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protect+interests

  • 41 interest

    1. noun
    1) Interesse, das; Anliegen, das

    take or have an interest in somebody/something — sich für jemanden/etwas interessieren

    [just] for or out of interest — [nur] interessehalber

    with interest — interessiert ( see also academic.ru/9982/c">c)

    lose interest in somebody/something — das Interesse an jemandem/etwas verlieren

    interest in life/food — Lust am Leben/Essen

    be of interest — interessant od. von Interesse sein (to für)

    act in one's own/somebody's interest[s] — im eigenen/in jemandes Interesse handeln

    in the interest[s] of humanity — zum Wohle der Menschheit

    2) (thing in which one is concerned) Angelegenheit, die; Belange Pl.
    3) (Finance) Zinsen Pl.

    at interest — gegen od. auf Zinsen

    with interest — (fig.): (with increased force etc.) überreichlich; doppelt und dreifach (ugs.) (see also a)

    4) (financial stake) Beteiligung, die; Anteil, der

    declare an interest — seine Interessen darlegen

    5) (legal concern) [Rechts]anspruch, der
    2. transitive verb

    be interested in somebody/something — sich für jemanden/etwas interessieren

    somebody is interested by somebody/something — jemand/etwas erregt jemandes Interesse; see also interested

    * * *
    ['intrəst, ]( American[) 'intərist] 1. noun
    1) (curiosity; attention: That newspaper story is bound to arouse interest.) das Interesse
    2) (a matter, activity etc that is of special concern to one: Gardening is one of my main interests.) das Interesse
    3) (money paid in return for borrowing a usually large sum of money: The (rate of) interest on this loan is eight per cent; ( also adjective) the interest rate.) die Zinsen (pl.); Zins-...
    4) ((a share in the ownership of) a business firm etc: He bought an interest in the night-club.) der Anteil
    5) (a group of connected businesses which act together to their own advantage: I suspect that the scheme will be opposed by the banking interest (= all the banks acting together).) Kreise(pl.)
    2. verb
    1) (to arouse the curiosity and attention of; to be of importance or concern to: Political arguments don't interest me at all.) interessieren
    2) ((with in) to persuade to do, buy etc: Can I interest you in (buying) this dictionary?) gewinnen
    •
    - interested
    - interesting
    - interestingly
    - in one's own interest
    - in one's interest
    - in the interests of
    - in the interest of
    - lose interest
    - take an interest
    * * *
    in·ter·est
    [ˈɪntrəst, AM -trɪst]
    I. n
    1. (concern, curiosity) Interesse nt; (hobby) Hobby nt
    she looked about her with \interest sie sah sich interessiert um
    just out of \interest ( fam) nur interessehalber
    vested \interest eigennütziges Interesse, Eigennutz m
    to have [or take] an \interest in sth an etw dat Interesse haben, sich akk für etw akk interessieren
    to lose \interest in sb/sth das Interesse an jdm/etw verlieren
    to pursue one's own \interests seinen eigenen Interessen nachgehen, seine eigenen Interessen verfolgen
    to show an \interest in sth an etw dat Interesse zeigen
    to take no further \interest in sth das Interesse an etw dat verloren haben, kein Interesse mehr für etw akk zeigen
    ▪ sth is in sb's \interest etw liegt in jds Interesse
    ▪ \interests pl Interessen pl, Belange pl
    in the \interests of safety, please do not smoke aus Sicherheitsgründen Rauchen verboten
    I'm only acting in your best \interests ich tue das nur zu deinem Besten
    Jane is acting in the \interests of her daughter Jane vertritt die Interessen ihrer Tochter
    in the \interests of humanity zum Wohle der Menschheit
    to look after the \interests of sb jds Interessen wahrnehmen
    3. no pl (importance) Interesse nt, Reiz m
    buildings of historical \interest historisch interessante Gebäude
    to be of \interest to sb für jdn von Interesse sein
    to hold \interest for sb jdn interessieren
    4. no pl FIN Zinsen pl; (paid on investments also) Kapitalertrag m
    at 5% \interest zu 5 % Zinsen
    what is the \interest on a loan these days? wie viel Zinsen zahlt man heutzutage für einen Kredit?
    rate of \interest [or \interest rate] Zinssatz m
    \interest on advance Vorauszahlungszins m
    \interest on arrears Verzugszinsen pl
    \interest on principal Kapitalverzinsung f
    \interest on savings deposits Sparzinsen pl
    to earn/pay \interest Zinsen einbringen/zahlen
    he earns \interest on his money sein Geld bringt ihm Zinsen [ein]
    to return sb's kindness with \interest ( fig) jds Freundlichkeit um ein Vielfaches erwidern
    to pay sb back with \interest ( fig) es jdm doppelt [o gründlich] heimzahlen
    5. (involvement) Beteiligung f
    the \interests of the company include steel and chemicals das Unternehmen ist auch in den Bereichen Stahl und Chemie aktiv
    a legal \interest in a company ein gesetzlicher Anteil an einer Firma
    powerful business \interests einflussreiche Kreise aus der Geschäftswelt
    foreign \interest ausländische Interessengruppen
    the landed \interest[s] die Großgrundbesitzer(innen) m(f)
    II. vt
    ▪ to \interest sb [in sth] jdn [für etw akk] interessieren, bei jdm Interesse [für etw akk] wecken
    may I \interest you in this encyclopaedia? darf ich Ihnen diese Enzyklopädie vorstellen?
    don't suppose I can \interest you in a quick drink before lunch, can I? kann ich dich vor dem Mittagessen vielleicht noch zu einem kurzen Drink überreden?
    ▪ to \interest oneself in sth/sb sich akk für etw/jdn interessieren
    * * *
    ['Intrɪst]
    1. n
    1) Interesse nt

    do you have any interest in chess? — interessieren Sie sich für Schach?, haben Sie Interesse an Schach (dat)?

    to take/feel an interest in sb/sth — sich für jdn/etw interessieren

    after that he took no further interest in us/it — danach war er nicht mehr an uns (dat)/daran interessiert

    to show (an) interest in sb/sth — Interesse für jdn/etw zeigen

    just for interest — nur aus Interesse, nur interessehalber

    he has lost interest — er hat das Interesse verloren

    what are your interests? — was sind Ihre Interessen(gebiete)?

    his interests are... — er interessiert sich für...

    2) (= importance) Interesse nt (to für)

    matters of vital interest to the economy — Dinge pl von lebenswichtiger Bedeutung or lebenswichtigem Interesse für die Wirtschaft

    3) (= advantage, welfare) Interesse nt

    to act in sb's/one's own (best) interest(s) — in jds/im eigenen Interesse handeln

    in the interest(s) of sth — im Interesse einer Sache (gen)

    4) (FIN) Zinsen pl

    to bear interest at 4% — 4% Zinsen tragen, mit 4% verzinst sein

    5) (COMM: share, stake) Anteil m; (= interest group) Kreise pl, Interessentengruppe f

    the landed interest(s) — die Landbesitzer pl, die Gutsbesitzer pl

    America has an interest in helping Russia with its economy — Amerika hat ein Interesse daran, Russland Wirtschaftshilfe zu geben

    2. vt
    interessieren (in für, an +dat)

    to interest sb in doing sth — jdn dafür interessieren, etw zu tun

    to interest sb in politics etc — jds Interesse an or für Politik etc wecken, jdn für Politik etc interessieren

    to interest oneself in sb/sth — sich für jdn/etw interessieren

    * * *
    interest [ˈıntrıst; ˈıntərest]
    A s
    1. (in) Interesse n (an dat, für), (An)Teilnahme f (an dat):
    there’s not much interest in es besteht kein großes Interesse an;
    lose interest das Interesse verlieren;
    take ( oder have) an interest in sth sich für etwas interessieren, Anteil an etwas nehmen;
    she hasn’t got much interest in football Fußball interessiert sie nicht sehr;
    music is his only interest er interessiert sich nur für Musik
    2. Reiz m, Interesse n:
    add interest to reizvoll oder interessant machen (akk);
    be of interest (to) von Interesse sein (für), interessieren (akk), reizvoll sein (für);
    there is no interest in doing sth es ist uninteressant oder sinnlos, etwas zu tun; → human A 1
    3. Wichtigkeit f, Bedeutung f, Interesse n:
    of great (little) interest von großer Wichtigkeit (von geringer Bedeutung);
    this question is of no interest at the moment diese Frage ist im Moment nicht aktuell
    4. besonders WIRTSCH Beteiligung f, Anteil m ( beide:
    in an dat):
    have an interest in sth an oder bei einer Sache beteiligt sein; → control A 1
    5. meist pl besonders WIRTSCH Geschäfte pl, Interessen pl, Belange pl:
    shipping interests Reedereigeschäfte, -betrieb m
    6. auch pl WIRTSCH Interessenten pl, Interessengruppe(n) f(pl), (die) beteiligten Kreise pl:
    the banking interest die Bankkreise;
    the business interests die Geschäftswelt;
    the shipping interest die Reeder pl; → landed, vest C 2
    7. Interesse n, Vorteil m, Nutzen m, Gewinn m:
    be in ( oder to) sb’s interest in jemandes Interesse liegen;
    in your (own) interest zu Ihrem (eigenen) Vorteil, in Ihrem (eigenen) Interesse;
    in the public interest im öffentlichen Interesse;
    look after ( oder protect, safeguard) sb’s interests jemandes Interessen wahrnehmen oder wahren;
    study sb’s interest jemandes Vorteil im Auge haben; → lie2 Bes Redew
    8. Eigennutz m
    9. Einfluss m ( with bei), Macht f: → sphere A 6
    10. JUR (An)Recht n, Anspruch m ( beide:
    in auf akk): → vest C 2
    11. WIRTSCH Zinsen pl:
    a loan at 8% interest ein Darlehen zu 8% Zinsen;
    interest due fällige Zinsen;
    interest from ( oder on) capital Kapitalzinsen;
    and ( oder plus) interest zuzüglich Zinsen;
    as interest zinsweise;
    ex interest ohne Zinsen;
    bear ( oder carry, earn, pay, yield) interest Zinsen tragen, sich verzinsen (at 4% mit 4%);
    interest on deposits Zinsen auf (Bank)Einlagen;
    interest on shares Stückzinsen;
    interest rate → A 12;
    invest money at interest Geld verzinslich anlegen;
    return a blow (an insult) with interest fig einen Schlag (eine Beleidigung) mit Zinsen oder mit Zins und Zinseszins zurückgeben;
    return sb’s kindness with interest fig sich für jemandes Freundlichkeit mehr als nur erkenntlich zeigen; → rate1 A 2
    12. WIRTSCH Zinsfuß m, -satz m
    B v/t
    1. interessieren (in für), jemandes Interesse oder Teilnahme erwecken ( in sth an einer Sache; for sb für jemanden):
    interest o.s. in sich interessieren für
    2. angehen, betreffen:
    every citizen is interested in this law dieses Gesetz geht jeden Bürger an
    3. interessieren, fesseln, anziehen, reizen
    4. besonders WIRTSCH beteiligen (in an dat)
    int. abk
    2. WIRTSCH interest
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Interesse, das; Anliegen, das

    take or have an interest in somebody/something — sich für jemanden/etwas interessieren

    [just] for or out of interest — [nur] interessehalber

    lose interest in somebody/something — das Interesse an jemandem/etwas verlieren

    interest in life/food — Lust am Leben/Essen

    be of interest — interessant od. von Interesse sein (to für)

    act in one's own/somebody's interest[s] — im eigenen/in jemandes Interesse handeln

    in the interest[s] of humanity — zum Wohle der Menschheit

    2) (thing in which one is concerned) Angelegenheit, die; Belange Pl.
    3) (Finance) Zinsen Pl.

    at interest — gegen od. auf Zinsen

    with interest — (fig.): (with increased force etc.) überreichlich; doppelt und dreifach (ugs.) (see also a)

    4) (financial stake) Beteiligung, die; Anteil, der
    5) (legal concern) [Rechts]anspruch, der
    2. transitive verb

    be interested in somebody/something — sich für jemanden/etwas interessieren

    somebody is interested by somebody/something — jemand/etwas erregt jemandes Interesse; see also interested

    * * *
    (in) n.
    Anteil -e (an) m.
    Beteiligung f. (finance) n.
    Zinsen - m. n.
    Anteil -e m.
    Anteilnahme f.
    Bedeutung f.
    Interesse n.
    Vorteil -e m.
    Wichtigkeit f.
    Zins -en m. v.
    interessieren v.

    English-german dictionary > interest

  • 42 interest

    сущ.
    сокр. Int
    1)
    а) общ. интерес, заинтересованность

    to be of interest to smb. — представлять интерес для кого-л.

    to hold interest — поддерживать [удерживать\] интерес

    Syn:
    concern, curiosity
    See:
    б) общ. увлечение, интересы

    community of interest — сообщество [группа\] по интересам, сообщество интересов

    2) общ. выгода, польза, преимущество, интерес

    to protect [defend, safeguard, guard\] smb.'s interests — защищать [отстаивать\] чьи-л. интересы

    in smb's interests — в чьих-л. интересах

    in (the) interest(s) of smb./smth. — в интересах кого-л./чего-л.

    We are acting in the best interest of our customers. — Мы действуем в наилучших интересах наших клиентов.

    Syn:
    advantage, benefit, good, profit
    See:
    3) общ., мн. круги (лица, объединенные общими деловыми или профессиональными интересами)

    moneyed interests — денежные [богатые, финансовые\] круги

    wealthy interests — состоятельные [богатые\] круги

    See:
    4)
    а) эк. доля, участие в собственности [прибыли\] (об участии во владении каким-л. имуществом или каким-л. предприятием; права собственности на какое-л. имущество или на часть в чем-л.)

    to buy [purchase, acquire\] a controlling interest — покупать [приобретать\] контрольный пакет акций [контрольную долю\]

    to sell a controlling interest — продавать контрольный пакет акций [контрольную долю\]

    to own an interest — иметь долю, владеть долей (напр. в бизнесе)

    half interest — половинная доля, половина

    She owned a half interest in the home. — Ей принадлежало право собственности на половину дома.

    30% interest — 30-процентная доля

    He holds a 30% interest in the gold mine. — Он владеет 30-процентной долей в золотой шахте.

    Syn:
    See:
    б) эк., юр. имущественное право (право лица владеть, пользоваться и распоряжаться каким-л. имуществом в пределах, установленных законом)

    to disclaim [renounce\] interest — отказаться от права (собственности)

    Interest may be a property right to land, but it's not a right to absolute ownership of land. — Имущественное право может быть правом собственности на землю, но оно не является абсолютным правом собственности на землю.

    See:
    5)
    а) фин., банк. процент, процентный доход (доход, получаемый с вложенного капитала и измеряемый как доля от его величины)

    interest on deposits — процент по депозитам [вкладам\]

    to bear [to yield, to carry, to produce\] interest — приносить процент [процентный доход\] ( о финансовом активе)

    The loan will carry interest of LIBOR plus 3.8 percent. — Заем принесет процент по ставке ЛИБОР плюс 3,8%.

    to invest at interest — вкладывать деньги [инвестировать\] под проценты

    The interest accrued to our account. — На нашем счету накопились проценты.

    This is a flexible account that allows you to accrue interest on your balance with limited check writing. — Это гибкий счет, который позволяет вам получать проценты на остаток средств при ограниченной выписке чеков.

    See:
    after-tax interest, daily interest, and interest, interest coupon, interest in possession trust, interest income, interest period, interest return, interest yield, interest spread, interest warrant, interest-bearing, interest-free, interest-only strip, interest-paying, accreted interest, accrued interest, accumulated interest, added interest, annual interest, any-interest-date call, area of interest fund, bearing interest, bearing no interest, bond interest, broken period interest, carried interest, cash flow interest coverage ratio, cash interest coverage ratio, deferred interest bond, draw interest, earn interest, field of interest fund, foreign interest payment security, income from interest, liquidity preference theory of interest, separate trading of registered interest and principal of securities
    б) фин., банк. (ссудный) процент (стоимость использования заемных денег; выражается в виде процентной доли от величины займа за определенный период)

    Banks create money and lend it at interest. — Банки создают деньги и ссужают их под процент.

    to pay [to pay out\] interests — платить [выплачивать\] проценты

    to calculate [to compute\] interest — вычислять [рассчитывать, подсчитывать\] проценты

    computation of interest, calculation of interest, interest calculation, interest computation — расчет процентов

    date from which interest is computed — дата, с которой начисляются [рассчитываются\] проценты

    interest payment, payment of interest — процентный платеж, процентная выплата, выплата процентов

    And, until you attain age 59½, sever employment, die or become disabled, the loans will continue to accrue interest. — И, до тех пор, пока вы не достигнете возраста 59,5 лет, прекратите работать, умрете или станете нетрудоспособным, по кредитам будут продолжать начисляться проценты.

    Under Late Payment Legislation, for business-to-business debts, you can recover interest at 4% above the base rate. — В соответствии с законодательством о просроченных платежах, для долговых операций между предприятиями вы можете взыскивать процент в размере базовой процентной ставки плюс 4%.

    See:
    в) фин., банк. = interest rate
    See:
    г) общ. избыток, излишек; навар ( о щедрой благодарности)

    to repay smb. with interest — отплатить кому-л. с лихвой

    She returned our favour with interest. — Она щедро отблагодарила нас за оказанную ей любезность.


    * * *
    interest; Int 1) процент: сумма, уплачиваемая должником кредитору за пользование деньгами последнего; стоимость использования денег; выражается в виде процентной ставки за определенный период, обычно год; 2) участие в капитале; капиталовложение; акция; титул собственности.
    * * *
    Проценты/участие (в капитале)
    . Цена, выплачиваемая за получение денежного кредита. Выражается в виде процентной ставки на определенный период времени и отражает курс обмена текущего потребления на будущее потребление. Также: доля в собственности/право собственности . интерес; вещные права; имущественные права; пай Инвестиционная деятельность .
    * * *
    выражение главного содержания отношения данного лица к имуществу, которое является объектом страхования, права на него или обязательству к нему
    -----
    Банки/Банковские операции
    процент, процентный доход
    см. - per cent

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > interest

  • 43 interest

    ['ɪnt(ə)rəst] 1. сущ.
    1) интерес, заинтересованность, увлечение, увлечённость

    deep / profound interest — глубокий интерес

    intense / keen / lively — живой интерес

    vested interest — личный интерес, заинтересованность

    common / mutual interests — общие, взаимные интересы

    to hold smb.'s interest — разделять чьи-л. интересы

    to demonstrate / display / express / manifest / show interest — проявлять, выражать интерес

    His only interest was mathematics. — Единственным его увлечением была математика.

    She took a keen interest in the project. — Она живо интересовалась проектом

    This story will be of interest to us. — Эта история будет нам интересна.

    interest group — группа людей, объединенная общими интересами

    Syn:
    2) интерес, интересность, привлекательность; значимость

    to be of interest to smb. — представлять интерес для кого-л.

    This trip was of no special interest to her. — Эта поездка не представляла для неё особого интереса.

    These things possess no moral interest. — Эти явления не представляют никакой важности с точки зрения морали.

    3) интерес, выгода, польза, преимущество

    Oh, that's in his own intererst that he did it! — О, у него тут был свой интерес!

    I love you without interest, without pretence. — Я люблю тебя, не думая ни о каких личных выгодах, без всякой лжи.

    Syn:
    4)
    а) доля (в предприятии, бизнесе, собственности); участие в прибылях
    Syn:
    share, part 1.
    б) ( interests) капиталовложения

    to defend / guard / protect one's interests — охранять капиталовложения

    Syn:
    5) ( interests) круги (группы людей, контролирующих какую-л. экономическую область и объединённых общими деловыми или профессиональными интересами), компании

    to bear / pay / yield interest — выплачивать, приносить проценты

    to draw / receive interest — получать проценты

    - compound interest
    - rate of interest     2. гл.
    интересовать; заинтересовать; вызывать интерес; привлекать внимание; вовлекать

    Politics doesn't interest me. — Политика меня не интересует.

    It may interest you to know that John didn't accept the job. — Тебе, возможно, будет интересно узнать, что Джон отказался от этой работы.

    The experiment interested me a lot. — Эксперимент весьма заинтересовал меня.

    to interest oneself in smth. — интересоваться чем-л.; проявлять интерес к чему-л.

    He has always interested himself in medicine. — Он всегда интересовался медициной.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > interest

  • 44 ♦ interest

    ♦ interest /ˈɪntrəst/
    n.
    1 [u] interesse; rilievo; importanza; attrattiva: Opera doesn't hold much interest for me, l'opera lirica non offre molto interesse per me; to take an interest in st., interessarsi a qc.; He takes no interest in the game, non prova interesse per il gioco; to arouse (o to stir) sb. 's interest, suscitare l'interesse di q.; to lose interest in st., perdere interesse per qc.; It's a question of great scientific interest, è una questione di grande importanza scientifica; That's of no interest to me, non m'interessa per niente!; keen interest, grande interesse; an unhealthy interest, un interesse malsano
    2 interesse; beneficio; vantaggio; tornaconto: I did it in your own interest, l'ho fatto nel tuo interesse; to look after one's own interests, badare ai propri interessi; to protect one's interests, tutelare (o salvaguardare) i propri interessi; to promote sb. 's interests, favorire gli interessi di q.; common interest, interesse comune
    3 interesse; attività preferita; hobby: His main interests were soccer and pop music, i suoi interessi principali erano il calcio e la musica pop
    5 [u] (fin.) interesse, interessi: Interest accrues from January 1st, gli interessi decorrono dal 1В° gennaio; compound interest, interesse composto; simple interest, interesse semplice; ( banca) interest and commission, interessi e commissioni; to lend money at 9 per cent interest, prestare denaro all'interesse del 9 per cento; to earn a high interest, fruttare un alto interesse
    6 (fin.) interesse; cointeressenza; partecipazione (azionaria); pacchetto azionario: We have a minority interest in the company, abbiamo un interesse di minoranza nell'azienda; controlling interest, partecipazione di controllo; I sold my interest in the company, ho venduto il mio pacchetto azionario
    7 [u] (leg.) interesse (giuridico); diritto; bene (la «common law» ignora la distinzione italiana tra diritto soggettivo e interesse legittimo)
    8 (pl.) (econ., polit.) gruppo di interesse: business interests, le grandi aziende; steel interests, gli industriali dell'acciaio; landed interests, i proprietari terrieri
    9 [u] (arc.) interesse usurario; usura
    ● interest account, conto interessi □ interest accrued, (rateo di) interessi maturati □ interest accruing from a certain date, interesse decorrente da una certa data □ ( banca) interest allowed, interesse passivo □ ( banca) interest arbitrage, arbitraggio di interessi □ interest balance, saldo degli interessi □ (fin.) interest-bearing, fruttifero: ( banca) interest-bearing deposit, deposito fruttifero □ ( banca) interest charged (o earned), interesse attivo □ (leg.) interest for years, diritto immobiliare limitato a un certo numero d'anni (► lease (1)) □ interest free, senza interessi: an interest-free loan, un prestito (o mutuo) a interesse zero □ (econ., polit.) interest group, gruppo d'interesse □ ( banca) interest paid, interesse passivo □ interest rate, tasso d'interesse □ (fin.) interest-rate differential [parity], differenziale [parità] dei tassi di interesse □ (fin.) interest-rate swap, swap su tassi di interesse □ ( banca) «interest to run from October 1st», «valuta 1В° ottobre» □ interest tables, tavole finanziarie; prontuario degli interessi □ ( banca) interest warrant, mandato di pagamento di interessi □ (spec. polit.) to declare an (o one's) interest, dichiarare (o ammettere) di avere un interesse finanziario (o una cointeressenza) in un affare (o in un'azienda) □ (fin.) to have an interest in a company, essere cointeressato in un'azienda □ to have an interest in politics, interessarsi di politica □ to take no further interest in st., disinteressarsi di qc. □ (fig.) with interest, con gli interessi: He returned my insults with interest, mi ha restituito gli insulti con gli interessi.
    (to) interest /ˈɪntrəst/
    v. t.
    interessare; fare partecipe (q.) d'un interesse; destare interesse in (q.): That doesn't interest me, questo non mi interessa; Can I interest you in joining our club?, ti può interessare aderire al nostro circolo?
    ● to interest oneself in st., interessarsi di (o a) qc.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ interest

  • 45 against

    preposition

    protect something against frost — etwas vor Frost schützen

    be warned against doing something — davor gewarnt werden, etwas zu tun

    2) (in return for) gegen
    * * *
    [ə'ɡenst]
    1) (in opposition to: They fought against the enemy; Dropping litter is against the law (= illegal).) gegen
    2) (in contrast to: The trees were black against the evening sky.) gegen
    3) (touching or in contact with: He stood with his back against the wall; The rain beat against the window.) an
    4) (in order to protect against: vaccination against tuberculosis.) gegen
    * * *
    [əˈgen(t)st]
    I. prep
    1. (opposing) gegen + akk
    , wider geh + akk
    ▪ to be \against sb/sth gegen jdn/etw sein
    ▪ to be \against sb's doing sth dagegen sein, dass jd etw tut
    \against one's better judgement wider besseren Wissen geh
    to have/say sth \against sb etw gegen jdn haben/sagen
    2. (competing) gegen + akk
    \against time/the clock gegen die Zeit/die Uhr
    3. (unfavourable) gegen + akk
    [the] odds are \against sb/sth die Chancen stehen gegen jdn/etw
    4. (protecting) gegen + akk
    to guard oneself \against sb/sth sich akk gegen jdn/etw [o vor jdm/etw] schützen
    \against her situation, we're doing okay im Vergleich zu ihrer Situation geht es uns gut
    the dollar rose \against the euro der Dollar stieg gegenüber dem Euro
    to weigh sth \against sth etw gegen etw akk abwägen
    6. (contrasting) gegen + akk
    7. (contacting) gegen + akk
    his back was \against the door er lehnte mit dem Rücken an der Tür
    8. (counter to) gegen + akk
    \against the wind/current gegen den Wind/die Strömung
    \against the light/sun gegen das Licht/die Sonne
    9. (across)
    \against the grain quer zur [o gegen die] Maserung
    10. (in exchange for) gegen + akk
    II. adv inv
    the odds are 2 to 1 \against die Chancen stehen 2 zu 1 dagegen
    there was a majority with only 14 voting \against es gab eine Mehrheit bei nur 14 Gegenstimmen
    * * *
    [ə'genst]
    1. prep
    1) (opposition, protest) gegen (+acc)

    he's against her going —

    to have something/nothing against sb/sth — etwas/nichts gegen jdn/etw haben

    against that you have to consider... — Sie müssen aber auch bedenken...

    against my will, I decided... — wider Willen habe ich beschlossen...

    to fight against sb — gegen or wider (liter) jdn kämpfen

    2) (indicating impact, support, proximity) an (+acc), gegen (+acc)
    3) (= in the opposite direction to) gegen (+acc)
    4) (= in front of, in juxtaposition to) gegen (+acc)
    5) (= in preparation for) sb's arrival, departure, one's old age für (+acc); misfortune, bad weather etc im Hinblick auf (+acc)

    against the possibility of a bad winter — für den Fall, dass es einen schlechten Winter gibt

    6)

    (= compared with) (as) against — gegenüber (+dat)

    she had three prizes ( as) against his six — sie hatte drei Preise, er hingegen sechs

    the advantages of flying (as) against going by boat — die Vorteile von Flugreisen gegenüber Schiffsreisen

    7) (FIN: in return for) gegen

    the visa will be issued against payment of... — das Visum wird gegen Zahlung von... ausgestellt

    2. adj pred
    (= not in favour) dagegen
    See:
    → academic.ru/28733/for">for
    * * *
    against [əˈɡenst; əˈɡeınst]
    A präp
    1. gegen:
    be against sth gegen etwas sein;
    he was against it er war dagegen;
    be against sb doing sth dagegen sein, dass jemand etwas tut;
    be against the national interests den nationalen Interessen zuwiderlaufen; → expectation 1, law1 1, prediction
    2. gegenüber:
    (over) against the town hall dem Rathaus gegenüber;
    my rights against the landlord meine Rechte gegenüber dem Vermieter
    3. an (dat oder akk), vor (dat oder akk), gegen:
    5. (im Austausch) gegen, für:
    payment against documents WIRTSCH Zahlung gegen Dokumente
    6. gegen, im Hinblick auf (akk):
    purchases made against tomorrow’s earnings
    7. (in Vorsorge) für:
    he has saved some money against his old age er hat einiges Geld fürs Alter gespart
    8. auch as against gegenüber, verglichen mit, im Vergleich zu
    B adv dagegen:
    vote against dagegen oder mit Nein stimmen
    adv. abk
    2. LING adverb
    3. LING adverbial (adverbially)
    4. adversus, against
    v. abk
    1. MATH vector
    3. verb
    5. JUR SPORT versus, against
    6. very
    7. vide, see
    9. ELEK volt ( volts pl) V
    10. ELEK voltage
    11. volume
    vs. abk
    2. JUR SPORT besonders US versus, against
    * * *
    preposition

    be warned against doing something — davor gewarnt werden, etwas zu tun

    * * *
    adv.
    auflehnt adv.
    dagegen adv.
    gegen adv.
    wieder adv.
    wiederum adv.

    English-german dictionary > against

  • 46 guard

    1. noun
    1) (Mil.): (guardsman) Wachtposten, der
    2) no pl. (Mil.): (group of soldiers) Wache, die; Wachmannschaft, die

    guard of honour — Ehrenwache, die; Ehrengarde, die

    3)

    Guards — (Brit. Mil.): (household troops) Garderegiment, das; Garde, die

    4) (watch; also Mil.) Wache, die

    keep or stand guard — Wache halten od. stehen

    keep or stand guard over — bewachen

    be on [one's] guard [against somebody/something] — (lit. or fig.) sich [vor jemandem/etwas] hüten

    be off [one's] guard — (fig.) nicht auf der Hut sein

    be caught or taken off guard or off one's guard [by something] — (fig.) [von etwas] überrascht werden

    put somebody on [his/her] guard — jemanden misstrauisch machen

    be [kept/held] under guard — unter Bewachung stehen

    keep or hold/put under guard — bewachen/unter Bewachung stellen

    5) (Brit. Railw.) [Zug]schaffner, der/-schaffnerin, die
    6) (Amer.): (prison warder) [Gefängnis]wärter, der/-wärterin, die
    7) (safety device) Schutz, der; Schutzvorrichtung, die; (worn on body) Schutz, der
    8) (posture) (Boxing, Fencing) Deckung, die

    drop or lower one's guard — die Deckung fallen lassen; (fig.) seine Reserve aufgeben

    2. transitive verb
    (watch over) bewachen; (keep safe) hüten [Geheimnis, Schatz]; schützen [Leben]; beschützen [Prominenten]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/87612/guard_against">guard against
    * * *
    1. verb
    1) (to protect from danger or attack: The soldiers were guarding the king/palace.) bewachen
    2) (to prevent (a person) escaping, (something) happening: The soldiers guarded their prisoners; to guard against mistakes.) bewachen, sich hüten
    2. noun
    1) (someone who or something which protects: a guard round the king; a guard in front of the fire.) die Wache
    2) (someone whose job is to prevent (a person) escaping: There was a guard with the prisoner every hour of the day.) der Wächter
    3) ((American conductor) a person in charge of a train.) der Schaffner
    4) (the act or duty of guarding.) die Bewachung
    •
    - guarded
    - guardedly
    - guard of honour
    - keep guard on
    - keep guard
    - off guard
    - on guard
    - stand guard
    * * *
    [gɑ:d, AM gɑ:rd]
    I. n
    1. (person) Wache f; (sentry) Wachposten m
    border \guard Grenzsoldat(in) m(f), Grenzposten m
    gate \guard Wachposten m
    prison \guard AM Gefängniswärter(in) m(f), Gefängnisaufseher(in) m(f)
    security \guard Sicherheitsbeamte(r), -beamtin m, f; (man also) Wachmann m
    to be on [or keep] [or stand] \guard Wache halten [o stehen]
    to be under \guard unter Bewachung stehen, bewacht werden
    to keep \guard over sth/sb etw/jdn bewachen
    to post \guards Wachen aufstellen
    2. (defensive stance) Deckung f
    to be on one's \guard [against sth/sb] ( fig) [vor etw/jdm] auf der Hut sein, sich akk [vor etw/jdm] in Acht nehmen
    to be caught off one's \guard SPORT [von einem Schlag] unvorbereitet getroffen werden; ( fig) auf etw akk nicht vorbereitet [o gefasst] sein
    to drop [or lower] one's \guard SPORT seine Deckung vernachlässigen; ( fig) nicht [mehr] wachsam [o vorsichtig] [genug] sein
    to get in under sb's \guard SPORT jds Deckung durchbrechen; ( fig) jds Verteidigung außer Gefecht setzen; (get through to sb) jds Panzer durchdringen
    to let one's \guard slip SPORT seine Deckung fallenlassen; ( fig) alle Vorsicht außer Acht lassen
    3. (protective device) Schutz m, Schutzvorrichtung f
    face\guard Gesichtsschutz m
    fire\guard Kamingitter nt, Cheminéegitter nt SCHWEIZ, Schutzgitter nt
    4. BRIT (railway official) Zugbegleiter(in) m(f)
    chief \guard Zugführer(in) m(f)
    5. BRIT MIL (army regiment)
    ▪ the G\guards pl das Garderegiment, die Garde
    the Grenadier G\guards die Grenadiergarde
    II. vt
    ▪ to \guard sth/sb etw/jdn bewachen
    heavily \guarded scharf bewacht; (protect)
    ▪ to \guard sth/sb against sth/sb etw/jdn vor etw/jdm [be]schützen
    2. (keep secret)
    ▪ to \guard sth etw für sich akk behalten, etw nicht preisgeben
    a jealously [or closely] \guarded secret ein sorgsam gehütetes Geheimnis
    III. vi
    ▪ to \guard against sth sich akk vor etw dat schützen
    the best way to \guard against financial problems is to avoid getting into debt man schützt sich am besten vor finanziellen Problemen, indem man Schulden vermeidet
    * * *
    [gAːd]
    1. n
    1) (MIL) Wache f; (= single soldier) Wachtposten m, Wache f; (no pl = squad) Wachmannschaft f

    the Guards (Brit) — die Garde, das Garderegiment

    2) (= security guard) Sicherheitsbeamte(r) m/-beamtin f; (at factory gates, in park etc) Wächter(in) m(f); (esp US = prison guard) Gefängniswärter(in) m(f); (Brit RAIL) Schaffner(in) m(f), Zugbegleiter(in) m(f)
    3) (= watch ALSO MIL) Wache f

    to be under guard — bewacht werden; (person also) unter Bewachung or Aufsicht stehen

    to keep sb/sth under guard — jdn/etw bewachen

    to be on guard, to stand or keep guard — Wache halten or stehen

    to put a guard on sb/sth — jdn/etw bewachen lassen

    4) (BOXING, FENCING) Deckung f

    on guard! (Fencing) — en garde!

    to take guard — in Verteidigungsstellung gehen; (Cricket) in Schlagstellung gehen

    to drop or lower one's guard (lit) — seine Deckung vernachlässigen; (fig) seine Reserve aufgeben

    to have one's guard down (lit) — nicht gedeckt sein; (fig) nicht auf der Hut sein

    he caught his opponent off ( his) guard — er hat seinen Gegner mit einem Schlag erwischt, auf den er nicht vorbereitet or gefasst war

    the invitation caught me off guard —

    I was off ( my) guard when he mentioned that — ich war nicht darauf gefasst or vorbereitet, dass er das erwähnen würde

    to be on/off one's guard (against sth) (fig) ( — vor etw dat ) auf der/nicht auf der Hut sein

    to throw or put sb off his guard (lit) — jdn seine Deckung vernachlässigen lassen; (fig) jdn einlullen

    5) (= safety device, for protection) Schutz m (against gegen); (on machinery) Schutz(vorrichtung f) m; (= fire guard) Schutzgitter nt; (on foil) Glocke f; (on sword etc) Korb m
    6) (in basketball) Verteidigungsspieler(in) m(f)
    2. vt
    prisoner, place, valuables bewachen; treasure, secret, tongue hüten; machinery beaufsichtigen; luggage aufpassen auf (+acc); (= protect) (lit) person, place schützen (from, against vor +dat), abschirmen (from, against gegen); one's life schützen; one's reputation achten auf (+acc); (fig) child etc behüten, beschützen (from, against vor +dat)

    a closely guarded secret — ein gut or streng gehütetes Geheimnis

    * * *
    guard [ɡɑː(r)d]
    A v/t
    1. a) bewachen, wachen über (akk)
    b) behüten, beschützen ( beide:
    against, from vor dat):
    a carefully (closely) guarded secret ein sorgfältig (streng) gehütetes Geheimnis
    2. bewachen, beaufsichtigen
    3. sichern ( against gegen Missbrauch etc):
    guard sb’s interests jemandes Interessen wahren oder wahrnehmen
    4. beherrschen, im Zaum halten:
    guard your tongue! hüte deine Zunge!
    5. TECH (ab)sichern
    B v/i (against)
    a) auf der Hut sein, sich hüten oder schützen, sich in Acht nehmen (vor dat)
    b) Vorkehrungen treffen (gegen), vorbeugen (dat)
    C s
    1. a) MIL etc Wache f, (Wach)Posten m
    b) Wächter(in)
    c) Aufseher(in), Wärter(in)
    2. MIL Wachmannschaft f, Wache f
    3. Wache f, Bewachung f, Aufsicht f:
    be on guard Wache stehen;
    keep under close guard scharf bewachen;
    keep guard over sth etwas bewachen;
    be under heavy guard schwer bewacht werden;
    mount (keep, stand) guard MIL etc Wache beziehen (halten, stehen)
    4. fig Wachsamkeit f:
    put sb on their guard jemanden warnen;
    be on one’s guard auf der Hut sein, sich vorsehen ( beide:
    against vor dat);
    be off one’s guard nicht auf der Hut sein, unvorsichtig sein;
    throw sb off their guard jemanden überrumpeln; → fair1 B 9
    5. Garde f, (Leib)Wache f:
    guard of hono(u)r Ehrenwache
    6. Guards pl Br Garde(korps) f(n), -regiment n, (die) Wache
    7. BAHN
    a) Br Schaffner(in):
    guard’s van Dienstwagen m
    b) US Bahnwärter(in)
    8. Boxen, Fechten etc: Deckung f:
    lower one’s guard
    a) die Deckung herunternehmen,
    b) fig sich eine Blöße geben, nicht aufpassen;
    his guard is up (down) fig er ist (nicht) auf der Hut
    9. Basketball: Abwehrspieler(in)
    10. Schutzvorrichtung f, -gitter n, -blech n
    11. Buchbinderei: Falz m
    12. a) Stichblatt n (am Degen)
    b) Bügel m (am Gewehr)
    13. Vorsichtsmaßnahme f, Sicherung f
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (Mil.): (guardsman) Wachtposten, der
    2) no pl. (Mil.): (group of soldiers) Wache, die; Wachmannschaft, die

    guard of honour — Ehrenwache, die; Ehrengarde, die

    3)

    Guards — (Brit. Mil.): (household troops) Garderegiment, das; Garde, die

    4) (watch; also Mil.) Wache, die

    keep or stand guard — Wache halten od. stehen

    keep or stand guard over — bewachen

    be on [one's] guard [against somebody/something] — (lit. or fig.) sich [vor jemandem/etwas] hüten

    be off [one's] guard — (fig.) nicht auf der Hut sein

    be caught or taken off guard or off one's guard [by something] — (fig.) [von etwas] überrascht werden

    put somebody on [his/her] guard — jemanden misstrauisch machen

    be [kept/held] under guard — unter Bewachung stehen

    keep or hold/put under guard — bewachen/unter Bewachung stellen

    5) (Brit. Railw.) [Zug]schaffner, der/-schaffnerin, die
    6) (Amer.): (prison warder) [Gefängnis]wärter, der/-wärterin, die
    7) (safety device) Schutz, der; Schutzvorrichtung, die; (worn on body) Schutz, der
    8) (posture) (Boxing, Fencing) Deckung, die

    drop or lower one's guard — die Deckung fallen lassen; (fig.) seine Reserve aufgeben

    2. transitive verb
    (watch over) bewachen; (keep safe) hüten [Geheimnis, Schatz]; schützen [Leben]; beschützen [Prominenten]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (train) n.
    Schaffner m. n.
    Schutz m.
    Schützer - m.
    Wache -n f.
    Wächter - m.
    Wärter - m. (against, from) v.
    bewachen (vor) v. v.
    bewachen v.
    schützen v.

    English-german dictionary > guard

  • 47 охранять

    несовер. - охранять;
    совер. - охранить( кого-л./что-л. от кого-л./чего-л.) guard/protect (from, against) ;
    stand guard( over) (стоять на страже чего-л.) охранять конституционные права ≈ to preserve a constitution, to safeguard a constitution
    несов. (вн.) guard (smb., smth.), protect (smb., smth.) ;
    (интересы и т. п.) safeguard( smth.) ;
    ~ здание guard a building;
    ~ интересы трудящихся safeguard the interests of the working people.

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > охранять

  • 48 defend

    defend [dɪˈfend]
       a. défendre
    • to defend o.s. se défendre
       b. ( = justify) justifier
    défendre ; ( = play in defence) être en défense
    * * *
    [dɪ'fend] 1.
    transitive verb défendre [fort, freedom, interests, client, title, belief]; justifier [behaviour, decision]
    2.
    intransitive verb Sport défendre
    3.

    to defend oneself — ( protect oneself) lit, fig se défendre

    4.
    defending present participle adjective [counsel] de la défense

    English-French dictionary > defend

  • 49 Port Wine

       Portugal's most famous wine and leading export takes its name from the city of Oporto or porto, which means "port" or "harbor" in Portuguese. Sometimes described as "the Englishman's wine," port is only one of the many wines produced in continental Portugal and the Atlantic islands. Another noted dessert wine is Madeira wine, which is produced on the island of Madeira. Port wine's history is about as long as that of Madeira wine, but the wine's development is recent compared to that of older table wines and the wines Greeks and Romans enjoyed in ancient Lusitania. During the Roman occupation of the land (ca. 210 BCE-300 CE), wine was being made from vines cultivated in the upper Douro River valley. Favorable climate and soils (schist with granite outcropping) and convenient transportation (on ships down the Douro River to Oporto) were factors that combined with increased wine production in the late 17th century to assist in the birth of port wine as a new product. Earlier names for port wine ( vinho do porto) were descriptive of location ("Wine of the Douro Bank") and how it was transported ("Wine of [Ship] Embarkation").
       Port wine, a sweet, fortified (with brandy) aperitif or dessert wine that was designed as a valuable export product for the English market, was developed first in the 1670s by a unique combination of circumstances and the action of interested parties. Several substantial English merchants who visited Oporto "discovered" that a local Douro wine was much improved when brandy ( aguardente) was added. Fortification prevented the wine from spoiling in a variety of temperatures and on the arduous sea voyages from Oporto to Great Britain. Soon port wine became a major industry of the Douro region; it involved an uneasy alliance between the English merchant-shippers at Oporto and Vila Nova de Gaia, the town across the river from Oporto, where the wine was stored and aged, and the Portuguese wine growers.
       In the 18th century, port wine became a significant element of Britain's foreign imports and of the country's establishment tastes in beverages. Port wine drinking became a hallowed tradition in Britain's elite Oxford and Cambridge Universities' colleges, which all kept port wine cellars. For Portugal, the port wine market in Britain, and later in France, Belgium, and other European countries, became a vital element in the national economy. Trade in port wine and British woolens became the key elements in the 1703 Methuen Treaty between England and Portugal.
       To lessen Portugal's growing economic dependence on Britain, regulate the production and export of the precious sweet wine, and protect the public from poor quality, the Marquis of Pombal instituted various measures for the industry. In 1756, Pombal established the General Company of Viticulture of the Upper Douro to carry out these measures. That same year, he ordered the creation of the first demarcated wine-producing region in the world, the port-wine producing Douro region. Other wine-producing countries later followed this Portuguese initiative and created demarcated wine regions to protect the quality of wine produced and to ensure national economic interests.
       The upper Douro valley region (from Barca d'Alva in Portugal to Barqueiros on the Spanish frontier) produces a variety of wines; only 40 percent of its wines are port wine, whereas 60 percent are table wines. Port wine's alcohol content varies usually between 19 and 22 percent, and, depending on the type, the wine is aged in wooden casks from two to six years and then bottled. Related to port wine's history is the history of Portuguese cork. Beginning in the 17th century, Portuguese cork, which comes from cork trees, began to be used to seal wine bottles to prevent wine from spoiling. This innovation in Portugal helped lead to the development of the cork industry. By the early 20th century, Portugal was the world's largest exporter of cork.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Port Wine

  • 50 defend

    A vtr
    1 (guard, protect) défendre [fort, town, country] (against contre ; from de) ; défendre [freedom, interests, rights] ; [lawyer] défendre [client] ; the government must defend its majority le gouvernement doit tout faire pour conserver sa majorité ;
    2 ( justify) défendre [argument, belief, doctrine, opinion] ; justifier [actions, behaviour, decision] ;
    3 Sport défendre [title, record] ;
    4 Univ to defend a thesis soutenir une thèse.
    B vi Sport défendre.
    1 ( protect oneself) lit, fig se défendre ;
    2 Jur [accused] assurer sa propre défense.
    D defending pres p adj [counsel] de la défense ; the defending champion le tenant du titre.

    Big English-French dictionary > defend

  • 51 cover

    cover ['kʌvə(r)]
    housse ⇒ 1 (a) couvre-lit ⇒ 1 (b) couvercle ⇒ 1 (c) couverture ⇒ 1 (d), 1 (f), 1 (g) abri ⇒ 1 (e) remplacement ⇒ 1 (h) couvrir ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (d), 2 (f)-(k) recouvrir ⇒ 2 (b) parcourir ⇒ 2 (d) traiter ⇒ 2 (e) avoir sous surveillance ⇒ 2 (l) marquer ⇒ 2 (m)
    1 noun
    (a) (protective → for cushion, typewriter) housse f; (→ for umbrella) fourreau m;
    ∎ loose cover (for chair, sofa) housse f
    (b) (on bed → bedspread) couvre-lit m;
    ∎ the covers (blankets) les couvertures fpl
    (c) (lid) couvercle m
    (d) (of book, magazine) couverture f;
    ∎ (front) cover couverture f;
    ∎ to read a book (from) cover to cover lire un livre de la première à la dernière page ou d'un bout à l'autre
    (e) (shelter, protection) abri m; Hunting (for birds, animals) couvert m; Military (from gunfire etc) couvert m, abri m; (firing) tir m de couverture ou de protection;
    ∎ to take cover se mettre à l'abri;
    ∎ to take cover from the rain s'abriter de la pluie;
    ∎ to run for cover courir se mettre à l'abri;
    ∎ that tree will provide cover cet arbre va nous permettre de nous abriter ou nous offrir un abri;
    ∎ we'll give you cover (by shooting) nous vous couvrirons;
    ∎ to keep sth under cover garder qch à l'abri;
    ∎ to do sth under cover of darkness faire qch à la faveur de la nuit;
    ∎ under cover of the riot/noise profitant de l'émeute/du bruit;
    ∎ they escaped under cover of the riot/noise ils ont profité de l'émeute/du bruit pour s'échapper;
    ∎ to work under cover travailler clandestinement;
    ∎ to break cover (animal, person in hiding) sortir à découvert
    (f) Insurance couverture f;
    ∎ to have cover against sth être couvert ou assuré contre qch;
    ∎ I've taken out cover for medical costs j'ai pris une assurance pour les frais médicaux
    (g) (disguise, front → for criminal enterprise) couverture f; (→ for spy) fausse identité f, identité f d'emprunt;
    ∎ familiar your cover has been blown vous avez été démasqué;
    ∎ to be a cover for sth servir de couverture à qch;
    ∎ it's just a cover for her shyness c'est juste pour cacher ou masquer sa timidité
    ∎ to provide cover for sb remplacer qn;
    ∎ I provide emergency cover je fais des remplacements d'urgence
    (i) Finance marge f de sécurité;
    ∎ to operate with/without cover opérer avec couverture/à découvert
    (k) (in restaurant) couvert m
    (l) (envelope) enveloppe f;
    ∎ under plain/separate cover sous pli discret/séparé
    (a) (in order to protect) couvrir; (in order to hide) cacher, dissimuler; (cushion, chair, settee) recouvrir; (in bookbinding → book) couvrir;
    ∎ to cover sth with a sheet/blanket recouvrir qch d'un drap/d'une couverture;
    ∎ to cover one's eyes se couvrir les yeux;
    ∎ to cover one's ears se boucher les oreilles;
    ∎ to cover one's face with one's hands (in shame, embarrassment) se couvrir le visage de ses mains;
    ∎ to cover one's shyness/nervousness dissimuler ou masquer sa timidité/nervosité
    (b) (coat → of dust, snow) recouvrir;
    ∎ to be covered in dust/snow être recouvert de poussière/neige;
    ∎ his face was covered in spots son visage était couvert de boutons;
    ∎ you're covering everything in dust/paint tu mets de la poussière/peinture partout;
    ∎ figurative I was covered in or with shame j'étais mort de honte;
    ∎ figurative to cover oneself in glory se couvrir de gloire;
    ∎ our team didn't exactly cover itself in glory notre équipe n'est pas rentrée très glorieuse
    (c) (extend over, occupy → of city, desert etc) couvrir une surface de;
    ∎ water covers most of the earth's surface l'eau recouvre la plus grande partie de la surface de la terre;
    ∎ his interests cover a wide field il a des intérêts très variés;
    ∎ does this translation cover the figurative meaning of the word? cette traduction couvre-t-elle bien le sens figuré du mot?
    (d) (travel over) parcourir, couvrir;
    ∎ we've covered every square inch of the park looking for it nous avons ratissé chaque centimètre carré du parc pour essayer de le retrouver;
    ∎ we covered 100 kilometres before breakfast nous avons fait 100 kilomètres avant le petit déjeuner;
    ∎ to cover a lot of ground (travel great distance) faire beaucoup de chemin; (search etc over a wide area) parcourir un champ très vaste; figurative (book, author etc) couvrir de nombreux domaines; (meeting etc) traiter bien des problèmes
    (e) (deal with) traiter;
    ∎ there's one point we haven't covered il y a un point que nous n'avons pas traité ou vu;
    ∎ is that everything covered? (in discussion) tout a été vu?;
    ∎ the course covers the first half of the century le cours couvre la première moitié du siècle;
    ∎ to cover all eventualites parer à toute éventualité;
    ∎ the law doesn't cover that kind of situation la loi ne prévoit pas ce genre de situation
    (f) (report on) couvrir, faire la couverture de
    (g) (of salesman, representative) couvrir
    (h) (be enough money for → damage, expenses) couvrir; (→ meal) suffire à payer;
    ∎ £30 should cover it 30 livres devraient suffire;
    ∎ to cover a deficit combler un déficit;
    ∎ Accountancy to cover a loss couvrir un déficit;
    ∎ to cover one's costs (company) rentrer dans ses frais
    (i) Insurance couvrir, garantir;
    ∎ to be covered against or for sth être couvert ou assuré contre qch
    ∎ to cover a bill faire la provision d'une lettre de change;
    ∎ Stock Exchange to cover a position couvrir une position
    (k) (with gun → colleague) couvrir;
    ∎ I've got you covered (to criminal) j'ai mon arme braquée sur toi;
    ∎ figurative the president covered himself by saying that… le président s'est couvert en disant que…
    (l) (monitor permanently → exit, port etc) avoir sous surveillance;
    ∎ I want all exits covered immediately je veux que toutes les sorties soient mises sous surveillance immédiatement
    (m) Sport marquer
    (n) Music (song) faire une reprise de
    (o) (of male animal) couvrir, s'accoupler avec
    Sport (in cricket) = partie du terrain située sur l'avant et sur la droite du batteur, à mi-distance de la limite du terrain
    ►► cover charge (in restaurant) couvert m; American (in bar) entrée f, prix m d'entrée;
    cover girl cover-girl f;
    American cover letter (for job application) lettre f de motivation; (sent with invoice etc) lettre f d'accompagnement;
    cover mount = cadeau offert avec un magazine;
    British Insurance cover note attestation f provisoire;
    cover page (of fax) page f de garde;
    Sport cover point (in cricket) = joueur qui double celui qui est situé à droite du guichet;
    cover sheet (of fax) page f de garde;
    Press cover story article m principal (faisant la couverture)
    (replace) remplacer; (provide excuses for) couvrir;
    ∎ I refuse to cover for you with the boss je refuse de te couvrir auprès du patron
    (hole) remplir
    (a) (hide, conceal) cacher, dissimuler; (in order to protect) recouvrir; pejorative (involvement, report etc) dissimuler, garder secret(ète); (affair) étouffer;
    ∎ they covered up the body with a sheet ils ont recouvert le cadavre d'un drap;
    ∎ cover yourself up! (for decency) couvre-toi!
    ∎ (hide something) the government is covering up again le gouvernement est encore en train d'étouffer une affaire;
    ∎ to cover up for sb couvrir qn, protéger qn;
    ∎ they're covering up for each other ils se couvrent l'un l'autre

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > cover

  • 52 forward

    ˈfɔ:wəd
    1. прил.
    1) а) передний;
    мор. находящийся в передней части корабля б) передовой, прогрессивный;
    идущий впереди других, лидирующий в) направленный вперед, по ходу движения
    2) а) готовый, желающий (оказать какую-л. услугу и т. п.) Syn: ready, prompt, eager б) всюду сующийся;
    нахальный, наглый, развязный Syn: bold
    2), presumptuous, pert, bold, immodest
    3) а) заблаговременный, экон. форвардный( о закупках, контрактах) "Forward delivery" means that the goods will be delivered at a future date. ≈ Форвардная поставка означает, что товар будет поставлен к некоторой будущей дате. forward estimate б) прям. перен. ранний, скороспелый, преждевременный Syn: precocious
    2. нареч.
    1) а) с этого момента, отныне, впредь (обычно в выражениях типа from this day forward) - look forward Syn: henceforth, from now on б) коммерч. в будущем, потом;
    форвардно, вперед( о поставке, платеже) Maize still dear, but cheaper forward. ≈ Кукуруза все еще дорога, но в будущем подешевеет. to date forward
    2) вперед, от себя, дальше;
    мор. на носу корабля The river is rushing forward. ≈ Река бежит вперед. Syn: onward
    3) спереди, на виду, так, что нечто оказывается на обозрении Who are you, my good friend, who put yourself so forward? ≈ Кто ты, друг мой, что все время норовишь показаться? A young man who stands very forward in parliament. ≈ Очень заметный в парламенте молодой человек. - bring forward ∙ backward(s) and forward(s) ≈ взад и вперед to look forward to smth. ≈ предвкушать что-л.
    3. сущ.;
    спорт спорт нападающий, форвард ( в футболе, а также других играх)
    4. гл.
    1) а) прям. перен. ускорять, подталкивать вперед, помогать, способствовать To protect its rights and to forward its interests. ≈ Чтобы защитить свои права и удовлетворить свои интересы. Syn: hasten, quicken, advance, assist, promote б) с.-х. ускорять каким-л. методом рост растений
    2) отправлять, пересылать, комп. сл. форвардить (о почте, в частности, электронной) ;
    посылать, препровождать, переадресовывать( какое-л. лицо, просьбу, петицию и т.д.) (from;
    to) Please forward any letters to me while I'm on holiday. ≈ Пожалуйста, пересылайте мне всю мою почту, пока я в отпуске. Syn: send
    3) полигр. пересылать сшитую книгу в обложечную мастерскую, наклеив предварительно бумажную обложку
    5. межд. вперед! Ibrahim had but to cry "Forward", and Constantinople was his. ≈ Ибрагиму оставалось только крикнуть "Вперед!" и Константинополь падет к его ногам. (спортивное) нападающий (игрок) ;
    форвард - centre * центральный нападающий, центрфорвард передний, передовой - * echelon( военное) первый /головной/ эшелон передовой, прогрессивный - * magazine прогрессивный /передовой/ журнал - * movement прогрессивное движение рассчитанный на будущее - * planning перспективное планирование лучший, выдающийся - * pupil лучший ученик ранний - * spring ранняя весна - * for the season не по сезону ранний - to be * with one's work досрочно выполнить работу слишком рано развившийся - * child не по годам развитой ребенок радикальный, действенный, решительный готовый, стремящийся( что-л. сделать) - to be * to assist быть готовым помочь навязчивый;
    развязный, нахальный - * minx нахальная девчонка( коммерческое) заблаговременный;
    срочный, на определенный срок;
    будущий вперед, дальше - *! вперед! - to go * продолжать - to send * посылать вперед - to put * продвигать, выдвигать впредь, далее;
    вперед - from this time * с этого времени( впредь) > * and backward взад и вперед > to look * to smth. предвкушать что-л. > to put /to set/ oneself * важничать;
    быть о себе слишком высокого мнения > carriage * (коммерческое) за перевозку не уплачено;
    стоимость перевозки подлежит уплате получателем помогать, способствовать;
    ускорять - to * a plan продвигать проект - to * the growth of a plant ускорять рост растения продвигать по службе и т. п. - to * smb. in rank повышать кого-л. в ранге /в чине/ продвигать вперед (ленту, фотопленку в аппарате и т. п.) посылать, отправлять - to * goods отправлять товары по месту назначения пересылать;
    препровождать - to * letters to a new address пересылать письма по новому адресу (полиграфия) обрабатывать книжный блок backward(s) and ~(s) взад и вперед, to look forward (to smth.) предвкушать (что-л.) balance brought ~ сальдо к переносу на следующую страницу balance brought ~ сальдо с переноса с предыдущей страницы balance carried ~ сальдо к переносу на следующую страницу balance carried ~ сальдо с переноса с предыдущей страницы brought ~ (B/F) перенесенный на следующий год brought ~ (B/F) перенесенный на следующую страницу brought ~ to next year's account перенесенный на счет следующего года buy ~ бирж. покупать на срок carriage ~ за перевозку не уплачено carriage ~ стоимость перевозки подлежит уплате получателем carried ~ (C/F) бухг. к переносу carried ~ (C/F) бухг. перенесенный на будущий период carried ~ (C/F) бухг. перенесенный на другой счет carried ~ (C/F) бухг. перенесенный на другую страницу carried ~ (C/F) бухг. перенесено carry a balance ~ бухг. делать перенос сальдо на другой счет carry ~ to new account бухг. переносить на новый счет carry ~ to next year's account бухг. переносить на счет следующего года ~ спорт. нападающий (в футболе) ;
    centre forward центр нападения date ~ назначать ранний срок exchange dealers' ~ positions позиции биржевых дилеров по форвардным сделкам forward будущий ~ int вперед! ~ вперед, впредь;
    from this time forward с этого времени;
    to look forward смотреть в будущее ~ вперед;
    дальше ~ всюду сующийся;
    развязный;
    нахальный ~ выдающийся ~ готовый (помочь и т. п.) ~ заблаговременный (о закупках, контрактах) ;
    forward estimate предварительная смета или оценка ~ заблаговременный ~ идущий впереди других;
    работающий или успевающий лучше других ~ лучший ~ спорт. нападающий (в футболе) ;
    centre forward центр нападения ~ отправлять, пересылать;
    посылать, препровождать ~ отправлять ~ передний ~ передний ~ передовой, прогрессивный ~ передовой ~ пересылать ~ помогать ~ посылать ~ препровождать ~ ранний;
    скороспелый;
    преждевременный;
    необычно ранний ~ способствовать ~ срочный ~ ускорять;
    помогать, способствовать;
    to forward a scheme продвигать проект ~ ускорять ~ форвардный ~ экспедировать ~ ускорять;
    помогать, способствовать;
    to forward a scheme продвигать проект ~ заблаговременный (о закупках, контрактах) ;
    forward estimate предварительная смета или оценка freight ~ отправление грузов freight ~ фрахт, уплачиваемый в порту выгрузки ~ вперед, впредь;
    from this time forward с этого времени;
    to look forward смотреть в будущее funds brought ~ средства, перенесенные на другую страницу funds brought ~ средства, перенесенные на другой счет ~ вперед, впредь;
    from this time forward с этого времени;
    to look forward смотреть в будущее backward(s) and ~(s) взад и вперед, to look forward (to smth.) предвкушать (что-л.) look ~ to предвкушать loss brought ~ убытки, перенесенные на следующую страницу loss brought ~ убытки, перенесенные на последующий период pointing ~ указывающий вперед profit brought ~ прибыль, перенесенная на следующий период put ~ выдвигать put ~ заходить в порт put ~ назначать на должность put ~ предъявлять put: ~ forward выдвигать, предлагать ~ forward передвигать вперед (о стрелках часов) ~ forward продвигать (кого-л.), содействовать( кому-л.) sell ~ продавать на срок sell ~ продавать с будущей поставкой

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > forward

  • 53 safeguard

    ˈseɪfɡɑ:d
    1. сущ.
    1) а) гарантия( от заболевания, каких-л. неприятностей) ;
    охрана( от чего-л. against) Syn: guarantee б) предосторожность;
    мера предосторожности Syn: precaution, cation
    2) а) охранное свидетельство, охранная грамота;
    пропуск Syn: safe-conduct
    3) тех. предохранительное устройство, приспособление;
    ограждение
    4) воен. охрана, конвой
    2. гл. охранять, гарантировать( against) This medicine will safeguard you against a return of the disease. ≈ Это лекарство спасет вас от рецидивов болезни. Syn: protect гарантия;
    охрана;
    мера предосторожности - * against accidents гарантия против несчастных случаев - to obtain *s against smth. добиться гарантий, обеспечивающих что-л. - atomic energy *s меры предосторожности, связанные с использованием атомной энергии - this substance is no * against malarial fever это вещество не является надежным средством против малярии (военное) охрана, конвой охранное свидетельство, охранная грамота;
    пропуск - in /with/ *, under /upon/ (a) * с охранным свидетельством (техническое) предохранительное приспособление, ограждение (машины) гарантировать (что-л.) ;
    охранять, предохранять( от чего-л.) - to * smb.'s interests охранять чьи-л. интересы - to * industries защищать промышленность( от иностранной конкуренции) - to * the traditions jealously ревностно хранить традиции (военное) обеспечивать, прикрывать safeguard временные действия, направленные на защиту внутренней экономики от наплыва импорта ~ гарантировать ~ гарантия;
    охрана ~ гарантия ~ защита ~ защищать ~ мера предосторожности ~ охрана ~ воен. охрана, конвой ~ охранная грамота ~ охранное свидетельство ~ охранять, гарантировать (against) ~ охранять ~ предосторожность ~ предохранитель;
    предохранительное устройство ~ предохранительное устройство ~ предохранять ~ прикрывать ~ пропуск

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > safeguard

  • 54 obligation

    зобов'язання; обов'язок; обов'язковість, зобов'язальна сила, обов'язкова сила; боргова розписка; облігація
    - obligation in law
    - obligation of a contract
    - obligation of appearance
    - obligation of contract
    - obligation of contracts clause
    - obligation of notification
    - obligation of performance
    - obligation to accept contract
    - obligation to contribute
    - obligation to declare
    - obligation to disclose
    - obligation to entertain
    - obligation to indemnity
    - obligation to observe secrecy
    - obligation to society
    - obligation to support
    - obligation under contract

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > obligation

  • 55 interfere

    1. I
    1) it wasn't my business to interfere мне незачем /нечего/ было вмешиваться; I shall take care to interfere я постараюсь вмешаться в это /сказать свое слово/; leave me alone! don't interfere! оставь меня в покое!, не мешай!; who asked you to interfere! кто просил тебя вмешиваться?
    2) I shall go tomorrow if nothing interferes [я] поеду завтра, если ничто не помешает; the two plans interfere один план идет вразрез с другим, эти два плана несовместимы
    2. II
    interfere in some manner interfere arrogantly (energetically, unreasonably, consciously, jealously, materially, etc.) нагло и т. д. вмешиваться
    3. XI
    be interfered with I don't like to be interfered with не люблю, когда мне мешают
    4. XIII
    interfere to do smth. interfere to protect the children (to stop the riot, to salvage what remained, etc.) вмешаться, чтобы защитить детей и т. д.
    5. XVI
    1) interfere with smth., smb. interfere with smb.'s plans (with duty, with the course of justice, with our industrial development, with the progress of the work, with our trade, etc.) мешать /препятствовать/ осуществлению чьих-л. планов и т. д., interfere with the operation of a rule затруднять применение правила; I shall never finish my work if you interfere with me like this я никогда не кончу эту работу, если ты будешь меня все время отрывать, pleasure must not be allowed to interfere with business развлечения не должны быть помехой делу; interfere делу время, потехе час; interfere with smb.'s interests (with historical tradition, etc.) вступать в противоречие с чьими-л. интересами и т. д., interfere with health вредить здоровью; it cannot possibly interfere with the business это никоим образом не может повредить делу
    2) interfere with smb., smth. interfere with the boys (with the dispute of others, with private business, etc.) вмешиваться в дела мальчиков и т. д.; interfere with the clock (with this machine, etc.) трогать часы и т. д., баловаться с часами и т. д.; interfere in smth. interfere in family quarrels (in another's life, in the matter, in smb.'s business, in the work, etc.) вмешиваться в семейные ссоры и т. д.; that woman is always interfering in other people's affairs эта женщина всегда сует нос в чужие дела; interfere between smb. and smb. interfere between husband and wife вставать между мужем и женой
    6. XVII
    interfere with smb.'s doing smth. interfere with my going there (with his reading, with her singing, etc.) помешать мне пойти туда и т. д.
    7. XXV
    interfere when... do not interfere when bullies fight не лезь, когда дерутся хулиганы
    8. XXVII1
    interfere in what... I refuse to interfere in what doesn't concern me я не желаю вмешиваться в то, что меня не касается

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > interfere

  • 56 look

    1. I
    look! (посмотрите!; look, the sun is up! глядите, солнце встало /взошло/!; we looked but saw nothing мы (подсмотрели, но ничего не (увидели; it is no good looking какой смысл смотреть?; I did it while he wasn't looking я это сделал, пока он не смотрел; look who's here! посмотри, кто пришел!
    2. II
    1) look around оглядываться, осматриваться, все оглядывать; look aside смотреть в сторону, отводить глаза, отворачиваться; he looked aside when I spoke to him когда я с ним разговаривал, он отворачивался; look away отворачиваться, отводить взгляд; look back [behind, round] оборачиваться, оглядываться; don't look round, I don't want him to notice us не оглядывайся, я не хочу, чтобы он нас заметил; look down смотреть вниз; look forward /ahead/ смотреть вперед; look in /inside/ заглядывать внутрь; look out выглядывать, высовываться; look up /upward/ поднять глаза. взглянуть; he looked up and saw me он поднял глаза и увидел меня; look up from one's writing (from his book, etc.) бросить писать и т. д. и поднять голову; look right and left (this way, that way, etc.) (по-) смотреть направо и налево и т. д.; look the other way отвернуться, смотреть в другую сторону. сделать вид, что ты кого-л. не узнал /не заметил/; I happened to be looking another way я в этот момент смотрел в другую сторону
    2) the house (the window, the terrace, etc.) looks south (west, east, etc.) дом и т. д. выходит на юг /обращен к югу/ и т. д., which way does the house look? куда выходит дом?
    3. III
    look smb. look an honest man (every inch a gentleman, every inch a king, a queen, a rascal, a clown, a dandy, etc.) иметь вид честного человека и т. д.; look one's usual again снова принять свой обычный вид, оправиться, поправиться; you don't look yourself ты на себя не похож; he looked a perfect fool у него был совершенно дурацкий вид; look smth. look a perfect sight ужасно выглядеть; look the very picture of health быть воплощением / олицетворением/ здоровья; look the very picture of his father быть вылитым портретом своего отца; the actor looked his part актер выглядел так, как и требовалось по роли; look one's age (one's years, sixteen. etc.) выглядеть на свой годы /не старше сваях лет/ и т. д., he is only thirty but he looks fifty ему только тридцать, а на вид можно дать все пятьдесят; she is forty but she doesn't look it ей уже сорок, но она выглядит моложе /на вид ей столько не дашь/; this investment looked a sure profit казалось, что это капиталовложение сулит верный доход
    4. IV
    look smb. in some mariner look smb. all over осмотреть кого-л. с ног до головы /с головы до пят/; look smb. up and down смерить кого-л. взглядом, окинуть кого-л. взглядом с головы до пят
    5. X
    look to be in some state look pleased (alarmed, worried, worn out, unconcerned, disheartened, etc.) выглядеть довольным и т. д.
    6. XI
    1) be looked at the house, looked at from the outside... дом, если смотреть на него снаружи...
    2) be looked upon as smb., smth. he is looked upon as an absolute authority (as an impartial judge, as a judicious critic, etc.) его считают /он считается/ непререкаемым авторитетом и т. д., he is looked upon as a likely candidate его рассматривают, как возможную /вероятную/ кандидатуру
    3) be looked after he is wonderfully looked after there он получает там прекрасный уход; be looked over the brakes need to be looked over тормоза требуют осмотра /проверки/
    7. XV
    look to be in some quality or of some state look young (old, tired, angry, sad, grave, happy, guilty, innocent, etc.) выглядеть молодым /молодо/ и т. д.; look to be of some kind look foolish (pale, wise, brave, good-natured, thin, charming, uninviting, etc.) иметь глупый и т. д. вид, выглядеть глупо и т. д., he looked trustworthy у него был вид человека, которому можно доверять; look blank выглядеть /казаться/ рассеянным или растерянным; this book looks very tempting эту книгу очень хочется почитать; look well (ill) хорошо (плохо) выглядеть; he looks well in uniform ему идет форма; the hat looks well on you шляпа вам к лицу; things look very ugly /black/ дела обстоят плохо /не сулят ничего хорошего/; things are looking a little better дела понемногу поправляются; you look blue with cold вы посинели от холода; the clouds look rainy судя по тучам, будет дождь
    8. XVI
    1) look at smb., smth. look at each other (at his fellow-traveller, at the watch, at the ceiling, at the illustrations, etc.) смотреть друг на друга и т. д., look at oneself in the glass (поосмотреться в зеркало; what are you looking at? куда /на что/ вы смотрите?; look at me! взгляните на меня! I enjoy looking at old family portraits я люблю рассматривать старые фамильные портреты; look [up] at the stars (at the roof, at the tree-tops, etc.) взглянуть на звезды и т. д.; let me look at your work (at your results, at this sentence, etc.) дайте мне взглянуть на вашу работу и т. д., just look at this! [вы] только посмотрите!; to come to look at the pipes (at the drains, at the roof, etc.) прийти, чтобы осмотреть /проверить/ трубы и т. д., what sort of a man is he to look at? что он собой представляет внешне, как он выглядит?; the man is not much to look at внешне он ничего собой не представляет; to look at him one would say... судя по его виду можно сказать...; to look at the illustrations it will be observed... судя по иллюстрациям можно отметить...; she will /would/ not look at him (at his offer, at my proposals etc.) она и смотреть на него и т. д. не хочет; look at smb., smth. in some manner look at the boy (at the picture, etc.) closely (critically, questioningly. threateningly, keenly, reproachfully, wistfully, significantly, etc.) смотреть на мальчика и т. д. пристально и т. д.; he looked at me vacantly он посмотрел на меня пустым /ничего не выражающим/ взглядом; look at smb., smth. with (in) smth. look at smb., smth. with pity (with respect, with kindness, with interest, etc.) смотреть на кого-л., что-л. с жалостью и т. д.; look at me in embarrassment (in fear, in admiration, etc.) посмотреть на меня в смущении и т. д.; look about (round, before, behind, etc.) smb., smth. we hardly had time to look about us мы едва успели осмотреться; the boy was looking before him мальчик смотрел перед собой; look round the room (round the shop, etc.) окинуть комнату и т. д. взглядом; look after the train (after the ship, after the girl as she left the room, etc.) смотреть вслед поезду и т. д., провожать поезд и т. д. взглядом /глазами/; the child looked behind me to make sure that I was alone ребенок посмотрел, нет ли кого-л. сзади меня; look behind the door посмотреть за дверью; look down (up) smth. look down the well [внимательно] (подсмотреть в колодец; look down the list просмотреть весь список, проверить список сверху донизу; look down (up) the street внимательно осмотреть улицу, посмотреть вниз (вверх) no улице; look from /out of/ smth. look from /out of/ a window смотреть из окна; look out of the corner of one's eye посмотреть краешком глаза; look in /into/ smth. look in a mirror (посмотреться в зеркало; look in smb.'s face (in smb.'s eyes) (подсмотреть кому-л. в лицо (в глаза); look into smb.'s face (into smb.'s eyes) заглядывать кому-л. в лицо (в глаза); look in that direction смотреть в том /в указанном/ направлении; look into a well (into a shop window, into the darkness of the forest, into the fire, into a mirror, into the garden, into the sky, etc.) всматриваться /вглядываться, смотреть/ в колодец и т. д.; look into a room заглядывать в комнату; look into the future (into the hearts of other people, etc.) заглянуть в будущее и т. д.; he looked [down] into my face он [нагнулся и] посмотрел мне в лицо; look over smth. look over one's spectacles посмотреть поверх очков; look over one's shoulder посмотреть /кинуть взгляд/ через плечо; look over their heads смотреть поверх их голов; look over the wall (over the fence, etc.) заглядывать через стену и т. д.; look to smth. look to the right (to the left) посмотреть направо (налево); look [up] to heaven посмотреть [вверх] на небо; look through smth. look through the window (through a telescope, etc.) смотреть в окно и т. д., look through the keyhole смотреть /подсматривать/ в замочную скважину; his greed looked through his eyes в его глазах горела /светилась/ жадность; his toes look out through the shoe у него пальцы из ботинок вылезают, у него ботинки "каши просят"; look towards smth. look towards the horizon (towards the sea, etc.) смотреть в сторону горизонта /по направлению к горизонту/ и т. д.
    2) look on (upon, to, towards, etc.) smth. the drawing-room (the window, the house, etc.) looks on the river (on the sea, on the street, upon the garden, on the park, to the east, towards the south, towards the Pacific, across the garden, etc.) гостиная и т. д. выходит /выходит окнами, обращена/ на реку и т. д., look [down] into the street (down on the lake, down on the river, etc.) стоять на возвышенности /возвышенном месте/, откуда открывается вид на улицу и т. д., the castle looks down on the valley замок стоит на вершине, откуда открывается вид на долину
    3) look after smb., smth. look after children (after the old man, after a dog, after a garden, after smb.'s house, etc.) ухаживать /следить, присматривать/ за детьми и т. д.; who will look after the shop while we are away? на чьем попечении / на кого/ останется магазин на время нашего отсутствия?; I look after the саг myself я сам ухаживаю за машиной; he is able to look after himself a) он в состоянии обслужить [самого] себя; б) он может постоять за себя; look after her when I am gone присмотрите за ней, пока меня не будет; he is young and needs looking after он еще мал, и за ним нужен присмотр /уход/; did you get someone to look after the child? вы нашли кого-нибудь для ухода за ребенком?; look after smb.'s interests блюсти /соблюдать/ чьи-л. интересы; look after smb.'s rights охранять /оберегать, защищать/ чьи-л. права; look after smb.'s wants ухаживать за кем-л., исполнять чьи-л. желания; look after the affair веста какое-л. дело; look to smth. look to smb.'s tools (to the fastenings, to the water-bottles, etc.) отвечать за инструменты и т. д., следить, за инструментами и т.д., look to your manners следи за своими манерами /за тем, как ты себя ведешь/; the country must look to its defences страна должна заботиться об обороне; look to the future (подумать /(побеспокоиться/ о будущем: look to it that this does not happen again (that everything is ready, etc.) смотря, чтобы это не повторилось /чтобы этого больше не было/ и т. д.
    4) look for smb., smth. look for one's brother (for smb.'s hat, for the lost money, for employment, for a job, for gold, for a shorter route to the East, etc.) искать брата и т. д., what are you looking for? что вы ищете?; что вам надо?; I am looking for а, room мне нужна комната, я ищу комнату; look for trouble напрашиваться на неприятности; look for smth. somewhere look for spectacles in the bureau drawers (in the jar, around the room, etc.) искать очки в ящиках стола и т. д., one has not to look very far for the answer за ответом далеко ходить не, надо; look to smb. for smth. look to smb. for help (for advice, for guidance, for comfort, for a loan of money, etc.) прибегать /обращаться/ к кому-л. за помощью и т. д., искать у кого-л. помощи и т. д.; he looks to me for protection он ищет защиты у меня; it is no good looking to them for support нечего ждать от них поддержки; ' look to smb. to do smth. look to smb. to put things right (to make the arrangement, to protect them from aggression, etc.) рассчитывать, что кто-л. все уладит и т. д.; he looks to me to help him он полагается на то, что я помогу ему
    5) look at /on, upon/ smth. look at all the facts (at /upon/ the offer, at smb.'s motives, at this matter seriously, on smb.'s proposal from this point of view, etc.) рассматривать все факты и т. д., it is a new way of looking at things это новый подход к вопросу; look upon death without fear относиться к смерти без страха; look only at /on/ the surface of things поверхностно подходить к вопросу; look (up)on smb., smth. as smb., smth. look upon him as my teacher считать его своим учителем, смотреть на него как на своего учителя; I look on that as an insult я рассматриваю это как оскорбление; I look on it as an honour to work with you для меня большая честь работать с вами; look on smth., as being in some state look on smth. as useless (as necessary, as unusual, as unfortunate, etc.) считать что-л. бесполезным и т. д.; you can look upon it as done можешь считать это [уже] сделанным /выполненным, готовым/
    6) look into smth. look into a problem рассматривать проблему, разбираться в вопросе; will you look into the question of supplies? вы займетесь вопросом снабжения?; the police will look into the theft полиция займется расследованием этой кражи
    7) look for smth., smb. look for the arrival of the heir (for a great victory, for much profit from the business, for no recompense, for the news, for a line from you, etc.) ожидать приезда наследника и т. д., I'll be looking for you at the reception я надеюсь увидеть вас на приеме; I never looked for such a result as this я и не ожидал такого результата /не рассчитывал на такой результат/; death steals upon us when we least look for it смерть подкрадывается к нам, когда мы ее меньше всего ждем; look to /towards/ smth. look to the future (to greater advances in science and technology, towards the day when world peace will be a reality, to a quiet time in my old age, etc.) надеяться на будущее и т. д., стремиться к будущему и т. д.
    9. XIX1
    look like smb., smth. look like a sailor (like a gentleman, like an elderly clerk, like a perfect fool, etc.) быть похожим на матроса и т. д., he looks like an honest (a clever, etc.) man у него вид честного и т. д. человека; this dog doesn't look much like a hunting dog этот пес мало похож на охотничью собаку; I have no idea what it (he) looks like понятия не имею, как это (он) выглядит; it looks like granite (like business, like a dream coming true, etc.) это похоже на гранит и т. д.; it looks like rain (like snow, like storm) похоже, что будет /собирается/ дождь (снег, буря); it looks like a fine day день обещает быть хорошим
    10. Х1Х3
    look like doing smth. he looks like winning похоже, что он выигрывает; which country looks like winning? у какой страны больше шансов на успех?; do I look like jesting? разве похоже, что я шучу?
    11. XXI1
    look smb., smth. in smth. look smb. full (straight. squarely, frankly, etc.) in the face (in the eyes) смотреть кому-л. прямо и т. д. в лицо (в глаза); look death in the face смотреть смерти в лице; look smb. (in)to (out of, etc.) smth. look smb. into silence взглядом заставить кого-л. (замолчать; look smb. to shame пристыдить кого-л. взглядом; look smb. out of countenance взглядом смутить кого-л. /заставить кого-л. смутиться/; look smth. at smb. look daggers at smb. смотреть на кого-л. убийственным взглядом; look one's annoyance at a person смотреть на кого-л. с раздражением; he looked a query at me он посмотрел на меня вопросительно
    12. XXV
    1) look what... (when..., where..., whether..., etc.) look what time the train arrives /when the train arrives (when the train starts, where you are, whether the postman has come yet, etc.) посмотреть, когда прибывает поезд и т. д., look what time it is посмотри, который час; don't look till I tell you не смотри /не поворачивайся, не поворачивай головы/, пока я не скажу
    2) look as if... (as though...) look as if he wanted to join us (as if you had slept badly, as though he were thinking of mischief, ere.) похоже на то, что он хочет присоединиться к нам и т. д.; he looks as if he had seen a ghost у него такой вид, [как] будто он увидел привидение
    3) look that... (how..., etc.) look that everything is ready (that he is on time, how you behave, etc.) проследить за тем, чтобы все было готово и т. д.; look that you do not fall смотри, не упади; it looks as if they were afraid (as if he wouldn't go, as if trouble were brewing, etc.) создается такое впечатление /кажется/, что они боялись и т. д.
    13. XXVII2
    look to smb. as if... /as though. / it looks to me as if the skirt is too long мне кажется, что юбка слишком длинна; it looks as if it is going to turn wet (as if it were going to be fine, as though we should have a storm, etc.) похоже, пойдут дожди и т. д.

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > look

  • 57 on no account

    ни при каких условиях, ни при каких обстоятельствах, ни в коем случае, ни под каким видом, никоим образом

    He warned me on no account to let myself forget that it's a war to protect big French and British interests, and that many of them are trading with the enemy, and protecting their own properties to the injury of their country. (U. Sinclair, ‘World's End’, ch. 21) — Отец убеждал меня ни в коем случае не забывать, что эта война ведется в интересах крупных французских и английских капиталистов, что многие из них продолжают торговать с неприятелем и что собственную выгоду они ставят выше интересов родины.

    ‘On no account give her more than half a piastre,’ said our host. (E. Waugh, ‘When the Going Was Good’, ch. 1) — - Никак нельзя давать танцовщице больше чем полпиастра, - сказал наш хозяин.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > on no account

  • 58 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 59 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

  • 60 rank-and-file

    (party member) de la base;
    ∎ rank-and-file soldiers simples soldats mpl;
    ∎ to protect rank-and-file interests protéger les intérêts de la base

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > rank-and-file

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