χειρῶν βία B. 10.91
:—in Hom., periphr. of strong men,βίη Ἡρακληείη Il.2.658
, where the part. masc. πέρσας follows, cf. 11.690; βίη Ἐτεοκληείη, Ἰφικλείη, 4.386, Od.11.290, etc.;βίη Διομήδεος Il.5.781
; alsoἲς.. βίης Ἠρακληείης Hes.Th. 332
: so in Lyr. and Trag.,Πέλοπος βία B.5.181
; Τυδέως βία, Πολυνείκους β., A.Th. 571, 577;φίλτατ' Αἰγίσθου β. Id.Ch. 893
; θήρειος β., = Κένταυροι, S. Tr. 1059.2 personified,Κράτος Βία τε A.Pr.12
.3 of the mind,οὐκ ἔστι βίη φρεσίν Il.3.45
.b of an argument,βίαν οὐκ ἔχειν πρὸς <τὸ> ἀποδειξαι Phld.Sign.9
.II act of violence,ὕβρις τε βίη τε Od.15.329
: mostly in pl.,κείνων γε βίας ἀποτείσεαι 11.117
;βίας ὑποδέγμενος ἀνδρῶν 16.189
;βίαι ἀνέμων Il.16.213
.2 βίᾳ τινός against one's will, in spite of him, A.Th. 746 (lyr.), S.Ant.79, Th.1.43, etc.;β. φρενῶν A.Th. 612
;β. καρδίας Id.Supp. 798
; β. alone as Adv., perforce, Od.15.231, B.17.10, A.Pr.74, al.;βίῃ ἐπειρᾶτο Hdt. 6.5
; opp. κατὰ φύσιν, Arist.Ph. 215a1; alsoπρὸς βίαν τινός A.Eu.5
;πρὸς βίαν ἄγειν τινά Id.Pr. 210
, cf. S.OT 805, Eup.8.10 D., Ar.V. 443, etc.; opp. ἑκών, Pl.Phdr. 236d; , al., Herod.5.58;ὑπὸ βίης Hdt.6.107
;ἀπὸ βίας D.S.20.51
; of Zeus,εὐμενεῖ βία κτίσας A.Supp. 1068
(lyr.).3 in [dialect] Att. law, rape, βίας δίκη Sch.Pl.R. 464e;βίᾳ αἰσχύνεσθαί τινα Lys.1.32
.4 = Lat. vis, βίας γραφή D C.37.31, cf. 33;μαρτύρομαι τὴν βίαν POxy.1120.11
(iii A. D.). (Cf. Skt. jyā´ jiyā´ 'preponderating power', jināti 'oppress'.) -
8 βιασμός
βῐασ-μός, ὁ,A violence, Aen. Tact.24.15, Eup.64; rape, , cf. Satyr. Vit.Eur.Fr.39 vii 8 (pl.);ἁρπαγὴ καὶ β. Plu. 2.755d
, cf. D.H.1.77.II Medic., = τεινεσμός, interp. in Dsc. 3.94.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > βιασμός
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9 γάμος
A wedding, Il.5.4.29, al.;γάμοι εἰλαπίναι τε 18.491
; γάμον τεύχειν furnish forth a wedding, Od. 1.277;γ. δαινύναι 4.3
; ἀρτύειν ib. 770;γάμον ποιεῖν Herod.7.86
, Test.Epict.2.19: pl.,γάμους διττοὺς ἑστιᾶν Is.8.9
; of a single wedding,οἰκοσίτους τοὺς γ. ποιεῖσθαι Men.450
;γάμους ποιεῖν D.30.21
, Ev.Matt.22.2;ἐπιτελεῖν γ. τῆς θυγατρός Arist.Fr. 549
, cf. D.S.13.84;οἱ κεκλημένοι εἰς τοὺς γ. Diph. 17.2
;ἐν τοῖς γ. ἄκλητος εἰσδεδυκέναι Apollod.Car.24
.II marriage, wedlock, Il.13.382, etc.;ἄγειν [γυναῖκα] ἐπὶ γάμῳ X.An.2.4.8
;ἀγαγέσθαι τινὰ πρὸς γάμον Plu.Cat.Ma.24
; τὸν Οἰνέως γ. the marriage granted by O., S.Tr. 792;γ. θεῶν τινος E.Tr. 979
, cf. IT25;εἰς γ. τινὸς ἐλθεῖν Id.IA 1044
(lyr.); more freq. in pl., A.Pr. 558 (lyr.), 739 (lyr.), Ag. 1156 (lyr.), etc.; cf.γαμέω 1
: also τοῖς μεθημερινοῖς γάμοις, i.e. prostitution, D.18.129; Πανὸς ἀναβοᾷ γάμους, i.e. rape, E.Hel. 190 (lyr.); of unlawful wedlock, as of Paris and Helen, Id.Tr. 932;γάμοι ἄρρενες Luc.VH1.22
;γ. ἀνδρεῖοι Procop.Arc.16.23
:—E. Andr. 103, X. Cyr.8.4.19, do not establish the sense of a wife; for E.Tr. 357, v. γαμέω 1.1.III ἱερὸς γ. ritual marriage, Men.320, Hsch., EM468.56; as a nickname, Anaxandr.34.2; name of play by Ale.Com.IV Pythag. name for three, Theol.Ar.16; for five, Plu.2.388c; for six, Theo Sm.p.102H., Theol.Ar.33.V Γάμος personified, Philox.13, Lib.Or.5.27.VI name of month at Epidaurus, IG4.1485,1492. (Perh. akin to Skt. jāmís 'brother or sister', Lat. geminus.) -
10 φθορά
A destruction, ruin, Hdt.2.161, 7.18, Hp.Vict.1.5, A.Ag. 406 (lyr.), etc.; of persons, death, esp. by some general visitation, as pestilence, Th.2.47, Pl.Lg. 677a (pl.), GDI 5104c11 (Crete, pl.);ἀνδροθνῆτας Ἰλίου φθοράς A.Ag. 814
.b of animals, loss by death, PStrassb.24.26,31 (ii A. D.).2 Philos., passing out of existence, ceasing to be,γενομένῳ παντὶ φ. ἐστι Pl.R. 546a
;περὶ γενέσεως καὶ φθορᾶς Id.Phd. 95e
, title of work by Arist., cf. Pl.Phlb. 55a, Arist.Ph. 229b13, Gal.6.6; ἡ φ. μεταβολή τίς ἐστιτῶν φθειρομένων εἰς τοὐναντίον ἑκάστῳ Plu.2.948f
: pl., Pl.Phd. 96b, R. 490e, al.: with dat. (instrumental),ἡ μεγίστηφθορὰ ὕδασιν Id.Ti. 23c
, cf. 22d.b loss by deterioration,ἐκφορίου.. ἀνυπολόγου πάο ης φθορᾶς PTeb.105.3
,18 (ii B. C.); damage,ἐκτεῖσαι τὴν γεγονυῖαν ὑπ' αὐτῶν τοῦ χόρτου.. φ. BGU1824.29
(i B. C.); misspelt φθαρά ib.1866.3 (i B. C.).4 seduction, ἐλευθέρων Lexap. Aeschin.1.12; παρθένων, γυναικῶν, Plu.2.712c (pl.), Vett.Val.2.37 (pl.), cf. Parth.35.3, D.H.2.25; rape, Str.6.1.6.6 gradation of colours in painting, Plu.2.346a; τὰς μίξεις τῶν χρωμάτων οἱ ζωγράφοι φθορὰς ὀνομάζουσι ib.725c, cf. 393c.7 = φθόη, Hp.Aph.7.80.8 storm-tossings or shipwrecks,τί τοι λέγοιμ' ἂν τὰς ἐν Αἰγαίῳ φθοράς; E.Hel. 766
; cf.φθείρω 11.4
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11 ἀπαγωγή
ἀπᾰγωγή, ἡ,III as [dialect] Att. lawterm,1 a summary process by which a person caught in the act ([etym.] ἐπ' αὐτοφώρῳ) might be arrested by any citizen and brought before the magistrates, Antipho 5.9, And.1.88, Lys. 13.85f, D.24.113;ἀπαγωγῆς ἄξια Hyp.Eux.16
.2 written complaint handed in to the magistrates, ἀπάγειν τὴν ἀ. lay such accusation, Lys.13.86; παραδέχεσθαι ἀ., of the Eleven, admit it, ibid.IV in Logic, shifting of the basis of argument: hence of argument based on a probable or agreed assumption, Arist.APr. 69a20, cf. Anon. in SE65.35; reduction,ἡ εἰς τὸ ἀδύνατον ἀ.
reductio per impossibile, APr. ;ἡ ἀ. μετάβασίς ἐστιν ἀπ' ἄλλου προβλήματος ἢ θεωρήματος ἐπ' ἄλλο, οὗ γνωσθέντος ἢ πορισθέντος καὶ τὸ προκείμενον ἔσται καταφανές Procl. in Euc.p.212F.
; τῶν ἀπορουμένων διαγραμμάτων τὴν ἀ. ποιήσασθαι ib. p.213F.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἀπαγωγή
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12 ἁρπαγμός
ἁρπαγ-μός, ὁ,A robbery, rape, Plu.2.12a;ἁ. ὁ γάμος ἔσται Vett.Val.122.1
.2 concrete, prize to be grasped, Ep.Phil.2.6; cf.ἅρπαγμα 2
.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἁρπαγμός
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13 ὕβρις
ὕβρις [ῠ by nature, [pron. full] ῡ by position in [dialect] Ep. etc.], ἡ, gen. εως Ar.Lys. 425, Th. 465 (lyr.), εος Id.Pl. 1044, Eub.67.9, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. ιος Hes.Op. 217, Hdt.1.189:—A wanton violence, arising from the pride of strength or from passion, insolence, freq. in Od., mostly of the suitors,μνηστήρων, τῶν ὕ. τε βίη τε σιδήρεον οὐρανὸν ἵκει 15.329
, 17.565;μνηστῆρες ὑπέρβιον ὕ. ἔχοντες 1.368
, 4.321;λίην γὰρ ἀτάσθαλον ὕ. ἔχουσι 16.86
, cf.Alc.Supp.27.10;ὕβρει εἴξαντες Od.14.262
, 17.431; θεοὶ.. ἀνθρώπων ὕβριν τε καὶ εὐνομίην ἐφορῶντες ib. 487; l.c., cf. Archil.88, IG12.394 (vi B. C.), 42(1).122.98 (Epid., iv B. C.); joined with ὀλιγωρίη, Hdt.1.106;δυσσεβίας μὲν ὕβρις τέκος A.Eu. 533
(lyr.);ἐπιθυμίας.. ἀρξάσης ἐν ἡμῖν τῇ ἀρχῇ ὕ. ἐπωνομάσθη Pl.Phdr. 238a
; in Poets freq. joined with κόρος (v. κόρος (A) 2): predicated of actions,ἆρ' οὐχ ὕβρις τάδ'; S.OC 883
;ταῦτ' οὐχ ὕβρις δῆτ' ἐστίν; Ar.Nu. 1299
, cf. Ra.21, Pl. 886;ὕβρις τάδ' ἐστί, κρείσσω δαιμόνων εἶναι θέλειν E.Hipp. 474
; ὕβρει in wantonness or insolence, S.El. 881, Pl.Ap. 26e; , D.21.38, PCair.Zen.462.9 (iii B. C.), etc.;δι' ὕβριν D.21.42
;διὰ τὴν ὕ. X.HG2.2.10
;πρὸς ὕβριν Plu. Alc.37
, etc.2 lust, lewdness, opp. σωφροσύνη, Thgn.379, X.Cyr. 8.4.14.3 of animals, violence, Hdt.1.189;ὕβρις ὀρθία κνωδάλων Pi.P.10.36
, cf. N.1.50 (v.ὑβρίζω 1.2
);ἡ ἐκ τοῦ χαλινοῦ ὕ. D.Chr.63.5
.II = ὕβρισμα, an outrage (though it is freq. difficult to separate this concrete sense from the abstract), Il.1.203, 214;ὕβριν τεῖσαι Od. 24.352
;ὑπὸ γυναικὸς ἄρχεσθαι ὕ. ἐσχάτη Democr.111
, cf. Xenoph.1.17: sts., like ὑβρίζω, folld. by a Prep., Ἥρας μητέρ' εἰς ἐμὴν ὕβρις her outrage towards.., E.Ba.9; ἡ κατ' Ἀργείων (- ους codd.Priscian.)ὕ. S.Fr. 368
;ἡ πρὸς τοὺς δημότας ὕ. Hdn.2.4.1
: c. gen. objecti, ὕ. τινός towards him, Id.1.8.4, etc.: pl., wanton acts, outrages, Hes.Op. 146, E.Ba. 247, HF 741, Pl.Lg. 884a, etc.:—for ὕβριν ὑβρίζειν, cf.ὑβρίζω 11.2
.2 an outrage on the person, esp. violation, rape, Pi.P.2.28, Lys. 1.2, etc.;παίδων ὕβρεις καὶ γυναικῶν αἰσχύνας Isoc.4.114
, cf. Plb.6.8.5;τὴν ὕ. τὴν εἰς τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σῶμα Aeschin.1.116
; τὴν τοῦ σώματος ὕβριν πεπρακώς ib.188; so τὸ σῶμα ἐφ' ὕβρει πεπρακώς ib.29;γυναῖκας ἤγαγε δεῦρ' ἐφ' ὕβρει D.19.309
; .3 in Law, a term covering all the more serious injuries done to the person, Isoc.20.2, Aeschin. 1.15, D.37.33, 45.4; see esp. D.21 (against Meidias); ὁ τῆς ὕβρεως νόμος ib.35 (the text is given ib.47);δίκη ὕβρεως ἢ πληγῶν PHal.1.115
(iii B. C.), cf. PHib.1.32.8 (iii B. C.), etc.III used of a loss by sea, Pi. (v. ναυσίστονος), Act.Ap.27.21.B as masc., = ὑβριστής, a violent, overbearing man,κακῶν ῥεκτῆρα καὶ ὕβριν ἀνέρα Hes.Op. 191
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14 ἀνερείπομαι
ἀν-ερείπομαι ( ἐρείπω), aor. ἀνηρείψαντο: snatch up, sweep away; esp. of the Harpies, Od. 1.241; of the rape of Ganymede, τὸν καὶ ἀνηρείψαντο θεοὶ Διὶ οἰνοχοεύειν, Il. 20.234.A Homeric dictionary (Greek-English) (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ομηρικό λεξικό) > ἀνερείπομαι
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15 ἁρπάζω
ἁρπάζω, fut. ἁρπάξω, aor. ἥρπαξα, ἥρπασα: seize, snatch; esp. of robbery, abduction, and attacks of wild animals, ὅτε σε πρῶτον Λακεδαίμονος ἐξ ἐρατείνης | ἔπλεον ἁρπάξᾶς, the ‘rape’ of Helen, Il. 3.444 ; ὡς ὅδε ( αἰετός) χῆν' ἥρπαξε, Od. 15.174; κῦμα μέγ ἀρπάξαν, Od. 5.416.A Homeric dictionary (Greek-English) (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ομηρικό λεξικό) > ἁρπάζω
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16 κλυτόπωλος
κλυτό - πωλος: with famous steeds, epithet of Hades, Il. 5.654 ff. Probably said with reference to the rape of Proserpine. (Il.)A Homeric dictionary (Greek-English) (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ομηρικό λεξικό) > κλυτόπωλος
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17 βιάζω
βιάζω (Hom.+) nearly always as a mid. dep. βιάζομαι; aor. mid. ἐβιασάμην, pass. 2 sg. ἐβιάσθης Sir 31:21. Apart fr. Dg. 7:4; 10:15 most of this entry concerns probabilities relating to β. in Mt 11:12 and par. Lk 16:16. The principal semantic problem is whether β. is used negatively (‘in malam partem’) or positively (‘in bonam partem’), a problem compounded by the question of the function of these vss. in their literary context. In Gk. lit. β. is most often used in the unfavorable sense of attack or forcible constraint (s. L-S-J-M).① to inflict violence on, dominate, constrain w. acc. (Herodas 2, 71; Menand., Dyscolus 253 [opp. πείθειν use of persuasion]; 371; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 35 §139; PAmh 35, 17 [213 B.C.] βιασάμενος αὐτούς; PGiss 19, 13; LGötzeler, Quaestiones in Appiani et Polybii dicendi genus 1890, 63; Esth 7:8 [rape]; En 103:14; 104:3) mistreat the poor people β. τοὺς ὑποδεεστέρους Dg 10:5.—With β. taken as pass., Mt 11:12 ἡ βασιλεία τ. οὐρανῶν βιάζεται is frequently understood in the unfavorable sense the reign/kingdom of heaven is violently treated, is oppressed (so the pass. e.g. Thu. 1, 77, 4; POxy 294, 16 [22 A.D.]; Sir 31:21. On the topic of violence to the divine, cp. Paus. 2, 1, 5 τὰ θεῖα βιάσασθαι=(it is difficult for a mere human) to coerce things in the realm of the divine.—GSchrenk, TW I 608ff; NRSV ‘has suffered violence’; its mng., w. β. understood as mid.: ‘has been coming violently’, s. 2 end); var. ways by which the violence is suffered have been suggested—(a) through hindrances raised against it (βιάζομαι=be hindered, be obstructed: cp. the use of the mid. in this sense: Synes., Provid. 1, 1, 89c of the evil man’s power, which strives εἴ πῃ τὸν θεῖον νόμον βιάσαιτο=[to see] whether it could perhaps ‘hinder’ the divine law; Jos., Ant. 1, 261). For the pass. in this sense, s. the versions: It., Vulg., Syr. Sin. and Cur. S. also Dalman, Worte 113–16; MDibelius, Joh. d. T. 1911, 26ff: hostile spirits.—(b) through the efforts of unauthorized pers. to compel its coming (s. HScholander, ZNW 13, 1912, 172–75)—(c) through attempts to occupy (an area) by force (a territory, Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 24 §91).② to gain an objective by force, use force, intr. (X., Mem. 3, 9, 10; Diod S 4, 12, 5 οἱ βιαζόμενοι=the ones who use force, the intruders; Plut., Mor. 203c; Epict. 4, 8, 40; Lucian, Necyom. 20, Hermot. 22; SIG 1042, 8 [Dssm., NB 85f (BS 258)]; 888, 24; 1243, 4f; PTebt 6, 31; PFlor 382, 54; Dt 22:25, 28; Philo, Mos. 1, 215; Jos., Bell. 3, 493; 518) of compulsion οὐ βιαζόμενος without using force (opp. πείθειν) Dg 7:4.—Of forcing one’s way (Demosth. 55, 17; Appian, Hann. 24 §106) w. εἴς τι enter forcibly into someth. (Thu. 1, 63, 1; 7, 69, 4; Polyb. 1, 74, 5; Plut., Otho 1072 [12, 10]; Philo, Mos. 1, 108 of a gnat forcing its way into bodily orifices εἰς τἀντὸς βιάζεται; Jos., Bell. 3, 423) ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ εὐαγγελίζεται καὶ πᾶς εἰς αὐτὴν βιάζεται the reign of God is being proclaimed and everyone takes (or tries to take [cp. Polemo Soph. B 11 Reader, s. p. 266f]) it by force Lk 16:16 (hyperbolic usage; on the question whether this is a perspective attributed to Jesus or to his opposition concerning moral miscalculation, s. FDanker, JBL 77, ’58, 234–36).— Makes its way w. triumphant force is preferred for Mt 11:12 by FBaur; TZahn; AHarnack, SBBerlAk 1907, 947–57; WBrandt, ZNW 11, 1910, 247f; ROtto, Reich Gottes u. Menschensohn ’34, 84–88; cp. NRSV mg. ‘has been coming violently’.—EGraesser, D. Problem der Parusieverzögerung, ZNW Beih. 22, ’57, 180ff; OBetz, Jesu heiliger Krieg, NovT 2, ’57, 116–37.③ go after someth. w. enthusiasm, seek fervently, try hard, the sense is sought w. burning zeal is preferred by HHoltzmann; FDibelius, StKr 86, 1913, 285–88; et al. for Mt 11:12. A variation of this interpretation is the sense try hard, but the support sought in Epict. 4, 7, 20f is questionable, for this latter pass. rather refers to attempts at forced entry when one is not welcome.④ constrain (warmly) if βιάζεται Lk 16:16 is to be understood as a passive, as POxy 294, 16 (22 A.D.), or in the same sense as the mid. in Gen 33:11; Judg 13:15, the sense would be invite urgently of the ‘genteel constraint imposed on a reluctant guest’ (so vHoffmann et al.; s. FDibelius [s. 3 above]; cp. the sense of Lk 14:23 ἀνάγκασον εἰσελθεῖν ‘compel them to come in’).—On usage at Qumran s. BThiering, NovT 21, ’79, 293–97.—DELG s.v. βία. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.
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