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1 hostis
hostis, is, c., (got. gasts, ahd. gast, Fremdling, Gast), I) der Fremde, Fremdling, Ausländer (= peregrinus, Ggstz. civis, s. Varro LL. 5, 3. Cic. de off. 1, 37. Macr. sat. 1, 16, 14), Plaut. trin. 102; Curc. 5. Hor. ep. 1, 15, 29. Ambros. de off. 1, 29, 141. – II) insbes., ein kriegführender Fremder = der Feind im Felde und Kriege, griech. πολέμιος, (Ggstz. pacatus), sowie der offene Feind des Vaterlandes übh. (Ggstz. civis; dagegen inimicus = der Feind von Gesinnung, εχθρός, Ggstz. amicus; adversarius = der Gegner, Widersacher übh., ἀνταγωνιστής, A) eig.: socii atque hostes, Sall.: cives hostesque, Liv.: hostes atque cives permixti, Sall.: pacatus an hostis sit, Cic.: maritimus ille et navalis hostis, der zur See u. zu Schiffe kommt, Cic.: cives, hostes iuxta metuere, Sall.: impransus non qui civem dignosceret hoste, Hor.: Pompeius saepius cum hoste conflixit, quam quisquam cum inimico concertavit, Cic.: omnes nos statuit ille non inimicos, sed hostes, Cic.: vicimus perfidos hospites, imbelles hostes, Liv.: se, cum primum posset, hostem fore populo Romano, als Feind auftreten gegen usw., Liv.: Hannibal natus adversus Romanos hostis, Liv.: hostem alqm iudicare, für einen Feind (des Vaterlandes) erklären, Cic.: Sing. kollekt., obsessus multo hoste locus, Sen ad Marc. 9, 3. – fem., capta hostis, feindliche Gefangene, Liv. 30, 14, 2: ille uxorem, tu hostem luges, Curt. 4, 11 (45), 4. – poet., vom Steine im Brettspiele, Ov. art. am. 2, 208. – B) übtr. = ein offener, tätlich verfahrender, erbitterter Feind in Privatverhältnissen, 1) im allg.: h. omnium hominum, Cic.: h. omnium bonorum, Sall. fr.: m. Dat., dis hominibusque hostis, Cic. (mehr Beisp. s. Drak. Liv. 41, 16 extr.). – als fem., Ov. her. 6, 82; art. am. 2, 461. – v. Tieren, genitus hostis pecoris, v. Löwen, Catull.: rhinoceros hostis elephanto, Plin.: v. Abstrakten, licentia studiorum perniciosissima hostis, Feindin, Quint. 2, 2, 10: si facultatem dicendi hostem veritatis invenerit, Quint. 12, 1, 2. – 2) insbes.: a) ein Feind in der Liebe = der Nebenbuhler, Prop. u. Ov. – b) vor Gericht = der Gegner (= adversarius), Plaut. Curc. 5. – / Archaist. Form fostis, Paul. ex Fest. 84, 5.
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2 hostis
hostis, is, c., (got. gasts, ahd. gast, Fremdling, Gast), I) der Fremde, Fremdling, Ausländer (= peregrinus, Ggstz. civis, s. Varro LL. 5, 3. Cic. de off. 1, 37. Macr. sat. 1, 16, 14), Plaut. trin. 102; Curc. 5. Hor. ep. 1, 15, 29. Ambros. de off. 1, 29, 141. – II) insbes., ein kriegführender Fremder = der Feind im Felde und Kriege, griech. πολέμιος, (Ggstz. pacatus), sowie der offene Feind des Vaterlandes übh. (Ggstz. civis; dagegen inimicus = der Feind von Gesinnung, εχθρός, Ggstz. amicus; adversarius = der Gegner, Widersacher übh., ἀνταγωνιστής, A) eig.: socii atque hostes, Sall.: cives hostesque, Liv.: hostes atque cives permixti, Sall.: pacatus an hostis sit, Cic.: maritimus ille et navalis hostis, der zur See u. zu Schiffe kommt, Cic.: cives, hostes iuxta metuere, Sall.: impransus non qui civem dignosceret hoste, Hor.: Pompeius saepius cum hoste conflixit, quam quisquam cum inimico concertavit, Cic.: omnes nos statuit ille non inimicos, sed hostes, Cic.: vicimus perfidos hospites, imbelles hostes, Liv.: se, cum primum posset, hostem fore populo Romano, als Feind auftreten gegen usw., Liv.: Hannibal natus adversus Romanos hostis, Liv.: hostem alqm iudicare, für einen Feind (des Vaterlandes) erklären, Cic.: Sing. kollekt., obsessus multo hoste locus, Sen ad Marc. 9, 3. – fem., capta hostis, feindliche Gefangene, Liv.————30, 14, 2: ille uxorem, tu hostem luges, Curt. 4, 11 (45), 4. – poet., vom Steine im Brettspiele, Ov. art. am. 2, 208. – B) übtr. = ein offener, tätlich verfahrender, erbitterter Feind in Privatverhältnissen, 1) im allg.: h. omnium hominum, Cic.: h. omnium bonorum, Sall. fr.: m. Dat., dis hominibusque hostis, Cic. (mehr Beisp. s. Drak. Liv. 41, 16 extr.). – als fem., Ov. her. 6, 82; art. am. 2, 461. – v. Tieren, genitus hostis pecoris, v. Löwen, Catull.: rhinoceros hostis elephanto, Plin.: v. Abstrakten, licentia studiorum perniciosissima hostis, Feindin, Quint. 2, 2, 10: si facultatem dicendi hostem veritatis invenerit, Quint. 12, 1, 2. – 2) insbes.: a) ein Feind in der Liebe = der Nebenbuhler, Prop. u. Ov. – b) vor Gericht = der Gegner (= adversarius), Plaut. Curc. 5. – ⇒ Archaist. Form fostis, Paul. ex Fest. 84, 5. -
3 GESTR
(-s, -ir), m.1) guest;* * *m., gen. gests; pl. gestir, acc. gesti; [Ulf. gasts = ξένος; A. S. gest; Engl. guest; Germ. gast; Dan. gjæst; Swed. gäst; Lat. hostis]:I. a guest; the original meaning of this word is a stranger, alien, cp. Lat. hostis.β. the Guests, one division of the king’s men; the Guests were a kind of policemen, and had not the full privileges of the king’s guardsmen or hirðmenn, although they were in the king’s pay; they had their own seats in the king’s hall, the guests’ bench, gesta-bekkr, m., Fb. i. 347; their own chief, gesta-höfðingi, a, m., Nj. 7, Hkr. ii. 69, Fms. vii. 35; their own banner, gesta-merki, n., Fms. ix. 489; their own meeting, gesta-stefna, u, f., Fms. viii. 250; they formed a separate body, gesta-sveit, f., Fas. i. 318; skulu þar fylgja hirðmenn ok gestir, Ó. H. 204, in the battle at Stiklastað: a guests’ hall, gesta-skáli, a, m., is mentioned in Eg. 28, Fas. ii. 93: a ship, gesta-skip ( gesta-fley), n., Fms. viii. 139; cp. the Sagas passim, esp. the Konunga Sögur, Fms. x. 147, Hkr. passim, but esp. N. G. L. in the section Hirðs-skrá, or the law ( rules) for the king’s men, and Sks. 257 sqq. As the gestir were lower in rank than the hirðmenn, a recruit had often to serve his apprenticeship among them, e. g. var hann í gestasæti, he was seated among the guests, i. e. was held in small repute, Fas. i. 51.II. a stranger, guest, Lat. hospes, but keeping the old notion of a stranger, prop. an accidental guest, chance comer, and is distinguished from boðs-maðr, an invited guest, or the like; hence the allit. phrase, gestr ok gangandi, a guest and ganger, since with the ancients the poor had to go from house to house (cp. gangleri); this is to be borne in mind, if one would understand old sayings such as, Guð elr gesti, God feeds guests, Bs. i. 247; or many passages in the old heathen poem Hávamál, e. g. órir gestr við gest, guest quarrels with guest, Hm. 31; gestr at gest hæðinn, guest mocking guest, 30, which reminds one of Hom. Od. xviii. 1–33; gest þú né geyja né á grind hrekir (scoff not at a guest, nor drive him to the door), get þú váluðum vel, Hm. 136, where gestr ( a guest) and válaðr ( a vagrant) are used synonymously; ganga skal, skala gestr vera æ í einum stað, 34. In olden times there were no public hostelries, and all entertainment was (as it still is in Icel.) private bounty; a fine instance of a munificent hostess of the heathen age is recorded in Landn.,—Geirríðr sparði ekki mat við menn, ok lét göra skála sinn of þjóðbraut þvera, hón sat á stóli ok laðaði úti gesti, en borð stóð inni jafnan ok matr á, 2. 13. After the introduction of Christianity, when churches were built and endowments given, the donors often imposed the duty of ‘feeding guest and ganger for a night’ (ala gest ok ganganda), Dipl. i. 169, 174; or, þar er ekki gesta eldi skylt ( it is not required to feed guests), ala hvern at ósekju er vill, 200; ala þurfa-menn ok þá er fara skylda-erinda, 201, cp. 273 passim:—gener. a visitor, guest: gesta-eldi, n. shelter for guests, D. I. (vide above): gesta-fluga, u, f. a guest-fly, a moth, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 558: gesta-herbergi, n. a ‘guest-harbour,’ hostel, inn, Gr. καταλύμα, Luke ii. 7: gesta-hús, n. a guest-room, Sturl. i. 216, ii. 191: gesta-koma, u, f., gesta-nauð, n. a coming, crowding of guests: gesta-maðr, m. a guest-man (bishops had a special servant so called), Bs. i. 850, 876: gesta-rúm, n. a guest-bed: gesta-skáli, a, m. a guest-chamber, Hom. 36: gesta-spjót, n. pl., a cat is said to raise the ‘guest-spears’ when it lies on its back and cleans itself with its hind legs, which is a token that a stranger is at hand, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 558.III. as pr. names, Landn., freq.; also in compds, Þor-gestr, Heim-gestr, Goð-gestr, Hleva-gastir on the Golden horn (Bugge’s reading), and Gr. Ξενο-φών, Ξενο-φάνης. Gestr is a name of Odin = the Traveller, Edda, Vþm., Gm., Hervar. S. ch. 15 (Gestum-blindi). It is curious to notice that whereas with the Romans hostis came to mean a foe, with the Teutons (as with the Gr. ξένος) the equivalent word became a term of friendship, used of a friend staying at one’s house. -
4 Gast
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5 gestr
m. propr.Гест ( мужское имя)* * *с. м. р. - i- гостьрун. gastiʀ чужеземец, г. gasts, д-а. giest, д-в-н. gast -
6 gȏstь
gȏstь Grammatical information: m. i Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `guest'Page in Trubačev: VII 67-68Old Church Slavic:Russian:Ukrainian:Czech:Slovak:Polish:gość `guest' [m i]Serbo-Croatian:gȏst `guest' [m o], gȍsta [Gens]Slovene:gọ̑st `guest' [m o/u], gostȗ [Gens], gósta [Gens]Bulgarian:Indo-European reconstruction: gʰost-i-Certainty: -Page in Pokorny: 453Other cognates: -
7 ξένος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `foreigner, guest, guestfriend, host' (Il.), `mercenary, soldier' (ξ 102, Att.); ξένη (scil. γυνή, γῆ) f. `the foreign, foreign country' (trag., X.); adj. `foreign' (posthom.).Other forms: ep. Ion. poet. ξεῖνος, Dor. ξένϜος (in Cor. ΞενϜοκλῆς, Corc. El. ΞενϜάρης), ξῆνος (Cyr. Φιλόξηνος), (hyper)Aeol. ξέννος (Hdn.; vgl. Schwyzer 228), (?),Compounds: Many compp., e.g. ξενο-, ξεινο-δόκος m. `receiving foreigners, guests, host' (Il.), φιλό-ξε(ι)νος `loving guests, hospitable' (Od.; on the verbal function of the 1. element Schwyzer 442), πρόξενος, Corc. πρόξενϜος m. `deputy guest, state guest' (posthom.; Risch IF 59, 38 f.); on Εὔξεινος ( πόντος) s. v.Derivatives: A. Adj. 1. ξένιος, ξείνιος `regarding the foreigner', τὰ ξε(ί)νια `gust-gifts (Il.; Myc. kesenuwija); 2. younger ξε(ι)νικός `id.' (IA.; Chantraine Études, s. Index) ; 3. ξεινήϊος in τὰ ξεινήϊα ( τὸ ξ-ον) = τὰ ξείνια (Hom.), after πρεσβήϊα (Risch ̨ 46); 4. ξενόεις `full of foreigners' (E. in lyr.). B. Subst. 1. ξε(ι)νίη, - ία f. `guest-friendship, guest-right' (since ω); 2. ξεινοσύνη f. `hospitality' (φ 35; Porzig Satzinhalte 226, Wyss - συνη 26); 3. ξενών, - ῶνος m. `guest-room, -house' (E., Pl.; cf. H.Bolkestein Ξενών [MAWNeth. 84 B: 3] 1937); ξενῶνες οἱ ἀνδρῶνες ὑπὸ Φρυγῶν H.; after Pisani AnFilCl 6, 211ff. to the family of χθών(?); 4. ξενίς, - ίδος f. `road leading into foreign countries' (Delph. IIa); 5. ξενίδιον n. `small guesthous' (pap. IIIp); 6. ξεν-ύδριον (Men.), - ύλλιον (Plu.) depreciatory dimin. of ξένος (Chantraine Form. 73 f.). C. Verbs. 1. ξε(ι)νίζω `receive guestly, hospitalize' (Il.), also `wonder' (hell.) with ξένισις f. `hospitality' (Th.), ξενισμός m. `id.' (Pl., inscr., Luc.), also `wonder, innovation' (Plb., D. S., Dsc.); ξενιστής m. `host' (sch.). 2. ξε(ι)νόομαι `accept s.body as a guest' (Pi., IA.), also `live in foreign country, go in..' (S., E.), - όω `embessle' (Hld.); ξένωσις f. `residence abroad' (E. HF 965; cf. v. Wilamowitz ad loc.). 3. ξενιτεύομαι `serve as soldier abroad' (Isoc., Antiph.), -ω `live abroad' (Timae. Hist., J.); after πολιτεύομαι, -ω: πολίτης: πόλις (Georgacas Glotta 36, 173); ξενιτ-εία f. `mercenary, live abroad' (Democr., LXX), - ευτής m. `who lives abroad' (VIp).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Isolated. The semantic agreement with the old word for `foreigner, guest' in Lat. hostis m. `foreigner, enemy', Germ., e.g. Goth. gasts `guest', OCS gostь `id.', IE * ghosti-s, led to attempts, to connect them also formally, which is possible omly with a mechanic and arbitrary analysis: *ξ-εν-Ϝος to a sero grade and nasalized present *ghs-en-u̯ō (Brugmann IF 1, 172ff.; s also Schwyzer 329 and Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73: 2, 30). Other explanations, also to be rejected, in Bq, WP. 1, 640f., W.-Hofmann s. hostis. -- Jokl (IF 37, 93, after Pedersen) wants to find a lengthened grade * ghsēn- in Alb. huai `foreign'. Very uncertein Newphryg. voc. ξευνε; on it with a Illyrian hypothesis v. Blumenthal Glotta 20, 288. Is it Pre-Greek?Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ξένος
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