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he+can+hardly+read

  • 101 little

    I.
    ❢ When little is used as a quantifier ( little hope, little damage) it is translated by peu de: peu d'espoir, peu de dégâts. For examples and particular usages see A below. When a little is used as a pronoun ( give me a little) it is translated by un peu: donne-moi un peu. When little is used alone as a pronoun ( there's little I can do) it is very often translated by pas grand-chose: je ne peux pas faire grand-chose. For examples of these and other uses of little as a pronoun ( to do as little as possible etc) see B below. For uses of little and a little as adverbs see the entry below. Note that less and least are treated as separate entries in the dictionary.
    A quantif little hope/chance peu d'espoir/de chances ; little damage was done il y avait peu de dégâts ; we've made little progress nous avons fait peu de progrès ; there's so little time il y a si peu de temps ; too little money trop peu or pas assez d'argent ; there's little sense ou point ça n'a pas beaucoup de sens ; he speaks little German il ne parle presque pas allemand ; little or no influence/training presque pas d'influence/de formation ; little or no time/money presque pas de temps/d'argent ; with no little difficulty non sans mal ; I have little time ou sympathy for cheats je ne supporte pas les tricheurs ; I see little of Paul these days je ne vois pas beaucoup Paul en ce moment ; ⇒ chance.
    B pron taste a little goûtez-en un peu ; save a little for me gardes-en un peu pour moi ; I only ate a little je n'en ai mangé qu'un peu ; a little of the money un peu de l'argent ; the little I saw wasn't very good le peu que j'ai vu n'était pas très bien ; I did what little I could j'ai fait le peu que j'ai pu ; he remembers very little il ne se souvient pas bien ; little of what he says is true il n'y a pas grand-chose de vrai dans ce qu'il dit ; there's little I can do je ne peux pas faire grand-chose ; she did little to help elle n'a pas fait grand-chose pour aider ; I got little out of the lecture je n'ai pas compris grand-chose au cours ; age has little to do with it l'âge n'a pas grand-chose à voir là-dedans ; to do as little as possible faire le moins possible ; to know little about mechanics ne pas s'y connaître beaucoup en mécanique ; there's little to worry about il n'y a pas tellement de raisons de s'inquiéter ; little of note rien de bien particulier ; it says little for his honesty ça en dit long sur son honnêteté ; it says very little for her ce n'est pas tellement à son honneur ; little or nothing quasiment rien ; ⇒ help.
    C adv
    1 ( rarely) [say, speak, sleep, eat, laugh] peu ; I go there very little j'y vais très peu ; she visits them as little as possible elle leur rend visite le moins souvent possible ; his books are little read on ne le lit plus guère ;
    2 (hardly, scarcely) to be little changed ne pas avoir beaucoup changé ; the next results were little better les résultats suivants étaient à peine meilleurs ; little more than an hour ago il y a à peine une heure ; it's little short of madness cela frise la folie ; a little-known novel un roman peu connu ;
    3 ( not at all) little did she realize that the watch was stolen elle ne s'est pas du tout rendu compte que la montre était volée ; I little thought ou supposed that he would do it je n'aurais jamais cru qu'il le ferait ; little did they know that ils étaient bien loin de se douter que ; little do you know! si tu savais!
    D a little (bit) adv phr ( slightly) un peu ; a little (bit) anxious/surprised un peu inquiet/surpris ; a little less/more un peu moins/plus ; stay a little longer reste encore un peu ; I was not a little surprised/offended j'étais plutôt surpris/vexé ; ‘I'm a genius,’ he said, not a little proudly ‘je suis un génie,’ a-t-il dit, non sans fierté.
    E as little as adv phr for as little as 10 dollars a day pour seulement 10 dollars par jour ; it can cost as little as £60 cela coûte seulement 60 livres sterling ; I like Henry as little as you do je n'aime Henry guère plus que toi.
    II.
    1 ( small) petit (before n) ; a little house une petite maison ; a little something un petit quelque chose ; poor little thing pauvre petit/-e m/f ; a little old lady une petite vieille dame ; she's a nice little thing elle est adorable ;
    2 ( young) [brother, sister, boy, girl] petit (before n) ; when I was little quand j'étais petit ; the baboon and its little ones le babouin et ses petits ; Mrs Carter and all the little Carters Madame Carter et tous ses enfants ;
    3 (feeble, weak) [gesture, nod, smile] petit (before n) ; a little voice said… une petite voix dit… ;
    4 ( lacking influence) [farmer, businessman] petit (before n) ;
    5 (expressing scorn, contempt) he's a little despot c'est un vrai petit tyran ; a poky little flat un petit appartement minable ; a nasty little boy un méchant petit garçon ;
    6 ( short) [nap, snooze] petit (before n) ; a little holiday quelques jours de vacances ; a little break une petite pause ; I'll walk with you a little way je ferai un bout de chemin avec toi ; stay a little while reste un moment ; a little while longer encore un peu.
    little by little petit à petit ; to make little of ( disparage) ne pas faire grand cas de [achievement, victory] ; ( not understand) ne pas comprendre grand-chose à [speech, report] ; ⇒ fancy, learning, too. Pour le comparatif et le superlatif on préférera les formes smaller et smallest à littler and littlest.

    Big English-French dictionary > little

  • 102 able

    able [ˈeɪbl]
       a. to be able to do sth ( = have means or opportunity) pouvoir faire qch ; ( = know how to) savoir faire qch ; ( = be capable of) être capable de faire qch ; ( = in position to) être en mesure de faire qch
       b. ( = clever) capable
    * * *
    ['eɪbl]
    Note: to be able to meaning can is usually translated by the verb pouvoir: I was not able to go = je ne pouvais pas y aller; I was not able to help him = je ne pouvais pas l'aider. The main exception to this occurs when to be able to implies the acquiring of a skill, when savoir is used: he's nine and he's still not able to read = il a neuf ans et il ne sait toujours pas lire
    For more examples and other uses, see the entry below
    2) ( skilled) [lawyer, teacher etc] compétent; ( gifted) [child] doué

    English-French dictionary > able

  • 103 obra

    f.
    1 work.
    la obra pictórica de Miguel Ángel Michelangelo's paintings
    obra de arte work of art
    obras completas complete works
    obra de consulta reference work
    obra maestra masterpiece
    2 work.
    obras públicas public works
    3 building site.
    4 play.
    5 opus, piece of work, composition, piece.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: obrar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: obrar.
    * * *
    1 (trabajo) work
    3 (acto) deed
    4 (institución) institution, foundation
    5 (construcción) building site
    1 (en casa) alterations, repairs; (en carretera) road works
    ■ 'Carretera cortada por obras' "Road closed for repairs"
    \
    'En obras' "Building works"
    ¡manos a la obra! let's get cracking!
    obras son amores, que no buenas razones actions speak louder than words
    por obra y gracia del Espíritu Santo by the power of the Holy Spirit 2 familiar as if by magic
    obra de arte work of art
    obra de caridad good deed
    obra maestra masterpiece
    obra musical musical
    obras completas collected works
    obras públicas public works
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) work
    2) play
    •
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acción) deed

    • buenas obras — good works, good deeds

    • ser obra de algn — to be sb's doing

    • poner por obra un plan — to set a plan in motion

    • por obra (y gracia) de — thanks to

    una gimnasta convertida en ídolo mundial por obra y gracia de su entrenador — a gymnast who became a world famous idol thanks to her coach

    por obra y gracia del Espíritu Santo — (Rel) through the working of the Holy Spirit, by the power of the Holy Spirit

    cree que el trabajo va a estar terminado mañana por obra y gracia del Espíritu Santo — iró he thinks that the work will miraculously get done tomorrow

    obra benéfica — (=acción) charitable deed; (=organización) charitable organization, charity

    obra de caridad — charitable deed, act of charity

    obra de misericordia — (Rel) work of mercy

    obra social — (=organización) benevolent fund for arts, sports etc ; (=labor) charitable work

    2) [de creación artística]
    a) (=producción total) (Arte, Literat, Teat, Mús) work
    b) (=pieza) (Arte, Mús) work; (Teat) play; (Literat) book, work

    una obra de Goya — a work o painting by Goya

    obras completas — complete works, collected works

    obra de divulgación — non-fiction book aimed at a popular audience

    obra de teatro, obra dramática — play

    3) (Constr)
    a) (=edificio en construcción) building site, construction site

    ¿cuándo acaban la obra? — when do they finish the building work?

    b)

    de obra — [chimenea] brick antes de s ; [estantería, armario] built-in

    c) pl obras [en edificio] building work sing, construction work sing ; [en carretera] roadworks

    las obras de construcción del hospital — building o construction work on the hospital

    los vecinos están de obras — they're having building work done next door, they have the builders in next door *

    obras — [en edificio] building under construction; [en carretera] roadworks

    página en obras — (Internet) site under construction

    obras viales, obras viarias — roadworks

    4) (=ejecución) workmanship
    5) Chile brickwork
    6)
    7)

    la Obra — Esp (Rel) Opus Dei

    See:
    * * *
    1)

    sus obras de teatro or su obra dramática — her plays

    b) (Mús) work, opus
    2) ( acción)

    por sus obras los conoceréis — (Bib) by their works will you know them

    3) (Arquit, Const)
    a) ( construcción) building work

    estamos de or en obras — we're having some building work done

    peligro: obras — danger: building work in progress

    b) ( sitio) building o construction site
    4) la Obra (Relig) the Opus Dei
    * * *
    1)

    sus obras de teatro or su obra dramática — her plays

    b) (Mús) work, opus
    2) ( acción)

    por sus obras los conoceréis — (Bib) by their works will you know them

    3) (Arquit, Const)
    a) ( construcción) building work

    estamos de or en obras — we're having some building work done

    peligro: obras — danger: building work in progress

    b) ( sitio) building o construction site
    4) la Obra (Relig) the Opus Dei
    * * *
    obra1
    1 = alterations, building site, construction site.

    Ex: Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.

    Ex: This system maintains knowledge relevant to the building process and makes it easily accessible to the participants of this process, especially those at the building site.
    Ex: The most striking manifestation of this exploitation is the boom town, defined as the 'rapid and extreme growth of population in communities adjacent to mines and construction sites,' or as a 'community which is undergoing rapid growth and rapid change'.
    * ahorrar mano de obra = save + manpower.
    * costes de mano de obra = labour costs.
    * dedicación de mano de obra = expenditure of manpower.
    * deducción por donación a obras benéficas = charitable deduction, charitable tax deduction.
    * despedir mano de oba = shed + jobs.
    * despedir mano de obra = axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * donación anual a obras de caridad = charitable gift annuity.
    * escasez de mano de obra = labour shortage.
    * falta de mano de obra = labour shortage.
    * mano de obra = labour [labor, -USA], manpower, manpower force, work-force [workforce], work-force, labour force, manual labour.
    * mano de obra del campo = farm labour force.
    * mano de obra extranjera = foreign labour.
    * mano de obra infantil = child labour.
    * mano de obra inmigrante = foreign labour.
    * obra benéfica = charity, charity.
    * obra benéfica religiosa = parochial charity.
    * obra de beneficiencia = benefaction.
    * obra de romanos = Herculean task, Herculanian task.
    * obras públicas = public works.
    * obras son amores y no buenas razones = actions speak louder than words.
    * permiso de obra = building permit.
    * pie de obra = building site.
    * ponerse manos a la obra = get down to + business, swing into + action.
    * que necesita bastante mano de obra = labour-intensive [labour intensive].
    * ser la obra de = be the work of.
    * todos manos a la obra = all hands on deck, all hands to the pump(s).

    obra2
    2 = item, title, work, stock item, oeuvre.

    Ex: A catalogue is a list of the materials or items in a library, with the entries representing the items arranged in some systematic order.

    Ex: If the title is selected by a book club this helps boost the print-run and overall sales.
    Ex: An authority entry is an entry for which the initial element is the uniform heading for a person, corporate body, or work, as established by the cataloguing agency responsible.
    Ex: A new building will open in 1990, catering for 5 million stock items and 1,000 readers' seats.
    Ex: For about a 3rd of the departments, publications not covered in citation indexes accounted for at least 30 per cent of the citations to their total oeuvre.
    * ARBA (Anuario de Obras de Referencia Americanas) = ARBA (American Reference Books Annual).
    * arte y técnica de escribir obras de teatro = playwriting.
    * autor de obras de teatro = playwright.
    * catálogo de obras completas = back catalogue.
    * catálogo de obras editadas = back catalogue.
    * catálogo de obras musicales = music catalogue.
    * edición de obras científicas = scholarly publishing.
    * edición de obras de consumo = consumer publishing.
    * fotografía de obra de arte = art photograph.
    * lector de obra literaria = literary reader.
    * lectura de obra de teatro en voz alta = play-reading [play reading].
    * lectura de obras literarias = literary reading.
    * música de obra de teatro = stage music.
    * obra amparada por el derecho de autor = copyright work.
    * obra anónima = anonymous work.
    * obra anónima clásica = anonymous classic.
    * obra antigua = ancient work.
    * obra apócrifa = apocryphal work.
    * obra audiovisual = audiovisual work.
    * obra autobiográfica = autobiographical work.
    * obra citada = cited work.
    * obra colectiva = collective work.
    * obra compuesta = composite work.
    * obra de arte = work of art, masterpiece, artistic work, art work, art work.
    * obra de arte musical = musical masterpiece.
    * obra de contenido general = general work.
    * obra de creación literaria = fiction book.
    * obra de creación original = creative work.
    * obra de lectura obligatoria = a must-read.
    * obra de literatura = literary work.
    * obra de referencia = reference book, reference work, finding aid, desk reference, reference resource, work of reference.
    * obra de referencia básica = standard work.
    * obra de referencia estándar = standard reference work.
    * obra de teatro = play, theatrical work.
    * obra de teatro adaptada al cine = theatrical motion picture.
    * obra de teatro dramática = drama-play.
    * obra de teatro infantil = children's play.
    * obra de teatro para niños = children's play.
    * obra dramática = dramatic work.
    * obra en varios volúmenes = multi-volume work.
    * obra fuente de la cita = citing work.
    * obra gráfica = graphic work.
    * obra impresa = printed work.
    * obra literaria = literary work, work of literature, work of imagination.
    * obra literaria simplificada = easy reader book.
    * obra maestra = showpiece, masterpiece.
    * obra maestra de la pintura clásica = old master, old master painting.
    * obra magna = magnum opus.
    * obra multimedia = multimedia work.
    * obra musical = musical work.
    * obra para grupo instrumental = ensemble work.
    * obra piadosa = work of piety.
    * obra pictórica = pictorial work.
    * obra relacionada = related work.
    * obras = life's work.
    * obras completas = collected works, oeuvre.
    * obras de consulta rápida = quick reference material.
    * obras de creación literaria = fiction.
    * obras de ficción = fiction.
    * obras de literatura = literary materials.
    * obras literarias = literature, literary materials.
    * obras no ficción = non-fiction [nonfiction].
    * obras que revelan un escándalo = exposé.
    * obra teatral = theatrical work.
    * original de una obra de arte = art original.
    * parte de una obra = component part.
    * representar una obra = put on + performance, put on + play.

    * * *
    A
    esta escultura es una de sus primeras obras this sculpture is one of her earliest works o pieces
    una obra literaria importante an important literary work
    ésta es una obra menor this is a minor work
    una excelente obra de artesanía an excellent piece of craftsmanship
    la obra cinematográfica de Buñuel Buñuel's films, Buñuel's oeuvre ( frml)
    las obras completas de García Lorca the complete o collected works of García Lorca
    sus obras de teatro or su obra dramática her plays
    2 ( Mús) work, opus
    Compuestos:
    work of art
    reference book, work of reference
    masterpiece, chef d'oeuvre ( frml)
    B
    (acción): ya he hecho mi buena obra del día I reckon I've done my good deed for the day
    por sus obras los conoceréis ( Bib) by their works will you know them
    hizo muchas obras de misericordia she performed many charitable deeds
    ha trabajado incansablemente, todo esto es obra suya she has worked tirelessly, all this is her doing
    esto es obra de Víctor this is Víctor's doing
    piensa que la casa se va a pintar por obra y gracia del Espíritu Santo ( hum); he seems to think the house will paint itself
    ser obra de romanos or de benedictinos to be a huge o mammoth task
    obras son amores que no buenas razones actions speak louder than words
    Compuestos:
    ● obra benéfica or de beneficencia or de caridad
    (acto) charitable act o deed, act of charity; (organización) charity, charitable organization
    (labor filantrópica) benevolent o charitable work; (mutualidad) ( Arg) ≈ benefit society ( in US), ≈ friendly society ( in UK)
    C ( Arquit, Const) (construcción) building work
    la casa aún está en obra the house is still being built, the house is still under construction ( frml)
    perdona el desorden, estamos de or en obras sorry about the mess, we're having some building work done o ( colloq) we've got the builders in
    [ S ] instalación de calefacción sin obra heating systems installed — no building work involved
    [ S ] peligro: obras danger: building o construction work in progress
    [ S ] cerrado por obras closed for repairs/refurbishment
    mano1 (↑ mano (1))
    Compuestos:
    freeboard, dead work ( ant)
    (Col, Méx): el edificio está en obra negra the building is just a shell
    fpl public works (pl)
    fpl ( AmL) roadworks (pl)
    fpl ( Esp) roadworks (pl)
    D (sitio) building o construction site
    E
    la Obra ( Relig) the Opus Dei
    * * *

     

    Del verbo obrar: ( conjugate obrar)

    obra es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    obra    
    obrar
    obra sustantivo femenino
    1 ( creación artística) work;

    una obra de artesanía a piece of craftsmanship;
    sus obras de teatro her plays;
    obra de arte work of art;
    obra maestra masterpiece
    2 ( acción):

    obra benéfica ( acto) act of charity;

    ( organización) charity, charitable organization
    3 (Arquit, Const)


    b) ( sitio) building o construction site

    obrar ( conjugate obrar) verbo intransitivo ( actuar) to act;

    verbo transitivo ‹ milagros› to work
    obra sustantivo femenino
    1 (producto, trabajo) (piece of) work
    obra de arte, work of art
    las obras completas de Baroja, the complete works of Baroja
    este desaguisado es obra de tu hermano, this despicable act was the work of your brother
    2 (acción) deed
    buenas/malas obras, good/bad deeds
    por sus obras los conoceréis, you'll know them by their deeds
    3 Constr building site
    (de la carretera, etc) repairs: la calle mayor está en obras, the main street is being repaired
    Ministerio de Obras Públicas, the Ministry of Works
    4 Teat play
    5 (efecto, resultado) result: todo el proyecto es obra de un esfuerzo colectivo, the project is the result of a joint effort
    ♦ Locuciones: obras son amores y no buenas razones, actions speak louder than words
    obrar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (proceder) to act, behave: siento que no he obrado bien, I don't feel I've done the right thing
    2 (hallarse) el testamento obra en mi poder/mis manos..., the will is in my possession
    II vtr (causar) to work

    ' obra' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adaptar
    - albañilería
    - alguna
    - alguno
    - censurar
    - clásica
    - clásico
    - concurso
    - dramatizar
    - encuadrar
    - ensayar
    - espanto
    - esperpéntica
    - esperpéntico
    - estigmatizar
    - éxito
    - faraónica
    - faraónico
    - hecha
    - hecho
    - infame
    - interpretar
    - lema
    - maestra
    - maestro
    - mamarrachada
    - mano
    - notabilidad
    - obrar
    - paralizarse
    - ponderar
    - producir
    - regusto
    - reponer
    - reposición
    - representar
    - restauración
    - señera
    - señero
    - sensiblera
    - sensiblería
    - sensiblero
    - teatral
    - teatro
    - título
    - trabajada
    - trabajado
    - versión
    - ambientación
    - ambientar
    English:
    audition
    - bring off
    - building site
    - charitable
    - chronic
    - classic
    - collection
    - crack
    - creative
    - dinner theater
    - doing
    - downstairs
    - drama
    - effort
    - elaborate
    - enthusiasm
    - flop
    - funnel
    - handiwork
    - hoarding
    - humorous
    - irony
    - labour
    - labour-intensive
    - long
    - manpower
    - masterpiece
    - moderately
    - opening
    - piece
    - play
    - stick in
    - title
    - undermanning
    - whodunit
    - whodunnit
    - work
    - workforce
    - write up
    - writing
    - about
    - appalling
    - building
    - burlesque
    - by
    - credit
    - gang
    - grip
    - hardly
    - invite
    * * *
    obra nf
    1. [trabajo, acción]
    hacer o [m5] realizar una buena obra to do a good deed;
    ya he hecho la buena obra del día I've done my good deed for the day;
    poner algo en obra to put sth into effect;
    por sus obras los conoceréis by their works will you know them;
    es obra suya it's his doing;
    la ruina de las cosechas es obra de la sequía the crops have been ruined as a result of the drought;
    obras son amores y no buenas razones actions speak louder than words
    obra benéfica [institución] charity; [acción, trabajo] charitable deed;
    obra de beneficencia [institución] charity;
    [acción, trabajo] charitable deed;
    obra de caridad [institución] charity;
    [acción, trabajo] charitable deed; Anticuado obra pía charitable institution; Arg obra social benevolent fund;
    obras sociales community work
    2. [creación artística] work;
    [de teatro] play; [de música] work, opus;
    la obra pictórica de Miguel Ángel Michelangelo's paintings;
    una obra de artesanía a piece of craftsmanship
    obra de arte work of art;
    obras completas complete works;
    obra de consulta reference work;
    obra dramática [pieza] play, drama;
    [conjunto] plays, dramatic works;
    obra maestra masterpiece;
    obra menor minor work
    3. [trabajo de construcción] work;
    [reforma doméstica, en local] alteration;
    el ayuntamiento va a empezar una obra en el descampado the council is going to start building on the wasteground;
    vamos a hacer obra o [m5] obras en la cocina we're going to make some alterations to our kitchen;
    toda la calle está en obras there are roadworks all along the road;
    el edificio lleva en obras más de dos meses the work on the building has been going on for over two months;
    cortada por obras [letrero en calle] road closed for repairs;
    cerrado por obras [letrero en restaurante, edificio] closed for refurbishment;
    obras [en carretera] roadworks
    Náut obra muerta freeboard;
    obras públicas public works
    4. [solar en construcción] building site;
    encontró trabajo en una obra he found work on a building site
    5. [trabajo de albañilería]
    un horno de obra a brick oven
    6.
    la Obra the Opus Dei, = traditionalist Roman Catholic organization, whose members include many professional people and public figures
    * * *
    f
    1 work;
    obras completas complete works
    2 ( acción)
    :
    hacer buenas obras do good deeds;
    por obra de thanks to, as a result of;
    poner por o L.Am.
    en obra set in motion;
    ¡manos a la obra! let’s get to work!
    3
    :
    de obra muro, chimenea brick atr
    4
    :
    obras pl de construcción building work sg ; en la vía pública road works
    * * *
    obra nf
    1) : work
    obra de arte: work of art
    obra de teatro: play
    obra de consulta: reference work
    2) : deed
    una buena obra: a good deed
    3) : construction work
    4)
    obra maestra : masterpiece
    5)
    obras públicas : public works
    6)
    por obra de : thanks to, because of
    * * *
    obra n
    1. (artística, literaria) work

    Spanish-English dictionary > obra

  • 104 AT

    I) prep.
    A. with dative.
    I. Of motion;
    1) towards, against;
    Otkell laut at Skamkatli, bowed down to S.;
    hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge against A.;
    Brynjólfr gengr alit at honum, quite up to him;
    þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters with him;
    3) to, at;
    koma at landi, to come to land;
    ganga at dómi, to go into court;
    4) along (= eptir);
    ganga at stræti, to walk along the street;
    dreki er niðr fór at ánni (went down the river) fyrir strauminum;
    refr dró hörpu at ísi, on the ice;
    5) denoting hostility;
    renna (sœkja) at e-m, to rush at, assault;
    gerði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog;
    6) around;
    vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a veil round one’s head;
    bera grjót at e-m, to heap stones upon the body;
    7) denoting business, engagement;
    ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after horses, watching sheep;
    fara at landskuldum, to go collecting rents.
    II. Of position, &c.;
    1) denoting presence at, near, by, upon;
    at kirkju, at church;
    at dómi, in court;
    at lögbergi, at the hill of laws;
    2) denoting participation in;
    vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, wedding;
    3) ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at;
    kvalararnir, er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him;
    var þar at kona nökkur at binda (was there busy dressing) sár manna;
    4) with proper names of places (farms);
    konungr at Danmörku ok Noregi, king of;
    biskup at Hólum, bishop of Holar;
    at Helgafelli, at Bergþórshváli;
    5) used ellipt. with a genitive, at (a person’s) house;
    at hans (at his house) gisti fjölmenni mikit;
    at Marðar, at Mara’s home;
    at hins beilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church;
    at Ránar, at Ran’s (abode).
    III. Of time;
    1) at, in;
    at upphafi, at first, in the beginning;
    at skilnaði, at parting, when they parted;
    at páskum, at Easter;
    at kveldi, at eventide;
    at fjöru, at the ebb;
    at flœðum, at the floodtide;
    2) adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr’;
    at ári komanda, next year;
    at vári, er kemr, next spring;
    generally with ‘komanda’ understood;
    at sumri, hausti, vetri, vári, next summer, &c.;
    3) used with an absolute dative and present or past part.;
    at sér lifanda, duing his lifetime;
    at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all;
    at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the hearing of the chief;
    at upprennandi sólu, at sunrise;
    at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks are past;
    at honum önduðum, after his death;
    4) denoting uninterrupted succession, after;
    hverr at öðrum, annarr at öðrum, one after another;
    skildu menn at þessu, thereupon, after this;
    at því (thereafter) kómu aðrar meyjar.
    IV. fig. and in various uses;
    1) to, into, with the notion of destruction or change;
    brenna (borgina) at ösku, to burn to ashes;
    verða at ormi, to become a snake;
    2) for, as;
    gefa e-t at gjöf, as a present;
    eiga e-n at vin, to have one as friend;
    3) by;
    taka sverð at hjöltum, by the hilt;
    draga út björninn at hlustunum, by the ears;
    kjósa at afli, álitum, by strength, appearrance;
    auðigr at fé, wealthy in goods;
    vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face;
    5) as a law term, on the grounds of, by reason of;
    ryðja ( to challenge) dóm at mægðum, kvið at frændsemi;
    6) as a paraphrase of a genitive;
    faðir, móðir at barni (= barns, of a child);
    aðili at sök = aðili sakar;
    7) with adjectives denoting colour, size, age, of;
    hvítr, svartr, rauðr at lit, while, black, red of colour;
    mikill, lítill at stœrð, vexti, tall, small of stature;
    tvítugr at aldri, twenty years of age;
    kýr at fyrsta, öðrum kálfi, a cow that has calved once, twice;
    8) determining the source from which anything comes, of, from;
    Ari nam ok marga frœði at Þuríði (from her);
    þiggja, kaupa, geta, leigja e-t at e-m, to receive, buy, obtain, borrow a thing from one;
    hafa veg (virðing) styrk at e-m, to derive honour, power, from one;
    9) according, to, after (heygðr at fornum sið);
    at ráði allra vitrustu manna, by the advice of;
    at landslögum, by the law of the land;
    at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave;
    10) in adverbial phrases;
    gróa (vera grœddr) at heilu, to be quite healed;
    bíta af allt gras at snøggu, quite bare;
    at fullu, fully;
    at vísu, surely;
    at frjálsu, freely;
    at eilífu, for ever and ever;
    at röngu, at réttu, wrongly, rightly;
    at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same;
    at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent.
    B. with acc., after, upon (= eptir);
    sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, to take the inheritance after his father;
    at þat (= eptir þat), after that, thereafter;
    connected with a past part. or a., at Gamla fallinn, after the fall of Gamli;
    at Hrungni dauðan, upon the death of Hrungnir.
    1) as the simple mark of the infinitive, to;
    at ganga, at ríða, at hlaupa, to walk, to ride, to run;
    2) in an objective sense;
    hann bauð þeim at fara, sitja, he bade (ordered) them to go, sit;
    gefa e-m at eta, at drekka, to give one to eat, to drink;
    3) denoting design or purpose, in order to (hann gekk í borg at kaupa silfr).
    1) demonstrative particle before a comparative, the, all the, so much the;
    hón grét at meir, she wept the more;
    þykkir oss at líkara, all the more likely;
    þú ert maðr at verri (so much the worse), er þú hefir þetta mælt;
    2) rel. pron., who, which, that (= er);
    þeir allir, at þau tíðindi heyrðu, all those who heard;
    sem þeim er títt, at ( as is the custom of those who) kaupferðir reka.
    conj., that;
    1) introducing a subjective or objective clause;
    þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, it happened once that H.;
    vilda ek, at þú réðist austr í fjörðu, I should like you to go;
    2) relative to svá, denoting proportion, degree;
    svá mikill lagamaðr, at, so great a lawyer, that;
    3) with subj., denoting end or purpose, in order that (skáru þeir fyrir þá (viz. hestana) melinn, at þeir dœi eigi af sulti);
    4) since, because, as (= því at);
    5) connected with þó, því, svá;
    þó at (with subj.), though, although;
    því at, because, for;
    svá at, so that;
    6) temp., þá at (= þá er), when;
    þegar at (= þegar er), as soon as;
    þar til at (= þar til er), until, till;
    áðr at (= á. en), before;
    7) used superfluously after an int. pron. or adv.;
    Ólafr spurði, hvern styrk at hann mundi fá honum, what help he was likely to give him;
    in a relative sense; með fullkomnum ávexti, hverr at (which) þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða.
    V)
    negative verbal suffix, = ata; var-at, was not.
    odda at, Yggs at, battle.
    * * *
    1.
    and að, prep., often used ellipt. dropping the case and even merely as an adverb, [Lat. ad; Ulf. at = πρός and παρά, A. S. ät; Engl. at; Hel. ad = apud; O. H. G. az; lost in mod. Germ., and rare in Swed. and Dan.; in more freq. use in Engl. than any other kindred language, Icel. only excepted]:—the mod. pronunciation and spelling is að (aþ); this form is very old, and is found in Icel. vellum MSS. of the 12th century, e. g. aþ, 623. 60; yet in earlier times it was sounded with a tenuis, as we may infer from rhymes, e. g. jöfurr hyggi at | hve ek yrkja fat, Egill: Sighvat also makes it rhyme with a t. The verse by Thorodd—þar vastu at er fjáðr klæðið þvat (Skálda 162)—is hardly intelligible unless we accept the spelling with an aspirate (að), and say that þvað is = þvá = þváði, lavabat; it may be that by the time of Thorodd and Ari the pure old pronunciation was lost, or is ‘þvat’ simply the A. S. þvât, secuit? The Icelanders still, however, keep the tenuis in compounds before a vowel, or before h, v, or the liquids l, r, thus—atyrða, atorka, athöfn, athugi, athvarf, athlægi; atvinna, atvik; atlaga, atlíðanði ( slope), atriði, atreið, atróðr: but aðdjúpr, aðfinsla (critic), aðferð, aðkoma, aðsókn, aðsúgr (crowding), aðgæzla. In some words the pronunciation is irregular, e. g. atkvæði not aðkv-; atburðr, but aðbúnaðr; aðhjúkran not athjúkran; atgörvi not aðgörfi. At, to, towards; into; against; along, by; in regard to; after.
    Mostly with dat.; rarely with acc.; and sometimes ellipt.—by dropping the words ‘home,’ ‘house,’ or the like—with gen.
    WITH DAT.
    A. LOC.
    I. WITH MOTION; gener. the motion to the borders, limits of an object, and thus opp. to frá:
    1. towards, against, with or without the notion of arrival, esp. connected with verbs denoting motion (verba movendi et eundi), e. g. fara, ganga, koma, lúta, snúa, rétta at…; Otkell laut at Skamkatli, O. louted (i. e. bowed down) towards S., Nj. 77, Fms. xi. 102; sendimaðrinn sneri ( turned) hjöltum sverðsins at konungi, towards the king, i. 15; hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge towards A., Nj. 220; rétta e-t at e-m, to reach, hand over, Ld. 132; ganga at, to step towards, Ísl. ii. 259.
    2. denoting proximity, close up to, up to; Brynjólfr gengr … allt at honum, B. goes quite up to him, Nj. 58; Gunnarr kom þangat at þeim örunum, G. reached them even there with his arrows, 115; þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters, id.; reið maðr at þeim (up to them), 274; þeir höfðu rakit sporin allt at ( right up to) gammanum, Fms. i. 9; komu þeir at sjó fram, came down to the sea, Bárð. 180.
    3. without reference to the space traversed, to or at; koma at landi, to land, Ld. 38, Fms. viii. 358; ríða at dyrum, Boll. 344; hlaupa at e-m, to run up to, run at, Fms. vii. 218, viii. 358; af sjáfarganginum er hann gekk at landinu, of the surf dashing against the shore, xi. 6; vísa ólmum hundi at manni, to set a fierce hound at a man, Grág. ii. 118; leggja e-n at velli, to lay low, Eg. 426, Nj. 117; hníga at jörðu, at grasi, at moldu, to bite the dust, to die, Njarð. 378; ganga at dómi, a law term, to go into court, of a plaintiff, defendant, or bystander, Nj. 87 (freq.)
    4. denoting a motion along, into, upon; ganga at stræti, to walk along the street, Korm. 228, Fms. vii. 39; at ísi, on the ice, Skálda 198, Fms. vii. 19, 246, viii. 168, Eb. 112 new Ed. (á is perh. wrong); máttu menn ganga bar yfir at skipum einum, of ships alone used as a bridge, Fas. i. 378; at höfðum, at nám, to trample on the slain on the battle-field, Lex. Poët.; at ám, along the rivers; at merkiósum, at the river’s mouth, Grág. ii. 355; at endilöngu baki, all along its back, Sks. 100.
    5. denoting hostility, to rush at, assault; renna at, hlaupa at, ganga, fara, ríða, sækja, at e-m, (v. those words), whence the nouns atrenna, athlaup, atgangr, atför, atreið, atsókn, etc.
    β. metaph., kom at þeim svefnhöfgi, deep sleep fell on them, Nj. 104. Esp. of weather, in the impers. phrase, hríð, veðr, vind, storm görir at e-m, to be overtaken by a snow storm, gale, or the like; görði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog, Bárð. 171.
    6. denoting around, of clothing or the like; bregða skikkju at höfði sér, to wrap his cloak over his head, Ld. 62; vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a snood round her head, 188; sauma at, to stick, cling close, as though sewn on; sauma at höndum sér, of tight gloves, Bs. i. 453; kyrtill svá þröngr sem saumaðr væri at honum, as though it were stitched to him, Nj. 214; vafit at vándum dreglum, tight laced with sorry tags, id.; hosa strengd fast at beini, of tight hose, Eg. 602; hann sveipar at sér iðrunum ok skyrtunni, he gathers up the entrails close to him and the skirt too, Gísl. 71; laz at síðu, a lace on the side, to keep the clothes tight, Eg. 602.
    β. of burying; bera grjót at einum, to heap stones upon the body, Eg. 719; var gör at þeim dys or grjóti, Ld. 152; gora kistu at líki, to make a coffin for a body, Eb. 264, Landn. 56, Ld. 142.
    γ. of summoning troops or followers; stefna at sér mönnum, to summon men to him, Nj. 104; stefna at sér liði, Eg. 270; kippa mönnum at sér, to gather men in haste, Ld. 64.
    7. denoting a business, engagement; ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after after horses, watching sheep, Glúm. 362, Nj. 75; fara at fé, to go to seek for sheep, Ld. 240; fara at heyi, to go a-haymaking, Dropl. 10; at veiðum, a-hunting; at fuglum, a-fowling; at dýrum, a-sbooting; at fiski, a-fishing; at veiðiskap, Landn. 154, Orkn. 416 (in a verse), Nj. 25; fara at landskuldum, to go a-collecling rents, Eg. 516; at Finnkaupum, a-marketing with Finns, 41; at féföngum, a-plundering, Fms. vii. 78; ganga at beina, to wait on guests, Nj. 50; starfa at matseld, to serve at table, Eb. 266; hitta e-n at nauðsynjum, on matters of business; at máli, to speak with one, etc., Fms. xi. 101; rekast at e-m, to pursue one, ix. 404; ganga at liði sér, to go suing for help, Grág. ii. 384.
    β. of festivals; snúa, fá at blóti, veizlu, brullaupi, to prepare for a sacrificial banquet, wedding, or the like, hence at-fangadagr, Eb. 6, Ld. 70; koma at hendi, to happen, befall; ganga at sínu, to come by one’s own, to take it, Ld. 208; Egill drakk hvert full er at honum kom, drained every horn that came to him, Eg. 210; komast at keyptu, to purchase dearly, Húv. 46.
    8. denoting imaginary motion, esp. of places, cp. Lat. spectare, vergere ad…, to look or lie towards; horfði botninn at höfðanum, the bight of the bay looked toward the headland, Fms. i. 340, Landn. 35; also, skeiðgata liggr at læknum, leads to the brook, Ísl. ii. 339; á þann arminn er vissi at sjánum, on that wing which looked toward the sea, Fms. viii. 115; sár þau er horft höfðu at Knúti konungi, xi. 309.
    β. even connected with verbs denoting motion; Gilsáreyrr gengr austan at Fljótinu, G. extends, projects to F. from the east, Hrafh. 25; hjá sundi því, er at gengr þingstöðinni, Fms. xi. 85.
    II. WITHOUT MOTION; denoting presence at, near, by, at the side of, in, upon; connected with verbs like sitja, standa, vera…; at kirkju, at church, Fms. vii. 251, K. f). K. 16, Ld. 328, Ísl. ii. 270, Sks. 36; vera at skála, at húsi, to be in, at home, Landn. 154; at landi, Fms. i. 82; at skipi, on shipboard, Grág. i. 209, 215; at oldri, at a banquet, inter pocula; at áti, at dinner, at a feast, inter edendum, ii. 169, 170; at samförum ok samvistum, at public meetings, id.; at dómi, in a court; standa (to take one’s stand) norðan, sunnan, austan, vestan at dómi, freq. in the proceedings at trials in lawsuits, Nj.; at þingi, present at the parliament, Grág. i. 142; at lögbergi, o n the hill of laws, 17, Nj.; at baki e-m, at the back of.
    2. denoting presence, partaking in; sitja at mat, to sit at meat, Fms. i. 241; vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, nuptials, Nj. 51, Ld. 70: a law term, vera at vígi, to be an accessory in manslaying, Nj. 89, 100; vera at e-u simply means to be about, be busy in, Fms. iv. 237; standa at máli, to stand by one in a case, Grág. ii. 165, Nj. 214; vera at fóstri, to be fostered, Fms. i. 2; sitja at hégóma, to listen to nonsense, Ld. 322; vera at smíð, to be at one’s work, Þórð. 62: now absol., vera at, to go on with, be busy at.
    3. the law term vinna eið at e-u has a double meaning:
    α. vinna eið at bók, at baugi, to make an oath upon the book by laying the band upon it, Landn. 258, Grág., Nj.; cp. Vkv. 31, Gkv. 3. 3, Hkv. 2. 29, etc.: ‘við’ is now used in this sense.
    β. to confirm a fact (or the like) by an oath, to swear to, Grág. i. 9, 327.
    γ. the law phrase, nefna vátta at e-u, of summoning witnesses to a deed, fact, or the like; nefna vátta at benjum, to produce evidence, witnesses as to the wounds, Nj., Grág.; at görð, Eg. 738; at svörum, Grág. i. 19: this summoning of witnesses served in old lawsuits the same purpose as modern pleadings and depositions; every step in a suit to be lawful must be followed by such a summoning or declaration.
    4. used ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at; kvalararnir er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him; þar varstu at, you were there present, Skálda 162; at várum þar, Gísl. (in a verse): as a law term ‘vera at’ means to be guilty, Glúm. 388; vartattu at þar, Eg. (in a verse); hence the ambiguity of Glum’s oath, vask at þar, I was there present: var þar at kona nokkur ( was there busy) at binda sár manna, Fms. v. 91; hann var at ok smíðaði skot, Rd. 313; voru Varbelgir at ( about) at taka af, þau lög …, Fms. ix. 512; ek var at ok vafk, I was about weaving, xi. 49; þeir höfðu verit at þrjú sumur, they had been busy at it for three summers, x. 186 (now very freq.); koma at, come in, to arrive unexpectedly; Gunnarr kom at í því, G. came in at that moment; hvaðan komtú nú at, whence did you come? Nj. 68, Fms. iii. 200.
    5. denoting the kingdom or residence of a king or princely person; konungr at Danmörk ok Noregi, king of…, Fms. i. 119, xi. 281; konungr, jarl, at öllum Noregi, king, earl, over all N., íb. 3, 13, Landn. 25; konungr at Dyflinni, king of Dublin, 25; but í or yfir England!, Eg. 263: cp. the phrase, sitja at landi, to reside, of a king when at home, Hkr. i. 34; at Joini, Fms. xi. 74: used of a bishop; biskup at Hólum, bishop of Hólar, Íb. 18, 19; but biskup í Skálaholti, 19: at Rómi, at Rome, Fbr. 198.
    6. in denoting a man’s abode (vide p. 5, col. 1, l. 27), the prep. ‘at’ is used where the local name implies the notion of by the side of, and is therefore esp. applied to words denoting a river, brook, rock, mountain, grove, or the like, and in some other instances, by, at, e. g. at Hofi (a temple), Landn. 198; at Borg ( a castle), 57; at Helgafelli (a mountain), Eb. constantly so; at Mosfelli, Landn. 190; at Hálsi (a hill), Fms. xi. 22; at Bjargi, Grett. 90; Hálsum, Landn. 143; at Á ( river), 296, 268; at Bægisá, 212; Giljá, 332; Myrká, 211; Vatnsá, id.; þverá, Glúm. 323; at Fossi (a ‘force’ or waterfall), Landn. 73; at Lækjamoti (waters-meeting), 332; at Hlíðarenda ( end of the lithe or hill), at Bergþórshváli, Nj.; at Lundi (a grove), at Melum (sandhill), Landn. 70: the prep. ‘á’ is now used in most of these cases, e. g. á Á, á Hofi, Helgafelli, Felli, Hálsi, etc.
    β. particularly, and without any regard to etymology, used of the abode of kings or princes, to reside at; at Uppsölum, at Haugi, Alreksstöðum, at Hlöðum, Landn., Fms.
    γ. konungr lét kalla at stofudyrum, the king made a call at the hall door, Eg. 88; þeir kölluðu at herberginu, they called at the inn, Fms. ix. 475.
    7. used ellipt. with a gen., esp. if connected with such words as gista, to be a guest, lodge, dine, sup (of festivals or the like) at one’s home; at Marðar, Nj. 4; at hans, 74; þingfesti at þess bóanda, Grág. i. 152; at sín, at one’s own home, Eg. 371, K. Þ. K. 62; hafa náttstað at Freyju, at the abode of goddess Freyja, Eg. 603; at Ránar, at Ran’s, i. e. at Ran’s house, of drowned men who belong to the queen of the sea, Ran, Eb. 274; at hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church, Fms. vi. 63: cp. ad Veneris, εις Κίμωνος.
    B. TEMP.
    I. at, denoting a point or period of time; at upphafi, at first, in the beginning, Ld. 104; at lyktum, at síðustu, at lokum, at last; at lesti, at last, Lex. Poët., more freq. á lesti; at skilnaði, at parting, at last, Band. 3; at fornu, in times of yore, formerly, Eg. 267, D. I. i. 635; at sinni, as yet, at present; at nýju, anew, of present time; at eilífu, for ever and ever; at skömmu, soon, shortly, Ísl. ii. 272, v. l.
    II. of the very moment when anything happens, the beginning of a term; denoting the seasons of the year, months, weeks, the hours of the day; at Jólum, at Yule, Nj. 46; at Pálmadegi, on Palm Sunday, 273; at Páskum, at Easter; at Ólafsvöku, on St. Olave’s eve, 29th of July, Fms.; at vetri, at the beginning of the winter, on the day when winter sets in, Grág. 1. 151; at sumarmálum, at vetrnáttum; at Tvímánaði, when the Double month (August) begins, Ld. 256, Grág. i. 152; at kveldi, at eventide, Eg. 3; at því meli, at that time; at eindaga, at the term, 395; at eykð, at 4 o’clock p. m., 198; at öndverðri æfi Abra hams, Ver. II; at sinni, now at once, Fms. vi. 71; at öðruhverju, every now and then.
    β. where the point of time is marked by some event; at þingi, at the meeting of parliament (18th to the 24th of June), Ld. 182; at féránsdómi, at the court of execution, Grág. i. 132, 133; at þinglausnum, at the close of the parliament (beginning of July), 140; at festarmálum, eðr at eiginorði, at betrothal or nuptials, 174; at skilnaði, when they parted, Nj. 106 (above); at öllum minnum, at the general drinking of the toasts, Eg. 253; at fjöru, at the ebb; at flæðum, at flood tide, Fms. viii. 306, Orkn. 428; at hrörum, at an inquest, Grág. i. 50 (cp. ii. 141, 389); at sökum, at prosecutions, 30; at sinni, now, as yet, v. that word.
    III. ellipt., or adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr,’ of the future time:
    1. ellipt., komanda or the like being understood, with reference to the seasons of the year; at sumri, at vetri, at hausti, at vári, next summer, winter…, Ísl. ii. 242; at miðju sumri, at ári, at Midsummer, next year, Fas. i. 516; at miðjum vetri, Fms. iv. 237,
    2. adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr;’ at ári komanda, Bárð. 177; at vári er kemr, Dipl. iii. 6.
    IV. used with an absolute dat. and with a pres. part.:
    1. with pres. part.; at morni komanda, on the coming morrow, Fms. i. 263; at sér lifanda, in vivo, in his life time, Grág. ii. 202; at þeim sofundum, illis dormientibus, Hkr. i. 234; at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all, Fms. x. 329; at úvitanda konungi, illo nesciente, without his knowledge, 227; at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the chief’s bearing, 235.
    2. of past time with a past part. (Lat. abl. absol.); at hræjum fundnum, on the bodies being found, Grág. ii. 87; at háðum dómum ok föstu þingi, during the session, the courts being set, i. 484; at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks past, Band. 13; at svá búnu, so goru, svá komnu, svá mæltu (Lat. quibus rebus gestis, dictis, quo facto, dicto, etc.), v. those words; at úreyndu, without trial, without put ting one to the test, Ld. 76; at honum önduðum, illo mortuo.
    3. ellipt. without ‘at;’ en þessum hlutum fram komnum, when all this has been done, Eb. 132.
    V. in some phrases with a slight temp, notion; at görðum gildum, the fences being strong, Gþl. 387; at vörmu spori, at once, whilst the trail is warm; at úvörum, unawares, suddenly, Nj. 95, Ld. 132; at þessu, at this cost, on that condition, Eb. 38, Nj. 55; at illum leiki, to have a narrow escape, now við illan leik, Fms. ix. 473; at því, that granted, Grág. ii. 33: at því, at pessu, thereafter, thereupon, Nj. 76.
    2. denoting succession, without interruption, one after another; hverr at öðrum, annarr maðr at öðrum, aðrir at öðrum; eina konu at annarri, Eg. 91, Fms. ii. 236, vi. 25, Bs. i. 22, 625. 80, H. E. i. 522.
    C. METAPH. and in various cases:
    I. denoting a transformation or change into, to, with the notion of destruction; brenna at ösku, at köldum kolum, to burn to ashes, to be quite destroyed, Fms. i. 105, Edda 3, Sturl. ii. 51: with the notion of transformation or transfiguration, in such phrases as, verða at e-u, göra e-t at e-u, to turn it into:
    α. by a spell; verða at ormi, to become a snake, Fms. xi. 158; at flugdrekum, Gullþ. 7; urðu þau bönd at járni, Edda 40.
    β. by a natural process it can often be translated by an acc. or by as; göra e-n at urðarmanni, to make him an outlaw, Eg. 728; græða e-n at orkumlamanni, to heal him so as to maim him for life, of bad treatment by a leech, Eb. 244: in the law terms, sár görist at ben, a wound turning into a ben, proving to be mortal, Grág., Nj.; verða at ljúgvætti, to prove to be a false evidence, Grág. i. 44; verða at sætt, to turn into reconciliation, Fms. i. 13; göra e-t at reiði málum, to take offence at, Fs. 20; at nýjum tíðindum, to tell as news, Nj. 14; verða fátt at orðum, to be sparing of words, 18; kveðr (svá) at orði, to speak, utter, 10; verða at þrifnaði, to geton well, Fms. vii. 196: at liði, at skaða, to be a help or hurt to one; at bana, to cause one’s death, Nj. 223, Eg. 21, Grág. ii. 29: at undrum, at hlátri, to become a wonder, a laughing-stock, 623. 35, Eg. 553.
    II. denoting capacity, where it may be translated merely by as or for; gefa at Jólagjöf, to give for a Christmas-box, Eg. 516; at gjöf, for a present; at erfð, at láni, launum, as an inheritance, a loan; at kaupum ok sökum, for buying and selling, Ísl. ii. 223, Grág. i. 423; at solum, ii. 204; at herfangi, as spoil or plunder; at sakbótum, at niðgjöldum, as a compensation, weregeld, i. 339, ii. 171, Hkr. ii. 168; taka at gíslingu, to take as an hostage, Edda 15; eiga e-n at vin, at óvin, to have one as friend or foe, illt er at eiga þræl at eingavin, ‘tis ill to have a thrall for one’s bosom friend (a proverb), Nj. 77; fæða, eiga, at sonum (syni), to beget a son, Edda 8, Bs. i. 60 (but eiga at dóttur cannot be said); hafa möttul at yfirhöfn, Fms. vii. 201; verða nökkut at manni (mönnum), to turn out to be a worthy man; verða ekki at manni, to turn out a worthless person, xi. 79, 268.
    2. in such phrases as, verða at orðum, to come towards, Nj. 26; var þat at erindum, Eg. 148; hafa at veizlum, to draw veizlur ( dues) from, Fms. iv. 275, Eg. 647; gora e-t at álitum, to take it into consideration, Nj. 3.
    III. denoting belonging to, fitting, of parts of the whole or the like; vóru at honum (viz. the sword) hjölt gullbúin, the sword was ornamented with a hilt of gold, Ld. 330; umgörð at ( belonging to) sverði, Fs. 97 (Hs.) in a verse; en ef mór er eigi at landinu, if there be no turf moor belonging to the land, Grág. ii. 338; svá at eigi brotnaði nokkuð at Orminum, so that no harm happened to the ship Worm, Fms. x. 356; hvatki er meiðir at skipinu eðr at reiðinu eðr at viðum, damage done t o …, Grág. ii. 403; lesta ( to injure) hús at lásum, við eðr torfi, 110; ef land hefir batnað at húsum, if the land has been bettered as to its buildings, 210; cp. the phrase, göra at e-u, to repair: hamlaðr at höndum eðr fótum, maimed as to hands or feet, Eg. 14; heill at höndum en hrumr at fótum, sound in band, palsied in foot, Fms. vii. 12; lykill at skrá, a key belonging, fitting, to the latch; hurð at húsi; a key ‘gengr at’ ( fits) skrá; and many other phrases. 2. denoting the part by which a thing is held or to which it belongs, by; fá, taka at…, to grasp by …; þú tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, you took it by the bill, Fms. i. 15; draga út björninn at hlustum, to pull out the bear by the ears, Fas. ii. 237; at fótum, by the feet, Fms. viii. 363; mæla ( to measure) at hrygg ok at jaðri, by the edge or middle of the stuff, Grág. i. 498; kasta e-m at höfði, head foremost, Nj. 84; kjósa e-n at fótum, by the feet alone, Edda 46; hefja frændsemi at bræðrum, eða at systkynum, to reckon kinship by the brother’s or the sister’s side, Grág. i. 28; kjósa at afli, at álitum, by strength, sight, Gs. 8, belongs rather to the following.
    IV. in respect of, as regards, in regard to, as to; auðigr at fé, wealthy of goods, Nj. 16, 30, 51; beztir hestar at reið, the best racehorses, 186; spekingr at viti, a man of great intellect, Ld. 124; vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face, Nj. 30, Bs. i. 61; kvenna vænst at ásjónu ok vits munum, of surpassing beauty and intellect, Ld. 122; fullkominn at hyggju, 18; um fram aðra menn at vinsældum ok harðfengi, of surpassing popularity and hardihood, Eb. 30.
    2. a law term, of challenging jurors, judges, or the like, on account of, by reason of; ryðja ( to challenge) at mægðum, guðsifjum, frændsemi, hrörum …; at leiðarlengd, on account of distance, Grág. i. 30, 50, Nj. (freq.)
    3. in arithm. denoting proportion; at helmingi, þriðjungi, fjórðungi, tíunda hluta, cp. Lat. ex asse, quadrante, for the half, third… part; máttr skal at magni (a proverb), might and main go together, Hkr. ii. 236; þú munt vera at því mikill fræðimaðr á kvæði, in the same proportion, as great, Fms. vi. 391, iii. 41; at e-s hluta, at… leiti, for one’s part, in turn, as far as one is con cerned, Grág. i. 322, Eg. 309, Fms. iii. 26 (freq.): at öðrum kosti, in the other case, otherwise (freq.) More gener., at öllu, öngu, in all (no) respects; at sumu, einhverju, nokkru, partly; at flestu, mestu, chiefly.
    4. as a paraphrase of a genitive; faðir, móðir at barni (= barns); aðili at sök (= sakar a.); morðingi at barni (= barns), faðerni at barni (barns); illvirki at fé manna (cp. Lat. felo de se), niðrfall at sökum (saka), land gangr at fiskum (fiska), Fms. iv. 274, Grág. i. 277, 416, N. G. L. i. 340, K. Þ. K. 112, Nj. 21.
    5. the phrase ‘at sér,’ of himself or in himself, either ellipt. or by adding the participle görr, and with the adverbs vel, ilia, or the like; denoting breeding, bearing, endowments, character …; væn kona, kurteis ok vel at sér, an accomplished, well-bred, gifted lady, Nj. I; vitr maðr ok vel at sér, a wise man and thoroughly good in feeling and bearing, 5; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at þér, 49; gerr at sér, accomplished, 51; bezt at sér görr, the finest, best bred man, 39, Ld. 124; en þó er hann svá vel at sér, so generous, Nj. 77; þeir höfðingjar er svá vóru vel at sér, so noble-minded, 198, Fms. i. 160: the phrase ‘at sér’ is now only used of knowledge, thus maðr vel að sér means clever, a man of great knowledge; illa að sér, a blockhead.
    6. denoting relations to colour, size, value, age, and the like; hvitr, svartr, grár, rauðr … at lit, white, swarthy, gray, red … of colour, Bjarn. 55, 28, Ísl. ii. 213, etc.; mikill, lítill, at stærð, vexti, tall, small of size, etc.; ungr, gamall, barn, at aldri, young, old, a child of age; tvítugr, þrítugr … at aldri, twenty, thirty … years of age (freq.): of animals; kyr at fyrsta, öðrum … kálfi, a cow having calved once, twice…, Jb. 346: value, amount, currency of money, kaupa e-t at mörk, at a mark, N. G. L. 1. 352; ok er eyririnn at mörk, amounts to a mark, of the value of money, Grág. i. 392; verðr þá at hálfri murk vaðmála eyrir, amounts to a half a mark, 500.
    β. metaph. of value, connected with verbs denoting to esteem, hold; meta, hafa, halda at miklu, litlu, vettugi, engu, or the like, to hold in high or low esteem, to care or not to care for (freq.): geta e-s at góðu, illu, öngu, to mention one favourably, unfavourably, indifferently … (freq.), prop. in connection with. In many cases it may be translated by in; ekki er mark at draumum, there is no meaning in dreams, no heed is to be paid to dreams, Sturl. ii. 217; bragð er at þá barnið finnr, it goes too far, when even a child takes offence (a proverb): hvat er at því, what does it mean? Nj. 11; hvert þat skip er vöxtr er at, any ship of mark, i. e. however small, Fms. xi. 20.
    V. denoting the source of a thing:
    1. source of infor mation, to learn, perceive, get information from; Ari nam ok marga fræði at Þuríði, learnt as her pupil, at her hands, as St. Paul at the feet of Gamaliel, (just as the Scotch say to speer or ask at a person); Ari nam at Þorgeiri afraðskoll, Hkr. (pref.); nema kunnáttu at e-m, used of a pupil, Fms. i. 8; nema fræði at e-m, xi. 396.
    2. of receiving, acquiring, buying, from; þiggja e-t at e-m, to receive a thing at his hands, Nj. 51; líf, to be pardoned, Fms. x. 173; kaupa land at e-m, to buy it from, Landn. 72, Íb. II, (now af is more freq. in this sense); geta e-t at e-m, to obtain, procure at one’s hands, impetrare; þeirra manna er þeir megu þat geta at, who are willing to do that, Grág. i. I; heimta e-t at e-m (now af), to call in, demand (a debt, money), 279; fala e-t at e-m (now af), to chaffer for or cheapen anything, Nj. 73; sækja e-t at e-m, to ask, seek for; sækja heilræði ok traust at e-m, 98; leiga e-t at e-m (now af), to borrow, Grág. ii. 334; eiga e-t (fé, skuld) at e-m, to be owed money by any one, i. 399: metaph. to deserve of one, Nj. 113; eiga mikit at e-m, to have much to do with, 138; hafa veg, virðing, styrk, at, to derive honour, power from, Fms. vi. 71, Eg. 44, Bárð. 174; gagn, to be of use, Ld. 216; mein, tálma, mischief, disadvantage, 158, 216, cp. Eg. 546; ótta, awe, Nj. 68.
    VI. denoting conformity, according to, Lat. secundum, ex, after; at fornum sið, Fms. i. 112; at sögn Ara prests, as Ari relates, on his authority, 55; at ráði allra vitrustu manna, at the advice of, Ísl. ii. 259, Ld. 62; at lögum, at landslögum, by the law of the land, Grág., Nj.; at líkindum, in all likelihood, Ld. 272; at sköpum, in due course (poet.); at hinum sama hætti, in the very same manner, Grág. i. 90; at vánum, as was to be expected, Nj. 255; at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave, Eg. 35; úlofi, Grág. ii. 215; at ósk, vilja e-s, as one likes…; at mun, id. (poet.); at sólu, happily (following the course of the sun), Bs. i. 70, 137; at því sem …, as to infer from …, Nj. 124: ‘fara, láta, ganga at’ denotes to yield, agree to, to comply with, give in, Ld. 168, Eg. 18, Fms. x. 368.
    VII. in phrases nearly or quite adverbial; gróa, vera græddr, at heilu, to be quite healed, Bárð. 167, Eb. 148; bíta at snöggu, to bite it bare, Fms. xi. 6; at þurru, till it becomes dry, Eb. 276; at endilöngu, all along, Fas. ii; vinnast at litlu, to avail little, 655 x. 14; at fullu, fully, Nj. 257, Hkr. i. 171; at vísu, of a surety, surely, Ld. 40; at frjálsu, freely, 308; at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same, Hom. 80, Nj. 267; at röngu, wrongly, 686 B. 2; at hófi, temperately, Lex. Poët.; at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent; at hringum, utterly, all round, (rare), Fms. x. 389; at einu, yet, Orkn. 358; svá at einu, því at einu, allt at einu, yet, however, nevertheless.
    VIII. connected with comparatives of adverbs and adjectives, and strengthening the sense, as in Engl. ‘the,’ so much the more, all the more; ‘at’ heldr tveimr, at ek munda gjarna veita yðr öllum, where it may be translated by so much the more to two, as I would willingly grant it to all of you; hon grét at meir, she grat (wept) the more, Eg. 483; þykir oss at líkara, all the more likely, Fms. viii. 6; þess at harðari, all the harder, Sturl. iii. 202 C; svá at hinn sé bana at nær, Grág. ii. 117; at auðnara, at hólpnara, the more happy, Al. 19, Grett. 116 B; þess at meiri, Fms. v. 64; auvirðismaðr at meiri, Sturl. ii. 139; maðr at vaskari, id.; at feigri, any the more fey, Km. 22; maðr at verri, all the worse, Nj. 168; ok er ‘at’ firr…, at ek vil miklu heldr, cp. Lat. tantum abest… ut, Eg. 60.
    β. following after a negation; eigi at síðr, no less, Nj. 160, Ld. 146; eigi… at meiri maðr, any better, Eg. 425, 489; erat héra at borgnara, any the better off for that, Fms. vii. 116; eigi at minni, no less for that, Edda (pref.) 146; eigi at minna, Ld. 216, Fms. ix. 50; ekki at verri drengr, not a bit worse for that, Ld. 42; er mér ekki son minn at bættari, þótt…, 216; at eigi vissi at nær, any more, Fas. iii. 74.
    IX. following many words:
    1. verbs, esp. those denoting, a. to ask, enquire, attend, seek, e. g. spyrja at, to speer (ask) for; leita at, to seek for; gæta, geyma at, to pay attention to; huga, hyggja at; hence atspurn, to enquire, aðgæzla, athugi, attention, etc.
    β. verbs denoting laughter, play, joy, game, cp. the Engl. to play at …, to laugh at …; hlæja, brosa at e-u, to laugh, smile at it; leika (sér) at e-u, to play at; þykja gaman at, to enjoy; hæða, göra gys at …, to make sport at …
    γ. verbs denoting assistance, help; standa, veita, vinna, hjálpa at; hence atstoð, atvinna, atverk:—mode, proceeding; fara at, to proceed, hence atför and atferli:—compliance; láta, fara at e-u, v. above:— fault; e-t er at e-u, there is some fault in it, Fms. x. 418; skorta at e-u, to fall short of, xi. 98:—care, attendance; hjúkra at, hlýja at, v. these words:—gathering, collecting; draga, reiða, flytja, fá at, congerere:—engagement, arrival, etc.; sækja at, to attack; ganga at, vera at, to be about; koma at, ellipt. to arrive: göra at, to repair: lesta at, to impair (v. above); finna at, to criticise (mod.); telja at, id.: bera at, to happen; kveða at e-m, to address one, 625. 15, (kveða at (ellipt.) now means to pronounce, and of a child to utter (read) whole syllables); falla at, of the flood-tide (ellipt.): metaph. of pains or straits surrounding one; þreyngja, herða at, to press hard: of frost and cold, with regard to the seasons; frjósa at, kólna at, to get really cold (SI. 44), as it were from the cold stiffening all things: also of the seasons themselves; hausta, vetra að, when the season really sets in; esp. the cold seasons, ‘sumra at’ cannot be used, yet we may say ‘vára að’ when the spring sets in, and the air gets mild.
    δ. in numberless other cases which may partly be seen below.
    2. connected ellipt. with adverbs denoting motion from a place; norðan, austan, sunnan, vestan at, those from the north, east…; utan at, innan at, from the outside or inside.
    3. with adjectives (but rarely), e. g. kærr, elskr, virkr (affectionate), vandr (zealous), at e-m; v. these words.
    WITH ACC.
    TEMP.: Lat. post, after, upon, esp. freq. in poetry, but rare in prose writers, who use eptir; nema reisi niðr at nið (= maðr eptir mann), in succession, of erecting a monument, Hm. 71; in prose, at þat. posthac, deinde, Fms. x. 323, cp. Rm., where it occurs several times, 2, 6, 9, 14, 18, 24, 28, 30, 35; sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, has to take the inheritance after his father, Grág. i. 170 new Ed.; eiga féránsdóm at e-n, Grág. i. 89; at Gamla fallinn, after the death of G., Fms. x. 382; in Edda (Gl.) 113 ought to be restored, grét ok at Oð, gulli Freyja, she grat (wept) tears of gold for her lost husband Od. It is doubtful if it is ever used in a purely loc. sense; at land, Grág. (Sb.)ii. 211, is probably corrupt; at hönd = á hönd, Grág. (Sb.) i. 135; at mót = at móti, v. this word.
    ☞ In compounds (v. below) at- or að- answers in turn to Lat. ad- or in- or con-; atdráttr e. g. denotes collecting; atkoma is adventus: it may also answer to Lat. ob-, in atburðr = accidence, but might also be compared with Lat. occurrere.
    2.
    and að, the mark of the infinitive [cp. Goth. du; A. S. and Engl. to; Germ. zu]. Except in the case of a few verbs ‘at’ is always placed immediately before the infinitive, so as to be almost an inseparable part of the verb.
    I. it is used either,
    1. as, a simple mark of the infinitive, only denoting an action and independent of the subject, e. g. at ganga, at hlaupa, at vita, to go, to run, to know; or,
    2. in an objective sense when following such verbs as bjóða segja…, to invite, command …; hann bauð þeim at ganga, at sitja, be bade, ordered them to go, sit, or the like; or as gefa and fá; gefa e-m at drekka, at eta, to give one to drink or to eat, etc. etc.
    β. with the additional notion of intention, esp. when following verba cogitandi; hann ætlaði, hafði í hyggju at fara, he had it in his mind to go (where ‘to go’ is the real object to ætlaði and hafði í hyggju).
    3. answering to the Gr. ινα, denoting intention, design, in order to; hann gékk í borg at kaupa silfr, in order to buy, Nj. 280; hann sendi riddara sína með þeim at varðveita þær, 623. 45: in order to make the phrase more plain, ‘svá’ and ‘til’ are frequently added, esp. in mod. writers, ‘svá at’ and contr. ‘svát’ (the last however is rare), ‘til at’ and ‘til þess at,’ etc.
    II. in the earlier times the infin., as in Greek and Lat., had no such mark; and some verbs remain that cannot be followed by ‘at;’ these verbs are almost the same in Icel. as in Engl.:
    α. the auxiliary verbs vil, mun ( μέλλω), skal; as in Engl. to is never used after the auxiliaries shall, will, must; ek vil ganga, I will go; ek mun fara, (as in North. E.) I mun go; ek skal göra þat, I shall do that, etc.
    β. the verbs kunna, mega, as in Engl. I can or may do, I dare say; svá hygginn at hann kunni fyrir sökum ráða, Grág. ii. 75; í öllu er prýða má góðan höfðingja, Nj. 90; vera má, it may be; vera kann þat, id.: kunnu, however, takes ‘at’ whenever it means to know, and esp. in common language in phrases such as, það kann að vera, but vera kann þat, v. above.
    γ. lata, biðja, as in Engl. to let, to bid; hann lét (bað) þá fara, he let (bade) them go.
    δ. þykkja, þykjast, to seem; hann þykir vera, he is thought to be: reflex., hann þykist vera, sibi videtur: impers., mér þykir vera, mibi videtur, in all cases without ‘at.’ So also freq. the verbs hugsa, hyggja, ætla, halda, to think, when denoting merely the act of thinking; but if there be any notion of intention or purpose, they assume the ‘at;’ thus hann ætlaði, hugði, þá vera góða menn, he thought them to be, acc. c. inf.; but ætlaði at fara, meant to go, etc.
    ε. the verbs denoting to see, bear; sjá, líta, horfa á … ( videre); heyra, audire, as in Engl. I saw them come, I heard him tell, ek sá þá koma, ek heyrði hann tala.
    ζ. sometimes after the verbs eiga and ganga; hann gékk steikja, be went to roast, Vkv. 9; eiga, esp. when a mere periphrasis instead of skal, móður sína á maðr fyrst fram færa (better at færa), Grág. i. 232; á þann kvið einskis meta, 59; but at meta, id. l. 24; ráða, nema, göra …, freq. in poetry, when they are used as simple auxiliary verbs, e. g. nam hann sér Högna hvetja at rúnum, Skv. 3. 43.
    η. hljóta and verða, when used in the sense of must (as in Engl. he must go), and when placed after the infin.of another verb; hér muntu vera hljóta, Nj. 129; but hljóta at vera: fara hlýtr þú, Fms. 1. 159; but þú hlýtr at fara: verða vita, ii. 146; but verða at vita: hann man verða sækja, þó verðr (= skal) maðr eptir mann lifa, Fms. viii. 19, Fas. ii. 552, are exceptional cases.
    θ. in poetry, verbs with the verbal neg. suffix ‘-at,’ freq. for the case of euphony, take no mark of the infinitive, where it would be indispensable with the simple verb, vide Lex. Poët. Exceptional cases; hvárt sem hann vill ‘at’ verja þá sök, eða, whatever he chooses, either, Grág. i. 64; fyrr viljum vér enga kórónu at bera, en nokkut ófrelsi á oss at taka, we would rather bear no crown than …, Fms. x. 12; the context is peculiar, and the ‘at’ purposely added. It may be left out ellipt.; e. g. þá er guð gefr oss finnast (= at finnast), Dipl. ii. 14; gef honum drekka (= at drekka), Pr. 470; but mostly in unclassical writers, in deeds, or the like, written nastily and in an abrupt style.
    3.
    and að, conj. [Goth. þatei = οτι; A. S. þät; Engl. that; Germ, dass; the Ormul. and Scot. at, see the quotations sub voce in Jamieson; in all South-Teutonic idioms with an initial dental: the Scandinavian idioms form an exception, having all dropped this consonant; Swed. åt, Dan. at]. In Icel. the Bible translation (of the 16th century) was chiefly based upon that of Luther; the hymns and the great bulk of theol. translations of that time were also derived from Germany; therefore the germanised form það frequently appears in the Bible, and was often employed by theol. authors in sermons since the time of the Reformation. Jón Vidalin, the greatest modern Icel. preacher, who died in 1720, in spite of his thoroughly classical style, abounds in the use of this form; but it never took root in the language, and has never passed into the spoken dialect. After a relative or demonstr. pronoun, it freq. in mod. writers assumes the form eð, hver eð, hverir eð, hvað eð, þar eð. Before the prep. þú (tu), þ changes into t, and is spelt in a single word attú, which is freq. in some MS.;—now, however, pronounced aððú, aððeir, aððið …, = að þú…, with the soft Engl. th sound. It gener. answers to Lat. ut, or to the relat. pron. qui.
    I. that, relative to svá, to denote proportion, degree, so…, that, Lat. tam, tantus, tot…, ut; svá mikill lagamaðr, at…, so great a lawyer, that…, Nj. 1; hárið svá mikit, at þat…, 2; svá kom um síðir því máli, at Sigvaldi, it came so far, that…, Fms. xi. 95, Edda 33. Rarely and unclass., ellipt. without svá; Bæringr var til seinn eptir honum, at hann … (= svá at), Bær. 15; hlífði honum, at hann sakaði ekki, Fas. iii. 441.
    II. it is used,
    1. with indic, in a narrative sense, answering partly to Gr. οτι, Lat. quod, ut, in such phrases as, it came to pass, happened that …; þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, Nj. 2; þat var á palmdrottinsdag, at Ólafr konungr gékk út um stræti, Fms. ii. 244.
    2. with subj. answering to Lat. acc. with infin., to mark the relation of an object to the chief verb, e. g. vilda ek at þú réðist, I wished that you would, Nj. 57.
    β. or in an oblique sentence, answering to ita ut…; ef svá kann verða at þeir láti…, if it may be so that they might…, Fms. xi. 94.
    γ. with a subj. denoting design, answering to ϊνα or Lat. ut with subj., in order that; at öll veraldar bygðin viti, ut sciat totus orbis, Stj.; þeir skáru fyrir þá melinn, at þeir dæi eigi af sulti, ut ne fame perirent, Nj. 265; fyrsti hlutr bókarinnar er Kristindómsbálkr, at menn skili, in order that men may understand, Gþl. p. viii.
    III. used in connection with conjunctions,
    1. esp. þó, því, svá; þó at freq. contr. þótt; svát is rare and obsolete.
    α. þóat, þótt (North. E. ‘thof’), followed by a subjunctive, though, although, Lat. etsi, quamquam (very freq.); þóat nokkurum mönnum sýnist þetta með freku sett… þá viljum vér, Fms. vi. 21: phrases as, gef þú mér þó at úverðugri, etsi indignae (dat.), Stj. MS. col. 315, are unclass., and influenced by the Latin: sometimes ellipt. without ‘þó,’ eigi mundi hón þá meir hvata göngu sinni, at (= þóat) hon hraeddist bana sinn, Edda 7, Nj. 64: ‘þó’ and ‘at’ separated, svarar hann þó rétt, at hann svari svá, Grág. i. 23; þó er rétt at nýta, at hann sé fyrr skorinn, answering to Engl. yet—though, Lat. attamen —etsi, K. Þ. K.
    β. því at, because, Lat. nam, quia, with indic.; því at allir vóru gerfiligir synir hans, Ld. 68; því at af íþróttum verðr maðr fróðr, Sks. 16: separated, því þegi ek, at ek undrumst, Fms. iii. 201; því er þessa getið, at þat þótti, it i s mentioned because …, Ld. 68.
    γ. svá at, so that, Lat. ut, ita ut; grátrinn kom upp, svá at eingi mátti öðrum segja, Edda 37: separated, so … that, svá úsvúst at …, so bad weather, that, Bs. i. 339, etc.
    2. it is freq. used superfluously, esp. after relatives; hver at = hverr, quis; því at = því, igitur; hverr at þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða, Fms. v. 159; hvern stvrk at hann mundi fá, 44; ek undrumst hvé mikil ógnarraust at liggr í þér, iii. 201; því at ek mátti eigi þar vera elligar, því at þar var kristni vel haldin, Fas. i. 340.
    IV. as a relat. conj.:
    1. temp, when, Lat. quum; jafnan er ( est) mér þá verra er ( quum) ek fer á braut þaðan, en þá at ( quum) ek kem, Grett. 150 A; þar til at vér vitum, till we know, Fms. v. 52; þá at ek lýsta (= þá er), when, Nj. 233.
    2. since, because; ek færi yðr (hann), at þér eruð í einum hrepp allir, because of your being all of the same Rape, Grág. i. 260; eigi er kynlegt at ( though) Skarphéðinn sé hraustr, at þat er mælt at…, because (since) it is a saying that…, Nj. 64.
    V. in mod. writers it is also freq. superfluously joined to the conjunctions, ef að = ef, si, (Lv. 45 is from a paper MS.), meðan að = meðan, dum; nema að, nisi; fyrst að = fyrst, quoniam; eptir að, síðan að, postquam; hvárt að = hvárt, Lat. an. In the law we find passages such as, þá er um er dæmt eina sök, at þá eigu þeir aptr at ganga í dóminn, Grág. i. 79; ef þing ber á hina helgu viku, at þat á eigi fyrir þeim málum at standa, 106; þat er ok, at þeir skulu reifa mál manna, 64; at þeir skulu með váttorð þá sök sækja, 65: in all these cases ‘at’ is either superfluous or, which is more likely, of an ellipt. nature, ‘the law decrees’ or ‘it is decreed’ being understood. The passages Sks. 551, 552, 568, 718 B, at lokit (= at ek hefi lokit), at hugleitt (= at ek hefi h.), at sent (= at ek hefi sent) are quite exceptional.
    4.
    and að, an indecl. relat. pronoun [Ulf. þatei = ος, ος αν, οστις, οσπερ, οιος, etc.; Engl. that, Ormul. at], with the initial letter dropped, as in the conj. at, (cp. also the Old Engl. at, which is both a conj. and a pronoun, e. g. Barbour vi. 24 in Jamieson: ‘I drede that his gret wassalage, | And his travail may bring till end, | That at men quhilc full litil wend.’ | ‘His mestyr speryt quhat tithings a t he saw.’—Wyntoun v. 3. 89.) In Icel. ‘er’ (the relat. pronoun) and ‘at’ are used indifferently, so that where one MS. reads ‘er,’ another reads ‘at,’ and vice versâ; this may easily be seen by looking at the MSS.; yet as a rule ‘er’ is much more freq. used. In mod. writers ‘at’ is freq. turned into ‘eð,’ esp. as a superfluous particle after the relative pron. hverr (hver eð, hvað eð, hverir eð, etc.), or the demonstr. sá (sá eð, þeir eð, hinir eð, etc.):—who, which, that, enn bezta grip at ( which) hafði til Íslands komið, Ld. 202; en engi mun sá at ( cui) minnisamara mun vera, 242; sem blótnaut at ( quae) stærst verða, Fms. iii. 214; þau tiðendi, at mér þætti verri, Nj. 64, etc. etc.
    5.
    n. collision (poët.); odda at, crossing of spears, crash of spears, Höfuðl. 8.
    β. a fight or bait of wild animals, esp. of horses, v. hesta-at and etja.
    6.
    the negative verbal suffix, v. -a.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > AT

  • 105 hard

    [hɑːd] 1. прил.
    1)
    а) жёсткий, твёрдый; тугой, негибкий, негнущийся

    hard cheese — твёрдый сыр; жёсткий сыр

    This candy is so hard no one can chew it. — Конфета такая твёрдая, что никто её не разжуёт.

    б) спорт. твёрдый, с твёрдым покрытием (асфальтовым или бетонным, о теннисном корте)
    •
    Syn:
    Ant:

    hard money — монеты, металлические деньги

    4) крепкий, прочный, ноский; выносливый

    The horses are both in hard condition, so a race can come off in ten days. — Обе лошади в отличной форме, поэтому скачки могут состояться через десять дней.

    5)
    а) трудный, утомительный, тяжёлый; требующий усилий, напряжения
    б) трудный, причиняющий беспокойство (об объекте действия - в конструкции с инфинитивом или с предлогами of, in + существительное, выражающее действие)

    She was hard to please. — Ей было трудно угодить.

    Chestnuts are hard of digestion. — Каштаны трудны для переваривания.

    It is a hard thing to manage. — Это дело трудно выполнить.

    в) трудноподдающийся (управлению, контролю)
    г) уст. не способный, испытывающий трудности (о субъекте действия - в конструкции с инфинитивом или с предлогом of + существительное, выражающее действие или способность)
    •
    Syn:
    Ant:

    The teacher asked a hard question. — Учитель задал трудный вопрос.

    It is a hard book to read. — Эта трудная для чтения книга.

    7)
    а) неопровержимый, "упрямый", реальный ( о фактах)

    The hard fact is that war, like business, reduces to a question of gain versus cost. — Неоспоримо то, что на войне, как и в бизнесе, всё сводится к вопросу соотношения прибыли и затрат.

    hard fact — неопровержимые, голые факты

    б) точный, конкретный, надёжный, обоснованный (об информации, новостях)

    Newspapers do not encourage telephone calls to the other side of the world unless they are in possession of pretty hard information. — Газеты не поощряют телефонных звонков на другую сторону планеты, если только они не содержат надёжной информации.

    Syn:
    8) упрямый, неуступчивый; чёрствый, бесчувственный, бессердечный
    Syn:
    9) скупой, скаредный, прижимистый

    Many wondered that a man could be so hard and niggardly in all pecuniary dealings. — Многие поражались, что человек может быть таким скупым и жадным в денежных делах.

    Syn:
    10) практичный, деловой, не поддающийся эмоциям

    We Americans have got hard heads. — У нас, американцев, практичный, здравый ум.

    11)
    а) труднопереносимый, давящий, гнетущий, мучительный, тягостный
    Syn:
    б) суровый, трудный, тревожный; тяжёлый, тягостный ( о времени)

    They had a hard time of it too, for my father had to go on half-pay. — У них тоже были тяжёлые времена, потому что моему отцу приходилось обходиться половиной зарплаты.

    Many families had a hard time during the Depression. — Многие семьи переживали трудные времена во время Великой Депрессии.

    Syn:
    в) холодный, суровый, жестокий (о погоде и т. п.)

    This has been a hard winter. — Это была суровая зима.

    The hard rain flattened the tomato plants. — Сильный ливень прибил томаты.

    Syn:
    12)
    а) строгий, требовательный, взыскательный; жёсткий, суровый; жестокий

    We work for a hard master. — Мы работаем на требовательного хозяина.

    Felix began to perceive that he had been too hard upon her. — Феликс начал понимать, что он был с ней слишком суров.

    Syn:
    б) резкий, грубый; враждебный

    She almost invariably took a hard view of persons and things. — Она практически всегда высказывалась резко о людях и о ситуациях.

    Hard feelings existed between the neighbours. — Между соседями были очень враждебные отношения.

    The lawyers exchanged hard words. — Адвокаты обменялись резкими репликами.

    Syn:
    в) полит. крайний

    For the foreseeable future, then, the hard right has the initiative in Turkey. — Очевидно, что в обозримом будущем инициатива в Турции будет принадлежать крайним правым.

    13) неприятный (для слуха, зрения)

    It was a hard face even when she smiled. — У неё было неприятное лицо, даже когда она улыбалась.

    14)
    б) разг. терпкий, кислый
    в) амер. крепкий ( о напитках)
    Syn:
    г) вызывающий привыкание, привычку (о лекарствах, наркотиках)

    Nothing on earth would persuade me to try LSD or the hard drugs. — Ничто в мире не заставит меня попробовать ЛСД или тяжёлые наркотики.

    Syn:
    15) тлв. контрастный
    16) защищённый (о пусковой площадке, конструкциях, ракетах с ядерными боеголовками)

    The adjective "hard" is now used to refer to the resistance to atomic explosions of airfields, missile launching pads, command posts, and other structures. — Прилагательное "hard" в настоящее время используется, когда речь идет о защищённости аэродромов, стартовых площадок, командных постов и других структур от атомных взрывов.

    17) фин. твёрдый, устойчивый
    Syn:
    18) лингв. твёрдый ( о согласном)
    19) физ.
    б) полный или почти полный ( о вакууме); содержащий полный вакуум ( об электронной лампе)
    20) упорный, усердный, энергичный, выполняемый с большой энергией, настойчивостью

    The fight must be long and hard. — Битва будет долгой и упорной.

    Syn:
    21)
    а) прилежный, усердный; энергичный

    That new employee is really a hard worker. — Этот новый сотрудник действительно очень усерден.

    Every hard worker requires sufficient and regular holidays. — Каждому работающему с полной отдачей сотруднику требуется достаточный и регулярный отдых.

    Syn:
    22) хим. биологически жёсткий, неразлагающийся
    Syn:
    persistent 3) в)
    •
    Gram:
    [ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]hard[/ref]
    ••

    hard of hearing — тугоухий, тугой на ухо

    the bigger they are, the harder they fall — чем выше забираешься, тем больнее падать

    - hard lines 2. нареч.
    1)
    а) энергично, активно, решительно, настойчиво, упорно; неистово, яростно

    The farmer worked hard to gather the hay before the rains came. — Фермер напряжённо работал, чтобы успеть убрать сено до дождей.

    The student studied hard. — Студент усердно занимался.

    The children played hard. — Дети были поглощены игрой.

    Syn:
    б) сильно, резко, интенсивно (о погоде, ветре, дожде)

    It rained hard. — Дождь льёт как из ведра.

    Hit the ball hard. — Сильно ударь по мячу.

    Syn:
    в) амер.; разг. очень, чрезвычайно, в высшей степени, чрезмерно

    He isn't a millionaire so hard that you could notice it, anyhow. — Во всяком случае, он не настолько уж крупный миллионер, чтобы ты мог это заметить.

    Mr. Hopkins is hard sick. — Мистер Хопкинс очень болен.

    Syn:
    2) жёстко, строго; сурово, безжалостно, жестоко
    3)
    а) насилу, тяжело, с трудом
    Syn:
    with difficulty, hardly, scarcely
    б) болезненно, близко к сердцу

    Mother took the bad news very hard. — Мать приняла плохие известия очень близко к сердцу.

    The team took the defeat hard. — Команда болезненно переживала поражение.

    Syn:
    4) твёрдо, крепко, так, чтобы быть твёрдым, спрессованным

    The ice is frozen hard. — Лёд очень твёрдый.

    Syn:

    to follow hard after / behind / upon smb. — следовать по пятам за кем-л.

    Defeat seemed hard at hand. — Поражение казалось совсем близко.

    It was now hard upon three o'clock. — Было почти три часа.

    hard by — близко, рядом

    Syn:
    6) мор. круто, до предела
    Syn:
    ••

    hard pressed / pushed — в трудном, тяжёлом положении

    3. сущ.
    1) трудность, трудности

    He had come through the hards himself. — Он сам преодолел все невзгоды.

    She is a lady who has given her life to nursing, and has gone through its hards. — Это женщина, которая посвятила свою жизнь уходу за больными и прошла через все трудности, с этим связанные.

    Syn:
    2) твёрдый берег, твёрдая береговая полоса; каменный мол для высадки на берег; проходимое место на топком болоте
    3) разг. каторга
    4) табак в плитках, прессованный табак
    5) разг.; = hard-on эрекция
    ••

    Англо-русский современный словарь > hard

  • 106 understand

    1. v понимать

    you do not seem to understand — вы, кажется, не понимаете

    2. v постигать, осознавать, представлять
    3. v услышать, узнать; заключить из услышанного

    I understand that he is going to marry — я слышал, что он собирается жениться

    to understand trap — знать что к чему, быть осмотрительным

    4. v предполагать, догадываться
    5. v уславливаться, договариваться

    it was understood that … — было условлено, что …

    6. v иметь в виду, подразумевать
    7. v знать, быть сведущим; смыслить
    8. v полагать; допускать

    am I to understand that your refusal is final? — должен ли я считать, что вы мне окончательно отказываете?

    Синонимический ряд:
    1. accept (verb) accept; appreciate; conclude; empathize with; sympathize with; take in
    2. assume (verb) assume; believe; expect; gather; imagine; presume; suppose; surmise; suspect; take; think
    3. comprehend (verb) comprehend; conceive; discern; fathom; grasp; have; interpret; know; realise; realize
    4. see (verb) apprehend; catch; compass; cotton on to; cotton to; follow; make out; read; see; tumble to; twig
    5. sense (verb) cognise; cognize; digest; hear; learn; perceive; sense
    Антонимический ряд:
    express; ignore; misapprehend; misconstrue; misinterpret; mistake; misunderstand; state

    English-Russian base dictionary > understand

  • 107 out

    out [aʊt]
    A.
    ∎ to go out sortir;
    ∎ she ran/limped/strolled out elle est sortie en courant/en boitant/sans se presser;
    ∎ I met her on my way out je l'ai rencontrée en sortant;
    ∎ out you go! sortez!, hors d'ici!, allez, hop!;
    ∎ the cork popped out le bouchon sauta;
    ∎ she took out a gun elle a sorti un révolver;
    ∎ I had my camera out ready j'avais sorti mon appareil;
    ∎ he drew out £50 (from bank) il a retiré 50 livres; (from pocket) il a sorti 50 livres;
    ∎ familiar I'm out of here je me casse;
    ∎ familiar let's get out of here allez, on se casse
    (b) (away from home, office etc)
    ∎ Mr Powell's out, do you want to leave a message? M. Powell est sorti, voulez-vous laisser un message?;
    ∎ she's out a lot in the daytime elle est souvent absente pendant la journée;
    ∎ she's out picking mushrooms elle est sortie (pour aller) cueillir des champignons;
    ∎ a search party is out looking for them une équipe de secours est partie à leur recherche;
    ∎ to eat out aller au restaurant;
    ∎ it's a long time since we had an evening out ça fait longtemps que nous ne sommes pas sortis;
    ∎ he stayed out all night il n'est pas rentré de la nuit;
    ∎ the children are playing out in the street les enfants jouent dans la rue;
    ∎ familiar to be out to lunch (out of touch with reality) être à côté de la plaque
    (c) (no longer attending hospital, school etc) sorti;
    ∎ she's out of hospital now elle est sortie de l'hôpital maintenant;
    ∎ what time do you get out of school? à quelle heure sors-tu de l'école?;
    ∎ he's out in September (of prisoner) il sort en septembre
    ∎ he was looking out at the people in the street il regardait les gens qui passaient dans la rue;
    ∎ I stared out of the window je regardais par la fenêtre;
    ∎ the bedroom looks out onto open fields la chambre donne sur les champs
    ∎ to sleep out dormir dehors;
    ∎ it's cold out il fait froid dehors;
    ∎ it's colder inside than out il fait plus froid à l'intérieur qu'à l'extérieur
    (f) (indicating distance from land, centre, town etc)
    ∎ we were two days out from Portsmouth nous étions à deux jours de Portsmouth;
    ∎ on the trip out à l'aller;
    ∎ they live a long way out ils habitent loin du centre;
    ∎ out in the country dans la campagne;
    ∎ she's out in Africa elle est en Afrique;
    ∎ out there là-bas
    ∎ she stuck her tongue out at me elle m'a tiré la langue;
    ∎ he lay stretched out on the bed il était allongé (de tout son long) sur le lit;
    ∎ hold your arms/your hand out tendez les bras/la main
    B.
    ∎ she handed out some photocopies elle a distribué des photocopies;
    ∎ the letter was sent out yesterday la lettre a été postée hier;
    ∎ the book is out (borrowed from library) le livre est en prêt
    (b) (indicating source of light, smell, sound etc)
    ∎ it gives out a lot of heat ça dégage beaucoup de chaleur;
    ∎ music blared out from the radio la radio hurlait
    (c) (loudly, audibly)
    ∎ read out the first paragraph lisez le premier paragraphe à haute voix;
    ∎ I was thinking out loud je pensais tout haut
    C.
    ∎ keep out (sign) défense d'entrer, entrée interdite;
    ∎ traitors out! les traîtres, dehors!;
    ∎ throw him out! jetez-le dehors!
    ∎ get out before it's too late abandonne avant qu'il ne soit trop tard;
    ∎ you can count me out ne comptez plus sur moi;
    ∎ familiar I want out! je laisse tomber!
    ∎ put or turn the lights out éteignez les lumières;
    ∎ to stub out a cigarette écraser une cigarette
    ∎ to knock sb out assommer qn, mettre qn K-O;
    ∎ several people passed out plusieurs personnes se sont évanouies
    ∎ the stain will wash out la tache partira au lavage
    D.
    (a) (revealed, made public)
    ∎ the secret is out le secret a été éventé;
    ∎ word is out that he's going to resign le bruit court qu'il va démissionner;
    ∎ the truth will out la vérité se saura;
    ∎ we must stop the news getting out nous devons empêcher la nouvelle de s'ébruiter;
    ∎ familiar out with it! alors, t'accouches?
    (b) (published, on sale)
    ∎ is her new book/film/record out? est-ce que son nouveau livre/film/disque est sorti?;
    ∎ the new model will be or come out next month le nouveau modèle sort le mois prochain
    (c) (with superlative) familiar (in existence) it's the best computer out c'est le meilleur ordinateur qui existe□ ;
    ∎ she's the biggest liar out c'est la pire menteuse qui soit□
    E.
    ∎ the tide's on its way out la mer se retire, la marée descend
    (a) (flowering) en fleurs;
    ∎ the daffodils/cherry trees are out les jonquilles/cerisiers sont en fleurs
    ∎ the sun is out il y a du soleil;
    ∎ the moon is out la lune s'est levée;
    ∎ the stars are out on voit les étoiles
    ∎ before the year is out avant la fin de l'année
    (d) (on strike) en grève;
    ∎ the dockers have been out for a month les dockers sont en grève depuis un mois;
    ∎ everybody out! tout le monde en grève!
    ∎ if you score less than 3 points you're out si on marque moins de 3 points on est éliminé;
    ∎ the ball was out la balle était dehors ou sortie, la balle était faute;
    ∎ she went out in the first round elle a été éliminée au premier tour;
    ∎ not out (in cricket) = encore au guichet (à la fin de l'innings, de la journée)
    (f) (tide) bas;
    ∎ the tide's out la marée est basse
    ∎ your calculations are (way) out, you're (way) out in your calculations vous vous êtes (complètement) trompé dans vos calculs;
    ∎ I've checked the figures but I'm still £50 out j'ai vérifié les chiffres mais il manque toujours 50 livres;
    ∎ it's a few inches out (too long) c'est trop long de quelques centimètres; (too short) c'est trop court de quelques centimètres;
    ∎ it's only a few inches out c'est bon à quelques centimètres près;
    ∎ the shot was only a centimetre out le coup n'a manqué le but que d'un centimètre
    ∎ that plan's out because of the weather ce projet est à l'eau à cause du temps
    (i) familiar (unfashionable) démodé□ ;
    ∎ long hair's (right) out les cheveux longs c'est (carrément) dépassé
    (j) (indicating aim, intent)
    ∎ to be out to do sth avoir l'intention de faire qch;
    ∎ we're out to win nous sommes partis pour gagner;
    ∎ to be out to get sb en avoir après qn;
    ∎ to be out for sth vouloir qch;
    ∎ she was out for a good time elle cherchait à s'amuser;
    ∎ she's out for the presidency elle vise le poste de président;
    ∎ he's just out for himself il ne s'intéresse qu'à lui-même;
    ∎ he's only out for what he can get il ne cherche qu'à servir ses propres intérêts
    ∎ to be out être K-O
    (l) (extinguished) éteint;
    ∎ the fire was out le feu était éteint
    (m) familiar (openly gay) qui ne cache pas son homosexualité□, ouvertement homosexuel□
    3 noun
    (a) (way of escape) échappatoire f
    (b) Typography bourdon m
    ∎ to be on the outs être brouillé avec qn
    (a) (leave) dehors!
    ∎ (over and) out! terminé!
    (c) Sport (in tennis) faute!, out!
    familiar hors de;
    ∎ she went out that door elle est sortie par cette porte;
    ∎ look out the window regarde par la fenêtre
    (expose) dénoncer;
    ∎ to out sb (reveal to be homosexual) révéler que qn est homosexuel;
    ∎ to out sb as a spy dénoncer qn en tant qu'espion
    ∎ where have you been? - oh, out and about où étais-tu? - oh, je suis allé faire un tour;
    ∎ out and about in Amsterdam dans les rues d'Amsterdam
    ∎ she came out of the office elle est sortie du bureau;
    ∎ he ran/limped/strolled out of the office il est sorti du bureau en courant/en boitant/sans se presser;
    ∎ to look/to fall out of a window regarder/tomber par une fenêtre;
    ∎ take your hands out of your pockets! sors ou ôte tes mains de tes poches!;
    ∎ hardly were the words out of my mouth à peine avais-je prononcé ces mots
    ∎ we drank out of china cups nous avons bu dans des tasses de porcelaine;
    ∎ to drink out of the bottle boire à (même) la bouteille;
    ∎ she works out of York elle opère à partir de York;
    ∎ the company is out of Oxford l'entreprise est basée à Oxford;
    ∎ he's out of town il n'est pas en ville;
    ∎ she's out of the country elle est à l'étranger;
    ∎ it's a long way out of town c'est loin de la ville;
    ∎ there was a wind out of the Southwest il y avait du vent de sud-ouest
    (c) (indicating source → of feeling, profit, money etc)
    ∎ she did well out of the deal elle a trouvé son compte dans l'affaire;
    ∎ what pleasure do they get out of it? quel plaisir en tirent-ils?;
    ∎ you won't get anything out of him vous ne tirerez rien de lui;
    ∎ she paid for it out of company funds/out of her own pocket elle l'a payé avec l'argent de la société/payé de sa poche;
    ∎ to copy sth out of a book copier qch dans un livre
    ∎ it's made out of mahogany c'est en acajou;
    ∎ plastic is made out of petroleum on obtient le plastique à partir du pétrole;
    ∎ hut made out of a few old planks cabane faite de quelques vieilles planches
    ∎ he refused out of sheer spite il a refusé par pur dépit;
    ∎ to act out of fear (habitually) agir sous l'emprise de la peur; (on precise occasion) agir sous le coup de la peur
    (f) (indicating previous tendency, habit)
    ∎ I've got out of the habit j'en ai perdu l'habitude;
    ∎ try and stay out of trouble essaie d'éviter les ennuis
    ∎ I'm out of cigarettes je n'ai plus de cigarettes;
    ∎ Commerce I am out of this item je n'ai plus cet article pour le moment;
    ∎ out of work au chômage
    (h) (in proportions, marks etc) sur;
    ∎ he got nine out of ten in maths il a eu neuf sur dix en maths;
    ∎ ninety-nine times out of a hundred quatre-vingt-dix-neuf fois sur cent;
    ∎ choose one out of these ten choisissez-en un parmi les dix;
    ∎ three days out of four trois jours sur quatre;
    ∎ one out of every three un sur trois;
    ∎ out of all the people there, only one spoke German parmi toutes les personnes présentes, une seule parlait allemand
    (i) (indicating similarity to book, film etc)
    ∎ it was like something out of a Fellini film on se serait cru dans un film de Fellini
    ∎ he's out of the race il n'est plus dans la course;
    ∎ you keep out of this! mêlez-vous de ce qui vous regarde!
    ∎ come in out of the rain ne reste pas dehors sous la pluie;
    ∎ stay out of the sun ne restez pas au soleil;
    ∎ is there a way out of it? y a-t-il (un) moyen d'en sortir?
    ∎ a young girl just out of university une jeune fille tout juste sortie de l'université
    ∎ Gladiator by Monarch out of Gladia Gladiateur par ou issu de Monarch et Gladia
    ∎ to be out of it (unaware of situation) être à côté de la plaque; (drunk, on drugs) être raide;
    ∎ I felt a bit out of it (excluded) je me sentais un peu de trop
    ►► Accountancy out book livre m du dehors;
    Computing out box (for e-mail) corbeille f de départ;
    out tray corbeille f sortie
    ✾ Book 'Out of Africa' Blixen 'La Ferme africaine'

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  • 108 μή

    μή (Hom.+) negative particle, ‘not’: ‘μή is the negative of will, wish, doubt. If οὐ denies the fact, μή denies the idea’ (Rob. 1167). For the Koine of the NT the usage is simplified to such a degree that οὐ is generally the neg. used w. the indicative, and μή is used w. the other moods (B-D-F §426; Rob. 1167).
    ① marker of negation, not
    ⓐ in negative clauses
    α. in conditional clauses after ἐάν Mt 5:20; 6:15; 10:13; 12:29; 18:3, 16, 35; 26:42; Mk 3:27; 7:3f; 10:30; 12:19; Lk 13:3, 5; J 3:2f, 5, 27 al. After ὸ̔ς ἄν (=ἐάν) Mt 10:14; 11:6; 19:9; Mk 6:11; 10:15; 11:23; Lk 8:18; 18:17. After ὅσοι ἄν Lk 9:5; Rv 13:15. After ὅστις ἄν Ac 3:23. After εἰ in a simple condition (B-D-F §428, 1) Lk 6:4; 1 Ti 6:3. After εἰ in a contrary to fact condition (B-D-F §428, 2; Rob. 1169) Mt 24:22; Mk 13:20; J 9:33; 15:22, 24; 18:30; 19:11; Ac 26:32; Ro 7:7. εἰ μή if not, except (that), εἰ δὲ μήγε otherwise with verb and elliptically (B-D-F §428, 3; 439, 1; Rob. 1024f; cp. POxy 1185, 30) Mt 5:13; 6:1; 9:17; 11:27; 12:4, 24 and very oft. (GHarder, 1 Cor 7:17: TLZ 79, ’54, 367–72).
    β. in purpose clauses ἵνα μή in order that…not Mt 5:29f; 7:1; 17:27; Mk 3:9; 4:12; Lk 8:10, 12; 16:28; J 3:20; 7:23; Ac 2:25 (Ps 15:8); 4:17; 24:4; Ro 11:25; 15:20 al. ὅπως μή in order that…not Mt 6:18; Lk 16:26; Ac 20:16; 1 Cor 1:29. μὴ ἵνα IRo 3:2. On the inf. w. neg. as periphrasis for purpose clauses s. below.
    γ. in result clauses ὥστε μή w. inf. foll. (cp. PHib 66, 5) so that not Mt 8:28; Mk 3:20; 1 Cor 1:7; 2 Cor 3:7; 1 Th 1:8; w. impv. foll. 1 Cor 4:5.
    δ. in interrog. clauses w. an element of doubt: δῶμεν ἢ μὴ δῶμεν; should we pay (them) or should we not? Mk 12:14.
    ε. in a few relative clauses (B-D-F §428, 4; Mlt. 171; 239f) διδάσκοντες ἃ μὴ δεῖ Tit 1:11 (cp. Lucian, Dial. Deor. 13, 1; PGM 4, 2653 ὸ̔ μὴ θέμις γενέσθαι; CPR I, 19, 17; 2 Macc 12:14; Sir 13:24). The literary language is the source of ᾧ μὴ πάρεστιν ταῦτα τυφλός ἐστιν 2 Pt 1:9, where the relat. clause has a hypothetical sense. ὅσα μὴ θέλετε Ac 15:29 D. Cp. Col 2:18 v.l. On ὸ̔ μὴ ὁμολογεῖ (v.l. ὸ̔ λύει) 1J 4:3 s. ARahlfs, TLZ 40, 1915, 525.
    ζ. in a causal clause contrary to the rule, which calls for οὐ: ὅτι μὴ πεπίστευκεν εἰς τὸ ὄνομα J 3:18 (cp. Epict. 4, 4, 8; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 217 διήμαρτον, ὅτι μὴ ταῖς ἱεραῖς ἡμῶν βίβλοις ἐνέτυχον; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 8, 4; 11, 8; 32; Ath. 14, 2 ὅτι μὴ κοινῶς ἐκείνοις θεοσεβοῦμεν; Dio Chrys. 31, 94; 110.—B-D-F §428, 5; Mlt. 171; 239; Mlt-Turner 284; Rahlfs, loc. cit.).
    ⓑ w. various moods
    α. w. inf. (B-D-F §399, 3; 400, 4; 5; Mlt-Turner 285f)
    א. after verbs expressing a negative concept, usu. omitted in translation ἀντιλέγοντες ἀνάστασιν μὴ εἶναι Lk 20:27 (v.l. λέγοντες). ἀπαρνεῖσθαι 22:34. παραιτεῖσθαι Hb 12:19. ἐγκόπτειν τινά Gal 5:7. προσέχειν Mt 6:1. οὐ δύναμαι μὴ I can do nothing else than Ac 4:20.
    ב. gener., after verbs of saying, reporting, ordering, judging, etc.—in declarative clauses: after ἀποκρίνεσθαι Lk 20:7. λέγειν Mt 22:23; Mk 12:18; Lk 20:27 v.l.; Ac 23:8; AcPlCor 2:19. ὀμνύναι Hb 3:18. θέλειν Ro 13:3. χρηματίζεσθαι Lk 2:26.—In clauses denoting a summons or challenge: after λέγειν Mt 5:34, 39; Ac 21:4; Ro 2:22; 12:3. γράφειν 1 Cor 5:9, 11. κηρύσσειν Ro 2:21. παραγγέλλειν Ac 1:4; 4:18; 5:28, 40; 1 Cor 7:10f (w. acc.); 1 Ti 1:3; 6:17. αἰτεῖσθαι Eph 3:13. εὔχεσθαι 2 Cor 13:7 (w. acc.). χρηματίζεσθαι Mt 2:12. ἀξιοῦν Ac 15:38. βοᾶν 25:24.
    ג. after predicates that contain a judgment upon the thing expressed by the inf. (with or without the art.; cp. Just., D. 68, 8 ταῦτα τολμῶσι λέγειν μὴ οὕτως γεγράφθαι): καλόν (sc. ἐστιν) 1 Cor 7:1 (ApcEsdr 1, 6, 21); Gal 4:18; cp. Ro 14:21. ἄλογον Ac 25:27 (w. acc.). κρεῖττον ἦν 2 Pt 2:21. αἱρετώτερον ἦν αὐτοῖς τὸ μὴ γεννηθῆναι Hv 4, 2, 6. Cp. δεῖ Ac 27:21 (cp. use w. ἐχρῆν TestJob 37:6).
    ד. w. gen. of the subst. inf.: τοῦ μή that not (Lat. ne): after verbs of hindering κατέχειν Lk 4:42. παύειν 1 Pt 3:10 (Ps 33:14). καταπαύειν Ac 14:18. κωλύειν 10:47. κρατεῖσθαι Lk 24:16; cp. ἀνένδεκτόν ἐστιν τοῦ…μὴ ἐλθεῖν 17:1.—Also after other expressions: ὀφθαλμοὶ τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν, ὦτα τοῦ μὴ ἀκούειν eyes that should not see, ears that should not hear Ro 11:8, 10 (Ps 68:24). In place of a result clause: τοῦ μὴ εἶναι αὐτὴν μοιχαλίδα so that she commits no adultery, if... 7:3.
    ה. w. subst. inf. after prepositions: εἰς τὸ μή so that…not; to the end that…not Ac 7:19; 1 Cor 10:6; 2 Cor 4:4. W. acc. and inf. foll. 2 Th 2:2; 1 Pt 3:7.—διὰ τὸ μή because…not (PPetr II, 11, 1, 7 [III B.C.] τοῦτο δὲ γίνεται διὰ τὸ μὴ ἀθροῦν ἡμᾶς; 2 Macc 2:11; ApcMos 42 διὰ τὸ μὴ γινώσκειν; Just., D. 95, 1 διὰ τὸ μὴ πάντα φυλάξαι; Tat. 2, 1 διὰ τὸ μὴ βούλεσθαι) Mt 13:5f; Mk 4:5f; Lk 8:6; Js 4:2 (w. acc.).—πρὸς τὸ μὴ in order that…not (Ptolem. Pap. aus Alexandria 4, 3 in Witkowski p. 51 πρὸς τὸ μὴ γίνεσθαι τῷ βασιλεῖ τὸ χρήσιμον; Esth 3:13d, e; Bar 1:19; 2:5) 2 Cor 3:13; 1 Th 2:9; 2 Th 3:8.
    ו. w. dat. of the subst. inf. τῷ μή because…not 2 Cor 2:13.
    ז. w. nom. or acc. of the subst. inf. (2 Esdr 6:8; s. B-D-F §399, 3; s. Rob. 1038) Ro 14:13; 2 Cor 2:1; 10:2; 1 Th 4:6.
    β. very oft. w. the ptc., in keeping w. the tendency of later Gk. to prefer μή to οὐ; exceptions in B-D-F §430; s. Rob. 1172.
    א. μή is regularly used to negative the ptc. used w. the article, when the ptc. has a hypothet. sense or refers to no particular person, and has a general mng. (Artem. 4, 22 p. 215, 14 οἱ μὴ νοσοῦντες; ParJer 6:24 ὁ δὲ μὴ ἀκούων; Just., A I, 4, 2 τοὺς μὴ ἐλεγχομένους): ὁ μὴ ὢν μετʼ ἐμοῦ every one who is not with me Mt 12:30ab; Lk 11:23ab; ὁ μὴ πιστεύων J 3:18. πᾶς ὁ μή... Mt 7:26; 1J 3:10ab; 2J 9. πάντες οἱ μή 2 Th 2:12. μακάριοι οἱ μή J 20:29; cp. Ro 14:22. τῶν τὴν ψυχὴν μὴ δυναμένων ἀποκτεῖναι Mt 10:28b and oft.
    ב. w. the ptc. when it has conditional, causal, or concessive sense: πᾶν δένδρον μὴ ποιοῦν Mt 3:10; 7:19. Cp. 9:36; 13:19; Lk 11:24. θερίσομεν μὴ ἐκλυόμενοι we will reap, if we do not become weary (before the harvest) Gal 6:9. μὴ ὄντος νόμου when there is no law Ro 5:13. νόμον μὴ ἔχοντες although they have no law 2:14. μὴ ὢν αὐτὸς ὑπὸ νόμον though I am not under the law 1 Cor 9:20 (cp. TestAbr B 11 p. 115, 22 [Stone p. 78] μὴ ἰδὼν θάνατον). μὴ μεμαθηκώς without having learned (them) J 7:15 (cp. TestAbr B 2 p. 106, 1 [Stone p. 60] μὴ εἰδὼς τίς ἐστιν; TestJob 11:7 μὴ λαμβάνων…ἐνέχυρα; Just., A I, 5, 1 μὴ φροντίζοντες, D. 110, 2 μὴ συνιέντες). μὴ ἔχοντος δὲ αὐτοῦ ἀποδοῦναι but since he could not pay it back Mt 18:25. μὴ βουλόμενος since (God) did not wish to AcPlCor 2:12 (cp. TestAbrB 5 p. 109, 24f [Stone p. 66] μὴ θέλων…παρακοῦσαι).
    ג. when it is to be indicated that the statement has subjective validity (Just., D. 115, 3 ὡς μὴ γεγενημένου ἱερέως): ὡς μὴ λαβών as though you had not received 1 Cor 4:7. ὡς μὴ ἐρχομένου μου vs. 18.
    ד. but also very freq. where earlier Gk. would require οὐ (on developments s. Schwyzer II 595f; B-D-F §430, 3; Burton §485 [464 Z.]; cp. οὐ 2b; for μή here, cp. Just., A I, 3, 9, 3 ἄνδρες δεκαδύο…λαλεῖν μὴ δυνάμενοι; D. 85, 4 διὰ τοὺς μὴ…συνόντας ἡμῖν; Mel., P. 71, 518f): τὰ μὴ ὄντα what does not exist (in reality, not only in Paul’s opinion) Ro 4:17; 1 Cor 1:28 (Philo, Op. M. 81 τὸ τὰ μὴ ὄντα εἰς τὸ εἶναι παραγαγεῖν; Ath. 4:2 τὸ ὸ̓ν οὐ γίνεται ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ ὄν); Hv 1, 1, 6. τὰ μὴ βλεπόμενα what is unseen 2 Cor 4:18ab. τὰ μὴ δέοντα 1 Ti 5:13. τὰ μὴ καθήκοντα (3 Macc 4:16) Ro 1:28. τὰ μὴ σαλευόμενα Hb 12:27. τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν 2 Cor 5:21. τυφλὸς μὴ βλέπων Ac 13:11. S. also μὴ ἀσθενήσας τῇ πίστει κατενόησεν Ro 4:19 where, as oft., the main idea is expressed by the ptc.
    ⓒ in a prohibitive sense in independent clauses, to express a negative wish or a warning
    α. w. subjunctive let us not, we should not: pres. subj. μὴ γινώμεθα κενόδοξοι Gal 5:26. μὴ ἐγκακῶμεν 6:9. μὴ καθεύδωμεν 1 Th 5:6; cp. 1 Cor 5:8. W. aor. subj. μὴ σχίσωμεν αὐτόν J 19:24.
    β. w. optative (B-D-F §427, 4; Rob. 1170) μὴ αὐτοῖς λογισθείη 2 Ti 4:16 (cp. Job 27:5). ἐμοὶ δὲ μὴ γένοιτο καυχᾶσθαι Gal 6:14 (cp. 1 Macc 9:10; 13:5). Esp. in the formula μὴ γένοιτο (s. γίνομαι 4a) Lk 20:16; Ro 3:4, 31; 6:2, 15; 7:7, 13; 9:14; 11:1, 11; 1 Cor 6:15; Gal 2:17; 3:21.
    γ. w. pres. impv.
    א. to express a command that is generally valid (TestReub 2:10) μὴ γίνεσθε ὡς οἱ ὑποκριταί Mt 6:16; cp. vs. 19. μὴ μεριμνᾶτε τῇ ψυχῇ ὑμῶν vs. 25; Lk 12:22.—Mt 7:1; 10:31; 19:6; Lk 6:30; 10:4, 7; 1 Cor 6:9; 7:5, 12f, 18; Eph 4:26 (Ps 4:5), 29 and oft.
    ב. to bring to an end a condition now existing (Aeschyl., Sept. 1036; Chariton 2, 7, 5 μὴ ὀργίζου=‘be angry no longer’; PHib 56, 7 [249 B.C.]; PAmh 37, 7; POxy 295, 5; Wsd 1:12 and elsewh. LXX; TestAbr B 9 p. 113, 20 [Stone p. 74]; JosAs 14:11; GrBar 7:6 and ApcMos 16 μὴ φοβοῦ; Just., D. 87, 1 μὴ…λοιπὸν ὑπολάμβανε; Mlt. 122ff) μὴ φοβεῖσθε do not be afraid (any longer) Mt 14:27; 17:7; Lk 2:10; cp. 1:13, 30. μὴ κλαῖε do not weep (any more) 7:13; cp. 23:28 (GrBar16:1) μὴ σκύλλου do not trouble yourself (any further) 7:6; cp. 8:49 v.l. (TestAbr B 2 p. 107, 2 [Stone p. 62] μὴ σκύλλε τὸ παιδάριον).—9:50; Mk 9:39; J 2:16; 6:43. μὴ γράφε do not write (any longer)=it must no longer stand written 19:21. μή μου ἅπτου do not cling to me any longer = let go of me 20:17. μὴ γίνου ἄπιστος vs. 27.—Ac 10:15; 20:10; Ro 11:18, 20; 1 Th 5:19; Js 2:1 and oft.
    δ. w. aor. impv. (Od. 16, 301; Lucian, Paras. μὴ δότε; 1 Km 17:32; TestJob 45:1 μὴ ἐπιλάθεσθε τοῦ κυρίου) μὴ ἐπιστρεψάτω Mt 24:18; Lk 17:31b. μὴ καταβάτω Mt 24:17; Mk 13:15; Lk 17:31a. μὴ γνώτω Mt 6:3.
    ε. w. aor. subj.
    א. almost always to prevent a forbidden action fr. beginning (Plut., Alex. 696 [54, 6] μὴ φιλήσῃς=‘don’t kiss’; PPetr II, 40a, 12 [III B.C.]; POxy 744, 11; BGU 380, 19; LXX; TestAbr A 2 p. 79, 8 [Stone p. 6] μὴ ἐνέγκωσιν ἵππους; 16 p. 97, 5 [Stone p. 42] μὴ ἐκφοβήσῃς αὐτόν; TestJob 39:11 μὴ κάμητε εἰκῇ; ParJer 3:5 μὴ ἀπολέσητε τὴν πόλιν; ApcEsdr 7:11 μὴ μνησθῇς; Just., D. 137, 1 μὴ κακόν τι εἴπητε.—This is the sense of μὴ θαυμάσῃς Herm. Wr. 11, 17; s. ב below) μὴ φοβηθῇς Mt 1:20; 10:26 (JosAs 23:15; cp. TestJob 17:6 μὴ φοβηθῆτε ὅλως). μὴ δόξητε 3:9; cp. 5:17. μὴ ἅψῃ Col 2:21. μὴ ἀποστραφῇς Mt 5:42. μὴ κτήσησθε 10:9 and oft. Also w. the third pers. of the aor. subj. μή τις αὐτὸν ἐξουθενήσῃ no one is to slight him 1 Cor 16:11. μή τίς με δόξῃ εἶναι 2 Cor 11:16. μή τις ὑμᾶς ἐξαπατήσῃ 2 Th 2:3. μὴ σκληρύνητε Hb 3:8, 15 (quot. fr. Ps 94:8) is hardly a pres. subj.; it is rather to be regarded as an aor.
    ב. only rarely to put an end to a condition already existing (the pres. impv. is regularly used for this; s. above 1 cγב) (TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 19 [Stone p. 70] μὴ κλαύσῃς weep no more) μὴ θαυμάσῃς you need no longer wonder J 3:7 (‘you needn’t be surprised’: s. Mlt. 124; 126; and s. א above).
    ζ. in abrupt expressions without a verb (ParJer 1:7 μὴ κύριέ μου): μὴ ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ (we must) not (proceed against him) during the festival Mt 26:5; Mk 14:2. Cp. J 18:40. καὶ μὴ (ποιήσωμεν) Ro 3:8 (B-D-F §427, 4). μὴ ὀκνηροὶ (γίνεσθε) 12:11. Cp. 14:1; Gal 5:13; Eph 6:6 al. (B-D-F §481).
    ⓐ after verbs of fearing, etc. that…(not), lest B-D-F §370.
    α. w. pres. subj. (3 Macc 2:23) ἐπισκοποῦντες…μή τις ῥίζα…ἐνοχλῇ Hb 12:15
    β. w. aor. subj. (Pla., Apol. 1, 17a) φοβηθεὶς μὴ διασπασθῇ Ac 23:10. Also after a pres. 27:17 (cp. Tob 6:15). After βλέπειν in the mng. take care (PLond III, 964, 9 p. 212 [II/III A.D.] βλέπε μὴ ἐπιλάθῃ μηδέν) Mt 24:4; Mk 13:5; Lk 21:8; Ac 13:40; 1 Cor 10:12; Gal 5:15; Hb 12:25. σκοπῶν σεαυτὸν, μὴ καὶ σὺ πειρασθῇς Gal 6:1. στελλόμενοι τοῦτο, μή τις ἡμάς μωμήσηται 2 Cor 8:20. ὁρᾶν Mt 18:10; 1 Th 5:15. Elliptically, like an aposiopesis ὅρα μή take care! you must not do that! Rv 19:10; 22:9 (B-D-F §480, 5; Rob. 932; 1203).
    γ. w. fut. ind. instead of the subj. following (X., Cyr. 4, 1, 18 ὅρα μὴ πολλῶν ἑκάστῳ ἡμῶν χειρῶν δεήσει) βλέπετε μή τις ἔσται Col 2:8; cp. Hb 3:12
    ⓑ taking the place of a purpose clause=so that…not: w. aor. subj. Mk 13:36; Ac 27:42; 2 Cor 12:6.
    ③ marker of expectation of a negative anwer to a question (B-D-F §427, 2; 4; 440; Rob. 1168; 1175; Mlt-Turner 283).
    ⓐ in direct questions (X. Eph. 398, 26 H.; Job 1:9; 8:11; TestAbr A 2 p. 79, 9f [Stone p. 6]; B 6 p. 110, 6 [Stone p. 68]; TestJob 15, 6; 27, 1; ApcSed 7:2; ApcMos 8:27) somewhat along the lines ‘it isn’t so, is it, that...?’, with expectation of a neg. answer; in tr. the negation can in fact be variously expressed in a form suggesting that an inappropriate answer would be met with complete dismay, e.g. μή τινος ὑστερήσατε; you didn’t lack anything, did you? Lk 22:35; μὴ λίθον ἐπιδώσει αὐτῷ; will one give the person a stone? Mt 7:9; sim. vs. 10; 9:15; Mk 2:19; Lk 5:34; 11:11 v.l.; 17:9; J 3:4; 4:12, 33; 6:67; 7:35, 51f; 21:5 (cp. μήτι); Ac 7:28 (Ex 2:14), 42 (Am 5:25); Ro 3:3, 5 (cp. Job 8:3); 9:14, 20 (Is 29:16); 1 Cor 1:13; 9:8f; 10:22 al. μὴ γάρ J 7:41; 1 Cor 11:22.—In cases like Ro 10:18f; 1 Cor 9:4f μή is an interrog. word and οὐ negatives the verb. The double negative causes one to expect an affirmative answer (B-D-F §427, 2; s. Rob. 1173f; Tetrast. Iamb. 17, 2 p. 266 μὴ οὐκ ἔστι χλόη;=‘there is grass, is there not?’).
    ⓑ in indirect questions whether…not Lk 11:35 (cp. Epict. 4, 5, 18a; Arrian, Anab. 4, 20, 2 μή τι βίαιον ξυνέβη=whether anything violent has happened [hopefully not]; Jos., Ant. 6, 115).
    ④ marker of reinforced negation, in combination w. οὐ, μή has the effect of strengthening the negation (Kühner-G. II 221–23; Schwyzer II 317; Mlt. 187–92 [a thorough treatment of NT usage]; B-D-F §365; RLudwig: D. prophet. Wort 31 ’37, 272–79; JLee, NovT 27, ’85, 18–23; B-D-F §365.—Pla., Hdt. et al. [Kühner-G. loc. cit.]; SIG 1042, 16; POxy 119, 5, 14f; 903, 16; PGM 5, 279; 13, 321; LXX; TestAbr A 8 p. 85, 11 [Stone p. 46]; JosAs 20:3; GrBar 1:7; ApcEsdr 2:7; Just., D. 141, 2). οὐ μή is the most decisive way of negativing someth. in the future.
    ⓐ w. the subj.
    α. w. aor. subj. (TestAbr A 17 p. 99, 7 οὐ μὴ δυνηθῇς θεάσασθαι; JosAs 20:3; ParJer 2:5; 8:5; ApcSed 12:5; 13:6; Just., D. 141, 2; Ael. Aristid. 50, 107 K.=26 p. 533 D.: οὐ μὴ ἡμῶν καταφρονήσωσι; Diogenes, Ep. 38, 5; UPZ 62, 34; 79, 19) never, certainly not, etc. Mt 5:18, 20, 26; 24:2; Mk 13:2; Lk 1:15; 6:37ab; 10:19; J 8:52; 10:28; 11:26; 13:8; 1 Cor 8:13; Hb 8:12 (Jer 38:34); 13:5; 1 Pt 2:6 (Is 28:16); Rv 2:11; 3:12; 18:21–23 al.—Also in a rhetorical question, when an affirmative answer is expected οὐ μὴ ποιήσῃ τὴν ἐκδίκησιν; will he not vindicate? Lk 18:7. οὐ μὴ πίω αὐτό; shall I not drink it? J 18:11. τίς οὐ μὴ φοβηθῇ; who shall not fear? Rv 15:4.—In relative clauses Mt 16:28; Mk 9:1; Ac 13:41 (Hab 1:5); Ro 4:8 (Ps 31:2); cp. Lk 18:30.—In declarative and interrogative sentences after ὅτι Mt 24:34; Lk 22:16 (οὐκέτι οὐ μή v.l.); J 11:56; without ὅτι Mt 26:29; Lk 13:35.—Combined w. οὐδέ: οὐδʼ οὐ μὴ γένηται (Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 122, 4 [6 A.D.]) Mt 24:21 (B-D-F §431, 3).
    β. w. pres. subj. Hb 13:5 v.l. ἐγκαταλείπω (accepted by Tdf., whereas most edd. read ἐγκαταλίπω)
    ⓑ w. fut. ind. (En 98:12; 99:10; TestAbr A 8 p. 85, 11 [Stone p. 20] οὐ μή σοι ἀκολουθήσω; GrBar 1:7 οὐ μὴ προσθήσω; ApcEsdr 2:7 οὐ μὴ παύσομαι) οὐ μὴ ἔσται σοι τοῦτο Mt 16:22.—Hm 9:5; Hs 1:5; 4:7. Cp. Mt 15:6; 26:35; Lk 10:19 v.l.; 21:33; J 4:14; 6:35b; 10:5 (ἀκολουθήσωσιν v.l.); Hb 10:17. οὐκέτι οὐ μὴ εὑρήσουσιν Rv 18:14. οὐ γὰρ μὴ κληρονομήσει Gal 4:30 (Gen 21:10 v.l.); but the tradition wavers mostly betw. the fut. and aor. subj. (s. Mlt. and B-D-F loc. cit.).—DELG. M-M. EDNT.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > μή

  • 109 thing

    affære
    --------
    forretning
    --------
    greie
    --------
    sak
    --------
    ting
    --------
    tingest
    --------
    vesen
    I
    subst. \/θɪŋ\/
    1) ting, sak, greie (hverdagslig), dings (hverdagslig)
    2) ( abstrakt) ting, noe
    3) (litterært\/kunstnerisk) ting, sak
    4) vesen, skapning
    • hello, old thing!
    hei, gamle venn!
    • poor thing!
    • you stupid thing!
    5) ( i nektelser) ting, dugg, kvekk, døyt
    6) det, saken, forholdet, stillingen, tilstanden
    det er ikke som før i tiden \/ tingene er ikke slik de en gang var
    slik det er nå \/ som saken står nå
    • how are things?
    7) ( hverdagslig) greie, spesialinteresse
    • classical music isn't really my thing, you know
    klassisk musikk er ikke akkurat min greie, vet du
    a close\/near thing på nære nippet, på hengende håret
    a thing of the past noe som tilhører fortiden
    a thing or two ett og annet
    among other things blant annet
    and another thing og forresten
    • and another thing, you must go shopping
    og forresten, du må gå og handle
    ... and things ( hverdagslig)... og sånt,... og alt mulig
    • he was mean to me, pulled my hair and things
    han var slem mot meg, lugget meg og alt mulig
    be all things to all men\/people ( om person) gjøre alle til lags, bety noe for alle bety noe for alle, kunne brukes av alle
    be hearing things høre stemmer, høre lyder
    be only one thing for it bare være én løsning på det
    be on to a good thing ha noe bra på gang
    be seeing things ( om noe overnaturlig) innbille seg ting, se syner
    do one's own thing ( hverdagslig) gjøre sin egen greie
    do the...thing (amer.) gjøre den...rutinen
    • after he had done his man-of-the-world-thing, he fell asleep
    etter at han hadde gått gjennom verdensmannsrutinen sin, sovnet han
    do things to gjøre noe med
    first things first (la oss ta) det viktigste først
    for one thing for det første
    have a thing about være gal etter, være fortapt i, ha dilla på
    ikke kunne tåle, ikke fikse, ha en fiks idé om
    in all things i ethvert henseende
    ... is one thing,... is another... er én ting,... er noe ganske annet
    • compassion is one thing, mawkish sentimentality is another
    medynk er én ting, vammel sentimentalitet er noe ganske annet
    know a thing or two ikke være tapt bak en vogn, ikke være født i går
    the latest thing eller the last thing det aller siste, det nyeste, siste skrik
    make a (big) thing of something gjøre et (stort) nummer av, lage oppstuss om
    of all things av alle ting
    one of those things slikt som skjer, sånt som skjer, sånt man må regne med
    one thing leads to another en ting fører til en annen
    a poor thing but mine own forklaring: ikke så mye å skryte av, men jeg har i alle fall laget det\/den selv
    put things right si det som det er gjøre noe godt igjen
    the right thing eller the only right thing det (eneste) rette
    strike a good thing ( hverdagslig) gjøre et funn, fange\/skyte gullfuglen
    taking one thing with another når alt kommer til alt
    the thing is saken er den, spørsmålet\/problemet er
    • the thing is, can we get there in time? the
    thing eller quite the thing god tone, tingen
    på moten, inne
    i form, vel
    (akkurat) det rette, akkurat hva som behøves
    things (saker og) ting
    eiendeler, greier, saker, bagasje, ting
    • pack up your things, we're leaving now!
    pakk sammen sakene dine, vi drar nå!
    klær, tøy
    things without us ytterverden
    too much of a good thing for mye av det gode
    you lucky thing! din heldiggris!
    II
    subst. \/θɪŋ\/ eller Thing

    English-Norwegian dictionary > thing

  • 110 entamer

    entamer [ɑ̃tame]
    ➭ TABLE 1 transitive verb
       a. to start ; [+ poursuites] to institute
       b. [+ optimisme, moral] to wear down
    * * *
    ɑ̃tame
    1) ( démarrer) to start [activité, journée]; to initiate [procédure]; to enter into [bataille, entretien]; to open [réunion, négociation]
    2) ( affaiblir) to undermine [crédibilité, moral]; to shake [détermination]
    3) ( rogner) to eat into [économies]
    4) ( commencer à consommer) to cut into [pain, rôti]; to open [bouteille, pot]; to start eating [dessert, sandwich]
    5) ( entailler) to cut into
    6) ( ronger) to eat into [métal]
    * * *
    ɑ̃tame vt
    1) [gâteau, pain] to start, to cut into, [bouteille] to start
    2) [capital, budget] to make a dent in
    3) (= altérer) [confiance, détermination] to damage
    4) [carrière, livre] to start, [hostilités, pourparlers] to open
    * * *
    entamer verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 ( démarrer) to start [activité, journée, grève]; to initiate [procédure, poursuites, démocratisation]; to enter into [collaboration, bataille, entretien]; to open [dialogue, réunion, négociation]; j'entamais ma lecture quand il a téléphoné I was just starting to read when he phoned; on vient juste d'entamer le dessert we've just started eating dessert;
    2 ( affaiblir) to undermine [crédibilité, moral, santé]; to shake [détermination]; to test [patience]; entamer la réputation de qn to undermine sb's reputation;
    3 ( rogner) to eat into [économies, capital];
    4 ( commencer à consommer) to cut into [pain, rôti]; to open [bouteille, pot];
    5 ( entailler) to cut into [bois, peau, os, verre];
    6 ( ronger) to eat into [métal].
    B s'entamer vpr je me suis entamé la joue I've cut my cheek.
    [ɑ̃tame] verbe transitif
    1. [jambon, fromage] to start
    [bouteille, conserve] to open
    2. [durée, repas] to start, to begin
    [négociation] to launch, to start, to initiate
    3. [réduire - fortune, économies] to make a dent ou hole in ; [ - résistance] to lower, to deal a blow to ; [ - ligne ennemie] to break through
    4. [ébranler] to shake
    5. [user] to damage
    6. [écorcher - peau] to graze

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > entamer

  • 111 ♦ which

    ♦ which /wɪtʃ/
    A pron. interr.
    chi; quale, quali; che cosa ( fra due o fra un numero ristretto): Which of you will come with me?, chi di voi verrà con me?; Which of the men survived?, quali degli uomini sopravvissero?; Which do you want, quale vuoi?; I asked him which was right, gli chiesi quale (dei due) fosse esatto (o giusto); Which will you have, tea or coffee?, che cosa prendi (o vuoi), tè o caffè? NOTA D'USO: - chi-
    B a. interr.
    quale, quali; che ( fra due o fra un numero ristretto): Which book do I have to read?, che libro debbo leggere?; DIALOGO → - On the bus- Excuse me, do you know which bus goes to Easton?, mi scusi, sa qual è l'autobus che va a Easton?; I don't know which one you mean, non so quale tu intenda; DIALOGO → - Asking for an e-mail address- I'm not sure which e-mail address you've got, non sono sicura di quale sia il tuo indirizzo e-mail; Which Miss Jones do you mean, Joan or Diane?, quale signorina Jones intendi, Joan o Diane?
    C pron. relat.
    1 il quale; la quale; i quali, le quali; che (rif. a cose o a fatti; arc. rif. a persone): The house in which he lives is very large, la casa nella quale (o in cui) abita è assai grande; My home town, which you visited last year, is growing rapidly, la mia cittadina natale, che hai visitato l'anno scorso, sta crescendo a vista d'occhio; This is the record which ( meglio: that, o niente) I told you about, questo è il disco di cui ti ho parlato; (arc.) Our Father, which art in heaven, Padre nostro che sei nei cieli
    2 il che; la qual cosa; cosa che: He wants to play and study at the same time, which is impossible, vuol giocare e studiare nello stesso tempo, il che è impossibile
    D a. relat.
    1 che; quelli che, quelle che; il (la, gli, le)… che: Try which methods you please, you cannot succeed, prova pure tutti i metodi che vuoi, tanto non puoi riuscire
    2 il quale, la quale; i quali, le quali; che: I stayed there a week, during which time it hardly rained at all, mi trattenni là una settimana, durante la quale non piovve quasi mai
    ● which one, quale: Which one do you want?, quale vuoi?; Here's a list of the candidates: which one are you going to vote for?, ecco la lista dei candidati: per quale (o chi) di loro voterai? □ which way, in quale direzione; da che parte; in che modo, come: Which way did the robbers speed off?, da che parte sono scappati i rapinatori?; I don't know which way to turn it, non so come girarlo □ They are so alike I can never tell which is which, sono così simili che non riesco mai a distinguerli □ I don't mind which, l'uno o l'altro, per me fa lo stesso □ Which is which?, qual è quello buono?; ( anche) quale dei due?; qual è quello che cerco?

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ which

  • 112 little

    1. adjective,
    littler, littlest (Note: it is more common to use the compar. and superl. forms smaller, smallest)
    1) (small) klein

    little town/book/dog — kleine Stadt/kleines Buch/kleiner Hund; (showing affection or amusement) Städtchen, das/Büchlein, das/Hündchen, das

    you poor little thing! — du armes kleines Ding!

    2) (young) klein

    the little ones — die Kleinen

    3) (short) klein [Person]

    a little way — ein kleines od. kurzes Stück

    4) (not much) wenig

    you have little time left — dir bleibt nicht mehr viel Zeit

    there is very little tea left — es ist kaum noch Tee od. nur noch ganz wenig Tee da

    make a nice little profit — (coll. iron.) einen hübschen Gewinn machen (ugs.)

    a little... — (a small quantity of) etwas...; ein wenig od. bisschen...

    no little... — nicht wenig...

    5) (trivial) klein
    2. noun

    little or nothing — kaum etwas; so gut wie nichts

    [do] not a little — einiges [tun]

    not a little angry — etc. ziemlich verärgert usw.

    a little — (a small quantity) etwas; ein wenig od. bisschen; (somewhat) ein wenig

    3. adverb,

    she little thought that... — sie dachte nicht im geringsten daran, dass...

    he little suspected/knew what... — er hatte nicht die geringste Ahnung/wusste überhaupt nicht, was...

    2) (to only a small extent)

    little more/less than... — kaum mehr/weniger als...

    that is little less than... — das grenzt schon an (+ Akk.)...

    * * *
    ['litl] 1. adjective
    1) (small in size: He is only a little boy; when she was little (= a child).) klein
    2) (small in amount; not much: He has little knowledge of the difficulties involved.) wenig
    3) (not important: I did not expect her to make a fuss about such a little thing.) unbedeutend
    2. pronoun
    ((only) a small amount: He knows little of the real world.) wenig
    3. adverb
    1) (not much: I go out little nowadays.) wenig
    2) (only to a small degree: a little-known fact.) wenig
    3) (not at all: He little knows how ill he is.) überhaupt nicht
    •
    - academic.ru/114956/a_little">a little
    - little by little
    - make little of
    * * *
    lit·tle
    [ˈlɪtl̩, AM -t̬-]
    I. adj
    <smaller or -r, smallest or -st>
    1. (small) klein
    \little feet kleine Füße; (amusingly also) Füßlein
    my sister is a \little monster ( emph) meine Schwester ist ein richtiges kleines Monster
    the \little ones die Kleinen pl
    2. (young) klein
    when I was \little als ich noch klein war
    sb's \little boy/girl jds kleiner Sohn/kleine Tochter
    \little brother/sister kleiner Bruder/kleine Schwester
    the \little one der/die Kleine
    the \littlest ones die Kleinsten
    3. distance kurz
    a \little way ein kurzes Stück
    4.
    < less, least>
    time wenig, bisschen
    a \little while ein bisschen, ein Weilchen nt
    5. attr, inv (trivial) klein
    every \little detail jede Kleinigkeit
    to have a \little word with sb ( iron) ein Wörtchen mit jdm reden fam
    to make \little of sth wenig Aufhebens von etw dat machen
    a \little problem ( iron) ein kleines Problem
    6. (not much)
    I speak a \little/only a \little Basque ich spreche etwas/nur wenig Baskisch
    a decision of no \little importance eine Entscheidung von nicht unerheblicher Wichtigkeit
    her proposal caused not a \little anger viele ärgerten sich über ihren Vorschlag
    7.
    ▶ a \little bird told me ( hum) das sagt mir mein kleiner Finger
    II. adv
    <less, least>
    ▪ a \little ein wenig [o bisschen
    2. (hardly) wenig
    I was not a \little pleased at the prospects ich habe mich über die Aussichten ziemlich gefreut
    \little did she know that... sie hatte ja keine Ahnung davon, dass...
    I agreed to go, \little though I wanted to ich habe zugesagt, obwohl ich eigentlich überhaupt keine Lust darauf hatte
    to \little expect sth etw nicht erwarten
    to \little imagine that... sich dat nicht vorstellen, dass...
    to be \little less than [or short of] sth sich akk kaum von etw dat unterscheiden
    her conduct is \little short of indecent ihr Benehmen ist fast schon unanständig
    it matters \little [to sb] that/what... jdm macht es wenig aus, dass/was...
    \little more than sth:
    \little more than an hour ago vor kaum einer Stunde
    to \little suppose/think [that]... nicht annehmen/denken, [dass]...
    to \little understand sth etw kaum verstehen
    3.
    ▶ \little by \little nach und nach
    III. pron
    ▪ a \little ein wenig [o bisschen]
    ▪ a \little of sth ein wenig von etw dat
    I heard a \little of what they were saying ich hörte ein wenig von dem, was sie sagten
    2. (not much) wenig
    as \little as possible möglichst wenig
    to do \little [or nothing] wenig [bis nichts] tun
    so \little so wenig
    there is \little sb can do jd kann wenig machen
    [very] \little of sth [sehr] wenig von etw dat
    the [or what] \little... das wenige...
    the \little sb does sth das bisschen, das jd macht
    the \little she smoked still affected her health sie rauchte nur sehr wenig, aber auch das bisschen griff ihre Gesundheit an
    ▪ a \little ein wenig
    let's walk a \little after dinner lass uns nach dem Essen einen kurzen Spaziergang machen
    4. (time)
    ▪ a \little ein wenig [Zeit]
    I want to get away for a \little to be by myself ich brauche ein wenig Abstand und Zeit für mich
    it's a \little after six es ist kurz nach sechs
    5.
    ▶ to make [very] \little of sth (not understand) [sehr] wenig mit etw dat anfangen können; (belittle) etw herunterspielen
    ▶ precious \little herzlich wenig
    * * *
    ['lɪtl]
    1. adj
    klein

    to worry about little things — sich (dat) über Kleinigkeiten Gedanken machen

    little things please little minds — so kann man auch mit kleinen Sachen Kindern eine Freude machen

    a little while ago — vor Kurzem, vor kurzer Zeit

    it's only a little while till I... — es ist nicht mehr lange, bis ich...

    2. adv, n

    of little importance/interest — von geringer Bedeutung/geringem Interesse

    little short of — fast schon, beinahe

    little did I think that... — ich hätte kaum gedacht, dass...

    little does he know that... —

    they little realize what will happen to them — sie sind sich (dat) wohl kaum darüber im Klaren, was mit ihnen geschehen wird

    to think little of sb/sth — nicht viel von jdm/etw halten

    please donate, every little helps — auch die kleinste Spende hilft

    I see very little of her nowadays — ich sehe sie in letzter Zeit sehr selten

    there was little we could do —

    the little of his book that I have read — das wenige or bisschen, was ich von seinem Buch gelesen habe

    she did what little she could — sie tat das wenige, das sie tun konnte

    little by little, he dragged himself across the room — Stückchen für Stückchen schleppte er sich durch das Zimmer

    2)

    a little — ein wenig, ein bisschen

    a little after five —

    * * *
    little [ˈlıtl]
    A adj komp less [les], (in gewissen Fällen) lesser [ˈlesə(r)], (besonders für A 1, A 2) smaller [ˈsmɔːlə(r)], sl littler, sup least [liːst], (besonders für A 1, A 2) smallest [ˈsmɔːlıst], sl littlest
    1. klein (oft gefühlsbetont):
    a nice little house ein nettes kleines Haus, ein nettes Häuschen;
    little one Kleiner m, Kleine f, Kleines n (Kind);
    our little ones unsere Kleinen;
    when I was little als ich noch klein oder als ich noch ein Kind war; → finger A 1, toe A 1
    2. klein (gewachsen):
    a little man ein kleiner Mann (a. fig);
    the little people ( oder folk) die Elfen oder Heinzelmännchen
    3. (zahlenmäßig) klein (Armee etc)
    4. kurz (Weg etc): → while A
    5. wenig (Hoffnung etc):
    a little honey ein wenig oder ein bisschen Honig, etwas Honig
    6. schwach (Stimme)
    7. klein, gering(fügig), unbedeutend:
    little discomforts kleine Unannehmlichkeiten
    8. klein, beschränkt, engstirnig:
    little minds Kleingeister
    9. pej gemein, erbärmlich, armselig
    10. oft iron klein:
    her poor little efforts ihre rührenden kleinen Bemühungen; → game1 A 6
    B adv komp less, sup least
    1. wenig, kaum, nicht sehr:
    little improved kaum besser;
    little-known wenig bekannt;
    little better than nicht viel besser als;
    little does one expect man erwartet kaum;
    do little to get sth wenig dazu beitragen, etwas zu bekommen;
    think little of wenig halten von;
    for as little as £ 10 für nur 10 Pfund
    2. überhaupt nicht:
    he little knows, little does he know er hat keine Ahnung
    3. wenig, selten:
    C s
    1. Kleinigkeit f, (das) Wenige, (das) bisschen:
    a little ein wenig, ein bisschen, etwas;
    a little is better than none ein bisschen ist besser als nichts;
    not a little nicht wenig;
    every little helps jede Kleinigkeit hilft;
    he did what little he could er tat das wenige, das er tun konnte;
    after a little nach einem Weilchen;
    he went on a little er ging ein Stückchen weiter;
    little by little, by little and little (ganz) allmählich, nach und nach
    2. in little im Kleinen, in kleinem Maßstab
    * * *
    1. adjective,
    littler, littlest (Note: it is more common to use the compar. and superl. forms smaller, smallest)
    1) (small) klein

    little town/book/dog — kleine Stadt/kleines Buch/kleiner Hund; (showing affection or amusement) Städtchen, das/Büchlein, das/Hündchen, das

    2) (young) klein
    3) (short) klein [Person]

    a little way — ein kleines od. kurzes Stück

    4) (not much) wenig

    there is very little tea left — es ist kaum noch Tee od. nur noch ganz wenig Tee da

    make a nice little profit — (coll. iron.) einen hübschen Gewinn machen (ugs.)

    a little... — (a small quantity of) etwas...; ein wenig od. bisschen...

    no little... — nicht wenig...

    5) (trivial) klein
    2. noun

    little or nothing — kaum etwas; so gut wie nichts

    [do] not a little — einiges [tun]

    not a little angry — etc. ziemlich verärgert usw.

    a little — (a small quantity) etwas; ein wenig od. bisschen; (somewhat) ein wenig

    3. adverb,

    she little thought that... — sie dachte nicht im geringsten daran, dass...

    he little suspected/knew what... — er hatte nicht die geringste Ahnung/wusste überhaupt nicht, was...

    little more/less than... — kaum mehr/weniger als...

    that is little less than... — das grenzt schon an (+ Akk.)...

    * * *
    adj.
    klein adj.
    schwerlich adj.
    wenig adj. adv.
    kaum adv.
    wenig adv.

    English-german dictionary > little

  • 113 give points to smb.

    (give points to smb. (тж. give smb. points))
    давать кому-л. несколько очков вперёд; ≈ заткнуть за пояс [этим. фр. donner des points à qn]

    ‘Eily's read every book her father's got,’ he says, ‘and can give him points in an argument.’ (K. S. Prichard, ‘Golden Miles’, ch. 23) — Отец Эйли говорит, что она перечитала все книги, которые он приносит домой, и в любом споре может дать ему несколько очков вперед.

    A: "Is the Headmaster a good scholar?" B: "Not bad, but his assistant is infinitely better. There's hardly a subject on which he couldn't give the old man points..." (SPI) — А: "Директор школы человек образованный? Б. Конечно, но его заместитель куда образованнее. Он в любом вопросе заткнет старика за пояс..."

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > give points to smb.

  • 114 now

    1. n настоящее, данный момент

    before now — раньше, прежде

    by now — уже, к настоящему времени

    from now, from now on — впредь, в дальнейшем

    as from now — с сего числа, с настоящего времени

    till now, up to now — до сих пор

    now and then — время от времени, иногда

    here and now — в настоящее время, именно сейчас

    time now — начальный момент времени; начало отсчета

    right now — в этот момент; сейчас, сегодня же, сразу

    2. a нынешний, существующий

    as things go now — при сложившихся обстоятельствах, при нынешнем положении дел; в сложившейся обстановке

    3. a разг. ультрасовременный; сверхмодный
    4. adv теперь, сейчас, ныне, в настоящее время
    5. adv тотчас же, сию же минуту
    6. adv в повествовании тогда, в тот момент, в то время

    now wet, now fine — то дождь, то ясно

    7. cj когда, раз

    now you mention it, I do remember — теперь, когда вы об этом упомянули, я вспомнил

    now that — теперь; когда

    8. cj в начале предложения связывает его с предыдущим а, так вот, и вот

    now all together a — теперь все вместе, а теперь хором

    they should be there by now — сейчас они, наверное, уже там

    9. int пожалуйста; послушайте; ну

    now then, look out! — эй, берегись!

    now listen to me! — нет, вы послушайте, что я скажу!

    oh, come now! — как же так?, как же вы это?; да быть не может!

    now what do you mean by that? — что вы собственно, хотите этим сказать?

    now, now! — ну-ну!, не нужно!

    now then, stop it! — послушайте, прекратите это!

    Синонимический ряд:
    1. at this time (adj.) at the moment; at this time; here and now; just now; momentarily; right now; these days; this day
    2. present (noun) present; today
    3. at present (other) at present; at the present moment; at the present time; at this very instant; currently; even now; just now; right now
    4. away (other) away; first off; forthwith; instanter; PDQ; right; right off; straight; straight away; straight off; straightway
    5. immediately (other) at once; before you can say `Jack Robinson' (colloquial); directly; immediately; in no time; instantaneously; instantly; on the spot; right away; summarily; then and there; this minute; this second
    6. nowadays (other) anymore; in these times; in this day and age; nowadays; these days
    7. today (other) in a minute; in a moment; presently; promptly; soon; today

    English-Russian base dictionary > now

  • 115 trouble

    trouble ['trʌbəl]
    ennuis ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (e), 1 (f), 1 (h) problèmes ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (d)-(f), 1 (h) difficultés ⇒ 1 (b) mal ⇒ 1 (b), 1 (c) peine ⇒ 1 (c) défaut ⇒ 1 (d) troubles ⇒ 1 (g) inquiéter ⇒ 2 (a) troubler ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (e) gêner ⇒ 2 (b) déranger ⇒ 2 (c), 2 (d) se déranger ⇒ 3 (a)
    1 noun
    (a) (UNCOUNT) (conflict) ennuis mpl, problèmes mpl; (discord) discorde f;
    ∎ to be in trouble avoir des ennuis;
    ∎ you're really in trouble now! tu es dans de beaux draps ou te voilà bien maintenant!;
    ∎ I've never been in trouble with the police je n'ai jamais eu d'ennuis ou d'histoires avec la police;
    ∎ to get into trouble s'attirer des ennuis, se faire attraper;
    ∎ to get into trouble with the police avoir affaire à la police;
    ∎ her sharp tongue often gets her into trouble sa causticité lui attire souvent des ennuis;
    ∎ he got into trouble for stealing apples il s'est fait attraper pour avoir volé des pommes;
    ∎ he got his friends into trouble il a causé des ennuis à ses amis;
    ∎ to get sb out of trouble tirer qn d'affaire;
    ∎ to keep out of trouble éviter les ennuis;
    ∎ to keep sb out of trouble éviter des ennuis à qn;
    ∎ he's just looking or asking for trouble il cherche les ennuis;
    ∎ it's asking for trouble driving without insurance on cherche les histoires quand on conduit sans assurance;
    ∎ there's trouble brewing ça sent le roussi;
    ∎ she caused a lot of trouble between them elle a semé la discorde entre eux;
    ∎ this means trouble ça va mal se passer;
    ∎ there'll be trouble if he finds out je vais/tu vas/on va/ etc avoir des ennuis s'il s'en rend compte
    (b) (UNCOUNT) (difficulties, problems) difficultés fpl, ennuis mpl, mal m;
    ∎ to make or to create trouble for sb causer des ennuis à qn;
    ∎ to make trouble for oneself se créer des ennuis;
    ∎ he's given his parents a lot of trouble (hard time) il a donné du fil à retordre à ses parents; (worry) il a donné beaucoup de soucis à ses parents;
    ∎ the baby hardly gives me any trouble le bébé ne me donne pratiquement aucun mal;
    ∎ this machine's been or given nothing but trouble cette machine ne m'a/ne nous a apporté que des problèmes;
    ∎ my eyes have been giving me some trouble mes yeux me donnent quelques soucis;
    ∎ what's the trouble? qu'est-ce qu'il y a?, quel est le problème?;
    ∎ you'll have trouble with him il va vous causer des difficultés ou des ennuis;
    ∎ to have trouble (in) doing sth avoir du mal ou des difficultés à faire qch;
    ∎ to be in/to get into trouble (climber, swimmer, business) être/se trouver en difficulté;
    ∎ British euphemism to get a girl into trouble mettre une fille dans une position intéressante;
    ∎ familiar he's got woman/she's got man trouble ça ne va pas très bien pour lui/elle côté cœur
    (c) (inconvenience, bother) mal m, peine f;
    ∎ to go or to put oneself to the trouble to do or of doing sth prendre ou se donner la peine de faire qch;
    ∎ to go or to put oneself to a lot of trouble to do or doing sth se donner beaucoup de mal ou de peine pour faire qch;
    ∎ she went to considerable trouble to get the tickets elle s'est donné énormément de mal pour obtenir les billets;
    ∎ you shouldn't have gone to all this trouble il ne fallait pas vous donner tout ce mal ou tant de peine;
    ∎ I went to a lot of trouble for nothing je me suis donné beaucoup de mal pour rien;
    ∎ to put sb to trouble donner du mal à qn, déranger qn;
    ∎ I hope we're not putting you to too much trouble j'espère que nous ne vous donnons pas trop de mal;
    ∎ he didn't even take the trouble to read the instructions il ne s'est même pas donné ou il n'a même pas pris la peine de lire les instructions;
    ∎ I don't want to be any trouble je ne veux pas vous déranger;
    ∎ if it's no trouble si ça ne vous dérange pas;
    ∎ it's no trouble (at all) cela ne me dérange pas (du tout);
    ∎ nothing is too much trouble for her elle se donne vraiment beaucoup de mal;
    ∎ it's not worth the trouble, it's more trouble than it's worth cela n'en vaut pas la peine, le jeu n'en vaut pas la chandelle
    (d) (drawback) problème m, défaut m;
    ∎ the trouble with him is that he's too proud le problème avec lui, c'est qu'il est trop fier;
    ∎ the only trouble with your solution is that it's expensive ta solution n'a qu'un défaut, c'est qu'elle revient cher;
    ∎ the trouble is that no one understands him l'ennui ou le problème, c'est que personne ne le comprend;
    ∎ that's the trouble c'est ça le problème
    (e) (UNCOUNT) (mechanical failure) ennuis mpl, problèmes mpl;
    ∎ I'm having a bit of engine trouble j'ai des problèmes de moteur;
    ∎ they've had trouble with the new dishwasher, the new dishwasher has given them trouble ils ont eu des problèmes avec leur nouveau lave-vaisselle;
    ∎ have you found out what the trouble is? avez-vous trouvé d'où vient la panne?;
    ∎ what seems to be the trouble? qu'est-ce qui ne va pas?
    (f) (worry, woe) ennui m, souci m, problème m;
    ∎ money troubles ennuis mpl d'argent;
    ∎ at last your troubles are over enfin vos soucis sont terminés;
    ∎ her troubles are not at an end yet elle n'est pas encore au bout de ses peines;
    ∎ South of England familiar humorous the trouble and strife (rhyming slang = wife) ma légitime;
    ∎ familiar here comes trouble! tiens, voilà les ennuis qui arrivent!
    (g) (UNCOUNT) (friction) troubles mpl, conflits mpl; (disorder, disturbance) troubles mpl, désordres mpl;
    ∎ the trouble began when the police arrived l'agitation a commencé quand la police est arrivée;
    ∎ industrial or labour troubles conflits mpl sociaux;
    ∎ there will be trouble il va y avoir du grabuge;
    ∎ there's some sort of trouble down at the mine il y a de l'agitation à la mine;
    ∎ there was trouble on the pitch/on the terraces il y a eu des histoires sur le terrain/dans les gradins
    (h) (UNCOUNT) Medicine ennuis mpl, problèmes mpl;
    ∎ I have kidney/back trouble j'ai des ennuis rénaux/des problèmes de dos;
    ∎ stomach trouble troubles mpl digestifs;
    ∎ to have heart trouble être malade du cœur
    (a) (worry) inquiéter; (upset) troubler;
    ∎ what troubles me is that we've had no news ce qui m'inquiète, c'est que nous n'avons pas eu de nouvelles;
    ∎ he didn't want to trouble her with bad news il ne voulait pas l'inquiéter en lui annonçant de mauvaises nouvelles;
    ∎ don't let it trouble you! que cela ne vous inquiète pas!, ne vous tourmentez pas à ce sujet!;
    ∎ nothing seems to trouble him il ne s'en fait jamais, il ne se fait jamais de souci;
    ∎ her conscience was troubling her elle avait des problèmes de conscience
    ∎ his back is troubling him il a des problèmes de dos;
    ∎ how long has this cough been troubling you? depuis combien de temps souffrez-vous de cette toux?;
    ∎ she's often troubled by nightmares elle est sujette aux cauchemars
    (c) (bother, disturb) déranger;
    ∎ I won't trouble you with the details just now je vous ferai grâce des ou épargnerai les détails pour l'instant;
    ∎ he didn't even trouble himself to phone il ne s'est même pas donné la peine de téléphoner;
    ∎ don't trouble yourself! ne vous dérangez pas!; ironic ne vous dérangez surtout pas!
    ∎ can I trouble you to open the window? est-ce que je peux vous demander d'ouvrir la fenêtre?;
    ∎ I'm sorry to trouble you, but could I have the newspaper? excusez-moi de vous déranger, mais puis-je avoir le journal?;
    ∎ could I trouble you a minute? excusez-moi, vous auriez une minute?;
    ∎ may I trouble you for a light/the salt? puis-je vous demander du feu/le sel?;
    ∎ British I'll trouble you to be more polite next time! (in reproach) vous allez me faire le plaisir d'être plus poli la prochaine fois!
    (e) literary (disturb → water) troubler;
    ∎ a light breeze troubled the surface of the lake une légère brise troublait la surface du lac
    (a) (bother) se déranger;
    ∎ don't trouble to do the washing-up now ne faites pas la vaisselle maintenant, ce n'est pas la peine
    (b) (worry) se faire du souci, s'en faire;
    ∎ don't trouble about it ne vous faites pas de souci ou ne vous en faites pas (pour ça)
    ∎ the Troubles = le conflit politique en Irlande du Nord
    ►► trouble spot point m chaud ou de conflit

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > trouble

  • 116 λόγος

    λόγος, ου, ὁ (verbal noun of λέγω in the sense ‘pick’; Hom.+).
    ① a communication whereby the mind finds expression, word
    ⓐ of utterance, chiefly oral.
    α. as expression, word (oratorical ability plus exceptional performance were distinguishing marks in Hellenic society, hence the frequent association of λ. and ἔργον ‘deed’; a sim. formulation as early as Il. 9, 443 μύθων τε ῥητῆρʼ ἔμεναι πρηκτῆρά τε ἔργων; Polystrat. p. 33 μὴ λόγῳ μόνον ἀλλʼ ἔργω; Just., A II, 4, 2 ἢ λόγῳ ἢ ἔργῳ and D. 35, 7 λόγον ἢ πρᾶξιν) δυνατὸς ἐν ἔργῳ κ. λόγῳ, i.e. an exceptional personage Lk 24:19; pl. of Moses Ac 7:22 (the contrast expressed w. a verb Choix 20, 6–8 ποιεῖ ἀγαθὸν ὄτι δύναται καὶ λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ of Apollordorus, a benefactor in Cyzicus, a flourishing city in Phrygia; sim. New Docs 7, 233, no. 10, 8f πολιτευόμενος … λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ; cp. IKourion 32, 8; without contrast Diod S 13, 101, 3 ἄνδρας λόγῳ δυνατούς; for sim. constructions using λέγω and πράσσω s. Danker, Benefactor 339–43). Cp. Ro 15:18; 2 Cor 10:11; Col 3:17; 2 Th 2:17; Hb 13:21 v.l.; 1J 3:18 (cp. Theognis 1, 87f Diehl3 μή μʼ ἔπεσιν μὲν στέργε κτλ.—For the contrast λόγῳ … ἀληθείᾳ cp. Diod S 13, 4, 1). In contrast to a sinful deed we also have the λόγος ἁμαρτίας sinful word Judaicon 172, 9. W. γνῶσις: ἐν παντὶ λόγῳ κ. πάσῃ γνώσει 1 Cor 1:5. ἰδιώτης τῷ λόγῳ, ἀλλʼ οὐ τῇ γνώσει 2 Cor 11:6. (Opp. δύναμις ‘revelation of power’) 1 Cor 4:19, 20. τὸ εὐαγγέλιον οὐκ ἐγενήθη ἐν λόγῳ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν δυνάμει 1 Th 1:5 (cp. Ar. 13, 7 of mythical accounts οὐδέν εἰσιν εἰ μὴ μόνον λόγοι ‘they’re nothing but words’). W. ἐπιστολή: 2 Th 2:2, 15. W. ἀναστροφή: 1 Ti 4:12; 1 Pt 3:1b. Opp. ‘be silent’: IRo 2:1.—μόνον εἰπὲ λόγῳ just say the word Mt 8:8; cp. Lk 7:7 (Ath. 17, 1 ὡς λόγῳ εἰπεῖν; 29, 2; Phalaris, Ep. 121, 1 λόγῳ λέγειν; cp. schol. on Pla. 341a ἐν λόγῳ μόνον εἰπεῖν). οὐδεὶς ἐδύνατο ἀποκριθῆναι αὐτῷ λόγον no one was able to answer him a (single) word Mt 22:46; cp. 15:23 (cp. TestAbr A 16 p. 98, 11 [Stone p. 44] οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῷ λόγον).— The (mighty) word (of one who performs miracles) ἐξέβαλεν τὰ πνεύματα λόγῳ Mt 8:16 (a rare use of λ. as ‘single utterance’, s. L-S-J-M s.v. VII).—διὰ λόγου by word of mouth (opp. ‘by letter’) Ac 15:27.—In the textually uncertain pass. Ac 20:24 the text as it stands in N., οὐδενὸς λόγου (v.l. λόγον) ποιοῦμαι τὴν ψυχὴν τιμίαν, may well mean: I do not consider my life worth a single word (cp. λόγου ἄξιον [ἄξιος 1a] and our ‘worth mention’; s. Conzelmann ad loc.).
    β. The expression may take on a variety of formulations or topical nuances: what you say Mt 5:37; statement (PGM 4, 334) Lk 20:20; question (Sext. Emp., Math. 8, 295; 9, 133; Diog. L. 2, 116) ἐρωτήσω ὑμᾶς λόγον I will ask you a question (cp. TestJob 36:5; GrBar 5:1; ApcSed 13:6; Jos., Ant. 12, 99) Mt 21:24; cp. Mk 11:29; Lk 20:3; prayer (PGM 1, 25; 4, 90; 179; 230 al.; 5, 180; 196 al.) Mt 26:44; Mk 14:39. ἡγούμενος τοῦ λ. principal speaker Ac 14:12. W. epexeget. gen. λ. παρακλήσεως 13:15. W. κήρυγμα our manner of presentation and our proclamation 1 Cor 2:4a (but s. comm.). (W. διδασκαλία) preaching 1 Ti 5:17; prophecy (Biogr. p. 364 [Pythia]) J 2:22; 18:32. Command (Aeschyl., Pers. 363) Lk 4:36; 2 Pt 3:5, 7; via a letter 2 Th 3:14. Report, story (X., An. 1, 4, 7; Diod S 3, 40, 9; 19, 110, 1 λ. διαδιδόναι=spread a report; Appian, Iber. 80 §346, Maced. 4 §1 [both=rumor]; Diod S 32, 15, 3 ἦλθεν ὁ λ. ἐπί τινα=the report came to someone; Arrian, Anab. 7, 22, 1 λόγος λέγεται τοιόσδε=a story is told like this, Ind. 9, 2; Diod S 3, 18, 3 λ.=story, account; Jos., Ant. 19, 132; Tat. 27, 2 τοῦ καθʼ Ἡρακλέα λόγου) Mt 28:15; Mk 1:45; Lk 5:15 (λ. περί τινος as X., An. 6, 6, 13; Jos., Ant. 19, 127) 7:17; J 21:23. ἠκούσθη ὁ λόγος εἰς τὰ ὦτα τ. ἐκκλησίας the report came to the ears of the assembly in Jerusalem Ac 11:22. λόγον ἔχειν σοφίας have the appearance of wisdom, pass for wisdom Col 2:23 (cp. Pla., Epinomis 987b ἔχει λόγον; Demosth., C. Lept. 462 [20, 18] λόγον τινʼ ἔχον; but mng. 2f is possible). Proverb (Pla., Phdr. 17, 240c, Symp. 18, 195b, Gorg. 54, 499c, Leg. 6, 5, 757a; Socrat., Ep. 22, 1) J 4:37 (Ps.-Callisth. 1, 13, 7 ἀληθῶς ἐν τούτῳ ὁ λ. foll. by a proverb). Proclamation, instruction, teaching, message Lk 4:32; 10:39; J 4:41; 17:20; Ac 2:41; 4:4; 10:44; 20:7; 1 Cor 1:17; 2:1. In Ac18:15 ζητήματα περὶ λόγου καὶ ὀνομάτων καὶ νόμου the sense appears to be someth. like this: controversial issues involving disputes about words and your way of life with λ. prob. referring to the presentation of controversial subjects, which in turn arouses heated ζητήματα debates. λόγος σοφίας proclamation of wisdom, speaking wisely 1 Cor 12:8a (Ps.-Phoc. 129 τῆς θεοπνεύστου σοφίης λ.); corresp. λ. γνώσεως vs. 8b. Cp. 14:9; 15:2; 2 Cor 1:18; 6:7; 10:10. λ. μαρτυρίας word of witness Rv 12:11. ὁ κατὰ τ. διδαχὴν πιστὸς λ. the message of faith, corresponding to the teaching Tit 1:9; the opp. 2 Ti 2:17. A speech (Aristot. p. 14b, 2; Diod S 40, 5a) διὰ λόγου πολλοῦ in a long speech Ac 15:32; cp. 20:2. λ. κολακείας flattering speech 1 Th 2:5. Speaking gener. 2 Cor 8:7; Eph 6:19; Col 4:6; D 2:5. ἐν λόγῳ πταίειν make a mistake in what one says Js 3:2.—Of God’s word, command, commission (LXX; ParJer 5:19 κατηχῆσαι αὐτοὺς τὸν λόγον; SyrBar 13:2; ApcSed 14:10; Just., D. 84, 2; Ael. Aristid. hears a ἱερὸς λ. at night fr. a god: 28, 116 K.=49, p. 529 D.; Sextus 24) ἠκυρώσατε τ. λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ Mt 15:6 (v.l. νόμον, ἐντολήν); cp. Mk 7:13.—J 5:38; 8:55; 10:35; Ro 3:4 (Ps 50:6). Of God’s promise Ro 9:6, 9 (but these two vss., and Gal 5:14 below, prob. fit better under 2a), 28 (Is 10:22f). Cp. Hb 2:2; 4:2 (s. ἀκοή 4b); 7:28; 12:19. For B 15:1 see 1aδ. The whole law (as the expr. εἴ τι ἑτέρα ἐντολή indicates not limited to a narrow list of commandments), acc. to Ro 13:9. In what is prob. a play on words (s. 2a and b), Gal 5:14 (s. 2a below) is summed up in the λόγος as expressed in Lev 19:18.—That which God has created ἁγιάζεται διὰ λόγου θεοῦ 1 Ti 4:5; in line w. the context, this hardly refers to God’s creative word (so SibOr 3, 20; PtK 2; πάντα γὰρ λόγῳ ποιήσας ὁ θεός Theoph. Ant. 2, 18 [144, 8]), but to table prayers which use biblical expressions. The divine word as judge of thoughts Hb 4:12. τελεσθήσονται οἱ λ. τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 17:17; cp. 19:9.—Of the divine revelation through Christ and his messengers (Just., A I, 61, 9 λόγον … παρὰ τῶν ἀποστόλων ἐμάθομεν τοῦτον) θεὸς ἐφανέρωσεν τὸν λ. αὐτοῦ ἐν κηρύγματι Tit 1:3. δέδωκα αὐτοῖς τὸν λ. σου J 17:14; cp. vss. 6, 17; 1J 1:10; 2:14. ἵνα μὴ ὁ λ. τοῦ θεοῦ βλασφημῆται Tit 2:5. The apostles and other preachers, w. ref. to the λόγος of God, are said to: λαλεῖν Ac 4:29, 31; 13:46; Phil 1:14; Hb 13:7; καταγγέλλειν Ac 13:5; 17:13; διδάσκειν 18:11; μαρτυρεῖν Rv 1:2. Of their hearers it is said: τὸν λ. τοῦ θεοῦ ἀκούειν Ac 13:7; δέχεσθαι 8:14; 11:1. Of the λ. τοῦ θεοῦ itself we read: ηὔξανεν Ac 6:7; 12:24; 19:20; οὐ δέδεται 2 Ti 2:9. In these places and many others ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ is simply the Christian message, the gospel: Lk 5:1; 8:11, 21; 11:28 (Simplicius in Epict. p. 1, 20 μὴ μόνον ἀκουόντων ἀλλὰ πασχόντων καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν λόγων=let the message have its effect on oneself); Ac 6:2 (s. καταλείπω 7c; for prob. commercial metaph. s. 2a below); 13:44 v.l. (for κυρίου); 16:32 v.l.; 1 Cor 14:36; 2 Cor 2:17; 4:2; Col 1:25; 1 Pt 1:23; Rv 1:9; 6:9; 20:4; IPhld 11:1. Cp. 1 Th 2:13ab; 1J 2:5.—Since this ‘divine word’ is brought to humanity through Christ, his word can be used in the same sense: ὁ λόγος μου J 5:24; cp. 8:31, 37, 43, 51f; 12:48; 14:23f; 15:3, 20b; Rv 3:8. ὁ λόγος τοῦ Χριστοῦ Col 3:16; cp. Hb 6:1. ὁ λ. τοῦ κυρίου Ac 8:25; 12:24 v.l.; 13:44, 48f; 14:25 v.l.; 15:35, 36; 16:32 (cp. λ. θεοῦ); 19:10; 1 Th 1:8; 2 Th 3:1. Pl. Mk 8:38 (Lk 9:26); 1 Ti 6:3; cp. Lk 24:44; s. also 1aδ.—Or it is called simply ὁ λόγος=the ‘Word’, for no misunderstanding would be possible among Christians: Mt 13:20–23; Mk 2:2; 4:14–20, 33; 8:32 (s. 1aε below); 16:20; Lk 1:2; 8:12f, 15; Ac 6:4; 8:4; 10:36 (on the syntax s. FNeirynck, ETL 60, ’84, 118–23); 11:19; 14:25 (cp. λ. κυρίου above); 16:6; 17:11; 18:5; Gal 6:6; Phil 1:14; Col 4:3; 1 Th 1:6; 2 Ti 4:2; Js 1:21ff; 1 Pt 2:8; 3:1; 1J 2:7; AcPl Ha 7, 6 (so also Mel., HE 4, 26, 13; Ath. 2, 3).—Somet. the ‘Word’ is more closely defined by a gen.: ὁ λ. τῆς βασιλείας the word of the reign/rule (of God) Mt 13:19. τῆς σωτηρίας Ac 13:26. τῆς καταλλαγῆς 2 Cor 5:19. τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 Cor 1:18. δικαιοσύνης (q.v. 3a) Hb 5:13. ζωῆς Phil 2:16. (τῆς) ἀληθείας (Theoph. Ant. 3, 4 [p. 212, 2]; cp. περὶ ἀληθείας Hippol., Ref. 10, 6, 1) Eph 1:13; Col 1:5; 2 Ti 2:15; Js 1:18; AcPl Ha 8, 8 (Just., D. 121, 2). τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ (=τοῦ κυρίου) Ac 14:3; 20:32. (Differently the pl. οἱ λόγοι τ. χάριτος gracious words Lk 4:22; cp. Marcellinus, Vi. Thu. 57 Hude λόγοι εἰρωνείας.) ὁ λ. τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ac 15:7; ὁ τοῦ Χριστιανισμοῦ λ. MPol 10:1. In Rv 3:10 the gospel is described by the ‘One who has the key of David’ as ὁ λ. τῆς ὑπομονῆς μου my word of endurance (W-S. §30, 12c). λ. τῶν ὑ[πο]μονῶν AcPl Ha 6, 11. παρελάβετε τὸν λ. ὅτι AcPl Ha 8, 25.—The pastoral letters favor the expr. πιστὸς ὁ λόγος (sc. ἐστίν, and s. πιστός 1b) 1 Ti 1:15; 3:1; 4:9; 2 Ti 2:11; Tit 3:8; cp. Rv 21:5; 22:6. λ. ὑγιής sound preaching Tit 2:8; cp. the pl. ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι 2 Ti 1:13 (on medicinal use of words for the mind or soul s. VLeinieks, The City of Dionysos ’96, 115–22, on Eur.).—The pl. is also used gener. of Christian teachings, the words of the gospel Lk 1:4 (s. κατηχέω 2a); 1 Th 4:18. οἱ λ. τῆς πίστεως 1 Ti 4:6. On λόγοι κυριακοί for λόγια κυριακά in the title of the Papias document s. ἐξήγησις 2.—JSchniewind, Die Begriffe Wort und Evangelium bei Pls, diss. Bonn 1910; RAsting (εὐαγγέλιον, end).
    γ. of an individual declaration or remark: assertion, declaration, speech ἀκούσαντες τὸν λ. when they heard the statement Mt 15:12; cp. 19:11, 22; 22:15; Mk 5:36. διὰ τοῦτον τὸν λ. because of this statement of yours 7:29 (TestAbr A 15 p. 95, 29 [Stone p. 38] τὸν λ. τοῦτον; ApcMos 25 εἰς τὸν λόγον σου κρινῶ σε). Cp. 10:22; 12:13; Lk 1:29; 22:61 v.l. (for ῥήματος); J 4:39, 50; 6:60; 7:36, 40 v.l.; 15:20a; 18:9; 19:8; Ac 6:5; 7:29; 20:38; 22:22; 1 Th 4:15. ὸ̔ς ἐὰν εἴπῃ λόγον κατὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου whoever utters a (defamatory) word against the Son of Humanity Mt 12:32 (λ. εἰπεῖν κατά τινος as Jos., Ant. 15, 81); cp. Lk 12:10. λόγος σαπρός unwholesome talk Eph 4:29. λόγον ποιεῖσθαι make a speech Ac 11:2 D (cp. Hyperid. 3, 20; Jos., Ant. 11, 86).
    δ. the pl. (οἱ) λόγοι is used, on the one hand, of words uttered on various occasions, of speeches or instruction given here and there by humans or transcendent beings (TestAbr A 14 p. 94, 19 [Stone p. 36]; Jos., Ant. 4, 264; Just., D. 100, 3) ἐκ τῶν λόγων σου δικαιωθήσῃ (καταδικασθήσῃ) Mt 12:37ab; 24:35; Mk 13:31; Lk 21:33; Ac 2:40; 7:22 (ἐν λόγοις καὶ ἔργοις αὐτοῦ. On the word-deed pair cp. Dio Chrys. 4, 6 the λόγοι and ἔργα of Diogenes; s. α above). οἱ δέκα λόγοι the ten commandments (Ex 34:28; Dt 10:4; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 168, Decal. 32; Jos., Ant. 3, 138; cp. 91f; Did., Gen. 36, 10) B 15:1. Ac 15:24; 20:35; 1 Cor 2:4b, 13; 14:19ab; κενοὶ λ. Eph 5:6; AcPl Ox 6, 13 (cp. Aa 1, 241, 14); Dg 8:2; πλαστοὶ λ. 2 Pt 2:3. λ. πονηροί 3J 10.—Also of words and exprs. that form a unity, whether it be connected discourse (Jos., Ant. 15, 126; Just., A II, 12, 6, D. 11, 5; 81, 3 al.), a conversation, or parts of one and the same teaching, or expositions on the same subject (Diod S 16, 2, 3 μετέσχε τῶν Πυθαγορίων λόγων; Dio Chrys. 37 [54], 1; Ael. Aristid. 50, 55 K.=26 p. 519 D.: οἱ Πλάτωνος λόγοι; PsSol 17:43 [words of the Messiah]; AscIs 3:12 οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Βελχειρά) πᾶς ὅστις ἀκούει μου τοὺς λόγους τούτους Mt 7:24; cp. vss. 26, 28; 10:14; 19:1; 26:1; Mk 10:24; Lk 1:20; 6:47; 9:28, 44. ἐπηρώτα αὐτὸν ἐν λόγοις ἱκανοῖς he questioned him at some length 23:9. τίνες οἱ λ. οὗτοι οὓς ἀντιβάλλετε; what is this conversation that you are holding? 24:17; J 7:40 (s. γ); 10:19; J 14:24a; 19:13; Ac 2:22; 5:5, 24; 16:36; 2 Ti 4:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 46:7. λόγοις φθοριμαίοις AcPlCor 1:2.
    ε. the subject under discussion, matter, thing gener. (Theognis 1055 Diehl; Hdt. 8, 65 μηδενὶ ἄλλῳ τὸν λόγον τοῦτον εἴπῃς. Cp. Hebr. דָּבָר) τὸν λ. ἐκράτησαν they took up the subject Mk 9:10; cp. Mt. 21:24 (s. 1aβ beg.). οὐκ ἔστιν σοι μερὶς ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ you have no share in this matter Ac 8:21. ἰδεῖν περὶ τ. λόγου τούτου look into this matter 15:6. ἔχειν πρός τινα λόγον have a complaint against someone (cp. Demosth. 35, 55 ἐμοὶ πρὸς τούτους ὁ λόγος; PIand 16, 3 δίκαιον λόγον ἔχει πρὸς σέ) 19:38. παρεκτὸς λόγου πορνείας Mt 5:32; 19:9 v.l. (2d is also prob.).—Perh. also Mk 8:32 he discussed the subject quite freely (but s. 1aβ above).
    ⓑ of literary or oratorical productions: of the separate books of a work (Hdt. 5, 36 ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τ. λόγων; Pla., Parmen. 2, 127d ὁ πρῶτος λόγος; Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 1 ὁ μὲν πρότερος λόγος ἦν ἡμῖν, ὦ Θεόδοτε, περὶ τοῦ …) treatise Ac 1:1 (s. on the prologue to Ac: AHilgenfeld, ZWT 41, 1898, 619ff; AGercke, Her 29, 1894, 373ff; RLaqueur, Her 46, 1911, 161ff; Norden, Agn. Th. 311ff; JCreed, JTS 35, ’34, 176–82; Goodsp., Probs. 119–21). Παπίας … πέντε λόγους κυριακῶν λογίων ἔγραψεν Papias (11:1; cp. 3:1 e; 11:2; 12:2).—περὶ οὗ πολὺς ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος about this we have much to say Hb 5:11. Hb is described as ὁ λ. τῆς παρακλήσεως a word of exhortation (in literary form) 13:22. Of writings that are part of Holy Scripture ὁ λ. Ἠσαί̈ου J 12:38. ὁ λ. ὁ ἐν τῷ νόμῳ γεγραμμένος 15:25; ὁ προφητικὸς λ. 2 Pt 1:19; 2 Cl 11:2 (quot. of unknown orig.); AcPl Ha 8, 27/BMM recto 35 (Just., D. 77, 2 al.). ὁ ἅγιος λ. the holy word 1 Cl 56:3. ὁ λ. ὁ γεγραμμένος 1 Cor 15:54 (Is 25:8 and Hos 13:14 follow). Pl. οἱ λόγοι τ. προφητῶν Ac 15:15. ὡς γέγραπται ἐν βίβλῳ λόγων Ἠσαί̈ου Lk 3:4 (Pla., 7th Epistle 335a πείθεσθαι ἀεὶ χρὴ τοῖς παλαιοῖς καὶ ἱεροῖς λόγοις; TestJob 1:1 βίβλος λόγων Ἰώβ; ParJer 9:32 v.l. τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ἱερεμίου; ApcEsdr 1:1 καὶ ἀποκάλυψις τοῦ … Ἐσδράμ; ApcSed prol.; Just., D. 72, 3f).—Of the content of Rv: ὁ ἀναγινώσκων τ. λόγους τῆς προφητείας 1:3. οἱ λόγοι (τ. προφητείας) τ. βιβλίου τούτου 22:7, 9f, 18f.
    ② computation, reckoning
    ⓐ a formal accounting, esp. of one’s actions, and freq. with fig. extension of commercial terminology account, accounts, reckoning λόγον δοῦναι (Hdt. 8, 100; X., Cyr. 1, 4, 3; Diod S 3, 46, 4; SIG 1099, 16; BGU 164, 21; Jos., Ant. 16, 120; Just., D. 115, 6) give account, make an accounting ἕκαστος περὶ ἑαυτοῦ λόγον δώσει τ. θεῷ Ro 14:12. Also λ. ἀποδοῦναι abs. (Just., D. 116, 1 al.; Diod S 16, 56, 4; 19, 9, 4) Hb 13:17. τινί to someone (Diod S 16, 27, 4; Plut., Alcib. 7, 3; Chariton 7, 6, 2; SIG 631, 13 τᾷ πόλει; 2 Ch 34:28; Da 6:3 Theod.; Jos., Bell. 1, 209) τῷ ἑτοίμως ἔχοντι κρῖναι 1 Pt 4:5. τινὸς of someth. (SIG 1044, 46; 1105, 10 τοῦ ἀναλώματος; Jos., Ant. 19, 307) Lk 16:2 (here λ. w. the art.; on the subject of undergoing an audit cp. Aeschin. 3, 22). Likew. περί τινος (Diod S 18, 60, 2 δοὺς αὑτῷ περὶ τούτων λόγον=taking account [considering] with himself; BGU 98, 25 περὶ τούτου) Mt 12:36; Ac 19:40. ὑπέρ τινος concerning someone Hv 3, 9, 10.—αἰτεῖν τινα λόγον περί τινος call someone to account for someth. 1 Pt 3:15 (cp. Pla., Pol. 285e; Dio Chrys. 20 [37], 30; Apc4Esdr Fgm. b ἕκαστος ὑπὸ τοῦ οἰκείου ἔργου τὸν λόγον ἀπαιτηθήσεται; Just., A I, 17, 4. For another perspective s. d below.).—Of banking responsibility ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (PStras 72, 10 [III A.D.] ὁ τῶν θεῶν λ.; PHerm 108 [III A.D.] λ. τοῦ Σαραπείου) in wordplay Ac 6:2 (w. τράπεζα q.v. 1c); s. also 1aβ.—Of a ledger heading (POxy 1333 [II/III A.D.] δὸς αὐτῳ λόγῳ θεωρικῶν=credit him under ‘festivals’; for others s. Preisig., Wörterbuch s.v. λ. 14; s. also Fachwörter 119) Ro 9:6 (the point is that God’s ‘list’ of Israelites is accurate; on ἐκπίπτω in the sense ‘is not deficient’ s. s.v. 4); vs. 9 (the ‘count’ is subsumed by metonymy in divine promise); Gal 5:14 (all moral obligations come under one ‘entry’: ‘you shall love your neighbor as yourself’; for commercial association of ἀναλίσκω vs. 15, which rounds out the wordplay, s. s.v.). The contexts of these three passages suggest strong probability for commercial associations; for another view s. 1aβ.
    ⓑ settlement (of an account) (εἰς λόγον commercial t.t. ‘in settlement of an account’ POxy 275, 19; 21) εἰς λόγον δόσεως κ. λήμψεως in settlement of a mutual account (lit., ‘of giving and receiving’, ‘of debit and credit’) Phil 4:15 (cp. Plut., Mor. 11b λόγον δοῦναι καὶ λαβεῖν; a parallel formulation POxy 1134,10 [421 A.D.] λ. λήμματος καὶ ἐξοδιασμοῦ=ledger of income and expenditures); for the linked accounting terms δόσις and λήμψις s. PCairMasp 151, 208 [VI A.D.]. The same ideas are in the background of εἰς λόγον ὑμῶν credited to your account vs 17.—συναίρειν λόγον settle accounts (BGU 775, 18f. The mid. in the same mng. PFay109, 6 [I A.D.]; POxy 113, 27f.—Dssm., LO 94 [LAE 118f]) μετά τινος Mt 18:23; 25:19.
    ⓒ reflection, respect, regard εἰς λόγον τινός with regard to, for the sake of (Thu. 3, 46, 4; Demosth. 19, 142 εἰς ἀρετῆς λόγον; Polyb. 11, 28, 8; Ath. 31, 1; Ael. Aristid. 39 p. 743 D.: εἰς δεινότητος λ.) εἰς λ. τιμῆς IPhld 11:2. εἰς λ. θεοῦ ISm 10:1.
    ⓓ reason for or cause of someth., reason, ground, motive (Just., D. 94, 3 δότε μοι λόγον, ὅτου χάριν … ; Ath. 30, 3 τὶς γὰρ … λόγος; Dio Chrys. 64 [14], 18 ἐκ τούτου τ. λόγου; Appian, Hann. 29 §126 τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 28, 155) τίνι λόγω; for what reason? Ac 10:29 (cp. Pla., Gorg. 512c τίνι δικαίῳ λ.; Appian, Mithrid. 57 §232 τίνι λόγῳ;). λόγον περὶ τῆς ἐν ὑμῖν ἐλπίδος 1 Pt 3:15 (but s. a above); κατὰ λόγον Ac 18:14 (s. κατά B 5bβ). παρεκτὸς λόγου πορνείας Mt 5:32; 19:9 v.l. (though 1aε is also poss.).
    ⓔ πρὸς ὸ̔ν ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος (ἐστίν) with whom we have to do (i.e. to reckon) (Dio Chrys. 31, 123; other exx. in FBleek, Hb II/1, 1836, 590ff), in his capacity as judge (Libanius, Legat. Ulixis [=Declamatio IV] 2 F. τοῖς δὲ ἀδίκως ἀποκτενοῦσι καὶ πρὸς θεοὺς καὶ πρὸς ἀνθρώπους ὁ λόγος γίγνεται) Hb 4:13. οὐ πρὸς σάρκα ὁ λόγος, ἀλλὰ πρὸς θεόν he has to do not with flesh, but with God IMg 3:2.
    ⓕ In Col 2:23 (s. 1aβ) λόγον μὲν ἔχοντα σοφίας may= make a case for wisdom (cp. λόγος ἡμῖν οὐδείς Plut., Mor. 870b).
    ③ the independent personified expression of God, the Logos. Our lit. shows traces of a way of thinking that was widespread in contemporary syncretism, as well as in Jewish wisdom lit. and Philo, the most prominent feature of which is the concept of the Logos, the independent, personified ‘Word’ (of God): GJs 11:2 (word of the angel to Mary) συνλήμψῃ ἐκ Λόγου αὐτοῦ (sc. τοῦ πάντων Δεσπότου). J 1:1abc, 14 (cp. Just., A I, 23, 2; Mel., P. 9, 61 and oft. by all apolog., exc.. Ar.). It is the distinctive teaching of the Fourth Gospel that this divine ‘Word’ took on human form in a historical person, that is, in Jesus (s. RSeeberg, Festgabe für AvHarnack ’21, 263–81.—Λόγος w. ζωή in gnostic speculation: Iren.1, 1, 1 [Harv. 1, 10, 4]; Aelian, VH 4, 20 ἐκάλουν τὸν Πρωταγόραν Λόγον. Similarly Favorinus [II A.D.]: Vorsokr. 80 A 1 ln. 22 [in Diog. L. 9, 50] of Democritus: ἐκαλεῖτο Σοφία. Equating a divinity with an abstraction that she personifies: Artem. 5, 18 φρόνησις εἶναι νομίζεται ἡ θεός [Athena]). Cp. 1J 1:1; Rv 19:13. εἷς θεός ἐστιν, ὁ φανερώσας ἑαυτὸν διὰ Ἰ. Χριστοῦ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ, ὅς ἐστιν αὐτοῦ λόγος, ἀπὸ σιγῆς προελθών there is one God, who has revealed himself through Jesus Christ his Son, who is his ‘Word’ proceeding from silence (i.e., without an oral pronouncement: in a transcendent manner) IMg 8:2 (s. σιγή). The Lord as νόμος κ. λόγος PtK 1. Cp. Dg 11:2, 3, 7, 8; 12:9.—HClavier, TManson memorial vol., ’59, 81–93: the Alexandrian eternal λόγος is also implied in Hb 4:12; 13:7.—S. also the ‘Comma Johanneum’ (to the bibliography in RGG3 I, ’54 [HGreeven] add AJülicher, GGA 1905, 930–35; AvHarnack, SBBerlAk 1915, 572f [=Studien I ’31, 151f]; MMeinertz, Einl. in d. NT4 ’33, 309–11; AGreiff, TQ 114, ’33, 465–80; CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46; WThiele, ZNW 50, ’59, 61–73) ὁ πατήρ, ὁ λόγος καὶ τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα 1J 5:7 v.l. (s. N. app.; Borger, TRu 52, ’87, 57f). (Such interpolations were not unheard of. According to Diog. L. 1, 48 some people maintain that Solon inserted the verse mentioning the Athenians after Il. 2, 557.—τῆς τριάδος, τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ λόγου αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς σοφίας αὐτοῦ Theoph. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 19].)—On the Logos: EZeller, D. Philosophie der Griechen III 24 1903, 417–34; MHeinze, D. Lehre v. Logos in d. griech. Philosophie 1872; PWendland, Philo u. d. kynisch-stoische Diatribe (Beiträge z. Gesch. der griech. Philosophie u. Religion by Wendl. and OKern 1895, 1–75); AAall, Gesch. d. Logosidee 1896, 1899; MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48f, I 482; 490 (index); LDürr, D. Wertung des göttl. Wortes im AT u. im ant. Orient ’38 (§9 of the Joh. Logos); EBréhier, Les idées philosophiques et religieuses de Philon d’Alexandrie 1907, 83–111; (2 ’25); JLebreton, Les théories du Logos au début de l’ère chrétienne 1907; ESchwartz, NGG 1908, 537–56; GVos, The Range of the Logos-Title in the Prologue of the Fourth Gospel: PTR 11, 1913, 365–419; 557–602; RHarris, The Origin of the Prologue to St. John’s Gospel 1917, Athena, Sophia and the Logos: BJRL 7, 1, 1922 p. 56–72; M-JLagrange, Vers le Logos de S. Jean: RB 32, 1923, 161–84, Le Logos de Philon: ibid. 321–71; HLeisegang, Logos: Pauly-W. XIII 1926, 1035–81; TGlasson, Heraclitus’ Alleged Logos Doctr., JTS 3, ’52, 231–38.—NWeinstein, Z. Genesis d. Agada 1901, 29–90; Billerb. II 302–33.—Rtzst., Zwei religionsgeschichtl. Fragen 1901, 47–132, Mysterienrel.3 1927, 428 index; WBousset, Kyrios Christos2 1921, 304ff; 316f; JKroll, D. Lehren d. Hermes Trismegistos1914, 418 index.—RBultmann, D. religionsgesch. Hintergrund des Prol. z. Joh.: HGunkel Festschr., 1923, II 1–26, Comm. ’41, 5ff; AAlexander, The Johannine Doctrine of the Logos: ET 36, 1925, 394–99; 467–72; (Rtzst. and) HSchaeder, Studien z. antiken Synkretismus 1926, 306–37; 350; GAvdBerghvanEysinga, In den beginne was de Logos: NThT 23, ’34, 105–23; JDillersberger, Das Wort von Logos ’35; RBury, The 4th Gosp. and the Logos-Doctrine ’40; EMay, CBQ 8, ’46, 438–47; GKnight, From Moses to Paul ’49, 120–29. TW IV 76–89; 126–40 (on this s. SLyonnet, Biblica 26, ’45, 126–31); CStange, ZST 21, ’50, 120–41; MBoismard, Le Prologue de St. Jean ’53; HLangkammer, BZ 9, ’65, 91–94; HRinggren, Word and Wisdom [hypostatization in Near East] ’47; WEltester, Haenchen Festschr., ’64, 109–34; HWeiss, Untersuchungen zur Kosmologie etc., TU 97, ’66, 216–82; MRissi, Die Logoslieder im Prolog des vierten Evangeliums, TZ 31, ’75, 321–36; HLausberg, NAWG, Ph. ’87, 1 pp. 1–7.—B. 1262. DELG s.v. λέγω B 1. M-M. EDNT. TW.

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