object+to

effĭgĭes, ēi (ante-class. form nom.:

effĭgĭa,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 4, 7; Afran. ap. Non. 493, 2; Inscr. Orell. 7416 l.— Nom. plur.:

effigiae,

Lucr. 4, 105.— Acc. plur.:

effigias,

id. 4, 42 and 85), f. [effingo, I.], an (artistic) copy, imitation of an object (in concreto— for syn. cf.: imago, pictura, simulacrum, signum, statua, tabula).

(Class.) With the accessory idea of resemblance obtained by imitation, a likeness, portrait, image, effigy.

Lit.:

formarum,

Lucr. 4, 105; cf. id. ib. 42 and 85: Veneris, * Plaut. Rud. 2, 4, 7; cf.:

deus effigies hominis et imago,

Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103:

quandam effigiem spirantis mortui,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 1; cf. also: simulacrum deae (Veneris) non effigie humana, Tac. H. 2, 3 fin.; and:

quam satus Iapeto... Finxit in effigiem moderantum cuncta deorum,

Ov. M. 1, 83:

vix convenire videretur, quem ipsum hominem cuperent evertere, ejus effigiem simulacrumque servare,

his mere effigy, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 65 fin.:

effigiem Xanthi Trojamque videtis,

Verg. A. 3, 497; of shades, ghosts:

effigiem nullo cum corpore falsi finxit apri,

Ov. M. 14, 358; Sil. 13, 778; cf.:

effigies, immo umbrae hominum,

Liv. 21, 40, 9;

of the shade of a deceased person in a dream,

Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 4;

or in the lower world,

Sil. 13, 779. —

Adv.: in or ad effigiem or effigie, after the likeness of, in the form of, like, Sil. 5, 5; Plin. 5, 10, 11, § 62; 21, 5, 11, § 23.—

Trop. (a favorite expression of Cic.):

perfectae eloquentiae speciem animo videmus, effigiem auribus quaerimus,

its imitation, Cic. Or. 3 (v. the passage in connection); cf.:

consiliorum ac virtutum effigiem relinquere,

id. Arch. 12, 30:

Sex. Peducaeus reliquit effigiem et humanitatis et probitatis suae filium,

the image, id. Fin. 2, 18, 58; cf. id. Tusc. 3, 2; id. de Or. 1, 43, 193; Liv. 26, 41; 1, 56:

ad effigiem justi imperii scriptus,

the ideal, id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:

ut res ipsas rerum effigies notaret,

id. de Or. 2, 86 fin.; cf.

effingo, I. B.: ostensus est in alia effigie,

appeared in another form, Vulg. Marc. 16, 12.—

Poet. and in post-Aug. prose, in gen., the plastic (less freq. the pictorial) representation of an object, an image, statue, portrait: saxea ut effigies bacchantis, * Cat. 64, 61; Verg. A. 2, 167; 184; 3, 148; 7, 177; Hor. S. 1, 8, 30; Ov. H. 20, 239; Tac. A. 1, 74; 6, 2; id. H. 5, 9 al.; Quint. 6, 1, 32; cf. id. 12, 10, 5; Ov. Tr. 1, 7, 7; Vulg. Sap. 15, 4.

ē-lăbōro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. n. and a.

Neutr., to labor, endeavor, exert one's self, take pains either successfully or perseveringly = eniti (class.; most freq. in Cic.).— Constr. with ut, in aliqua re, in aliquid, with acc. and inf. as object, or absol.

With ut:

enitere, elabora, vel potius eblandire, effice, ut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 16, 16 C, § 12; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 14 fin.; id. de Or. 2, 72 fin.; Q. Cic. Petit. Cons. 5, 18 (twice); and pass. impers.:

aperte elaboratur, ut verba verbis respondeant,

Cic. Or. 12, 38.—

In aliqua re (so in Cic. most freq.):

elaborant (senes) in iis, quae, etc.,

Cic. de Sen. 7, 24 Gernh.; 8, 26; 11, 38; id. Tusc. 1, 1, 1; id. de Or. 1, 3; 1, 5, 18; id. Or. 16 fin.; id. Off. 1, 1, 3; id. Agr. 2, 25 fin.; id. Div. in Caecil. 12, 39; id. Fam. 2, 6 fin. al.; Quint. 5, 10, 119; and pass. impers., Tac. Or. 29.—

Also in eo (iis), ut, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 1, 4; Quint. 4, 1, 45.—

In aliquid (very seldom):

ei non in unam partem aliquam, sed in omnia elaborandum est,

Quint. 2, 8, 8; cf.:

totis mentibus huc tendamus, in hoc elaboremus,

id. 12, 1, 31, v. Spald. N. cr. —

With acc. and inf. as object:

(declamatores) breviores commentarios facere elaborarunt,

Quint. 3, 8, 58.—

Absol. (very rare), Q. Cic. Petit. Cons. 6, 24; so Dom. Afer. in Quint. 6, 3, 68:

arte,

Vulg. Sap. 14, 19.—

Act., to labor on, take pains with, to work out, elaborate (so for the most part only in the pass., and esp. freq. since the Aug. period):

quicquid elaborari aut effici potuerit ad istorum benevolentiam conciliandam,

Cic. Fam. 9, 16:

in ingenio quoque, sicut in agro, quamquam diu serantur atque elaborentur,

Tac. Or. 6 fin.:

a Graecis elaborata dicendi vis atque copia,

Cic. Brut. 7, 26:

causae diligenter elaboratae et tamquam elucubratae,

carefully elaborated, id. ib. 90 fin.; cf. in the part. perf., id. de Imp. Pomp. 1, 1; id. Cael. 19, 45; Quint. 4, 1, 54; 8, 3, 12; Hor. Epod. 14, 12 al.:

elaboratum a parentibus imperium,

acquired by the labors of, Just. 1, 2, 11.—In the act.:

candelabrorum superficiem,

Plin. 34, 3, 6, § 11:

non Siculae dapes Dulcem elaborabunt saporem,

Hor. C. 3, 1, 19.—

In rhet.: ēlăbōrātus, a, um, P. a., sometimes with the accessory notion of overdoing, elaborate:

elaborata concinnitas,

Cic. Or. 25, 84:

nihil arcessiti et elaborati,

Quint. 12, 10, 40.

ē-rŭdĭo, īvi or ii, ītum, 4, v. a., qs. to free from roughness, i. e. to polish, educate, instruct, teach (freq. and class.; cf.: doceo, edoceo, praecipio, instituo).

Prop.:

studiosos discendi erudiunt atque docent,

Cic. Off. 1, 44, 156:

aliquem,

id. Div. 2, 2 (with docere); id. de Or. 3, 9, 35 (with instituere); id. ib. 2, 1, 12; Quint. prooem. § 1;

6 et saep.: filios ad majorum instituta (with instituere),

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 69; cf. id. Tusc. 1, 26:

aliquem artibus,

id. Fam. 1, 7 fin.; cf. id. Rep. 2, 19, 34:

eum ad exquisitissimam consuetudinem Graecorum erudiit,

id. ib. 2, 21, 37:

aliquem in jure civili,

id. de Or. 1, 59 fin.; cf. id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3.—With two acc. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

aliquem leges praeceptaque belli,

Stat. Th. 10, 507; cf. Val. Fl. 2, 50; v. also under P. a.: aliquem, with an object-clause, Plin. 33, 11, 53, § 149; cf.

without aliquem,

Ov. F. 3, 820; Sil. 11, 352.—With a rel.-clause as object:

qua possint arte capi,

Ov. F. 3, 294:

tirones neque in ludo, neque per lanistas,

i. e. to cause to be instructed, Suet. Caes. 26:

gladiatores sub eodem magistro eruditi,

Quint. 2, 17, 33:

Athenas erudiendi gratia missus,

Just. 17, 3, 11;

once: aliquem de aliqua re, Cic.: obviae mihi velim sint tuae litterae, quae me erudiant de omni re publica,

instruct me, keep me informed of, Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—

Transf., of objects not personal:

artes,

Ov. M. 8, 215:

ut flerent, oculos erudiere suos,

id. R. Am. 690; id. Am. 1, 14, 30:

Polycletus consummasse hanc scientiam judicatur et toreuticen sic erudisse, ut Phidias aperuisse,

to have cultivated, brought to perfection, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 56.— Hence, ērŭdītus, a, um, P. a., learned, accomplished, well-informed, skilled, experienced (cf.: litteratus, doctus, peritus, gnarus, scitus).

Prop.:

est non satis politus iis artibus, quas qui tenent eruditi appellantur,

Cic. Fin. 1, 7 fin.:

Graeculus otiosus et loquax, et fortasse doctus atque eruditus,

id. de Or. 1, 22, 102:

semper mihi et doctrina et eruditi homines placuerunt,

id. Rep. 1, 17 fin.; id. Tusc. 1, 3:

nec sicut vulgus sed ut eruditi solent appellare sapientem,

id. Lael. 2, 6; cf.

opp. rusticus,

Quint. 11, 1, 45; 8, 6, 75 et saep.:

non transmarinis nec importatis artibus eruditi, sed genuinis domesticisque virtutibus,

Cic. Rep. 2, 15 fin.:

homines non litteris ad rei militaris scientiam, sed rebus gestis ac victoriis eruditos,

id. Font. 15, 33; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 7 fin.; cf. id. Brut. 67, 236; id. Arch. 7; id. N. D. 3, 9, 23 al.:

eruditi Socraticis disputationibus,

id. de Or. 3, 34, 139:

a pueris eruditi artibus militiae,

Liv. 42, 52 et saep.; cf. in the comp.:

litteris eruditior quam Curio,

Cic. Brut. 82; and in the sup.:

Scaevola, homo omnium et disciplina juris civilis eruditissimus,

id. de Or. 1, 39, 180.— With acc.:

Graecas res eruditi,

Gell. 2, 21, 3; cf. id. 19, 12, 9.—With inf.:

eruditus utilia honestis miscere,

Tac. Agr. 8.—

Transf., of inanimate and abstract subjects:

quod ceteri minus eruditis hominum seculis fuerunt,

Cic. Rep. 2, 10:

tempora (with docti homines),

id. ib.:

aures,

id. ib. 2, 42; id. Or. 34, 119; Quint. 10, 1, 32:

animus,

Cic. Fam. 5, 14: oratio (opp. popularis), id. Par. prooem. § 4; cf. Quint. 8, 3, 17; 8, 6, 24 al.:

Graecorum copia,

fulness of Greek learning, Cic. Leg. 1, 2, 7: palata, i. e. practised, fine (with docta), Col. 8, 16, 4; cf.

gustus,

Tac. A. 16, 18.—In neutr. with a subject-clause:

ex historia ducere urbanitatem, eruditum est,

Quint. 6, 3, 98; cf.:

eruditissimum longe, si, etc.,

id. 9, 2, 97.— Adv.: ērŭdītē, learnedly, eruditely. — Comp., Cic. de Sen. 1 fin.; Quint. 1, 5, 36.— Sup., Cic. Or. 52; Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 8.

ē-rŭdĭo, īvi or ii, ītum, 4, v. a., qs. to free from roughness, i. e. to polish, educate, instruct, teach (freq. and class.; cf.: doceo, edoceo, praecipio, instituo).

Prop.:

studiosos discendi erudiunt atque docent,

Cic. Off. 1, 44, 156:

aliquem,

id. Div. 2, 2 (with docere); id. de Or. 3, 9, 35 (with instituere); id. ib. 2, 1, 12; Quint. prooem. § 1;

6 et saep.: filios ad majorum instituta (with instituere),

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 69; cf. id. Tusc. 1, 26:

aliquem artibus,

id. Fam. 1, 7 fin.; cf. id. Rep. 2, 19, 34:

eum ad exquisitissimam consuetudinem Graecorum erudiit,

id. ib. 2, 21, 37:

aliquem in jure civili,

id. de Or. 1, 59 fin.; cf. id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3.—With two acc. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

aliquem leges praeceptaque belli,

Stat. Th. 10, 507; cf. Val. Fl. 2, 50; v. also under P. a.: aliquem, with an object-clause, Plin. 33, 11, 53, § 149; cf.

without aliquem,

Ov. F. 3, 820; Sil. 11, 352.—With a rel.-clause as object:

qua possint arte capi,

Ov. F. 3, 294:

tirones neque in ludo, neque per lanistas,

i. e. to cause to be instructed, Suet. Caes. 26:

gladiatores sub eodem magistro eruditi,

Quint. 2, 17, 33:

Athenas erudiendi gratia missus,

Just. 17, 3, 11;

once: aliquem de aliqua re, Cic.: obviae mihi velim sint tuae litterae, quae me erudiant de omni re publica,

instruct me, keep me informed of, Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—

Transf., of objects not personal:

artes,

Ov. M. 8, 215:

ut flerent, oculos erudiere suos,

id. R. Am. 690; id. Am. 1, 14, 30:

Polycletus consummasse hanc scientiam judicatur et toreuticen sic erudisse, ut Phidias aperuisse,

to have cultivated, brought to perfection, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 56.— Hence, ērŭdītus, a, um, P. a., learned, accomplished, well-informed, skilled, experienced (cf.: litteratus, doctus, peritus, gnarus, scitus).

Prop.:

est non satis politus iis artibus, quas qui tenent eruditi appellantur,

Cic. Fin. 1, 7 fin.:

Graeculus otiosus et loquax, et fortasse doctus atque eruditus,

id. de Or. 1, 22, 102:

semper mihi et doctrina et eruditi homines placuerunt,

id. Rep. 1, 17 fin.; id. Tusc. 1, 3:

nec sicut vulgus sed ut eruditi solent appellare sapientem,

id. Lael. 2, 6; cf.

opp. rusticus,

Quint. 11, 1, 45; 8, 6, 75 et saep.:

non transmarinis nec importatis artibus eruditi, sed genuinis domesticisque virtutibus,

Cic. Rep. 2, 15 fin.:

homines non litteris ad rei militaris scientiam, sed rebus gestis ac victoriis eruditos,

id. Font. 15, 33; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 7 fin.; cf. id. Brut. 67, 236; id. Arch. 7; id. N. D. 3, 9, 23 al.:

eruditi Socraticis disputationibus,

id. de Or. 3, 34, 139:

a pueris eruditi artibus militiae,

Liv. 42, 52 et saep.; cf. in the comp.:

litteris eruditior quam Curio,

Cic. Brut. 82; and in the sup.:

Scaevola, homo omnium et disciplina juris civilis eruditissimus,

id. de Or. 1, 39, 180.— With acc.:

Graecas res eruditi,

Gell. 2, 21, 3; cf. id. 19, 12, 9.—With inf.:

eruditus utilia honestis miscere,

Tac. Agr. 8.—

Transf., of inanimate and abstract subjects:

quod ceteri minus eruditis hominum seculis fuerunt,

Cic. Rep. 2, 10:

tempora (with docti homines),

id. ib.:

aures,

id. ib. 2, 42; id. Or. 34, 119; Quint. 10, 1, 32:

animus,

Cic. Fam. 5, 14: oratio (opp. popularis), id. Par. prooem. § 4; cf. Quint. 8, 3, 17; 8, 6, 24 al.:

Graecorum copia,

fulness of Greek learning, Cic. Leg. 1, 2, 7: palata, i. e. practised, fine (with docta), Col. 8, 16, 4; cf.

gustus,

Tac. A. 16, 18.—In neutr. with a subject-clause:

ex historia ducere urbanitatem, eruditum est,

Quint. 6, 3, 98; cf.:

eruditissimum longe, si, etc.,

id. 9, 2, 97.— Adv.: ērŭdītē, learnedly, eruditely. — Comp., Cic. de Sen. 1 fin.; Quint. 1, 5, 36.— Sup., Cic. Or. 52; Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 8.

ex-cūso ( excuss-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [causa; cf. accuso, from ad-causa; qs. to release from a charge, to free from blame; hence], to excuse a person or thing.

Lit.

With a personal object, aliquem alicui:

Atticae meae velim me ita excuses, ut omnem culpam in te transferas,

Cic. Att. 15, 28; cf.:

aliquem alicui per litteras,

id. Fam. 11, 15, 1; and:

his omnibus me vehementer excusatum volo,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 40, § 103.—With quod:

Titium excusavit Vespa Terentius, quod eum brachium fregisse diceret,

id. de Or. 2, 62, 253:

Libo excusat Bibulum, quod is, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 3, 16, 3:

primum me tibi excuso in eo ipso, in quo te accuso,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 1:

se de aliqua re,

Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 1:

de me excusando apud Apuleium, dederam ad te litteras,

Cic. Att. 12, 14, 1:

se alicui,

Plaut. As. 4, 2, 4; Quint. 4, 1, 75 et saep.—In pass.:

cura, ut excuser morbi causa in dies singulos,

Cic. Att. 12, 13, 2: si citatus judex non responderit excuseturque Areopagites esse, etc., excuses himself as being, etc., id. Phil. 5, 5, 14:

dixi, cur excusatus abirem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 7:

apud Appuleium in dies ut excuser videbis,

Cic. Att. 12, 15, 1:

me excusatum esse apud Appuleium a Laterense,

id. ib. 12, 17, 1.—

With inanim. or abstr. objects, to excuse, apologize for:

Varroni memineris excusare tarditatem litterarum mearum,

Cic. Att. 15, 26 fin.:

habitum permutatum,

Quint. 3, 7, 6:

palliolum, fascias, etc. (sola valetudo),

id. 11, 3, 144:

commentarios,

id. 10, 7, 31:

missos ignes,

Ov. M. 2, 397;

dolorem,

id. ib. 4, 256:

toros,

Stat. Th. 2, 256:

reditum Agrippinae ob imminentem partum et hiemem,

her not returning, Tac. A. 1, 44.

Transf.

Aliquid (alicui), i. q. se propter aliquid, to allege in excuse, to plead as an excuse, to excuse one's self with.

With acc.:

propinquitatem excusavit,

Cic. Phil. 8, 1, 1:

morbum,

id. ib. 9, 4, 8:

inopiam (with calamitatem queri),

Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 3:

valetudinem,

Liv. 6, 22 fin.:

imbecillitatem,

Suet. Tib. 6:

vires,

Ov. M. 14, 462:

diversa,

Tac. A. 3, 11 et saep.:

ille Philippo Excusare laborem et mercenaria vincla, Quod non mane domum venisset, etc.,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 67:

dictatorem se apud patres excusare solitum,

Liv. 6, 39, 4:

aliquid apud aliquem,

Curt. 5, 10, 8; Suet. Tib. 68.— Pass.:

quae apud Vitellium excusanda erant,

Tac. H. 2, 85:

excusata necessitas praesentium,

id. ib. 1, 78:

excusata rei familiaris mediocritate,

Suet. Aug. 101:

excusatus languor faucium, propter quem non adesset,

id. Ner. 41 et saep.—

With an object-clause:

si prehensi sumus, excusemus, ebrios Nos fecisse, etc.,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 19 (but in id. Merc. 2, 3, 126, the correct reading is incusato, v. Ritschl ad h. l.): excusanti, minus datum ad occultandam facinoris invidiam, Suet. Ner. 33; id. Aug. 69.—

Aliquem ab aliqua re, aliqua re, or alicui rei, to excuse, absolve one from any thing; to discharge, dispense with one (postAug.):

a coepta (tutela) excusari,

Dig. 27, 1, 11:

collegarum filiorum tutela excusari,

ib. 9; cf. Ambros. in Psa. 1, § 46:

cui excusari mallet,

Tac. A. 1. 12; Vulg. Luc. 14, 19. But (class.):

se de aliqua re: legati venerunt, qui se de superioris temporis consilio excusarent, quod, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 1.—

Se ab aliqua re, to shelter, protect one's self from any thing (post-class.):

ut invicom se a calore excusent (plantae),

Pall. Nov. 7, 2. —Hence,

Aliquid aliqua re, to compensate, atone for any thing (post-Aug. and rare):

nefas armis,

Claud. de Bell. Get. 562; Stat. Th. 6, 44; Plin. Pan. 32, 4.—Hence, excūsātus, a, um, P. a., excused (postAug. and rare):

hoc et ego excusatior, si forte sum lapsus, et tu dignior laude,

Plin. Ep. 8, 14, 11; 4, 5, 4:

excusatissimus essem, etiamsi, etc.,

Sen. Const. Sap. 29.— Adv.: excūsātē, without blame, excusably:

fieri id videtur excusate,

Quint. 2, 1, 13.— Comp.:

quod exoratus excusatius facies,

Plin. Ep. 9, 21, 3; Tac. A. 3, 68; Just. 32, 2.

ex-cūso ( excuss-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [causa; cf. accuso, from ad-causa; qs. to release from a charge, to free from blame; hence], to excuse a person or thing.

Lit.

With a personal object, aliquem alicui:

Atticae meae velim me ita excuses, ut omnem culpam in te transferas,

Cic. Att. 15, 28; cf.:

aliquem alicui per litteras,

id. Fam. 11, 15, 1; and:

his omnibus me vehementer excusatum volo,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 40, § 103.—With quod:

Titium excusavit Vespa Terentius, quod eum brachium fregisse diceret,

id. de Or. 2, 62, 253:

Libo excusat Bibulum, quod is, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 3, 16, 3:

primum me tibi excuso in eo ipso, in quo te accuso,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 1:

se de aliqua re,

Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 1:

de me excusando apud Apuleium, dederam ad te litteras,

Cic. Att. 12, 14, 1:

se alicui,

Plaut. As. 4, 2, 4; Quint. 4, 1, 75 et saep.—In pass.:

cura, ut excuser morbi causa in dies singulos,

Cic. Att. 12, 13, 2: si citatus judex non responderit excuseturque Areopagites esse, etc., excuses himself as being, etc., id. Phil. 5, 5, 14:

dixi, cur excusatus abirem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 7:

apud Appuleium in dies ut excuser videbis,

Cic. Att. 12, 15, 1:

me excusatum esse apud Appuleium a Laterense,

id. ib. 12, 17, 1.—

With inanim. or abstr. objects, to excuse, apologize for:

Varroni memineris excusare tarditatem litterarum mearum,

Cic. Att. 15, 26 fin.:

habitum permutatum,

Quint. 3, 7, 6:

palliolum, fascias, etc. (sola valetudo),

id. 11, 3, 144:

commentarios,

id. 10, 7, 31:

missos ignes,

Ov. M. 2, 397;

dolorem,

id. ib. 4, 256:

toros,

Stat. Th. 2, 256:

reditum Agrippinae ob imminentem partum et hiemem,

her not returning, Tac. A. 1, 44.

Transf.

Aliquid (alicui), i. q. se propter aliquid, to allege in excuse, to plead as an excuse, to excuse one's self with.

With acc.:

propinquitatem excusavit,

Cic. Phil. 8, 1, 1:

morbum,

id. ib. 9, 4, 8:

inopiam (with calamitatem queri),

Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 3:

valetudinem,

Liv. 6, 22 fin.:

imbecillitatem,

Suet. Tib. 6:

vires,

Ov. M. 14, 462:

diversa,

Tac. A. 3, 11 et saep.:

ille Philippo Excusare laborem et mercenaria vincla, Quod non mane domum venisset, etc.,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 67:

dictatorem se apud patres excusare solitum,

Liv. 6, 39, 4:

aliquid apud aliquem,

Curt. 5, 10, 8; Suet. Tib. 68.— Pass.:

quae apud Vitellium excusanda erant,

Tac. H. 2, 85:

excusata necessitas praesentium,

id. ib. 1, 78:

excusata rei familiaris mediocritate,

Suet. Aug. 101:

excusatus languor faucium, propter quem non adesset,

id. Ner. 41 et saep.—

With an object-clause:

si prehensi sumus, excusemus, ebrios Nos fecisse, etc.,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 19 (but in id. Merc. 2, 3, 126, the correct reading is incusato, v. Ritschl ad h. l.): excusanti, minus datum ad occultandam facinoris invidiam, Suet. Ner. 33; id. Aug. 69.—

Aliquem ab aliqua re, aliqua re, or alicui rei, to excuse, absolve one from any thing; to discharge, dispense with one (postAug.):

a coepta (tutela) excusari,

Dig. 27, 1, 11:

collegarum filiorum tutela excusari,

ib. 9; cf. Ambros. in Psa. 1, § 46:

cui excusari mallet,

Tac. A. 1. 12; Vulg. Luc. 14, 19. But (class.):

se de aliqua re: legati venerunt, qui se de superioris temporis consilio excusarent, quod, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 1.—

Se ab aliqua re, to shelter, protect one's self from any thing (post-class.):

ut invicom se a calore excusent (plantae),

Pall. Nov. 7, 2. —Hence,

Aliquid aliqua re, to compensate, atone for any thing (post-Aug. and rare):

nefas armis,

Claud. de Bell. Get. 562; Stat. Th. 6, 44; Plin. Pan. 32, 4.—Hence, excūsātus, a, um, P. a., excused (postAug. and rare):

hoc et ego excusatior, si forte sum lapsus, et tu dignior laude,

Plin. Ep. 8, 14, 11; 4, 5, 4:

excusatissimus essem, etiamsi, etc.,

Sen. Const. Sap. 29.— Adv.: excūsātē, without blame, excusably:

fieri id videtur excusate,

Quint. 2, 1, 13.— Comp.:

quod exoratus excusatius facies,

Plin. Ep. 9, 21, 3; Tac. A. 3, 68; Just. 32, 2.

ex-istĭmo or existŭmo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [aestimo].

= aestimo, to value, estimate, reckon, esteem, with gen. of value (rare):

satin abiit neque quod dixi flocci existumat?

Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 73:

dum ne ob malefacta peream, parvi existumo,

id. Capt. 3, 5, 24: omnia minoris, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 2:

magni operam,

Nep. Cat. 1, 2:

minoris aliquid,

id. ib. 1, 4; Suet. Aug. 40.—With interrog. clause:

nunc si dico ut res est, quem ad modum existumet me?

Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 18 Ritschl. —

In gen., to judge, consider, suppose, think, esteem. —Constr. with the acc., an object-clause, a rel.-clause, with de, or absol.

With acc.: si improbum Cresphontem existimaveras, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38 (Trag. v. 156, ed. Vahl., where the reading is existimas); cf.:

quod eum, qui hoc facit, avarum possumus existimare,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 82, § 190; Quint. 5, 12, 21:

quod ego nullo modo existimo,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 11, 25:

cottidianae vitae consuetudinem,

pass judgment upon, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 41.— In pass.:

M. Fulcinius domi suae honestus existimatus est,

Cic. Caecin. 4, 10; cf.:

P. Cornelius, homo, ut existimabatur, avarus et furax,

id. de Or. 2, 66, 268:

qua (fama) diu princeps oratorum... existimandus est,

Quint. 11, 3, 8:

popularitas signum affectati regni est existimatum,

id. 5, 9, 13:

assimulata sunt schemata existimanda,

id. 9, 1, 27: utcunque (haec) animadversa aut existimata erunt, Liv. praef. § 8.—

With acc. and inf. as object (so most freq.): tu me amas, ego te amo;

merito id fieri uterque existimat,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 147:

ne id quidem me dignum esse existimat, Quem adeat, etc.,

id. As. 1, 2, 23; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 19:

si majores nostri existimavissent, quemquam Rulli similem futurum,

Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 89:

non possum existimare, plus quemquam a se ipso quam me a te amari,

id. Fam. 15, 21, 4:

ego sic existimo, hos oratores fuisse maximos,

id. Brut. 36, 138 et saep.—In pass. with an inf. clause as subject:

fuit hoc in utroque eorum, ut Crassus non tam existimari vellet non didicisse, quam illa despicere, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 2, 1, 4:

disciplina in Britannia reperta, atque inde in Galliam translata esse existimatur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 13 fin.:

Themistocles suasisse existimatur Atheniensibus, ut, etc.,

Quint. 9, 2, 92 et saep.— Pass. impers.:

huic (insulae) milia DCCC. in longitudinem esse existimatur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 13 fin.; Plin. 6, 22, 24, § 81.—

With a rel. or interrog.-clause:

haud existimans, quanto labore partum,

Ter. Ph. 1, 1, 11:

nunc vos existimate, facta an dicta pluris sint,

judge, Sall. J. 85, 14 Cort.; cf.:

utrum avertendae suspicionis causa, etc., an, etc., existimari non poterat,

be judged, decided, Caes. B. C. 3, 102, 3:

qui (Pyrrhus) utrum avarior an crudelior sit, vix existimari potest,

Liv. 22, 59, 14:

existimari a medicis jubet, an talis caecitas ac debilitas superabiles forent,

Tac. H. 4, 81.—

With de:

de scriptoribus, qui nondum ediderunt, existimare non possumus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 2, 7:

ex eventu homines de tuo consilio existimaturos videmus,

id. Fam. 1, 7, 5:

male de aliquo,

to have a bad opinion of any one, id. Off. 2, 10, 36; cf.:

tu ipse quem ad modum existimes vide,

id. Div. in Caecil. 12, 37; id. Att. 6, 2, 3.— Pass. impers.:

exstant orationes, ex quibus existimari de ingeniis eorum potest,

Cic. Brut. 21, 82.—

With in and abl.:

in hostium numero existimari,

to be regarded as an enemy, Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 13.—

Absol.:

ut Cicero existimat,

Quint. 9, 1, 29:

sicut multi existimarunt,

id. 8, 6, 67.— Pass. impers.:

ita intellegimus vulgo existimari,

Cic. Rep. 2, 15, 28.—As subst.: existĭmantes, ium, m., critics, critical judges:

si in existimantium arbitrium sua scripta non venerint,

Cic. Brut. 24, 92.

ex-istĭmo or existŭmo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [aestimo].

= aestimo, to value, estimate, reckon, esteem, with gen. of value (rare):

satin abiit neque quod dixi flocci existumat?

Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 73:

dum ne ob malefacta peream, parvi existumo,

id. Capt. 3, 5, 24: omnia minoris, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 2:

magni operam,

Nep. Cat. 1, 2:

minoris aliquid,

id. ib. 1, 4; Suet. Aug. 40.—With interrog. clause:

nunc si dico ut res est, quem ad modum existumet me?

Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 18 Ritschl. —

In gen., to judge, consider, suppose, think, esteem. —Constr. with the acc., an object-clause, a rel.-clause, with de, or absol.

With acc.: si improbum Cresphontem existimaveras, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38 (Trag. v. 156, ed. Vahl., where the reading is existimas); cf.:

quod eum, qui hoc facit, avarum possumus existimare,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 82, § 190; Quint. 5, 12, 21:

quod ego nullo modo existimo,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 11, 25:

cottidianae vitae consuetudinem,

pass judgment upon, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 41.— In pass.:

M. Fulcinius domi suae honestus existimatus est,

Cic. Caecin. 4, 10; cf.:

P. Cornelius, homo, ut existimabatur, avarus et furax,

id. de Or. 2, 66, 268:

qua (fama) diu princeps oratorum... existimandus est,

Quint. 11, 3, 8:

popularitas signum affectati regni est existimatum,

id. 5, 9, 13:

assimulata sunt schemata existimanda,

id. 9, 1, 27: utcunque (haec) animadversa aut existimata erunt, Liv. praef. § 8.—

With acc. and inf. as object (so most freq.): tu me amas, ego te amo;

merito id fieri uterque existimat,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 147:

ne id quidem me dignum esse existimat, Quem adeat, etc.,

id. As. 1, 2, 23; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 19:

si majores nostri existimavissent, quemquam Rulli similem futurum,

Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 89:

non possum existimare, plus quemquam a se ipso quam me a te amari,

id. Fam. 15, 21, 4:

ego sic existimo, hos oratores fuisse maximos,

id. Brut. 36, 138 et saep.—In pass. with an inf. clause as subject:

fuit hoc in utroque eorum, ut Crassus non tam existimari vellet non didicisse, quam illa despicere, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 2, 1, 4:

disciplina in Britannia reperta, atque inde in Galliam translata esse existimatur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 13 fin.:

Themistocles suasisse existimatur Atheniensibus, ut, etc.,

Quint. 9, 2, 92 et saep.— Pass. impers.:

huic (insulae) milia DCCC. in longitudinem esse existimatur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 13 fin.; Plin. 6, 22, 24, § 81.—

With a rel. or interrog.-clause:

haud existimans, quanto labore partum,

Ter. Ph. 1, 1, 11:

nunc vos existimate, facta an dicta pluris sint,

judge, Sall. J. 85, 14 Cort.; cf.:

utrum avertendae suspicionis causa, etc., an, etc., existimari non poterat,

be judged, decided, Caes. B. C. 3, 102, 3:

qui (Pyrrhus) utrum avarior an crudelior sit, vix existimari potest,

Liv. 22, 59, 14:

existimari a medicis jubet, an talis caecitas ac debilitas superabiles forent,

Tac. H. 4, 81.—

With de:

de scriptoribus, qui nondum ediderunt, existimare non possumus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 2, 7:

ex eventu homines de tuo consilio existimaturos videmus,

id. Fam. 1, 7, 5:

male de aliquo,

to have a bad opinion of any one, id. Off. 2, 10, 36; cf.:

tu ipse quem ad modum existimes vide,

id. Div. in Caecil. 12, 37; id. Att. 6, 2, 3.— Pass. impers.:

exstant orationes, ex quibus existimari de ingeniis eorum potest,

Cic. Brut. 21, 82.—

With in and abl.:

in hostium numero existimari,

to be regarded as an enemy, Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 13.—

Absol.:

ut Cicero existimat,

Quint. 9, 1, 29:

sicut multi existimarunt,

id. 8, 6, 67.— Pass. impers.:

ita intellegimus vulgo existimari,

Cic. Rep. 2, 15, 28.—As subst.: existĭmantes, ium, m., critics, critical judges:

si in existimantium arbitrium sua scripta non venerint,

Cic. Brut. 24, 92.

ex-istĭmo or existŭmo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [aestimo].

= aestimo, to value, estimate, reckon, esteem, with gen. of value (rare):

satin abiit neque quod dixi flocci existumat?

Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 73:

dum ne ob malefacta peream, parvi existumo,

id. Capt. 3, 5, 24: omnia minoris, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 2:

magni operam,

Nep. Cat. 1, 2:

minoris aliquid,

id. ib. 1, 4; Suet. Aug. 40.—With interrog. clause:

nunc si dico ut res est, quem ad modum existumet me?

Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 18 Ritschl. —

In gen., to judge, consider, suppose, think, esteem. —Constr. with the acc., an object-clause, a rel.-clause, with de, or absol.

With acc.: si improbum Cresphontem existimaveras, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38 (Trag. v. 156, ed. Vahl., where the reading is existimas); cf.:

quod eum, qui hoc facit, avarum possumus existimare,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 82, § 190; Quint. 5, 12, 21:

quod ego nullo modo existimo,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 11, 25:

cottidianae vitae consuetudinem,

pass judgment upon, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 41.— In pass.:

M. Fulcinius domi suae honestus existimatus est,

Cic. Caecin. 4, 10; cf.:

P. Cornelius, homo, ut existimabatur, avarus et furax,

id. de Or. 2, 66, 268:

qua (fama) diu princeps oratorum... existimandus est,

Quint. 11, 3, 8:

popularitas signum affectati regni est existimatum,

id. 5, 9, 13:

assimulata sunt schemata existimanda,

id. 9, 1, 27: utcunque (haec) animadversa aut existimata erunt, Liv. praef. § 8.—

With acc. and inf. as object (so most freq.): tu me amas, ego te amo;

merito id fieri uterque existimat,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 147:

ne id quidem me dignum esse existimat, Quem adeat, etc.,

id. As. 1, 2, 23; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 19:

si majores nostri existimavissent, quemquam Rulli similem futurum,

Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 89:

non possum existimare, plus quemquam a se ipso quam me a te amari,

id. Fam. 15, 21, 4:

ego sic existimo, hos oratores fuisse maximos,

id. Brut. 36, 138 et saep.—In pass. with an inf. clause as subject:

fuit hoc in utroque eorum, ut Crassus non tam existimari vellet non didicisse, quam illa despicere, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 2, 1, 4:

disciplina in Britannia reperta, atque inde in Galliam translata esse existimatur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 13 fin.:

Themistocles suasisse existimatur Atheniensibus, ut, etc.,

Quint. 9, 2, 92 et saep.— Pass. impers.:

huic (insulae) milia DCCC. in longitudinem esse existimatur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 13 fin.; Plin. 6, 22, 24, § 81.—

With a rel. or interrog.-clause:

haud existimans, quanto labore partum,

Ter. Ph. 1, 1, 11:

nunc vos existimate, facta an dicta pluris sint,

judge, Sall. J. 85, 14 Cort.; cf.:

utrum avertendae suspicionis causa, etc., an, etc., existimari non poterat,

be judged, decided, Caes. B. C. 3, 102, 3:

qui (Pyrrhus) utrum avarior an crudelior sit, vix existimari potest,

Liv. 22, 59, 14:

existimari a medicis jubet, an talis caecitas ac debilitas superabiles forent,

Tac. H. 4, 81.—

With de:

de scriptoribus, qui nondum ediderunt, existimare non possumus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 2, 7:

ex eventu homines de tuo consilio existimaturos videmus,

id. Fam. 1, 7, 5:

male de aliquo,

to have a bad opinion of any one, id. Off. 2, 10, 36; cf.:

tu ipse quem ad modum existimes vide,

id. Div. in Caecil. 12, 37; id. Att. 6, 2, 3.— Pass. impers.:

exstant orationes, ex quibus existimari de ingeniis eorum potest,

Cic. Brut. 21, 82.—

With in and abl.:

in hostium numero existimari,

to be regarded as an enemy, Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 13.—

Absol.:

ut Cicero existimat,

Quint. 9, 1, 29:

sicut multi existimarunt,

id. 8, 6, 67.— Pass. impers.:

ita intellegimus vulgo existimari,

Cic. Rep. 2, 15, 28.—As subst.: existĭmantes, ium, m., critics, critical judges:

si in existimantium arbitrium sua scripta non venerint,

Cic. Brut. 24, 92.

fătĕor, fassus, 2 (archaic inf. praes. faterier, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 148), v. dep. a. [from the root PHA, phaô, fari], to confess, own, grant, acknowledge.

Prop. (freq. and class.; syn.: confiteor, profiteor); construed for the most part with acc. and inf. as object; rarely with the acc., de, or absol.

With acc.:

si verum mihi eritis fassae, vinclis exsolvemini,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 10: so,

verum fateri,

Plin. 27, 1, 1, § 2; Curt. 6, 3:

ut verius fatear,

Eum. Grat. Act. 1:

quid fatebor?

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 3; 2, 2, 67:

multi in tormentis mori maluerunt falsum fatendo quam infitiando dolere,

Cic. Part. 14, 50:

peccatum, culpam,

Ov. Tr. 1, 315; Hor. S. 2, 4, 4:

delicta,

Ov. M. 4, 685:

mores suos,

Quint. 10, 1, 100:

sensus suos,

Ov. H. 21, 204:

paupertatem,

id. M. 8, 634 et saep.—Prov.:

fatetur facinus, si quis judicium fugit,

Pub. Syr. 174 Rib.—

With acc. and inf. as object:

fateor atque etiam profiteor et prae me fero, te, etc.,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 5, 17:

me despexe ad te per impluvium tuum, Fateor,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 73:

fateor eam esse importunam,

id. As. 1, 1, 47:

si quis contra rem publicam se amici causa fecisse fateatur,

Cic. Lael. 12, 40: qui se debere fateantur, *Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 3:

cum se Cicero ab illis plurimum fateatur adjutum,

Quint. 10, 1, 40:

fateor me duci ventre,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 37:

jura inventa metu injusti fateare necesse est,

id. ib. 1, 3, 111; id. Ep. 2, 1, 85:

hominum igitur causa eas rerum copias comparatas fatendum est,

Cic. N. D. 2, 63, 158.—With ellips. of acc.:

fateor peccavisse,

Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 18:

non didici sane nescire fateri,

Hor. A. P. 418.—With two acc.:

cum se servum fateatur tuum,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 24:

eum (i. e. Jovem) ipsi lapides hominem fatebuntur,

Lact. 1, 11, 28:

fassus hujus se spectaculi debitorem,

Sen. Contr. 1, 1, 11.—

With de:

cum de facto turpi aliquo aut inutili aut utroque fateatur,

Cic. Inv. 2, 26, 77.—

Absol.:

ita libenter confitetur, ut non solum fateri, sed etiam profiteri videatur,

Cic. Caecin. 9, 24: Me. Est tibi nomen Menaechmo? M. Fateor, Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 48:

leno sum, fateor,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 34:

non potest sine malo fateri,

id. Eun. 4, 4, 47:

qui a Naevio vel sumpsisti multa, si fateris, vel, si negas, surripuisti,

Cic. Brut. 19, 76; cf. Quint. 5, 12, 13:

nulline faterier audes?

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 148:

in fatendo lenis et summissa (vox),

Quint. 11, 3, 63:

ad fatendum impulsus,

id. 5, 13, 46:

da veniam fasso,

Ov. P. 4, 2, 23; parenthetically: [p. 729] fateor, Plaut. Aul. 4. 4, 16:

fatebor enim,

Verg. E. 1, 31; id. A. 4, 20; Ov. M. 9, 362 al.—

Transf.

In gen., to discover, show, indicate, manifest (rare; not in Cic.): Laterensis nostri et fidem et animum singularem in rem publicam semper fatebor, bear witness to, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 4; Quint. 1, 6, 23:

innocentem fuisse patrem fatetur,

id. 7, 1, 56; 1, 10, 37:

utque sedet vultu fassus Telamonius iram,

Ov. Tr. 2, 525:

patinarum calore pisces vitalem motum fateri,

Plin. 9, 57, 83, § 177:

mors sola fatetur, Quantula sint hominum corpuscula,

Juv. 10, 172; 15, 132:

properabo fateri, quae, etc.,

id. 3, 59:

Belus amnis non nisi refuso mari harenas fatetur,

Plin. 36, 26, 65, § 190.—

In gram. lang.:

fatendi modus,

the indicative, Quint. 1, 6, 7; Varr. L. L. 8, 5, 8.

In pass. signif.:

hunc (agrum) excipere nominatim, qui publicus esse fateatur,

Cic. Agr. 2, 21, 57 (dub.).—

Impers.:

vulgo fatebatur, utique minorem eum legasse,

Dig. 30, 1, 39, § 6.

gaudĭum, ii (apoc. form gau, like cael for caelum, do for domum: replet te laetificum gau, Enn. ap. Auson. Technop. 144; Ann. 451 Vahl.), n. [id.], inward joy, joy, gladness, delight (opp. laetitia, joy which shows itself externally).

Lit.

In gen.

Sing.:

cum ratione animus movetur placide atque constanter, tum illud gaudium dicitur: cum autem inaniter et effuse animus exsultat, tum illa laetitia gestiens vel nimia dici potest, quam ita definiunt sine ratione animi elationem,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 6, 13; Sall. C. 48, 1:

voluptas dicitur etiam in animo... non dicitur laetitia nec gaudium in corpore,

id. Fin. 2, 4, 13 (cf. under B.):

veluti ex servitute erepta (plebs) gaudium atque laetitiam agitabat,

Sall. C. 48, 1:

exsultare laetitia, triumphare gaudio,

Cic. Clu. 5, 14: meum factum probari abs te triumpho gaudio, Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 16, A, 2:

non possum non confiteri, cumulari me maximo gaudio, quod, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 1:

gaudio compleri, gaudio afficere,

id. Fin. 5, 24, 69 sq.:

tuis litteris perlectis exsilui gaudio,

id. Fam. 16, 16, 1; cf.:

cum tuas litteras legissem, incredibili gaudio sum elatus,

id. ib. 10, 12, 2; id. Rep. 3, 30:

gaudium, tristitiam ostendimus (manibus),

Quint. 11, 3, 86:

missa legatio quae gaudio fungeretur,

to express their joy, offer their congratulations, Tac. H. 2, 55:

prae gaudio ubi sim nescio,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 67; cf.:

nimio gaudio paene desipere,

Cic. Fam. 2, 9, 2:

exclamare gaudio,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 30; cf.:

lacrimare gaudio,

id. Ad. 3, 3, 55: Ha. Gaudio ero vobis. Ad. At edepol nos voluptati tibi, Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 47:

quid illud gaudii est?

Ter. And. 5, 5, 7.—With an object-genitive:

gaudium periculosi saltus superati,

Liv. 42, 55, 4.—

Plur.: quocum multa volup ac gaudia clamque palamque, Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4 (Ann. v. 247 Vahl.):

cum me tantis affecistis gaudiis,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 105; more freq., the outward expressions of joy:

feminarum praecipue et gaudia insignia erant et luctus,

Liv. 22, 7, 12 (cf. sing.:

gaudio exultans,

id. 21, 42, 3):

quibus gaudiis exsultabis?

Cic. Cat. 1, 10, 26:

ita varie per omnem exercitum laetitia, maeror, luctus atque gaudia agitabantur,

Sall. C. 61 fin.:

o qui complexus et gaudia quanta fuerunt!

Hor. S. 1, 5, 43:

gaudia prodentem vultum celare,

id. ib. 2, 5, 104:

in tacito cohibe gaudia clausa sinu,

Prop. 2, 25 (3, 20), 30 (cf. gaudeo, II. A.):

hunc scio mea solide gavisurum gaudia,

Ter. And. 5, 5, 8:

scin' me in quibus sim gaudiis?

id. Eun. 5, 9, 5.—Prov.:

Gaudia principium nostri sunt doloris,

Ov. M. 7, 796.—

In partic., sensual pleasure, delight, enjoyment (rare; not in Cic.; cf.

above the passage,

Cic. Fin. 2, 4, 13; usually in plur.):

dediti corporis gaudiis per luxum et ignaviam aetatem agunt,

Sall. J. 2, 4:

mutua gaudia,

Lucr. 4, 1205; 5, 854:

communia,

id. 4, 1196; cf. ib. 1106; Tib. 1, 5, 39; Hor. C. 3, 6, 28:

non umquam reputant quanti sibi gaudia constent,

Juv. 6, 365:

vini atque cibi,

id. 10, 204:

cenae,

id. 15, 41.—In sing.:

mihi sibique pestiferum hinc abstulit gaudium,

Liv. 1, 58, 8.—

Transf., also, like our joy, for an object which produces joy, a cause or occasion of joy (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

ceterum hoc gaudium magna prope clade in Samnio foedatum est,

Liv. 7, 34, 1:

non animo solum patrio gratum munus, sed corpori quoque salubre gaudium (sc. reditus filii) fuit,

id. 37, 37, 7:

cupidus falsis attingere gaudia palmis, i. e. conjugem,

Prop. 1, 19, 9:

fugiunt tua gaudia,

Ov. H. 15, 109; Phaedr. 4, 20, 27; Petr. 79, 10.—

Of inanim. and abstr. things:

non omnes (arbores) florent, et sunt tristes quaedam, quaeque non sentiant gaudia annorum,

Plin. 16, 25, 40, § 95:

flos est gaudium arborum,

id. ib.:

adamas opum gaudium,

id. 20 praef. § 2.

gnārus, a, um (also ante- and postclass. form gnārŭris, e, Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 17; id. Poen. prol. 47; Aus. Ep. 22, 19; Arn. 3, 113; and cf.: gnaruris gnôrimos, Gloss. Philox.—Another form is ‡ nārus, like navus, notus, acc. to Cic. Or. 47, 158), adj. [Sanscr. gna-, ganāmi, know; Gr. gignôskô; Lat. gnosco, nosco, narrare, etc.], knowing or acquainted with a thing; skilful, practised, expert (syn. doctus, eruditus, peritus).

Lit. (rare but class.); constr. with gen., or with a rel. or object-clause; ante- and post-class. with acc.

With gen.:

nec loci gnara sum,

Plaut. Rud. 1, 3, 28: loci, Sall. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 700 P.;

rei publicae,

Cic. Brut. 64, 228:

armorum et militiae,

Col. 1 praef. §

4: artis,

Just. 11, 7:

temporis,

Plin. 9, 8, 9, § 30; cf. Tac. Agr. 6:

si modo vinitor gnarus est iis utendi,

Col. 4, 25, 1:

nostri tergi,

Plaut. As. 3, 2, 6:

venandi,

Vulg. Gen. 25, 27.—

With rel.clause:

Periclem uberem et fecundum fuisse, gnarumque, quibus orationis modis, etc.,

Cic. Or. 4, 15:

nemine gnaro aut opinante, quidnam coepturus esset,

Suet. Calig. 46.—

With object-clause:

Hasdrubal satis gnarus, Hannibalem transitus quosdam pretio mercatum,

Liv. 23, 29, 5; cf. id. 33, 5, 4; Tac. H. 2, 29; 65; 5, 19 al.:

concha cum manum videt, comprimit sese operitque opes suas, gnara propter illas se peti,

Plin. 9, 35, 55, § 110.—

With acc.:

simul gnarures vos volo esse hanc rem mecum,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 17:

ut mecum sitis gnarures,

id. Poen. prol. 47.—

Transf., pass., known (for the usual notus; post-Aug.;

very rare, except in Tac.): in paludem gnaram vincentibus,

Tac. A. 1, 63:

idque nulli magis gnarum quam Neroni,

id. ib. 15, 61; cf.:

gnarum id Caesari,

id. ib. 1, 5 (opp. incognita), App. Mag. p. 281, 9.— Absol.:

conspicui eoque gnari,

Tac. A. 6, 35.— Comp. not in use.— Sup., Sol. 51 fin.

gnārus, a, um (also ante- and postclass. form gnārŭris, e, Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 17; id. Poen. prol. 47; Aus. Ep. 22, 19; Arn. 3, 113; and cf.: gnaruris gnôrimos, Gloss. Philox.—Another form is ‡ nārus, like navus, notus, acc. to Cic. Or. 47, 158), adj. [Sanscr. gna-, ganāmi, know; Gr. gignôskô; Lat. gnosco, nosco, narrare, etc.], knowing or acquainted with a thing; skilful, practised, expert (syn. doctus, eruditus, peritus).

Lit. (rare but class.); constr. with gen., or with a rel. or object-clause; ante- and post-class. with acc.

With gen.:

nec loci gnara sum,

Plaut. Rud. 1, 3, 28: loci, Sall. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 700 P.;

rei publicae,

Cic. Brut. 64, 228:

armorum et militiae,

Col. 1 praef. §

4: artis,

Just. 11, 7:

temporis,

Plin. 9, 8, 9, § 30; cf. Tac. Agr. 6:

si modo vinitor gnarus est iis utendi,

Col. 4, 25, 1:

nostri tergi,

Plaut. As. 3, 2, 6:

venandi,

Vulg. Gen. 25, 27.—

With rel.clause:

Periclem uberem et fecundum fuisse, gnarumque, quibus orationis modis, etc.,

Cic. Or. 4, 15:

nemine gnaro aut opinante, quidnam coepturus esset,

Suet. Calig. 46.—

With object-clause:

Hasdrubal satis gnarus, Hannibalem transitus quosdam pretio mercatum,

Liv. 23, 29, 5; cf. id. 33, 5, 4; Tac. H. 2, 29; 65; 5, 19 al.:

concha cum manum videt, comprimit sese operitque opes suas, gnara propter illas se peti,

Plin. 9, 35, 55, § 110.—

With acc.:

simul gnarures vos volo esse hanc rem mecum,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 17:

ut mecum sitis gnarures,

id. Poen. prol. 47.—

Transf., pass., known (for the usual notus; post-Aug.;

very rare, except in Tac.): in paludem gnaram vincentibus,

Tac. A. 1, 63:

idque nulli magis gnarum quam Neroni,

id. ib. 15, 61; cf.:

gnarum id Caesari,

id. ib. 1, 5 (opp. incognita), App. Mag. p. 281, 9.— Absol.:

conspicui eoque gnari,

Tac. A. 6, 35.— Comp. not in use.— Sup., Sol. 51 fin.

grăvo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [gravis].

To charge with a load, to load, burden, weigh down, oppress (mostly poet. and in postAug. prose).

Lit.:

praefectum castrorum sarcinis gravant,

Tac. A. 1, 20; cf.:

ferus Actora magno Ense gravat Capaneus,

Stat. Th. 10, 257:

non est ingenii cymba gravanda tui,

Prop. 3, 3 (4, 2), 22:

aegraque furtivum membra gravabat onus,

Ov. H. 11, 38:

gravantur arbores fetu,

Lucr. 1, 253; cf.:

sunt poma gravantia ramos,

Ov. M. 13, 812:

ne, si demissior ibis, Unda gravet pennas,

id. ib. 8, 205:

quia pondus illis abest, nec sese ipsi gravant,

Quint. 1, 12, 10:

stomacho inutilis, nervis inimicus, caput gravans,

Plin. 21, 19, 75, § 128:

minui quod gravet (corpus) quolibet modo utilius,

id. 11, 53, 119, § 284:

ne obsidio ipsa multitudine gravaretur,

Just. 14, 2, 3; 38, 10, 8; so in pass.:

alia die febre commotus est: tertia cum se gravari videret,

weighed down, oppressed, Capitol. Anton. 12; and esp. in perf. part.:

gravatus somno,

Plin. 10, 51, 70, § 136; 26, 1, 4, § 6; 33, 1, 6, § 27:

vino,

Curt. 6, 11, 28:

telis,

id. 8, 14, 38:

ebrietate,

id. 5, 7, 11:

cibo,

Liv. 1, 7, 5:

vino somnoque,

id. 25, 24, 6.—

Esp., to make pregnant:

uterum,

Stat. Th. 2, 614:

gravatam esse virginem,

Lact. 4, 12, 2; id. Epit. 44, 1; cf.: semper gravata lentiscus, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 9, 16; Paul. ex Fest. p. 95, 15. —

Trop.

To burden, oppress, incommode:

nil moror officium, quod me gravat,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 264:

septem milia hominum, quos et ipse gravari militia senserat,

Liv. 21, 23, 6:

sed magis hoc, quo (mala nostra) sunt cognitiora, gravant,

Ov. Tr. 4, 6, 28. —

To make more grievous, aggravate, increase:

tu fortunam parce gravare meam,

id. ib. 5, 11, 30:

quo gravaret invidiam matris,

Tac. A. 14, 12:

injusto faenore gravatum aes alienum,

Liv. 42, 5, 9.—

To lower in tone; hence, gram. t. t., to give the grave accent to a vowel (opp. acuo):

a littera gravatur,

Prisc. 539, 573 P.—

Transf., as v. dep.: grăvor, ātus (lit., to be burdened with any thing, to feel burdened; hence), to feel incommoded, vexed, wearied, or annoyed at any thing; to take amiss, to bear with reluctance, to regard as a burden, to do unwillingly (class.); in Cic. only absol. or with an object-clause, afterwards also constr. with acc.

Absol.:

non gravabor,

Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 49: quid gravare? id. Stich. 3, 2, 22:

quamquam gravatus fuisti, non nocuit tamen,

id. ib. 5, 4, 40:

ne gravare,

Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 19:

primo gravari coepit, quod invidiam atque offensionem timere dicebat,

Cic. Clu. 25, 69:

ego vero non gravarer si, etc.,

id. Lael. 5, 17:

nec gravatus senex dicitur locutus esse, etc.,

Liv. 9, 3, 9:

ille non gravatus, Primum, inquit, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 1, 3:

spem ac metum juxta gravatus Vitellius ictum venis intulit,

Tac. A. 6, 3:

benignus erga me ut siet: ne gravetur,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 15.—

With an object-clause:

rogo, ut ne graveris exaedificare id opus, quod instituisti,

Cic. de Or. 1, 35, 164; 1, 23, 107; id. Fam. 7, 14, 1:

ne graventur, sua quoque ad eum postulata deferre,

Caes. B. C. 1, 9:

quod illi quoque gravati prius essent ad populandam Macedoniam exire,

Liv. 31, 46, 4:

tibi non gravabor reddere dilatae pugnae rationem,

id. 34, 38, 3; Curt. 9, 1, 8; 6, 8, 12; Suet. Aug. 34 al.—

With acc.:

Pegasus terrenum equitem gravatus Bellerophontem,

disdaining to bear, throwing off, Hor. C. 4, 11, 27:

at illum acerbum et sanguinarium necesse est graventur stipatores sui,

be weary of supporting, Sen. Clem. 1, 12 fin.:

matrem,

Suet. Ner. 34:

ampla et operosa praetoria,

id. Aug. 72:

aspectum civium,

Tac. A. 3, 59 fin.:

spem ac metum juxta gravatus,

id. ib. 5, 8; Quint. 1, 1, 11.— Hence, adv. in two forms:

grăvātē (acc. to II.), with difficulty or reluctance, unwillingly, grudgingly:

non gravate respondere,

Cic. de Or. 1, 48, 208;

opp. gratuito,

id. Off. 2, 19, 66;

opp. benigne,

id. Balb. 16, 36:

Canius contendit a Pythio ut venderet: gravate ille primo,

id. Off. 3, 14, 59:

qui cum haud gravate venissent,

Liv. 3, 4, 6 Weissenb. (al. gravati):

concedere,

id. 42, 43, 2.— Comp.:

manus et plantas ad saviandum gravatius porrigere,

Front. ad M. Caes. 4, 12 fin. —

grăvanter, with reluctance, unwillingly:

reguli Gallorum haud gravanter venerunt,

Liv. 21, 24, 5 Weissenb. (al. gravate); Cassiod. Varr. 4, 5.

grăvo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [gravis].

To charge with a load, to load, burden, weigh down, oppress (mostly poet. and in postAug. prose).

Lit.:

praefectum castrorum sarcinis gravant,

Tac. A. 1, 20; cf.:

ferus Actora magno Ense gravat Capaneus,

Stat. Th. 10, 257:

non est ingenii cymba gravanda tui,

Prop. 3, 3 (4, 2), 22:

aegraque furtivum membra gravabat onus,

Ov. H. 11, 38:

gravantur arbores fetu,

Lucr. 1, 253; cf.:

sunt poma gravantia ramos,

Ov. M. 13, 812:

ne, si demissior ibis, Unda gravet pennas,

id. ib. 8, 205:

quia pondus illis abest, nec sese ipsi gravant,

Quint. 1, 12, 10:

stomacho inutilis, nervis inimicus, caput gravans,

Plin. 21, 19, 75, § 128:

minui quod gravet (corpus) quolibet modo utilius,

id. 11, 53, 119, § 284:

ne obsidio ipsa multitudine gravaretur,

Just. 14, 2, 3; 38, 10, 8; so in pass.:

alia die febre commotus est: tertia cum se gravari videret,

weighed down, oppressed, Capitol. Anton. 12; and esp. in perf. part.:

gravatus somno,

Plin. 10, 51, 70, § 136; 26, 1, 4, § 6; 33, 1, 6, § 27:

vino,

Curt. 6, 11, 28:

telis,

id. 8, 14, 38:

ebrietate,

id. 5, 7, 11:

cibo,

Liv. 1, 7, 5:

vino somnoque,

id. 25, 24, 6.—

Esp., to make pregnant:

uterum,

Stat. Th. 2, 614:

gravatam esse virginem,

Lact. 4, 12, 2; id. Epit. 44, 1; cf.: semper gravata lentiscus, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 9, 16; Paul. ex Fest. p. 95, 15. —

Trop.

To burden, oppress, incommode:

nil moror officium, quod me gravat,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 264:

septem milia hominum, quos et ipse gravari militia senserat,

Liv. 21, 23, 6:

sed magis hoc, quo (mala nostra) sunt cognitiora, gravant,

Ov. Tr. 4, 6, 28. —

To make more grievous, aggravate, increase:

tu fortunam parce gravare meam,

id. ib. 5, 11, 30:

quo gravaret invidiam matris,

Tac. A. 14, 12:

injusto faenore gravatum aes alienum,

Liv. 42, 5, 9.—

To lower in tone; hence, gram. t. t., to give the grave accent to a vowel (opp. acuo):

a littera gravatur,

Prisc. 539, 573 P.—

Transf., as v. dep.: grăvor, ātus (lit., to be burdened with any thing, to feel burdened; hence), to feel incommoded, vexed, wearied, or annoyed at any thing; to take amiss, to bear with reluctance, to regard as a burden, to do unwillingly (class.); in Cic. only absol. or with an object-clause, afterwards also constr. with acc.

Absol.:

non gravabor,

Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 49: quid gravare? id. Stich. 3, 2, 22:

quamquam gravatus fuisti, non nocuit tamen,

id. ib. 5, 4, 40:

ne gravare,

Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 19:

primo gravari coepit, quod invidiam atque offensionem timere dicebat,

Cic. Clu. 25, 69:

ego vero non gravarer si, etc.,

id. Lael. 5, 17:

nec gravatus senex dicitur locutus esse, etc.,

Liv. 9, 3, 9:

ille non gravatus, Primum, inquit, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 1, 3:

spem ac metum juxta gravatus Vitellius ictum venis intulit,

Tac. A. 6, 3:

benignus erga me ut siet: ne gravetur,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 15.—

With an object-clause:

rogo, ut ne graveris exaedificare id opus, quod instituisti,

Cic. de Or. 1, 35, 164; 1, 23, 107; id. Fam. 7, 14, 1:

ne graventur, sua quoque ad eum postulata deferre,

Caes. B. C. 1, 9:

quod illi quoque gravati prius essent ad populandam Macedoniam exire,

Liv. 31, 46, 4:

tibi non gravabor reddere dilatae pugnae rationem,

id. 34, 38, 3; Curt. 9, 1, 8; 6, 8, 12; Suet. Aug. 34 al.—

With acc.:

Pegasus terrenum equitem gravatus Bellerophontem,

disdaining to bear, throwing off, Hor. C. 4, 11, 27:

at illum acerbum et sanguinarium necesse est graventur stipatores sui,

be weary of supporting, Sen. Clem. 1, 12 fin.:

matrem,

Suet. Ner. 34:

ampla et operosa praetoria,

id. Aug. 72:

aspectum civium,

Tac. A. 3, 59 fin.:

spem ac metum juxta gravatus,

id. ib. 5, 8; Quint. 1, 1, 11.— Hence, adv. in two forms:

grăvātē (acc. to II.), with difficulty or reluctance, unwillingly, grudgingly:

non gravate respondere,

Cic. de Or. 1, 48, 208;

opp. gratuito,

id. Off. 2, 19, 66;

opp. benigne,

id. Balb. 16, 36:

Canius contendit a Pythio ut venderet: gravate ille primo,

id. Off. 3, 14, 59:

qui cum haud gravate venissent,

Liv. 3, 4, 6 Weissenb. (al. gravati):

concedere,

id. 42, 43, 2.— Comp.:

manus et plantas ad saviandum gravatius porrigere,

Front. ad M. Caes. 4, 12 fin. —

grăvanter, with reluctance, unwillingly:

reguli Gallorum haud gravanter venerunt,

Liv. 21, 24, 5 Weissenb. (al. gravate); Cassiod. Varr. 4, 5.

grăvo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [gravis].

To charge with a load, to load, burden, weigh down, oppress (mostly poet. and in postAug. prose).

Lit.:

praefectum castrorum sarcinis gravant,

Tac. A. 1, 20; cf.:

ferus Actora magno Ense gravat Capaneus,

Stat. Th. 10, 257:

non est ingenii cymba gravanda tui,

Prop. 3, 3 (4, 2), 22:

aegraque furtivum membra gravabat onus,

Ov. H. 11, 38:

gravantur arbores fetu,

Lucr. 1, 253; cf.:

sunt poma gravantia ramos,

Ov. M. 13, 812:

ne, si demissior ibis, Unda gravet pennas,

id. ib. 8, 205:

quia pondus illis abest, nec sese ipsi gravant,

Quint. 1, 12, 10:

stomacho inutilis, nervis inimicus, caput gravans,

Plin. 21, 19, 75, § 128:

minui quod gravet (corpus) quolibet modo utilius,

id. 11, 53, 119, § 284:

ne obsidio ipsa multitudine gravaretur,

Just. 14, 2, 3; 38, 10, 8; so in pass.:

alia die febre commotus est: tertia cum se gravari videret,

weighed down, oppressed, Capitol. Anton. 12; and esp. in perf. part.:

gravatus somno,

Plin. 10, 51, 70, § 136; 26, 1, 4, § 6; 33, 1, 6, § 27:

vino,

Curt. 6, 11, 28:

telis,

id. 8, 14, 38:

ebrietate,

id. 5, 7, 11:

cibo,

Liv. 1, 7, 5:

vino somnoque,

id. 25, 24, 6.—

Esp., to make pregnant:

uterum,

Stat. Th. 2, 614:

gravatam esse virginem,

Lact. 4, 12, 2; id. Epit. 44, 1; cf.: semper gravata lentiscus, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 9, 16; Paul. ex Fest. p. 95, 15. —

Trop.

To burden, oppress, incommode:

nil moror officium, quod me gravat,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 264:

septem milia hominum, quos et ipse gravari militia senserat,

Liv. 21, 23, 6:

sed magis hoc, quo (mala nostra) sunt cognitiora, gravant,

Ov. Tr. 4, 6, 28. —

To make more grievous, aggravate, increase:

tu fortunam parce gravare meam,

id. ib. 5, 11, 30:

quo gravaret invidiam matris,

Tac. A. 14, 12:

injusto faenore gravatum aes alienum,

Liv. 42, 5, 9.—

To lower in tone; hence, gram. t. t., to give the grave accent to a vowel (opp. acuo):

a littera gravatur,

Prisc. 539, 573 P.—

Transf., as v. dep.: grăvor, ātus (lit., to be burdened with any thing, to feel burdened; hence), to feel incommoded, vexed, wearied, or annoyed at any thing; to take amiss, to bear with reluctance, to regard as a burden, to do unwillingly (class.); in Cic. only absol. or with an object-clause, afterwards also constr. with acc.

Absol.:

non gravabor,

Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 49: quid gravare? id. Stich. 3, 2, 22:

quamquam gravatus fuisti, non nocuit tamen,

id. ib. 5, 4, 40:

ne gravare,

Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 19:

primo gravari coepit, quod invidiam atque offensionem timere dicebat,

Cic. Clu. 25, 69:

ego vero non gravarer si, etc.,

id. Lael. 5, 17:

nec gravatus senex dicitur locutus esse, etc.,

Liv. 9, 3, 9:

ille non gravatus, Primum, inquit, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 1, 3:

spem ac metum juxta gravatus Vitellius ictum venis intulit,

Tac. A. 6, 3:

benignus erga me ut siet: ne gravetur,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 15.—

With an object-clause:

rogo, ut ne graveris exaedificare id opus, quod instituisti,

Cic. de Or. 1, 35, 164; 1, 23, 107; id. Fam. 7, 14, 1:

ne graventur, sua quoque ad eum postulata deferre,

Caes. B. C. 1, 9:

quod illi quoque gravati prius essent ad populandam Macedoniam exire,

Liv. 31, 46, 4:

tibi non gravabor reddere dilatae pugnae rationem,

id. 34, 38, 3; Curt. 9, 1, 8; 6, 8, 12; Suet. Aug. 34 al.—

With acc.:

Pegasus terrenum equitem gravatus Bellerophontem,

disdaining to bear, throwing off, Hor. C. 4, 11, 27:

at illum acerbum et sanguinarium necesse est graventur stipatores sui,

be weary of supporting, Sen. Clem. 1, 12 fin.:

matrem,

Suet. Ner. 34:

ampla et operosa praetoria,

id. Aug. 72:

aspectum civium,

Tac. A. 3, 59 fin.:

spem ac metum juxta gravatus,

id. ib. 5, 8; Quint. 1, 1, 11.— Hence, adv. in two forms:

grăvātē (acc. to II.), with difficulty or reluctance, unwillingly, grudgingly:

non gravate respondere,

Cic. de Or. 1, 48, 208;

opp. gratuito,

id. Off. 2, 19, 66;

opp. benigne,

id. Balb. 16, 36:

Canius contendit a Pythio ut venderet: gravate ille primo,

id. Off. 3, 14, 59:

qui cum haud gravate venissent,

Liv. 3, 4, 6 Weissenb. (al. gravati):

concedere,

id. 42, 43, 2.— Comp.:

manus et plantas ad saviandum gravatius porrigere,

Front. ad M. Caes. 4, 12 fin. —

grăvanter, with reluctance, unwillingly:

reguli Gallorum haud gravanter venerunt,

Liv. 21, 24, 5 Weissenb. (al. gravate); Cassiod. Varr. 4, 5.

impĕro ( inp-), āvi, ātum, 1 (archaic form, imperassit, Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 6, and induperantum = imperantium, Enn. Ann. v. 413 Vahl.), v. a. and n. [in-paro], to command, order, enjoin (cf.: jubeo, praecipio, mando).

In gen., constr. with acc., an inf. or an object-clause, a relative-clause, with ut, ne, or the simple subj., with the simple dat. or absol.

With acc. (and dat. personæ):

faciendum id nobis quod parentes imperant,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 53:

fac quod imperat,

id. Poen. 5, 3, 29; Ter. Hec. 2, 2, 2:

quae imperarentur, facere dixerunt,

Caes. B. G. 2, 32, 3:

numquid aliud imperas?

Ter. Eun. 2, 1, 7; id. Heaut. 4, 3, 26:

sto exspectans, si quid mihi imperent,

id. Eun. 3, 5, 46:

nonnumquam etiam puerum vocaret: credo, cui cenam imperaret,

i. e. ordered to get him his supper, Cic. Rosc. Am. 21, 59:

imperat ei nuptias,

Quint. 7, 1, 14:

vigilias,

id. 11, 3, 26:

certum modum,

id. 11, 2, 27:

moram et sollicitudinem initiis impero,

id. 10, 3, 9: graves dominae cogitationum libidines infinita quaedam cogunt atque imperant, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 424, 30 (Rep. 6, 1 Mos.):

utque Imperet hoc natura potens,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 51.—In pass.:

arma imperata a populo Romano,

Liv. 40, 34, 9:

quod ipsum imperari optimum est,

Quint. 2, 5, 6:

imperata pensa,

id. 3, 7, 6:

exemplar imperatae schemae,

Suet. Tib. 43.—

With inf. or an object-clause (esp. freq. in the post-Aug. per.; in Cic. and Cæs. only with inf. pass. or dep.):

animo nunc jam otioso esse impero,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 1:

imperavi egomet mihi omnia assentari,

id. Eun. 2, 2, 21:

jungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis,

Ov. M. 2, 118; 3, 4:

nec minus in certo dentes cadere imperat aetas Tempore,

Lucr. 5, 672:

has omnes actuarias imperat fieri,

Caes. B. G. 5, 1, 3:

pericula vilia habere,

Sall. C. 16, 2:

frumentum conportare,

id. J. 48, 2; Hirt. B. G. 8, 27; Curt. 10, 1, 19; Tac. A. 2, 25:

Liviam ad se deduci imperavit,

Suet. Calig. 25; id. Aug. 27; id. Tib. 60.—In pass.: in has lautumias, si qui publice custodiendi sunt, ex ceteris oppidis deduci imperantur, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 27, § 69.—

act.:

haec ego procurare et idoneus imperor,

Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 21. —

With a rel.-clause (very rare):

imperabat coram, quid opus facto esset puerperae,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 10:

quin tu, quod faciam, impera,

id. Phorm. 1, 4, 46; Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 3 and 6; id. Capt. 2, 3, 10.—

With ut, ne, or the simple subj.:

ecce Apollo mihi ex oraculo imperat, Ut, etc.,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 87:

his, uti conquirerent et reducerent, imperavit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 28, 1:

consulibus designatis imperavit senatus, ut, etc.,

Liv. 42, 28, 7: quibus negotium a senatu est imperatum, ut, etc., S. C. ap. Front. Aquaed. 104; Petr. 1:

mihi, ne abscedam, imperat,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 30:

Caesar suis imperavit, ne, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 46, 2; 2, 32, 2; 3, 89, 4:

letoque det imperat Argum,

Ov. M. 1, 670; 13, 659. —

With simple dat.:

si huic imperabo, probe tectum habebo,

Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 14 (cf. above a):

aliquid alicui,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 46; Cic. Rosc. Am. 21, 59. —

Absol.: Pa. Jubesne? Ch. Jubeo, cogo atque impero, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 97:

si quid opus est, impera,

Plaut. Am. 3, 3, 1:

impera, si quid vis,

id. Aul. 2, 1, 23:

omnia faciam: impera,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 5, 11:

quidvis oneris impone, impera,

id. And. 5, 3, 26.

In partic.

In publicists' lang., to order to be furnished or supplied, to give orders for, make a requisition for:

cum frumentum sibi in cellam imperavisset (Verrem),

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 10, 30:

quem (numerum frumenti) ei civitati imperas emendum,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 74, § 173:

negas fratrem meum pecuniam ullam in remiges imperasse,

id. Fl. 14, 33:

pecuniam,

id. ib. § 32; cf.:

argenti pondo ducenta milia Jugurthae,

Sall. J. 62, 5:

arma,

Caes. B. C. 1, 6 fin.:

equites civitatibus,

id. B. G. 6, 4 fin.; cf.:

quam maximum militum numerum provinciae toti,

id. ib. 1, 7, 2:

obsides reliquis civitatibus,

id. ib. 7, 64, 1; so, obsides Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 35; Suet. Caes. 25. —

In publicists' and milit. lang., alicui or absol., to command, govern, rule over:

his (magistratibus) praescribendus est imperandi modus... qui modeste paret, videtur, qui aliquando imperet, dignus esse,

Cic. Leg. 3, 2, 5; cf.:

sic noster populus in pace et domi imperat,

id. Rep. 1, 40:

nulla est tam stulta civitas, quae non injuste imperare malit, quam servire juste,

id. ib. 3, 18; cf.

also: cum is, qui imperat aliis, servit ipse nulli cupiditati,

id. ib. 1, 34:

omnibus gentibus ac nationibus terra marique imperare,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 19, 56; cf.:

jus esse belli, ut, qui vicissent, iis, quos vicissent, quemadmodum vellent imperarent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 36, 1:

Jugurtha omni Numidiae imperare parat,

Sall. J. 13, 2:

quot nationibus imperabat,

Quint. 11, 2, 50:

clarus Anchisae Venerisque sanguis Imperet,

Hor. Carm. Sec. 51; cf. id. C. 3, 6, 5:

recusabat imperare,

i. e. to be emperor, Plin. Pan. 5, 5; cf.:

ipsum quandoque imperaturum,

Suet. Claud. 3; id. Galb. 4; id. Oth. 4; id. Vit. 14; id. Tit. 2 et saep.— Hence,

Ad imperandum, to receive orders or instructions:

nunc ades ad imperandum, vel ad parendum potius: sic enim antiqui loquebantur,

Cic. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:

cum ipse ad imperandum Tisidium vocaretur,

Sall. J. 62, 8 Kritz.—

Transf., beyond the publicist's sphere, to command, master, govern, rule, control:

liberis,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 51:

imperare sibi, maximum imperium est,

Sen. Ep. 113 fin.:

ut nobismet ipsis imperemus,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 47:

cum homines cupiditatibus iis, quibus ceteri serviunt, imperabunt,

id. Lael. 22, 82:

accensae irae,

Ov. M. 9, 28:

dolori,

Plin. Ep. 8, 19, 2:

lacrimis,

Sil. 2, 652:

amori suo,

Petr. 83:

ingenio suo,

Sen. Contr. 1 praef. med.; cf.:

imperare animo nequivi, quin, priusquam perirem, cur periturus essem, scirem,

Liv. 34, 31, 2: quibus egestas imperat, rules, governs, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58, 132 (Trag. v. 357 Vahl.): imperat arvis, holds control over, i. e. forces to be productive, Verg. G. 1, 99; cf.:

sola terrae seges imperatur,

Tac. G. 26:

fertilibus agris non est imperandum,

Sen. Tranq. 15:

sic imperant vitibus et eas multis palmitibus onerant,

Col. 3, 3, 6:

alius patrimonio suo plus imperavit quam ferre possit,

Sen. Tranq. 4; cf.

also trop.: tamquam nescias, cui imperem: Epicurum,

id. Ep. 29 fin.:

dum per continuos dies nimis imperat voci, rursus sanguinem reddidit,

Plin. Ep. 5, 19, 6: imperat ergo viro [p. 902] (mulier), Juv. 6, 224.— Absol.:

animum rege, qui, nisi paret, Imperat,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 63:

permittat, an vetet an imperet (lex),

Quint. 7, 7, 7:

(eloquentia) hic regnat, hic imperat, hic sola vincit,

id. 7, 4, 24.—

In publicists' lang., to order the citizens to assemble, to summon:

dein consul eloquitur ad exercitum: Impero qua convenit ad comitia centuriata,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 88 Müll.; Gell. 15, 27, 4;

so comically,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 52; cf. id. Cist. 1, 1, 60.—

In medic. lang., to order, prescribe: non idem imperassem omnibus per diversa aegrotantibus, Sen. de Ira, 1, 16; Plin. 24, 1, 1, § 5:

si vires patiuntur, imperanda tridui abstinentia est,

Cels. 7, 20.—

In gram.:

imperandi declinatus,

i. e. inflections of the imperative, Varr. L. L. 10, § 32 Müll.— Hence, impĕ-rātum, i, n., that which is commanded, a command, order:

jussus arma abicere, imperatum facit,

executes the order, obeys, Caes. B. G. 5, 37, 1; freq. in plur.:

imperata facere,

id. ib. 2, 3, 3; 5, 20 fin.; 6, 10, 3; id. B. C. 1, 60, 1; 2, 12, 4; 3, 34, 2 al.; cf.:

imperata detrectare,

Suet. Caes. 54:

Senones ad imperatum non venire,

according to orders, as ordered, Caes. B. G. 6, 2, 3.

impĕro ( inp-), āvi, ātum, 1 (archaic form, imperassit, Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 6, and induperantum = imperantium, Enn. Ann. v. 413 Vahl.), v. a. and n. [in-paro], to command, order, enjoin (cf.: jubeo, praecipio, mando).

In gen., constr. with acc., an inf. or an object-clause, a relative-clause, with ut, ne, or the simple subj., with the simple dat. or absol.

With acc. (and dat. personæ):

faciendum id nobis quod parentes imperant,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 53:

fac quod imperat,

id. Poen. 5, 3, 29; Ter. Hec. 2, 2, 2:

quae imperarentur, facere dixerunt,

Caes. B. G. 2, 32, 3:

numquid aliud imperas?

Ter. Eun. 2, 1, 7; id. Heaut. 4, 3, 26:

sto exspectans, si quid mihi imperent,

id. Eun. 3, 5, 46:

nonnumquam etiam puerum vocaret: credo, cui cenam imperaret,

i. e. ordered to get him his supper, Cic. Rosc. Am. 21, 59:

imperat ei nuptias,

Quint. 7, 1, 14:

vigilias,

id. 11, 3, 26:

certum modum,

id. 11, 2, 27:

moram et sollicitudinem initiis impero,

id. 10, 3, 9: graves dominae cogitationum libidines infinita quaedam cogunt atque imperant, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 424, 30 (Rep. 6, 1 Mos.):

utque Imperet hoc natura potens,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 51.—In pass.:

arma imperata a populo Romano,

Liv. 40, 34, 9:

quod ipsum imperari optimum est,

Quint. 2, 5, 6:

imperata pensa,

id. 3, 7, 6:

exemplar imperatae schemae,

Suet. Tib. 43.—

With inf. or an object-clause (esp. freq. in the post-Aug. per.; in Cic. and Cæs. only with inf. pass. or dep.):

animo nunc jam otioso esse impero,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 1:

imperavi egomet mihi omnia assentari,

id. Eun. 2, 2, 21:

jungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis,

Ov. M. 2, 118; 3, 4:

nec minus in certo dentes cadere imperat aetas Tempore,

Lucr. 5, 672:

has omnes actuarias imperat fieri,

Caes. B. G. 5, 1, 3:

pericula vilia habere,

Sall. C. 16, 2:

frumentum conportare,

id. J. 48, 2; Hirt. B. G. 8, 27; Curt. 10, 1, 19; Tac. A. 2, 25:

Liviam ad se deduci imperavit,

Suet. Calig. 25; id. Aug. 27; id. Tib. 60.—In pass.: in has lautumias, si qui publice custodiendi sunt, ex ceteris oppidis deduci imperantur, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 27, § 69.—

act.:

haec ego procurare et idoneus imperor,

Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 21. —

With a rel.-clause (very rare):

imperabat coram, quid opus facto esset puerperae,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 10:

quin tu, quod faciam, impera,

id. Phorm. 1, 4, 46; Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 3 and 6; id. Capt. 2, 3, 10.—

With ut, ne, or the simple subj.:

ecce Apollo mihi ex oraculo imperat, Ut, etc.,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 87:

his, uti conquirerent et reducerent, imperavit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 28, 1:

consulibus designatis imperavit senatus, ut, etc.,

Liv. 42, 28, 7: quibus negotium a senatu est imperatum, ut, etc., S. C. ap. Front. Aquaed. 104; Petr. 1:

mihi, ne abscedam, imperat,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 30:

Caesar suis imperavit, ne, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 46, 2; 2, 32, 2; 3, 89, 4:

letoque det imperat Argum,

Ov. M. 1, 670; 13, 659. —

With simple dat.:

si huic imperabo, probe tectum habebo,

Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 14 (cf. above a):

aliquid alicui,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 46; Cic. Rosc. Am. 21, 59. —

Absol.: Pa. Jubesne? Ch. Jubeo, cogo atque impero, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 97:

si quid opus est, impera,

Plaut. Am. 3, 3, 1:

impera, si quid vis,

id. Aul. 2, 1, 23:

omnia faciam: impera,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 5, 11:

quidvis oneris impone, impera,

id. And. 5, 3, 26.

In partic.

In publicists' lang., to order to be furnished or supplied, to give orders for, make a requisition for:

cum frumentum sibi in cellam imperavisset (Verrem),

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 10, 30:

quem (numerum frumenti) ei civitati imperas emendum,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 74, § 173:

negas fratrem meum pecuniam ullam in remiges imperasse,

id. Fl. 14, 33:

pecuniam,

id. ib. § 32; cf.:

argenti pondo ducenta milia Jugurthae,

Sall. J. 62, 5:

arma,

Caes. B. C. 1, 6 fin.:

equites civitatibus,

id. B. G. 6, 4 fin.; cf.:

quam maximum militum numerum provinciae toti,

id. ib. 1, 7, 2:

obsides reliquis civitatibus,

id. ib. 7, 64, 1; so, obsides Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 35; Suet. Caes. 25. —

In publicists' and milit. lang., alicui or absol., to command, govern, rule over:

his (magistratibus) praescribendus est imperandi modus... qui modeste paret, videtur, qui aliquando imperet, dignus esse,

Cic. Leg. 3, 2, 5; cf.:

sic noster populus in pace et domi imperat,

id. Rep. 1, 40:

nulla est tam stulta civitas, quae non injuste imperare malit, quam servire juste,

id. ib. 3, 18; cf.

also: cum is, qui imperat aliis, servit ipse nulli cupiditati,

id. ib. 1, 34:

omnibus gentibus ac nationibus terra marique imperare,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 19, 56; cf.:

jus esse belli, ut, qui vicissent, iis, quos vicissent, quemadmodum vellent imperarent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 36, 1:

Jugurtha omni Numidiae imperare parat,

Sall. J. 13, 2:

quot nationibus imperabat,

Quint. 11, 2, 50:

clarus Anchisae Venerisque sanguis Imperet,

Hor. Carm. Sec. 51; cf. id. C. 3, 6, 5:

recusabat imperare,

i. e. to be emperor, Plin. Pan. 5, 5; cf.:

ipsum quandoque imperaturum,

Suet. Claud. 3; id. Galb. 4; id. Oth. 4; id. Vit. 14; id. Tit. 2 et saep.— Hence,

Ad imperandum, to receive orders or instructions:

nunc ades ad imperandum, vel ad parendum potius: sic enim antiqui loquebantur,

Cic. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:

cum ipse ad imperandum Tisidium vocaretur,

Sall. J. 62, 8 Kritz.—

Transf., beyond the publicist's sphere, to command, master, govern, rule, control:

liberis,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 51:

imperare sibi, maximum imperium est,

Sen. Ep. 113 fin.:

ut nobismet ipsis imperemus,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 47:

cum homines cupiditatibus iis, quibus ceteri serviunt, imperabunt,

id. Lael. 22, 82:

accensae irae,

Ov. M. 9, 28:

dolori,

Plin. Ep. 8, 19, 2:

lacrimis,

Sil. 2, 652:

amori suo,

Petr. 83:

ingenio suo,

Sen. Contr. 1 praef. med.; cf.:

imperare animo nequivi, quin, priusquam perirem, cur periturus essem, scirem,

Liv. 34, 31, 2: quibus egestas imperat, rules, governs, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58, 132 (Trag. v. 357 Vahl.): imperat arvis, holds control over, i. e. forces to be productive, Verg. G. 1, 99; cf.:

sola terrae seges imperatur,

Tac. G. 26:

fertilibus agris non est imperandum,

Sen. Tranq. 15:

sic imperant vitibus et eas multis palmitibus onerant,

Col. 3, 3, 6:

alius patrimonio suo plus imperavit quam ferre possit,

Sen. Tranq. 4; cf.

also trop.: tamquam nescias, cui imperem: Epicurum,

id. Ep. 29 fin.:

dum per continuos dies nimis imperat voci, rursus sanguinem reddidit,

Plin. Ep. 5, 19, 6: imperat ergo viro [p. 902] (mulier), Juv. 6, 224.— Absol.:

animum rege, qui, nisi paret, Imperat,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 63:

permittat, an vetet an imperet (lex),

Quint. 7, 7, 7:

(eloquentia) hic regnat, hic imperat, hic sola vincit,

id. 7, 4, 24.—

In publicists' lang., to order the citizens to assemble, to summon:

dein consul eloquitur ad exercitum: Impero qua convenit ad comitia centuriata,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 88 Müll.; Gell. 15, 27, 4;

so comically,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 52; cf. id. Cist. 1, 1, 60.—

In medic. lang., to order, prescribe: non idem imperassem omnibus per diversa aegrotantibus, Sen. de Ira, 1, 16; Plin. 24, 1, 1, § 5:

si vires patiuntur, imperanda tridui abstinentia est,

Cels. 7, 20.—

In gram.:

imperandi declinatus,

i. e. inflections of the imperative, Varr. L. L. 10, § 32 Müll.— Hence, impĕ-rātum, i, n., that which is commanded, a command, order:

jussus arma abicere, imperatum facit,

executes the order, obeys, Caes. B. G. 5, 37, 1; freq. in plur.:

imperata facere,

id. ib. 2, 3, 3; 5, 20 fin.; 6, 10, 3; id. B. C. 1, 60, 1; 2, 12, 4; 3, 34, 2 al.; cf.:

imperata detrectare,

Suet. Caes. 54:

Senones ad imperatum non venire,

according to orders, as ordered, Caes. B. G. 6, 2, 3.

lăpĭdo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. and n. [lapis], to throw stones at a person or thing, to stone ( = lapidibus obruo, percutio; not ante-Aug.).

With personal object:

exercitus imperatorem lapidavit,

Flor. 1, 22; Petr. 93:

eum lapidare coeperunt, Auct. B. Hisp. 23: Stephanum,

Vulg. Act. 7, 58:

Paulum,

id. ib. 14, 18.—

To cast stones upon, to bury:

praeteriens aliquis nos lapidabit,

Petr. 114, 11.—

With an inanim. object:

quo defunctus est die, lapidata sunt templa,

Suet. Calig. 5.—

Trop., to assail, assault, strike at:

notantes impotentiam ejus hac dicacitate lapidatam,

Macr. S. 2, 7 init. —

Impers.: lapidat, it rains stones:

quia Veiis de caelo lapidaverat,

Liv. 27, 37:

Reate imbri lapidavit,

id. 43, 13.—In the pass. form:

quod de caelo lapidatum esset,

Liv. 29, 14, 4:

propter crebrius eo anno de caelo lapidatum,

id. 29, 10, 4.

laudātĭo, ōnis, f. [laudo], a praising, praise, commendation; a eulogy, panegyric.

In gen.: quam lauream cum tua laudatione conferrem? with your eulogy, i. e. that pronounced by you, Cic. Fam. 15, 6, 1:

felicitatem ipsam deorum immortalium judicio tribui laudationis est,

id. de Or. 2, 85, 347:

quae quidem laudatio hominis turpissimi mihi ipsi erat paene turpis,

id. Pis. 29, 72:

in omnibus laudationibus,

Quint. 11, 3, 153.—With object.-gen.:

laudationes eorum, qui sunt ab Homero laudati,

Cic. Fin. 2, 35, 116:

legis,

Quint. 7, 1, 47:

laudationes modulatae,

songs of praise, Suet. Ner. 20.—

In partic.

In a court of justice, a favorable testimony to a person's character, a eulogy, panegyric:

lectissimos viros cum legatione ad hoc judicium, et cum gravissima atque ornatissima laudatione miserunt,

Cic. Cael. 2, 5; id. Fl. 15, 36; id. Font. 2, 4:

judicialis,

Suet. Aug. 56.—

A funeral oration, eulogy:

funebris,

Cic. Mil. 13, 33; Quint. 3, 7, 2:

est in manibus laudatio, quam cum legimus, etc.,

Cic. de Sen. 4, 12:

nonnullae mortuorum laudationes,

id. Brut. 16, 61.—With object.-gen.:

matronarum,

Liv. 5, 50.