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  • 21 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 22 impôt

    impôt [ɛ̃po]
    masculine noun
    ( = taxe) tax
    • je paye plus de 10 000 € d'impôts I pay more than 10,000 euros in tax
    • impôt direct/indirect/déguisé direct/indirect/hidden tax
    • faire un bénéfice de 10 000 € avant impôt to make a profit of 10,000 euros before tax
    ► impôt foncier ≈ land tax
    ► impôt sur les plus-values ≈ capital gains tax
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    The main taxes in France are income tax ( l'impôt sur le revenu), value-added tax on consumer goods (« la TVA »), local taxes funding public amenities ( les impôts locaux) and two kinds of company tax (« la taxe professionnelle », l'impôt sur les sociétés).
    Income tax can either be paid in three instalments (the first two, known as « tiers provisionnels », are estimates based on the previous year's tax, while the third makes up the actual tax due), or in monthly instalments (an option known as « mensualisation »). Late payment incurs a 10% penalty known as a « majoration ».
    * * *
    ɛ̃po
    nom masculin tax

    avant/après impôt — before/after tax

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    ɛ̃po
    1. nm
    2)

    l'impôt — taxation, taxes pl

    le recouvrement de l'impôt — tax collection, the collection of taxes

    2. impôts nmpl
    (= contributions) tax sg

    payer 1000 euros d'impôts — to pay 1,000 euros in tax

    * * *
    A nm
    1 ( prélèvement) tax; payer ses impôts to pay one's taxes; payer 2 000 € d'impôts to pay €2,000 in tax; avant/après impôt before/after tax; impôt direct/indirect direct/indirect tax; impôt progressif/proportionnel progressive/proportional tax;
    2 ( fiscalité) l'impôt taxation.
    B impôts nmpl ( institution) les impôts tax (sg); réduire les impôts to reduce tax; payer des impôts to pay tax.
    impôt additionnel surtax; impôt sur les bénéfices corporation tax; impôt sur le capital tax on capital; impôt foncier property tax; impôt sur la fortune wealth tax; impôt sur les grandes fortunes, IGF ≈ wealth tax; impôt indiciaire wealth-related tax; impôts locaux local taxes; impôt sur le patrimoine inheritance tax; impôt sur les plus-values capital gains tax; impôt de quotité proportional tax; impôt sur le revenu income tax; impôt sur le revenu des personnes physiques, IRPP personal income tax; impôt sur les sociétés corporate tax, company tax; impôt de solidarité sur la fortune, ISF ≈ wealth tax.
    ⓘ Impôt sur le revenu A tax payable on income (but not deducted at source) which may be paid in three instalments in arrears or on a monthly basis. An annual tax return ( la déclaration d'impôts) must be completed as part of the process.
    [ɛ̃po] nom masculin
    1. [prélèvement] tax
    l'impôt taxation, taxes
    payer 1 000 euros d'impôt to pay 1,000 euros in taxes ou (in) tax
    écrire/aller aux impôts (familier) [à l'hôtel des impôts] to write to/to go and see the tax people
    financé par l'impôt paid for out of taxes ou with the taxpayers' money
    impôt direct/indirect direct/indirect tax
    impôts locaux ≃ council tax (UK), ≃ local property tax (US)
    2. (figuré & littéraire)
    These are taxes levied to finance local, departmental or regional government. The best-known are the taxe d'habitation (paid by rent-paying tenants), the taxe foncière (paid by homeowners) and the taxe professionnelle (levied on businesses). The rate of each tax is decided at local level.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > impôt

  • 23 Wohlstand

    Wohlstand m WIWI prosperity, wealth, affluence
    * * *
    m <Vw> prosperity, wealth, affluence
    * * *
    Wohlstand
    wealth, fortune, prosperity, economic well-being, sun;
    • enorm gestiegener Wohlstand vastly increased prosperity;
    • größerer Wohlstand enhanced prosperity;
    • wirtschaftlicher Wohlstand circumstantial prosperity;
    • Wohlstand der Unionsbürger prosperity of the Union’s people;
    • Wohlstand der Verbraucher consumer wealth;
    • Wohlstand eines Landes erschöpfen to drain a country of its wealth;
    • Wohlstand erzeugen to generate wealth;
    • im Wohlstand leben to live in comfortable circumstances (easy street, coll.);
    • im großen (größten) Wohlstand leben to live in the full swing of prosperity.

    Business german-english dictionary > Wohlstand

  • 24 vast

    (of very great size or amount: He inherited a vast fortune.) vasto, inmenso
    vast adj enorme / inmenso / grande
    tr[vɑːst]
    1 (extensive) vasto,-a, inmenso,-a; (huge) inmenso,-a, enorme
    vast ['væst] adj
    : inmenso, enorme, vasto
    adj.
    • dilatado, -a adj.
    • extenso, -a adj.
    • inconmensurable adj.
    • vasto, -a adj.
    væst, vɑːst
    adjective <size/wealth> inmenso, enorme; < area> vasto, extenso; <range/repertoire> muy extenso, amplísimo; <experience/knowledge> vasto

    vast sums of money — sumas fpl astronómicas de dinero

    [vɑːst]
    ADJ (compar vaster) (superl vastest) [building, quantity, organization] enorme, inmenso; [area] vasto, extenso; [range, selection] enorme, amplísimo; [knowledge, experience] vasto
    * * *
    [væst, vɑːst]
    adjective <size/wealth> inmenso, enorme; < area> vasto, extenso; <range/repertoire> muy extenso, amplísimo; <experience/knowledge> vasto

    vast sums of money — sumas fpl astronómicas de dinero

    English-spanish dictionary > vast

  • 25 sammeln

    I v/t
    1. (Münzen, Spenden, Altpapier etc.) collect; (Holz) gather; (Beeren, Pilze etc.) auch pick; (Pflanzen) botanize; (Kräuter) herborize; (Wählerstimmen) canvass for
    2. (versammeln) gather; versprengte Truppen sammeln rally scattered troops; Anhänger etc. um sich sammeln gather supporters etc. around one
    3. (Erfahrungen, Material etc.) gather; (Informationen) collect, gather; Reichtümer sammeln accumulate wealth ( oder riches); Kenntnisse sammeln store knowledge; seine Gedanken sammeln collect ( oder gather) one’s thoughts; gesammelt
    II v/refl
    1. (sich ansammeln) gather, accumulate, collect; OPT. focus
    2. (sich versammeln) assemble, meet
    3. (sich konzentrieren) collect ( oder gather) one’s thoughts; (sich fassen) compose o.s.; ich muss mich erst ein wenig sammeln I need to gather my thoughts a bit first
    III v/i (Geld sammeln) collect money; für jemanden: auch pass the hat (a)round
    * * *
    das Sammeln
    gathering; collection; collection
    * * *
    sạm|meln ['zamln]
    1. vt
    to collect; Holz, Ähren, Fakten, Material, Erfahrungen auch to gather; Blumen, Pilze etc to pick, to gather; Truppen, Anhänger to gather, to assemble

    neue Kräfte sammeln — to build up one's energy again

    2. vr
    1) (= zusammenkommen) to gather, to collect; (Menschenmenge) to gather; (= sich anhäufen Wasser, Geld etc) to collect, to accumulate; (Lichtstrahlen) to converge, to meet
    2) (= sich konzentrieren) to collect or compose oneself or one's thoughts
    See:
    → auch gesammelt
    3. vi
    to collect ( für for)
    * * *
    1) (to collect or pick up small amounts of news, facts etc.) glean
    2) (to bring or come together; to gather: People are collecting in front of the house; I collect stamps; I'm collecting (money) for cancer research; He's trying to collect his thoughts.) collect
    3) (to collect or get: He gathered strawberries from the garden; to gather information.) gather
    * * *
    sam·meln
    [ˈzaml̩n]
    I. vt
    ▪ etw \sammeln to pick [or gather] sth
    ▪ etw \sammeln to gather sth
    etw von der Erde \sammeln to pick up sth sep [off the ground]
    ▪ etw \sammeln to collect sth
    ▪ etw \sammeln to collect sth [in]
    ▪ etw \sammeln to gather sth [in]
    Belege \sammeln to retain [or keep] receipts
    6. (um sich scharen)
    ▪ jdn [um sich akk] \sammeln to gather [or assemble] sb
    Truppen \sammeln to gather [or assemble] [or rally] troops
    ▪ etw \sammeln to gain [or acquire] sth
    Erinnerungen \sammeln to gather memories
    II. vr
    ▪ sich akk [an etw dat/auf etw dat/vor etw dat] \sammeln to assemble [at/on/in front of sth]
    2. (sich anhäufen)
    ▪ sich akk in etw dat \sammeln to collect [or accumulate] in sth
    ▪ sich akk \sammeln to collect [or compose] one's thoughts [or oneself
    III. vi
    ▪ [für jdn/etw] \sammeln to collect [for sb/sth]
    * * *
    1.
    transitives (auch intransitives) Verb collect; gather <honey, firewood, material, experiences, impressions, etc.>; gather, pick <berries, herbs, mushrooms, etc.>; gather < people> [together]; assemble < people>; cause < light rays> to converge
    2.
    1) gather [together]; < light rays> converge

    sich um jemanden/etwas sammeln — gather round somebody/something

    2) (sich konzentrieren) collect oneself; gather oneself together
    * * *
    A. v/t
    1. (Münzen, Spenden, Altpapier etc) collect; (Holz) gather; (Beeren, Pilze etc) auch pick; (Pflanzen) botanize; (Kräuter) herborize; (Wählerstimmen) canvass for
    2. (versammeln) gather;
    versprengte Truppen sammeln rally scattered troops;
    Anhänger etc
    um sich sammeln gather supporters etc around one
    3. (Erfahrungen, Material etc) gather; (Informationen) collect, gather;
    Reichtümer sammeln accumulate wealth ( oder riches);
    Kenntnisse sammeln store knowledge;
    seine Gedanken sammeln collect ( oder gather) one’s thoughts; → gesammelt
    B. v/r
    1. (sich ansammeln) gather, accumulate, collect; OPT focus
    2. (sich versammeln) assemble, meet
    3. (sich konzentrieren) collect ( oder gather) one’s thoughts; (sich fassen) compose o.s.;
    ich muss mich erst ein wenig sammeln I need to gather my thoughts a bit first
    C. v/i (Geld sammeln) collect money; für jemanden: auch pass the hat (a)round
    * * *
    1.
    transitives (auch intransitives) Verb collect; gather <honey, firewood, material, experiences, impressions, etc.>; gather, pick <berries, herbs, mushrooms, etc.>; gather < people> [together]; assemble < people>; cause < light rays> to converge
    2.
    1) gather [together]; < light rays> converge

    sich um jemanden/etwas sammeln — gather round somebody/something

    2) (sich konzentrieren) collect oneself; gather oneself together
    * * *
    n.
    gathering n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > sammeln

  • 26 antes

    adv.
    1 before.
    no importa si vienes antes it doesn't matter if you come earlier
    ya no nado como antes I can't swim as I used to
    mucho/poco antes long/shortly before
    lo antes posible as soon as possible
    antes de Cristo before Christ, BC
    antes de tiempo ahead of time
    antes de hacer algo before doing something
    antes de que before
    antes de que llegaras before you arrived
    2 before.
    me bajo dos pisos antes I get off two floors before (you)
    antes de before
    3 first (primero).
    esta señora está antes this lady is first
    entraron antes que yo they went in in front of me
    m.pl.
    1 elks, mooses.
    2 suedes.
    * * *
    1 (tiempo) before, earlier
    2 (en el pasado) before, in the past
    3 (lugar) in front, before
    1 on the contrary, quite the opposite, rather
    ■ no la aborrece, antes la ama he doesn't hate her, on the contrary he loves her
    1 before
    \
    antes bien on the contrary
    ■ no se acobardó, antes bien se encaró con su enemigo he didn't shrink back, on the contrary, he stood up to his enemy
    antes de J.C. before Christ
    antes de nada first of all
    lo antes posible as soon as possible
    * * *
    adv.
    1) before, earlier
    2) rather, sooner
    3) formerly, previously
    •
    - antes de anoche
    - antes de ayer
    - antes de Cristo
    - antes de que
    - antes que
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ before
    2. ADV
    1) [en el tiempo]
    a) [con relación a otro acontecimiento]

    no te vayas sin antes consultarle — don't go without o before consulting her first, don't go without consulting her beforehand, don't go until you've consulted her

    lo vio antes que yo — he saw it first o before I did o before me

    • antes de algo — before sth

    una semana antes de la firma del contrato — a week before o prior to más frm signing the contract

    • el año 27 antes de Cristo — 27 BC, 27 before Christ

    • antes de hacer algo — before doing sth

    antes de salir del coche, asegúrese de que están las ventanillas cerradas — before you get o before getting out of the car, make sure that the windows are closed

    • mucho antes de algo — long before sth

    mucho antes de conocerte — a long time before I met you o meeting you, long before I met you o meeting you más frm

    • antes de o que nada — [en el tiempo] first of all; [indicando preferencia] above all

    antes de nada dejad que me presente — first of all, allow me to introduce myself

    antes que nada, hay que mantener la calma — above all, we must keep calm

    somos, antes que nada, demócratas — we are first and foremost democrats

    • poco antes de algo — just o shortly before sth

    • antes de que — + subjun before

    b) [en el pasado]

    antes fumaba un paquete de tabaco al día — before, I smoked a packet of cigarettes a day, I used to smoke a packet of cigarettes a day

    • de antes, nuestra casa de antes — our old house, our previous house

    c) (=hasta ahora) before, before now
    d) (=más temprano) earlier

    • cuanto antes — as soon as possible

    • lo antes posible — as soon as possible

    e) (=más joven) at a younger age, at an earlier age
    2) [en el espacio] before

    • antes de algo — before sth

    3.
    CONJ [indicando preferencia] sooner, rather

    no cederemos: antes gastamos todo nuestro dinero — we shall never give up: we would rather o sooner spend all our money

    • antes bien, antes al contrario — but rather

    • antes no — Chile, Méx just as well, luckily

    vi lo furiosa que estaba, antes no te pegó — I saw how angry she was, just as well o luckily she didn't hit you

    • antes que hacer algo — rather than doing sth

    antes que irme a la India, preferiría viajar por Europa — rather than going to India, I'd prefer to travel around Europe

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( con anterioridad) before

    antes de las tres/del accidente — before three/before the accident

    antes de Jesucristo — before Christ, BC

    antes de + inf — before -ing

    antes (de) que + subj: antes (de) que me olvide before I forget; no se lo des antes (de) que yo lo vea don't give it to him until I've seen it; antes (de) que tú nacieras — before you were born

    2) ( en tiempos pasados) before, in the past
    3)
    a) (indicando orden, prioridad) first

    antes me muero! — I'd rather o sooner die!

    4) ( en el espacio) before
    5)
    a)

    antes bien — (liter) on the contrary

    b)

    antes no — (Chi, Méx fam)

    * * *
    = earlier, formerly, before now.
    Ex. These will be established in keeping with the principles established earlier.
    Ex. Mr. Berman was formerly Editor of the Social Responsibility Round Table (SRRT) Newsletter and is still a member of SRRT, but chooses not to be a member of the American Library Association.
    Ex. OSI offers immense potential for the creation of the global 'virtual library', a network in which libraries are extensively and transparently connected to offer their patrons a wealth and breadth of information that has been inconceivable before now.
    ----
    * antes de = in anticipation of, prior to, no later than, in advance (of), in the run up to, during the run up to, not later than.
    * antes de acostarse = before bed.
    * antes de ahora = before now.
    * antes de conseguir empleo = preappointment.
    * antes de darse cuenta = before + Pronombre + know what + happen, before + Pronombre + know it.
    * antes de + Expresión Temporal = Expresión Temporal + be up.
    * antes de finalizar el horario de oficina = by the close of business.
    * antes de + Infinitivo = before + Gerundio.
    * antes de la contratación = pre-employment [preemployment].
    * antes del amanecer = before dawn.
    * antes del año = Expresión Temporal + be up.
    * antes del examen = pretest [pre-test].
    * antes de lo previsto = ahead of schedule.
    * antes de nada = before long, before + Pronombre + know what + happen, before + Pronombre + know it.
    * antes (de que) = before.
    * antes de todo = before anything else, first off.
    * antes de una emergencia = pre-emergency.
    * antes morir que = would rather + Verbo + than.
    * antes o después de = either side of.
    * antes que = sooner than.
    * antes que nada = first of all, before anything else, first off, above all things.
    * antes todo continúa como antes = life goes on as before.
    * cantar victoria antes de tiempo = speak too soon.
    * como antes = as before.
    * continuar como antes = go on + as before.
    * cuando antes + Pronombre + sea posible = at + Posesivo + earliest convenience.
    * cuando antes pueda = at + Posesivo + earliest convenience.
    * cuanto antes = as soon as possible (asap).
    * cuanto antes mejor = sooner the better, the.
    * deber haber ocurrido antes = be long overdue.
    * detenerse antes de = stop + short of.
    * enseñanza antes de empezar el trabajo = pre-service education.
    * haber pasado por aquí antes = have been down this road before.
    * hablar antes de tiempo = speak too soon.
    * justo antes de = on the eve of, in the run up to, during the run up to.
    * justo antes (de que) = immediately before.
    * lo mismo que antes = the same as before.
    * los días antes de = leading up to.
    * más que antes = more than ever, more... than ever before, more than ever before.
    * más que nunca antes = more... than ever before, more than ever before, more than ever.
    * mencionado antes = above-mentioned, above-named.
    * minutos antes de = minutes before.
    * mucho antes = early on.
    * mucho antes de = well before.
    * mucho tiempo antes de (que) = long before.
    * no antes de = no sooner than.
    * no cantes victoria antes de tiempo = don't count your chickens before they are hatched.
    * no visto antes = unprecedented.
    * pasar año(s) antes de que = be year(s) before.
    * poco antes de + Fecha = shortly before + Fecha.
    * que fue común antes = once-common.
    * seguir como antes = go on + as before.
    * un año antes de = a year ahead of.
    * usado antes = second-hand [secondhand].
    * y antes de nada = the next thing + Pronombre + know.
    * y antes de que + Pronombre + dar + cuenta = the next thing + Pronombre + know.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( con anterioridad) before

    antes de las tres/del accidente — before three/before the accident

    antes de Jesucristo — before Christ, BC

    antes de + inf — before -ing

    antes (de) que + subj: antes (de) que me olvide before I forget; no se lo des antes (de) que yo lo vea don't give it to him until I've seen it; antes (de) que tú nacieras — before you were born

    2) ( en tiempos pasados) before, in the past
    3)
    a) (indicando orden, prioridad) first

    antes me muero! — I'd rather o sooner die!

    4) ( en el espacio) before
    5)
    a)

    antes bien — (liter) on the contrary

    b)

    antes no — (Chi, Méx fam)

    * * *
    antes (de que)

    Ex: It will be a long time before all documents are available in machine-readable form.

    = earlier, formerly, before now.

    Ex: These will be established in keeping with the principles established earlier.

    Ex: Mr. Berman was formerly Editor of the Social Responsibility Round Table (SRRT) Newsletter and is still a member of SRRT, but chooses not to be a member of the American Library Association.
    Ex: OSI offers immense potential for the creation of the global 'virtual library', a network in which libraries are extensively and transparently connected to offer their patrons a wealth and breadth of information that has been inconceivable before now.
    * antes de = in anticipation of, prior to, no later than, in advance (of), in the run up to, during the run up to, not later than.
    * antes de acostarse = before bed.
    * antes de ahora = before now.
    * antes de conseguir empleo = preappointment.
    * antes de darse cuenta = before + Pronombre + know what + happen, before + Pronombre + know it.
    * antes de + Expresión Temporal = Expresión Temporal + be up.
    * antes de finalizar el horario de oficina = by the close of business.
    * antes de + Infinitivo = before + Gerundio.
    * antes de la contratación = pre-employment [preemployment].
    * antes del amanecer = before dawn.
    * antes del año = Expresión Temporal + be up.
    * antes del examen = pretest [pre-test].
    * antes de lo previsto = ahead of schedule.
    * antes de nada = before long, before + Pronombre + know what + happen, before + Pronombre + know it.
    * antes (de que) = before.
    * antes de todo = before anything else, first off.
    * antes de una emergencia = pre-emergency.
    * antes morir que = would rather + Verbo + than.
    * antes o después de = either side of.
    * antes que = sooner than.
    * antes que nada = first of all, before anything else, first off, above all things.
    * antes todo continúa como antes = life goes on as before.
    * cantar victoria antes de tiempo = speak too soon.
    * como antes = as before.
    * continuar como antes = go on + as before.
    * cuando antes + Pronombre + sea posible = at + Posesivo + earliest convenience.
    * cuando antes pueda = at + Posesivo + earliest convenience.
    * cuanto antes = as soon as possible (asap).
    * cuanto antes mejor = sooner the better, the.
    * deber haber ocurrido antes = be long overdue.
    * detenerse antes de = stop + short of.
    * enseñanza antes de empezar el trabajo = pre-service education.
    * haber pasado por aquí antes = have been down this road before.
    * hablar antes de tiempo = speak too soon.
    * justo antes de = on the eve of, in the run up to, during the run up to.
    * justo antes (de que) = immediately before.
    * lo mismo que antes = the same as before.
    * los días antes de = leading up to.
    * más que antes = more than ever, more... than ever before, more than ever before.
    * más que nunca antes = more... than ever before, more than ever before, more than ever.
    * mencionado antes = above-mentioned, above-named.
    * minutos antes de = minutes before.
    * mucho antes = early on.
    * mucho antes de = well before.
    * mucho tiempo antes de (que) = long before.
    * no antes de = no sooner than.
    * no cantes victoria antes de tiempo = don't count your chickens before they are hatched.
    * no visto antes = unprecedented.
    * pasar año(s) antes de que = be year(s) before.
    * poco antes de + Fecha = shortly before + Fecha.
    * que fue común antes = once-common.
    * seguir como antes = go on + as before.
    * un año antes de = a year ahead of.
    * usado antes = second-hand [secondhand].
    * y antes de nada = the next thing + Pronombre + know.
    * y antes de que + Pronombre + dar + cuenta = the next thing + Pronombre + know.

    * * *
    A
    me lo deberías haber dicho antes you should have told me before o earlier
    lo haré lo antes posible I'll do it as soon as possible
    los inquilinos de antes eran más simpáticos the people who lived there before o the previous tenants were nicer
    días antes había estado con él I had been with him a few days before
    la había hecho el día antes she had made it the day before o the previous day
    2 ( en locs):
    antes de before
    llegó antes de las tres/del accidente she arrived before three/before the accident
    debe estar aquí antes de las ocho you must be here before o by eight
    unos días antes de la publicación del libro a few days before the book was published o ( frml) prior to the publication of the book
    antes de Jesucristo before Christ, BC
    no van a llegar antes de dos horas they won't be here for two hours
    le daré la respuesta antes de una semana I will give you my reply within a week
    antes de anoche the night before last
    antes de ayer the day before yesterday
    antes DE + INF before -ING
    muéstrame la carta antes de mandársela show me the letter before you send it to him o before sending it to him
    antes ( DE) QUE + SUBJ:
    a ver si podemos terminarlo antes (de) que lleguen let's try and finish before they get here
    antes (de) que me olvide, llamó Marisa before I forget, Marisa called
    no se lo muestres antes (de) que yo lo vea don't show it to him until I've seen it
    mucho/poco antes (de) que tú nacieras a long time/just before you were born
    B (en tiempos pasados) before, in the past
    antes no se veían mendigos por la calle como ahora you didn't use to see beggars on the streets o in the past you didn't see beggars on the streets o you didn't see beggars on the streets before, the way you do now
    antes salíamos mucho más que ahora we used to go out o in the past we went out much more than we do now
    ya no es el mismo de antes he's not the same person any more, he's not the same person he was
    las casas de antes eran más sólidas houses used to be o in the past houses were more solidly built
    C
    1 (indicando orden, prioridad) first
    yo estaba antes I was here first
    antes que before
    el señor está antes que yo this man was here before me o is before me
    antes que nada first of all
    mis hijos están antes que tú para mí my children are more important to me than you are, my children come before you
    2
    (indicando preferencia): ¿casarme con él? ¡antes me muero! marry him? I'd rather o sooner die!
    cualquier cosa antes que eso anything but that
    la muerte antes que la deshonra death before dishonor
    antes QUE + INF:
    antes que verlos pasar hambre, soy capaz de robar I'd steal rather than see them go hungry
    me bajo dos paradas antes I get off two stops before
    el ejemplo dado líneas antes the example given a few lines above o before
    está antes de Rocha/del puente it's before you get to o it's this side of Rocha/the bridge
    E
    1
    antes bien ( liter); on the contrary
    2
    antes no (Chi, Méx fam): antes no te apuñalaron you were lucky o you can count yourself lucky you didn't get stabbed
    * * *

     

    antes adverbio
    1


    lo antes posible as soon as possible


    c) ( en locs)


    antes de Jesucristo before Christ, BC;
    no van a llegar antes de dos horas they won't be here for two hours;
    le daré la respuesta antes de una semana I will give you my reply within a week;
    antes de lo esperado earlier than expected;
    antes de hacer algo before doing sth;
    antes (de) que me olvide before I forget;
    no se lo des antes (de) que yo lo vea don't give it to him until I've seen it

    2 ( en tiempos pasados) before, in the past;

    3
    a) (indicando orden, prioridad) first;


    yo estaba antes I was here first

    ◊ ¡antes me muero! I'd rather o sooner die!;

    cualquier cosa antes que eso anything but that
    antes
    I adverbio
    1 (en el tiempo) before
    antes de las dos, before two o'clock
    un año antes, a year before
    mucho antes, long before
    poco antes, a short time before
    2 (tiempo remoto) in the past
    antes se bordaba a mano más, people used to hand-embroider more in the past
    3 (en el espacio) before
    la escuela está antes de la estación, the school is before the station
    II conj antes morir que disculparme, I'd rather die than apologize
    ♦ Locuciones: antes (bien), on the contrary
    cuanto antes, as soon as possible
    lo antes posible, as soon as possible
    ' antes' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    a. C.
    - acaso
    - acopiar
    - adelantarse
    - anoche
    - anticiparse
    - aquél
    - aquélla
    - atusar
    - ayer
    - bélica
    - bélico
    - cadáver
    - como
    - congelación
    - consumir
    - cuanta
    - cuanto
    - dérmica
    - dérmico
    - engañarse
    - escaparse
    - escarceo
    - escribano
    - folclórica
    - folclórico
    - gay
    - grabar
    - homologar
    - hostelera
    - hostelero
    - incluida
    - incluido
    - interesar
    - manía
    - marcha
    - mejor
    - menos
    - merodear
    - mezclar
    - no
    - noche
    - ocurrirse
    - poca
    - poco
    - presupuesto
    - recoger
    - resolver
    - sabatina
    - sabatino
    English:
    action
    - advance
    - anything
    - applaud
    - apprentice
    - arbitration
    - as
    - asap
    - averse
    - back
    - BC
    - before
    - beforehand
    - best
    - better
    - blurt out
    - board
    - boil over
    - breathing space
    - bridge
    - bustling
    - capture
    - clean
    - clean up
    - clear
    - clock
    - clock off
    - clock out
    - close
    - cram
    - customary
    - defrost
    - dispose of
    - early
    - enact
    - even
    - eventual
    - exercise
    - family
    - fellow
    - first
    - flying
    - formerly
    - from
    - gather in
    - go over
    - ground
    - hold off
    - hors d'oeuvre
    - jack up
    * * *
    ♦ adv
    1. [en el tiempo] before;
    [antaño] formerly, in the past;
    lo he dicho antes I've said it before;
    no importa si venís antes it doesn't matter if you come earlier;
    me lo podías haber contado antes you could have told me earlier o before;
    antes llovía más it used to rain more often;
    antes no había televisión y la gente se entretenía con la radio in the past, there wasn't any television, so people used to listen to the radio;
    ya no nado como antes I can't swim as I used to;
    desde el accidente, ya no es el mismo de antes he hasn't been the same since the accident;
    cuanto antes as soon as possible;
    mucho/poco antes long/shortly before;
    lo antes posible as soon as possible;
    antes de before;
    antes de entrar dejen salir [en letrero] please let people off first before boarding;
    no llegues antes de las cinco don't get there before five, make sure you arrive no earlier than five;
    tenlo preparado antes de medianoche have it ready by midnight;
    antes de hacer algo before doing sth;
    consúltame antes de añadir nada consult me first before you add anything o before adding anything;
    antes de que llegaras before you arrived;
    antes de anoche the night before last;
    antes de ayer the day before yesterday;
    antes de Cristo before Christ, BC;
    de antes [antiguo] old;
    [anterior] previous;
    el sistema de antes era muy lento the old system was very slow;
    esta cerveza sabe igual que la de antes this beer tastes the same as the previous one o the one before
    2. [en el espacio] before;
    me bajo dos pisos antes I get off two floors before (you);
    antes de before;
    el motel está antes del próximo cruce the motel is before the next junction
    3. [primero] first;
    esta señora está antes this lady is first;
    ten paciencia, este señor está antes que nosotros be patient, this man is in front of us;
    entraron antes que yo they went in in front of me;
    ¿quién va a salir antes? who's going to leave (the) first?
    4. [expresa preferencia] rather;
    no quiero tener coche, antes me compraría una moto I don't want a car, I'd rather buy a motorbike;
    antes… que rather… than;
    prefiero la sierra antes que el mar I prefer the mountains to the sea;
    iría a la cárcel antes que mentir I'd rather go to prison than lie;
    antes de nada first of all, before anything else;
    antes que nada [expresando preferencia] above all, first and foremost;
    antes al contrario on the contrary
    ♦ adj
    [previo] previous;
    la noche antes the night before
    ♦ antes bien loc conj
    on the contrary;
    no le aburría, antes bien parecía agradarle far from boring him, it appeared to please him
    * * *
    I adv before;
    cuanto antes, lo antes posible as soon as possible;
    poco antes shortly before;
    antes que nada first of all;
    antes bien on the contrary;
    II prp
    :
    antes de before;
    antes de hora, antes de tiempo early, ahead of time;
    antes de llegar el tren before the train arrived
    III conj
    :
    antes de que subj before
    * * *
    antes adv
    1) : before, earlier
    2) : formerly, previously
    3) : rather, sooner
    antes prefiero morir: I'd rather die
    4)
    antes de : before, previous to
    antes de hoy: before today
    5)
    antes que : before
    antes que llegue Luis: before Luis arrives
    6)
    cuanto antes : as soon as possible
    7)
    antes bien : on the contrary
    * * *
    antes adv
    1. (previamente) before
    2. (más temprano) earlier
    3. (lugar) just before

    Spanish-English dictionary > antes

  • 27 concienciar a la gente

    (v.) = build + public awareness, raise + awareness, raise + people's awareness, raise + public awareness, raise + consciousness, enhance + awareness
    Ex. This is an outstanding model for building public awareness of libraries and librarianship that can be used in other countries.
    Ex. All libraries must clearly help to raise awareness in this way.
    Ex. Also, the mass media play an important role in raising people's awareness.
    Ex. All publicity material was designed to raise public awareness of the library's image.
    Ex. The Internet was obviously the ideal vehicle for alerting the public, raising consciousness and providing educational materials about alternative medicine research.
    Ex. The aim was to enhance awareness of the wealth of published statistical data available and to show its value as a decision making aid for the business person.
    * * *
    (v.) = build + public awareness, raise + awareness, raise + people's awareness, raise + public awareness, raise + consciousness, enhance + awareness

    Ex: This is an outstanding model for building public awareness of libraries and librarianship that can be used in other countries.

    Ex: All libraries must clearly help to raise awareness in this way.
    Ex: Also, the mass media play an important role in raising people's awareness.
    Ex: All publicity material was designed to raise public awareness of the library's image.
    Ex: The Internet was obviously the ideal vehicle for alerting the public, raising consciousness and providing educational materials about alternative medicine research.
    Ex: The aim was to enhance awareness of the wealth of published statistical data available and to show its value as a decision making aid for the business person.

    Spanish-English dictionary > concienciar a la gente

  • 28 gente trabajadora

    (n.) = toiling crowd, working people
    Ex. He is a systematic 'sweater' who sucks wealth from toiling crowds by cunning and by stealth.
    Ex. The author examines the social and architectural history of the industrial estate, using evidence from the experiences of working people.
    * * *
    (n.) = toiling crowd, working people

    Ex: He is a systematic 'sweater' who sucks wealth from toiling crowds by cunning and by stealth.

    Ex: The author examines the social and architectural history of the industrial estate, using evidence from the experiences of working people.

    Spanish-English dictionary > gente trabajadora

  • 29 población nativa

    f.
    local population.
    * * *
    (n.) = native population, aboriginal people, native inhabitant
    Ex. Native populations also have rising rates of diabetes and heart disease.
    Ex. This is an important contribution to our understanding of the lamentably neglected subject of the plight of the aboriginal people of India.
    Ex. The discovery of gold spurred wealth and immigation and intensified the subjugation of the native inhabitants = El descubrimiento de oro fomentó la riqueza y la inmigración e intensificó la represión de la población nativa.
    * * *
    (n.) = native population, aboriginal people, native inhabitant

    Ex: Native populations also have rising rates of diabetes and heart disease.

    Ex: This is an important contribution to our understanding of the lamentably neglected subject of the plight of the aboriginal people of India.
    Ex: The discovery of gold spurred wealth and immigation and intensified the subjugation of the native inhabitants = El descubrimiento de oro fomentó la riqueza y la inmigración e intensificó la represión de la población nativa.

    Spanish-English dictionary > población nativa

  • 30 AUÐR

    I)
    a. empty, void, desolate; húsin voru auð, uninhabited; auð skip (= hroðin), empty ships, all the crew being slain or put to flight; a. af mönnum, void of people; a. at yndi, devoid of pleasure, cheerless.
    m. riches, wealth; auðr fjár, great wealth; auðr er valtastr vina, wealth is the ficklest of friends.
    * * *
    1.
    f. [Swed. ôde, fatum], fate, destiny, only used in poetry in the phrase, fá auðar, to die, Ísl. ii. 389 (in a verse); haga til auðar, to avail towards one’s happiness, Gísl. 59 (in a verse). Auðr is also a fem. pr. name.
    2.
    adj. [Ulf. auþs = ερημος; O. H. G. odi; Hel. odi = inanis: cp. A. S. ydan and édan, vastare; Germ, öde and öden: the root is rare in A. S. and lost in Engl.]:—empty, void, desert, desolate; húsin voru auð, uninhabited, Ld. 96; koma at auðu landi, of the first colonists when coming to Iceland, Landn. 316, opp. to ‘koma at bygðu landi,’ or ‘land numið;’ auð búð, Eg. 727; auð borð, void of defenders, of ships that have lost their men in fight, Fms. ii. 329; auð skip (= hroðin), all the crew being slain or put to flight, Hkr. iii. 126.
    β. metaph., auðr at yndi, cheerless, distressed, Stj. 421; sitja auðum höndum, now used of being idle: in the Ad. 22, með a. hendr means empty-handed, without gifts; so also in Stj. 437. I Sam. vi. 3, answering to ‘empty’ in the Engl. text.
    3.
    s, and poët. ar, m. [Goth. auds = μακαρία is suggested; it only appears in Ulf. in compds or derivatives, audags adj. beatus, audagei f. beatitudo, audagian, beare; A. S. eâd, n. means opes; Hel. od = bonum, possessio: it is probably akin to óðal; cp. also feudal (A. S. feoh = fee), alodial]:—riches, wealth, opulence; auð fjár (only in acc.), abundance, is a freq. phrase; also, auð landa ok fjár, Edda 15; oss er þar mikit af sagt auð þeim, Band. 8, Fms. ii. 80, 623. 21; draga saman auð, id. In proverbs, margan hefir auðr apat; auðrinn er valtastr vina, wealth is the ficklest of friends, Hm. 77 etc.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > AUÐR

  • 31 blind

    1. adjective
    1) (not able to see: a blind man.) ciego
    2) ((with to) unable to notice: She is blind to his faults.) ciego, que no se da cuenta de algo
    3) (hiding what is beyond: a blind corner.) sin visibilidad
    4) (of or for blind people: a blind school.) para invidentes/ciegos

    2. noun
    1) ((often in plural) a screen to prevent light coming through a window etc: The sunlight is too bright - pull down the blinds!) persiana
    2) (something intended to mislead or deceive: He did that as a blind.) pretexto, evasiva, subterfugio

    3. verb
    (to make blind: He was blinded in the war.) cegar, volver ciego
    - blindly
    - blindness
    - blind alley
    - blindfold
    4. verb
    (to put a blindfold on (some person or animal).) vendar los ojos (a)

    5. adjective, adverb
    (with the eyes covered by a cloth etc: She came blindfold into the room.) con los ojos vendados
    - the blind leading the blind
    blind1 adj ciego
    blind2 n persiana
    can you pull the blind down? ¿puedes bajar la persiana?
    tr[blaɪnd]
    1 ciego,-a
    1 (on window) persiana
    1 cegar, dejar ciego,-a
    2 (dazzle) deslumbrar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    blind in one eye tuerto,-a
    blind with jealousy ciego,-a con los celos
    blind with rage ciego,-a de ira
    in the kingdom of the blind the one eyed man is king en el reino de los ciegos el tuerto es rey
    to bake blind cocer sin el relleno
    to be as blind as a bat no ver ni torta
    to be blind drunk estar borracho,-a, como una cuba
    to be blind to something figurative use estar inconsciente de algo, no darse cuenta de algo
    to blind somebody with science deslumbrar a alguien con sus conocimientos
    to get blind drunk ponerse ciego,-a, coger una tajada
    to go blind quedarse ciego,-a
    to turn a blind eye figurative use hacer la vista gorda, hacerse el sueco
    blind alley callejón nombre masculino sin salida
    blind corner curva sin visibilidad
    blind date cita a ciegas
    blind man ciego
    blind man's buff el juego de la gallina ciega
    blind spot punto ciego
    blind ['blaɪnd] vt
    1) : cegar, dejar ciego
    2) dazzle: deslumbrar
    blind adj
    1) sightless: ciego
    2) insensitive: ciego, insensible, sin razón
    3) closed: sin salida
    blind alley: callejón sin salida
    1) : persiana f (para una ventana)
    2) cover: escondite m, escondrijo m
    adj.
    • ciego, -a adj.
    • ebrio, -a adj.
    • oculto, -a adj.
    • persiana adj.
    n.
    • blinda s.f.
    • celosía s.f.
    • escondite s.m.
    • pantalla s.f.
    • persiana s.f.
    • pretexto s.m.
    • venda s.f.
    expr.
    • dejar ciego, -a expr.
    v.
    • cegar v.
    • deslumbrar v.
    • obcecar v.

    I blaɪnd
    1)
    a) ( Med) ciego

    to be blind in one eye — ser* tuerto

    to be blind to something — no ver* algo

    how could I have been so blind? — ¿cómo pude haber sido tan ciego?

    b) ( Auto) < corner> de poca visibilidad
    2) (lacking reason, judgment) <faith/fury> ciego
    3) (BrE colloq) (as intensifier)

    II
    a) ( permanently) dejar ciego
    b) \<\<ambition/passion\>\> cegar*, enceguecer* (AmL); \<\<light/wealth\>\> deslumbrar, encandilar

    III
    1) ( outside window) persiana f; ( roller blind) persiana f (de enrollar), estor m (Esp); ( venetian blind) persiana f veneciana or de lamas
    2) ( blind people) (+ pl vb)

    the blind — los ciegos, los invidentes (frml)

    it's a case of the blind leading the blind — tan poco sabe el uno como el otro


    IV
    adverb (BrE colloq) (as intensifier)

    to swear blind that... — jurar y perjurar que...

    to be blind drunk — estar* más borracho que una cuba (fam)

    [blaɪnd]
    1. ADJ
    1) (lit) (=sightless) ciego

    a blind man — un ciego, un hombre ciego

    • to go blind — quedar(se) ciego

    • blind in one eye — tuerto

    • the accident left him blind — el accidente lo dejó ciego

    • to be blind with tears — estar cegado por las lágrimas

    - as blind as a bat
    - turn a blind eye to sth
    colour-blind
    2) (fig) (=unable to see) ciego

    • to be blind to sth — no poder ver algo

    3) (=irrational) [rage, panic, faith] ciego

    • to be blind with rage — estar cegado por la ira, estar ciego de ira

    4)

    • a blind bit of sth * —

    5) (Aer) [landing, flying] guiándose solo por los instrumentos
    6) (=without openings) [building, wall] ciego; [window] condenado
    2. N
    1)

    • the blind — los ciegos

    2) (=shade) persiana f

    • Venetian blind — persiana f veneciana

    3) (=pretence) pretexto m, subterfugio m
    3.
    ADV (=fly, land) guiándose solo por los instrumentos

    • to bake pastry blind — cocer una masa en blanco or sin relleno

    • to be blind drunk * — estar más borracho que una cuba *

    • he swore blind that... — juró y perjuró que...

    4. VT
    1) (=render sightless) dejar ciego, cegar

    • to be blinded in an accident — quedar ciego después de un accidente

    2) (=dazzle) [sun, light] deslumbrar, cegar

    • to blind sb with science — deslumbrar a algn con conocimientos

    3) (fig) cegar

    • to be blinded by anger/hate — estar cegado por la ira/el odio, estar ciego de ira/odio

    • her love blinded her to his faults — su amor no le dejaba ver sus faltas

    5.
    CPD

    blind alley N — callejón m sin salida

    blind corner N — curva f sin visibilidad

    blind date N — (=meeting) cita f a ciegas

    blind man's buff N — gallina f ciega

    blind spot N — (Aut) ángulo m muerto; (Med) punto m ciego

    I have a blind spot about computers, computers are a blind spot with me — los ordenadores no son mi punto fuerte

    blind test N — (Marketing) prueba f a ciegas

    blind trust N — (Comm) fideicomiso m ciego

    * * *

    I [blaɪnd]
    1)
    a) ( Med) ciego

    to be blind in one eye — ser* tuerto

    to be blind to something — no ver* algo

    how could I have been so blind? — ¿cómo pude haber sido tan ciego?

    b) ( Auto) < corner> de poca visibilidad
    2) (lacking reason, judgment) <faith/fury> ciego
    3) (BrE colloq) (as intensifier)

    II
    a) ( permanently) dejar ciego
    b) \<\<ambition/passion\>\> cegar*, enceguecer* (AmL); \<\<light/wealth\>\> deslumbrar, encandilar

    III
    1) ( outside window) persiana f; ( roller blind) persiana f (de enrollar), estor m (Esp); ( venetian blind) persiana f veneciana or de lamas
    2) ( blind people) (+ pl vb)

    the blind — los ciegos, los invidentes (frml)

    it's a case of the blind leading the blind — tan poco sabe el uno como el otro


    IV
    adverb (BrE colloq) (as intensifier)

    to swear blind that... — jurar y perjurar que...

    to be blind drunk — estar* más borracho que una cuba (fam)

    English-spanish dictionary > blind

  • 32 variedad

    f.
    1 variety.
    2 strain, variety, stock.
    * * *
    1 (diversidad) variety, diversity
    2 (clase, tipo) variety
    1 (espectáculo) variety show sing
    \
    en la variedad está el gusto variety is the spice of life
    * * *
    noun f.
    variety, diversity
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=diversidad) variety
    2) (Bio) variety
    3) pl variedades (Teat) variety show [sing]

    teatro de variedades — variety theatre, music hall, vaudeville theater (EEUU)

    * * *
    a) ( diversidad) variety
    b) (clase, especie) variety
    c) variedades femenino plural (Espec) vaudeville (AmE), variety (BrE)
    * * *
    = breadth, breadth and depth, diversity, variety, varietal, gamut, latitude, choice, smorgasbord, range, strain.
    Ex. Legal bibliographies are prime research tools as they provide the breadth and background that might otherwise be unavailable.
    Ex. Stock breadth and depth and reader groups must also be considered.
    Ex. Given the diversity of filing practices, it is important to recognise the most common filing dilemmas.
    Ex. Current trends favour cataloguing practices which can be applied to a variety of library materials.
    Ex. The primary aim was to identify chemists who are experts in the agricultural production of plants and their varietal selection and the extraction of oils and balms from these plants.
    Ex. This gamut of information presents the indexer and user with problems in choosing access points for conference proceedings.
    Ex. Rules and procedures are firm, while policies, as guides, allow for latitude in their use.
    Ex. The most noticeable effect the advent of Islam had on Arab names was not so much on structure as on choice.
    Ex. The article 'Teaching reference by the smorgasbord method' describes in detail the 6 component features of teaching reference work.
    Ex. It is unavoidable in such cases that provision will be less adequate in range, balance, colleciton size or physical quality for a language in which little is published.
    Ex. The dynamism of a continent-wide free society drawn from many strains depended on more people having access to more knowledge to be used in more ways = El dinamismo de una sociedad continental libre compuesta de muchas razas dependía de que un mayor número de personas tuviera acceso a un mayor conocimiento para que se utilizara de más formas diferentes.
    ----
    * aumentar en variedad = grow in + kind.
    * en la variedad está el gusto = variety is the spice of life.
    * teatro de variedades = variety theatre, vaudeville.
    * una amplia variedad de = a wide range of, a broad range of.
    * una espléndida variedad de = a panoply of.
    * una gran cantidad y variedad de = a wealth and breadth of.
    * una gran variedad de = a wide range of, a multiplicity of, a rich tapestry of, a plurality of, a broad variety of, a broad range of, a whole gamut of.
    * una mayor variedad de = a wider canvas of.
    * una variedad de = a range of, a variety of, an array of, an assortment of, a spectrum of, a menu of, a diversity of, a palette of.
    * una variedad muy rica de = a treasure of.
    * variedad de colores = variegation.
    * variedad de, la = range of, the.
    * variedad de + Nombre = breadth of + Nombre.
    * * *
    a) ( diversidad) variety
    b) (clase, especie) variety
    c) variedades femenino plural (Espec) vaudeville (AmE), variety (BrE)
    * * *
    = breadth, breadth and depth, diversity, variety, varietal, gamut, latitude, choice, smorgasbord, range, strain.

    Ex: Legal bibliographies are prime research tools as they provide the breadth and background that might otherwise be unavailable.

    Ex: Stock breadth and depth and reader groups must also be considered.
    Ex: Given the diversity of filing practices, it is important to recognise the most common filing dilemmas.
    Ex: Current trends favour cataloguing practices which can be applied to a variety of library materials.
    Ex: The primary aim was to identify chemists who are experts in the agricultural production of plants and their varietal selection and the extraction of oils and balms from these plants.
    Ex: This gamut of information presents the indexer and user with problems in choosing access points for conference proceedings.
    Ex: Rules and procedures are firm, while policies, as guides, allow for latitude in their use.
    Ex: The most noticeable effect the advent of Islam had on Arab names was not so much on structure as on choice.
    Ex: The article 'Teaching reference by the smorgasbord method' describes in detail the 6 component features of teaching reference work.
    Ex: It is unavoidable in such cases that provision will be less adequate in range, balance, colleciton size or physical quality for a language in which little is published.
    Ex: The dynamism of a continent-wide free society drawn from many strains depended on more people having access to more knowledge to be used in more ways = El dinamismo de una sociedad continental libre compuesta de muchas razas dependía de que un mayor número de personas tuviera acceso a un mayor conocimiento para que se utilizara de más formas diferentes.
    * aumentar en variedad = grow in + kind.
    * en la variedad está el gusto = variety is the spice of life.
    * teatro de variedades = variety theatre, vaudeville.
    * una amplia variedad de = a wide range of, a broad range of.
    * una espléndida variedad de = a panoply of.
    * una gran cantidad y variedad de = a wealth and breadth of.
    * una gran variedad de = a wide range of, a multiplicity of, a rich tapestry of, a plurality of, a broad variety of, a broad range of, a whole gamut of.
    * una mayor variedad de = a wider canvas of.
    * una variedad de = a range of, a variety of, an array of, an assortment of, a spectrum of, a menu of, a diversity of, a palette of.
    * una variedad muy rica de = a treasure of.
    * variedad de colores = variegation.
    * variedad de, la = range of, the.
    * variedad de + Nombre = breadth of + Nombre.

    * * *
    1 (diversidad) variety
    en este tema hay variedad de opiniones there are a variety of opinions on this subject, people hold many different o very different views on this subject
    en la variedad está el gusto or (Col, Ven) el placer variety is the spice of life
    2 (clase, especie) variety
    3 variedades fpl ( Espec) vaudeville ( AmE), variety ( BrE)
    espectáculo de variedades vaudeville o variety show
    teatro de variedades vaudeville theater, variety theatre
    * * *

     

    variedad sustantivo femenino

    b)

    ◊ variedades sustantivo femenino plural (Espec) vaudeville (AmE), variety (BrE)

    variedad sustantivo femenino
    1 variety
    una gran variedad de opiniones, a wide range o variety of opinions
    2 (espectáculo) variedades, variety show, US vaudeville
    ' variedad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    extensa
    - extenso
    - variada
    - variado
    - miscelánea
    - riqueza
    English:
    array
    - assortment
    - romaine lettuce
    - strain
    - variety
    - breed
    - drug
    - engage
    - vary
    - wide
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [diversidad] variety;
    hay gran variedad de modelos there is a wide variety of models
    2. [de planta] variety;
    [de animal] breed
    ♦ variedades nfpl
    Teatro variety, Br music hall;
    artista de variedades Br variety o US vaudeville artist
    * * *
    f variety;
    variedades pl vaudeville sg, Br variety sg
    * * *
    diversidad: variety, diversity
    * * *
    variedad n variety [pl. varieties]

    Spanish-English dictionary > variedad

  • 33 fort

    fort, e [fɔʀ, fɔʀt]
    ━━━━━━━━━
    ━━━━━━━━━
    1. <
       a. strong
    • c'est une forte tête he (or she) is a rebel
    • fort de son expérience, il... wiser for this experience, he...
       b. ( = gros) [personne, poitrine] large ; [hanches] broad
       c. ( = intense) [bruit, voix] loud ; [dégoût, crainte] great ; [douleur, chaleur] intense ; [fièvre] high
       d. ( = raide) [pente] steep
       e. ( = violent) [secousse, coup] hard ; [houle, pluies] heavy
       f. ( = excessif) (inf) c'est trop fort ! that's going too far!
    • et le plus fort, c'est que... and the best part of it is that...
       g. ( = important) (avant le nom) [somme, dose] large ; [baisse, différence, augmentation] big ; [consommation] high
       h. ( = doué) good (en at)
    2. <
       a. ( = intensément) [lancer, serrer, souffler, frapper] hard
    • tu as fait fort ! (inf) that was a bit much! (inf)
       b. ( = bruyamment) loudly
       c. ( = beaucoup) greatly
       d. ( = très) (formal) very
    ► fort bien [dessiné, dit, conservé] extremely well
    • fort bien ! excellent!
    3. <
       a. ( = forteresse) fort
       c. ( = spécialité) forte
       d. ► au plus fort de... at the height of...
    * * *

    1.
    forte fɔʀ, fɔʀt adjectif
    1) ( puissant) strong

    armée forte de 10000 hommes — 10,000-strong army

    forts de leur expérience... — boosted by their experience...

    2) ( résistant) strong
    3) ( intense) [bruit] loud; [lumière] bright; [chaleur, activité, pression] intense; [crampe] bad; [fièvre] high; [soupçon] strong; [crainte, colère] deep
    4) ( violent) [coup] hard; [pluie] heavy; [vent] strong
    5) ( concentré) [café, cigarette, alcool] strong; [épice] hot
    6) ( net) [accent, personnalité, odeur, tendance, impression] strong; [pente] steep; [somme, majorité, réduction] large; [taux, inflation, consommation] high; [expansion, pénurie] great; [baisse, augmentation] sharp; [différence] big; [contingent, dose, croissance] strong
    7) ( doué) good (en, à at; pour faire at doing)

    il est fort pour ne rien faire — hum he's good at doing nothing

    8) ( ferme) [personne] strong
    9) ( gros) [personne] stout; [hanches] broad; [poitrine] large; [cuisses] big
    10) (colloq) ( exagéré)

    le plus fort, c'est que... — ( surprenant) the most amazing thing is that...; ( absurde) the most ridiculous thing is that...


    2.
    1) ( très) [bon, déçu, émouvant] extremely; [bien, vite] very
    2) ( beaucoup) [douter] very much

    j'ai eu fort à faire (colloq) pour le convaincre — I had a hard job convincing him

    3) ( avec force) [frapper, tirer, frotter] hard; [serrer] tight; [respirer] deeply; [parler, crier] loudly; [sentir] strongly

    y aller un peu fort — (colloq) to go a bit too far

    4) ( bien) well

    faire or frapper (très) fort — (colloq) to do (really) well

    attaquer très fort — (colloq) to start off really well


    3.
    nom masculin
    2) ( personne puissante) strong person
    3) ( domaine d'excellence) strong point, forte

    4.
    au plus fort de locution prépositive
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    fort comme un bœuf or Turc — strong as an ox

    c'est plus fort que moi/qu'elle — ( incontrôlable) I/she just can't help it

    c'est plus fort que l'as de pique (colloq) or que de jouer au bouchon — (colloq) that beats it all, that takes the biscuit (colloq)

    * * *
    fɔʀ, fɔʀt fort, -e
    1. adj
    1) (physiquement, politiquement, économiquement) strong
    2) (par le goût, l'effet, la sensation) (café, médicament, odeur) strong, (sauce) hot, (alcool) strong

    Le café est trop fort. — The coffee's too strong.

    3) (rendement) high, (intensité) great, (pluie) heavy
    4) (= corpulent) large
    5) (= doué)

    Il est très fort en espagnol. — He's very good at Spanish.

    fort de; fort de son expérience — with a wealth of experience

    à plus forte raison — even more so, all the more reason

    2. adv
    1) [serrer, frapper] hard
    2) [sonner] loudly
    3) soutenu (= très) most

    C'est fort désagréable. — It's most unpleasant.

    fort bien... (avec adjectif) — very well...

    fort peu loquace — not at all talkative, (emploi pronominal) very few

    4) (= beaucoup) greatly, very much

    Il appréciait fort sa compagnie. — He very much enjoyed his company.

    3. nm
    1) (= édifice) fort
    2) (= point fort) strong point, forte
    3) (emploi substantivé, généralement pluriel) (personne, pays)

    au plus fort de (= au milieu de) — in the thick of, at the height of

    * * *
    A adj
    1 ( puissant) [personne, pays, monnaie, économie, lunettes, médicament] strong; armée forte de 10 000 hommes 10,000-strong army; notre compagnie est forte de 30 appareils Aviat our airline can boast 30 aircraft; fort d'un chiffre d'affaires en hausse/de trois joueurs internationaux… boasting an increased turnover/three international players…; forts de leur approbation/expérience… boosted ou fortified by their approval/experience…; le roi est plus fort que la dame Jeux a king is worth more than a queen; trouver plus fort que soi to meet one's match; s'attaquer or s'en prendre à plus fort que soi to take on someone bigger than oneself; ⇒ partie;
    2 ( résistant) [carton, papier, colle] strong;
    3 ( intense) [bruit] loud; [lumière] bright; [chaleur, activité, pression] intense; [crampe, douleur] bad; [fièvre] high; [sentiment, soupçon] strong; [crainte, colère, mécontentement] deep; une forte grippe a bad attack of flu; avoir une forte envie de faire to feel a strong desire to do;
    4 ( violent) [coup, poussée, secousse] hard; [pluie] heavy; [vent] strong;
    5 ( concentré) [café, cigarette, alcool, moutarde] strong; [épice, piment, curry] hot; un vin fort a strong wine, a wine with a high degree of alcohol; au sens fort du mot fig in the fullest sense of the word;
    6 ( accusé) [accent, personnalité, odeur, tendance, impression] strong; [pente] steep;
    7 ( ample) [somme, majorité, réduction] large; [concentration, taux, inflation] high; [demande, consommation] high, heavy; [expansion, pénurie] great; [baisse, augmentation] sharp; [croissance] strong; [différence] big; [délégation, contingent, dose] strong; forte émigration/abstention high level of emigration/abstention; de forte puissance very powerful;
    8 ( doué) good (en, à at; pour faire at doing); ceux qui sont forts en latin those who are good at Latin; il est fort pour ne rien faire iron he's good at doing nothing;
    9 ( ferme) [personne] strong; rester fort dans le malheur to remain strong in adversity; je me fais fort de la convaincre I feel confident ou I am sure that I can convince her;
    10 ( gros) [personne] stout; [hanches] broad; [poitrine] large; [cuisses] big; être forte de poitrine to have a large bust;
    11 ○( exagéré) c'est un peu fort! that's a bit much○!; ( prix) that's a bit steep○!; le plus fort, c'est que… ( surprenant) the most amazing thing is that…; ( absurde) the most ridiculous thing is that…
    B adv
    1 ( très) [bon, déçu, émouvant, mécontent] extremely; [bien, logiquement, vite] very; fort recherché/demandé very much sought after/in demand; c'est fort dommage it's a great pity, it's extremely regrettable;
    2 ( beaucoup) [douter, soupçonner] very much; avoir fort à faire○ to have a lot to do; j'ai eu fort à faire○ pour le convaincre I had a hard job convincing him;
    3 ( avec force) [frapper, tirer, pousser, frotter] hard; [serrer] tight; [respirer] deeply; [parler, crier] loudly; [sentir] strongly; [coller] firmly; souffle fort! blow hard!; le vent souffle fort there's a strong wind; parler de plus en plus fort to speak louder and louder; mon cœur bat trop fort my heart is beating too fast; le chauffage marche trop fort the heating is turned up too high; dire haut et fort to say loud and clear; y aller un peu fort○ to go a bit too far; y aller un peu fort sur la moutarde/le sel to overdo the mustard/the salt; revenir très fort [coureur, équipe] to make a strong comeback;
    4 ( bien) well; il ne va pas très fort he's not very well; (moi) ça ne va pas très fort I'm not all that well○; chez eux ça ne va pas très fort things aren't going so well for them; marcher fort [entreprise] to do well; faire or frapper (très) fort○ to do (really) well; attaquer or commencer très fort○ to start off really well.
    C nm
    2 ( personne puissante) strong person; les forts et les faibles the strong and the weak; ⇒ raison;
    3 ( domaine d'excellence) strong point; les échecs ne sont pas mon fort chess is not my strong point; la générosité n'est pas ton fort generosity is not your strong point.
    D au plus fort de loc prép au plus fort de l'été/de l'incendie at the height of summer/of the fire; au plus fort de l'hiver in the depths of winter; au plus fort de la bataille in the thick of the fighting; au plus fort de la pluie in the middle of the downpour.
    fort des halles market porter; fig Goliath; fort en thème○ Scol swot○ GB, grind○ US; forte tête rebel.
    fort comme un bœuf or Turc strong as an ox; c'est plus fort que moi/qu'elle ( incontrôlable) I/she just can't help it; c'est plus fort que l'as de pique○ or que de jouer au bouchon that beats it all, that takes the biscuit○.
    ( féminin forte) [fɔr, fɔrt] adjectif
    A.[QUI A DE LA PUISSANCE, DE L'EFFET]
    1. [vigoureux - personne, bras] strong, sturdy ; [ - vent] strong, high ; [ - courant, jet] strong ; [ - secousse] hard ; [ - pluies] heavy
    2. [d'une grande résistance morale]
    rester fort dans l'adversité to remain strong ou to stand firm in the face of adversity
    3. [autoritaire, contraignant - régime] strong-arm (avant nom)
    4. [puissant - syndicat, parti, économie] strong, powerful ; [ - monnaie] strong, hard ; [ - carton, loupe, tranquillisant] strong
    colle (très) forte (super) ou extra strong glue
    5. [de grand impact - œuvre, film] powerful ; [ - argument] weighty, powerful, forcible
    B.[MARQUÉ]
    1. [épais, corpulent - jambes] big, thick ; [ - personne] stout, large ; [ - hanches] broad, large, wide
    2. [important quantitativement - dénivellation] steep, pronounced ; [ - accent] strong, pronounced, marked ; [ - fièvre, taux] high ; [ - hausse] large ; [ - somme] large, big ; [ - concentration] high ; [ - bruit] loud ; [ - différence] great, big
    3. [grand, intense - amour, haine] strong, intense ; [ - douleur] intense, great ; [ - influence] strong, big, great ; [ - propension] marked
    avoir une forte volonté to be strong-willed, to have a strong will
    4. [café, thé, moutarde, tabac] strong
    [sauce] hot, spicy
    [odeur] strong
    5. (familier & locution)
    le plus fort, c'est qu'il avait raison! the best of it is that he was right!
    C.[HABILE] [compétent, doué]
    le marketing, c'est là qu'il est fort/que sa société est forte marketing is his/his company's strong point
    pour donner des leçons, elle est très forte! she's very good at lecturing people!
    fort en gymnastique/en langues very good at gymnastics/at languages
    ————————
    adverbe
    1. [avec vigueur - taper, tirer] hard
    [avec intensité]
    mets le gaz plus/moins fort turn the gas up/down
    2. [bruyamment - parler] loudly, loud
    parle plus fort, on ne t'entend pas speak up, we can't hear you
    mets le son plus/moins fort turn the sound up/down
    3. (soutenu) [très]
    fort bien, partons à midi! very well, let's leave at noon!
    là, tu as fait très fort! you've really excelled yourself!
    ————————
    nom masculin
    1. [physiquement, moralement]
    [intellectuellement]
    2. [spécialité] forte
    3. [forteresse] fort
    ————————
    au (plus) fort de locution prépositionnelle

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > fort

  • 34 parade

    pə'reid
    1. noun
    1) (a line of people, vehicles etc moving forward in order often as a celebration of some event: a circus parade.) desfile
    2) (an arrangement of soldiers in a particular order: The troops are on parade.) revista

    2. verb
    1) (to march in a line moving forward in order: They paraded through the town.) desfile
    2) (to arrange soldiers in order: The colonel paraded his soldiers.) formar, pasar revista
    3) (to show or display in an obvious way: She paraded her new clothes in front of her friends.) lucir, hacer alarde de
    parade1 n desfile
    parade2 vb desfilar
    tr[pə'reɪd]
    2 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL desfile nombre masculino
    1 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL hacer desfilar
    2 (flaunt - knowledge, wealth) alardear, hacer alarde de
    1 (gen) desfilar
    2 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL pasar revista
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be on parade SMALLMILITARY/SMALL pasar revista
    to make a parade of something hacer alarde de algo
    parade ground plaza de armas
    shopping parade zona comercial
    parade [pə'reɪd] vi, - raded ; - rading
    1) march: desfilar
    2) show off: pavonearse, lucirse
    1) procession: desfile m
    2) display: alarde m
    n.
    • cabalgata s.f.
    • desfile s.m.
    • parada s.f.
    • paseo s.m.
    • procesión s.f.
    v.
    • desfilar v.
    • lucir v.
    • pasear v.
    pə'reɪd
    I
    a) ( procession) desfile m; ( Mil) desfile m, parada f
    b) ( assembly) ( Mil) formación f

    to be on parade — ( Mil) estar* formado or en formación; ( on display) estar* en exposición or a la vista de todos; (before n)

    parade ground — plaza f de armas

    c) ( of shops) (BrE) hilera f de tiendas

    II
    1.
    a) ( display) \<\<placards\>\> desfilar con; \<\<feelings/knowledge\>\> hacer* alarde or ostentación de, alardear de; \<\<wealth\>\> hacer* ostentación de, ostentar
    b) (march, walk) \<\<streets\>\> desfilar por
    c) ( assemble) \<\<troops\>\> hacer* formar

    2.
    vi
    a) (march, walk) desfilar

    to parade up and down — \<\<soldier/model/child\>\> desfilar; (swagger, strut) andar* de aquí para allá pavoneándose

    c) ( assemble) ( Mil) formar
    [pǝ'reɪd]
    1. N
    1) (=procession) desfile m ; (Mil) desfile m, parada f ; [of models] desfile m, pase m

    to be on parade — (Mil) estar en formación; (fig) estar a la vista de todos

    fashion 3.
    2) (fig)

    a parade of — (=exhibition) una exhibición de; (=series) una serie de

    to make a parade of — (=show off) hacer alarde de

    3) (esp Brit) (=road) paseo m
    2. VT
    1) [+ troops] hacer desfilar; [+ streets] recorrer, desfilar por; [+ placard etc] pasear ( through the streets por las calles)
    2) (=show off) [+ learning, wealth, new clothes] hacer alarde de, lucir
    3. VI
    1) (Mil etc) desfilar
    2) * pasearse

    she paraded up and down with the hat on — se paseaba de un lado a otro con el sombrero puesto, andaba de acá para allá luciendo el sombrero

    4.
    CPD

    parade ground N — (Mil) plaza f de armas

    * * *
    [pə'reɪd]
    I
    a) ( procession) desfile m; ( Mil) desfile m, parada f
    b) ( assembly) ( Mil) formación f

    to be on parade — ( Mil) estar* formado or en formación; ( on display) estar* en exposición or a la vista de todos; (before n)

    parade ground — plaza f de armas

    c) ( of shops) (BrE) hilera f de tiendas

    II
    1.
    a) ( display) \<\<placards\>\> desfilar con; \<\<feelings/knowledge\>\> hacer* alarde or ostentación de, alardear de; \<\<wealth\>\> hacer* ostentación de, ostentar
    b) (march, walk) \<\<streets\>\> desfilar por
    c) ( assemble) \<\<troops\>\> hacer* formar

    2.
    vi
    a) (march, walk) desfilar

    to parade up and down — \<\<soldier/model/child\>\> desfilar; (swagger, strut) andar* de aquí para allá pavoneándose

    c) ( assemble) ( Mil) formar

    English-spanish dictionary > parade

  • 35 embrutecimiento

    m.
    stultification.
    * * *
    SM

    una televisión de pésima calidad contribuye al embrutecimiento progresivo de la población — low-quality television is increasingly helping to dull people's wits o senses

    * * *
    = barbarising [barbarizing, -USA].
    Nota: Nombre.
    Ex. I can see the barbarising of our own culture by wealth - wealth retreating more and more into fewer and fewer hands and anarchy outside that.
    * * *
    = barbarising [barbarizing, -USA].
    Nota: Nombre.

    Ex: I can see the barbarising of our own culture by wealth - wealth retreating more and more into fewer and fewer hands and anarchy outside that.

    * * *
    stultification
    * * *
    [acción] stultification
    * * *
    m brutalization

    Spanish-English dictionary > embrutecimiento

  • 36 fortuna

    f.
    1 (good) luck (suerte).
    por fortuna fortunately, luckily
    probar fortuna to try one's luck
    tuvo la mala fortuna de caerse he had the misfortune o bad luck to fall
    2 fortune, fate (destino).
    3 fortune (riqueza).
    hacer fortuna to make one's fortune
    4 wealth, treasure, great wealth, fortune.
    5 Fortuna.
    * * *
    1 (destino) fortune, fate
    2 (suerte) luck
    3 (capital) fortune
    4 (éxito, aceptación) success
    \
    por fortuna fortunately
    probar fortuna to try one's luck
    buena fortuna good luck
    la rueda de la fortuna the wheel of fortune
    mala fortuna misfortune
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=suerte) fortune

    no tuvo fortuna en el concurso — he was unlucky in the competition, he didn't have any luck in the competition

    por fortuna — luckily, fortunately

    2) (=riqueza) fortune
    3) (Náut) (=tempestad) storm
    * * *
    a) ( riqueza) fortune
    b) (azar, suerte) fortune

    probar fortuna — to try one's luck

    * * *
    a) ( riqueza) fortune
    b) (azar, suerte) fortune

    probar fortuna — to try one's luck

    * * *
    fortuna1
    1 = fortune, lot, good fortune.

    Ex: These institutions have become so intertwined that the fortunes of one are inextricably linked to the fortunes of the other -- for good or for ill.

    Ex: This article reports on the 9th weekend school organised by the Branch and Mobile Libraries Group of the Library Association the theme of which was 'Improving your lot'.
    Ex: There is an element of good fortune involved in being in the right place at the right time and it is essential to take the best advantage of whatever opportunities arise.
    * galleta de la fortuna = fortune cookie.
    * huesecillos de la fortuna = oracle bones.
    * mala fortuna = misfortune.
    * por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.
    * por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.
    * revés de la fortuna = reversal of fortune.
    * rueda de la fortuna, la = wheel of fortune, the, fortune's wheel.

    fortuna2
    2 = fortune.

    Ex: Robert Watt was thoroughly bitten by the bibliography bug and although he bequeathed an important piece of work to posterity, he and his surviving family can hardly be said to have enjoyed good fortune from it.

    * costar una fortuna = cost + a fortune.
    * de la fortuna a la pobreza = riches to rags.
    * de la pobreza a la fortuna = rags to riches.
    * hacer fortuna = make + Posesivo + fortune, make + a fortune, strike + it rich, strike + gold, hit + the jackpot.
    * una fortuna = a king's ransom.
    * valer una fortuna = cost + a fortune.

    * * *
    1 (riqueza) fortune
    amasó/hizo una gran fortuna he amassed/made a large fortune
    su fortuna personal supera el millón de dólares his personal fortune is worth over a million dollars
    vale una auténtica fortuna it's worth an absolute fortune
    2 (azar, suerte) fortune
    la fortuna le sonrió fortune smiled on him
    quiso la fortuna que salvase la vida ( liter); as fate would have it she was saved ( liter)
    tuvo la (buena) fortuna de ser aceptado he had the good fortune to be accepted
    por fortuna fortunately, luckily
    probar fortuna to try one's luck
    * * *

    fortuna sustantivo femenino

    b) (azar, suerte) fortune;


    probar fortuna to try one's luck
    fortuna sustantivo femenino
    1 (destino, sino) fortune, fate
    2 (buena suerte) luck
    3 (riquezas, dinero) fortune
    ♦ Locuciones: por fortuna, fortunately, rueda de la fortuna, wheel of fortune
    ' fortuna' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amasar
    - ansiosa
    - ansioso
    - azar
    - heredera
    - heredero
    - suerte
    - vaivén
    - ventura
    - adquirir
    - buscar
    - colosal
    - farrear
    - hacer
    - inmenso
    - menoscabar
    - poseer
    - sonreír
    English:
    accumulate
    - amass
    - build up
    - chain letter
    - eat
    - fortune
    - killing
    - packet
    - pass
    - pay
    - pile
    - strike
    - worth
    - you
    - stand
    - world
    * * *
    1. [suerte] (good) luck;
    por fortuna fortunately, luckily;
    probar fortuna to try one's luck;
    quiere probar fortuna en América he's going to America to seek his fortune;
    he tenido la fortuna de encontrar un buen trabajo I've had the good fortune o I've been lucky enough to find a good job;
    tuvo la mala fortuna de caerse he had the misfortune o bad luck to fall;
    tuvo muy poca fortuna en la vida he was very unlucky in life
    2. [destino] fortune, fate;
    quiso la fortuna que… as fate would have it…
    3. [riqueza] fortune;
    amasar una fortuna to amass a fortune;
    hacer fortuna to make one's fortune;
    se gasta una fortuna en ropa he spends a fortune on clothes
    4. [éxito, aceptación]
    este libro tendrá fortuna entre los jóvenes this book will be very popular with young people;
    sus ideas no tuvieron mucha fortuna his ideas did not become widely accepted
    * * *
    f
    1 fortune;
    hacer una fortuna make a fortune
    2 ( suerte) luck;
    por fortuna fortunately, luckily;
    probar fortuna try one’s luck
    * * *
    1) suerte: fortune, luck
    2) riqueza: wealth, fortune
    * * *
    1. (riqueza) fortune
    2. (suerte) luck

    Spanish-English dictionary > fortuna

  • 37 тъна

    1. (потъвам) sink; be buried
    тъна в зеленина be buried in verdure
    тъна в мизерия be plunged/sunk/buried in poverty, be ground down by poverty
    тъна в невежество live in profound ignorance
    тъна в богатство/пари roll/wallow in wealth/money
    тъна в разкош roll in luxury
    * * *
    тъ̀на,
    гл. ( потъвам) sink; be buried; • \тъна в богатство/пари roll/wallow in wealth/money; \тъна в мизерия be plunged/sunk/buried in poverty, be ground down by poverty; \тъна в невежество live in profound ignorance; \тъна в разкош roll in luxury.
    * * *
    sink ; be buried: The people are buried in poverty. - Хората тънат в мизерия.; wallow (прен.): тъна in wealth - тъна в богатство
    * * *
    1. (потъвам) sink;be buried 2. ТЪНА в богатство/пари roll/ wallow in wealth/money 3. ТЪНА в зеленина be buried in verdure 4. ТЪНА в мизерия be plunged/sunk/buried in poverty, be ground down by poverty 5. ТЪНА в невежество live in profound ignorance 6. ТЪНА в разкош roll in luxury

    Български-английски речник > тъна

  • 38 censo

    censo s.m.
    1 (st. romana) census
    2 (econ.) ( ricchezza) wealth; ( patrimonio) property, estate; ( rendita) income: persone di gran censo, people of great wealth.
    * * *
    ['tʃɛnso]
    sostantivo maschile (ricchezza) wealth
    * * *
    censo
    /'t∫εnso/
    sostantivo m.
    (ricchezza) wealth.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > censo

  • 39 varlık

    "1. existence, being. 2. presence, being present. 3. living creature; inanimate, created thing. 4. wealth, riches. -ta darlık çekmek to be unable to make use of the wealth that one has. - göstermek to do something that wins people´s approval, make a good showing. -a güvenilmez. proverb Being wealthy does not mean that one can spend money with abandon; even the greatest of fortunes can be frittered away in time. - içinde yaşamak to live in easy circumstances. - içinde yokluk scarcity despite wealth. - vergisi tax on wealth and earnings (levied only once, in 1942)."

    Saja Türkçe - İngilizce Sözlük > varlık

  • 40 abundance

    əˈbʌndəns сущ.
    1) изобилие, избыток (of) ;
    богатство to be in abundance ≈ изобиловать, иметься в изобилии Food was in abundance. ≈ Еды было в изобилии. horn of abundance ≈ рог изобилия This area of France has an abundance of safe beaches and a pleasing climate. ≈ В этой части Франции в изобилии имеются безопасные пляжи и приятный климат. Syn: wealth
    2) богатство, достаток to live in abundance ≈ жить в достатке Syn: wealth
    3) масса, множество, совокупность;
    экол. плотность abundance of people ≈ стечение народа abundance, the total number of individuals in an area ≈ плотность - общее число людей на некоторой площади Syn: multitude, great number
    4) хим. относительное содержание
    5) физ. распространенность abundance ratio ≈ относительная распространенность
    изобилие, избыток;
    - to be in * изобиловать, иметься в изобилии;
    - there was an * of rye last year в прошлом году был большой урожай ржи;
    - * of the heart избыток чувств достаток;
    богатство;
    - to live in * жить в довольстве множество;
    - * of people стечение народа (физическое) распространенность;
    - * ratio относительная распространенность
    abundance богатство ~ достаток ~ избыток ~ изобилие, избыток (of) ;
    богатство;
    abundance of the heart избыток чувств ~ изобилие ~ множество ~ хим. относительное содержание ~ физ. распространенность;
    isotope abundance распространенность изотопа
    ~ изобилие, избыток (of) ;
    богатство;
    abundance of the heart избыток чувств
    ~ физ. распространенность;
    isotope abundance распространенность изотопа

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > abundance

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См. также в других словарях:

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