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21 bonus
bŏnus (old form dŭonus, Carm. Sall. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 26 Mull.; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 67 Mull.), a, um, adj. [for duonus, cf. bellum, bis, and cf. root dvi-; hence deidô, deos], good; comp. melior, us [cf. Gr. mala, mallon], better; sup. optimus ( optumus, ante-class. and often class.) [root opof ops, opes; cf. copia, apiscor], best.I.Attributively.A.As adjunct of nouns denoting persons.1.Vir bonus.(α).A man morally good (kalos kagathos):(β).quoniam boni me viri pauperant, improbi alunt,
Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 60:omnibus virtutibus instructos et ornatos tum sapientes, tum viros bonos dicimus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 10, 28:ille vir bonus qui... intolerabili dolore lacerari potius quam aut officium prodat aut fidem,
id. Ac. 2, 8, 23:sive vir bonus est is qui prodest quibus potest, nocet nemini, certe istum virum bonum non facile reperimus,
id. Off. 3, 15, 64:qui se ita gerunt ut eorum probitas, fides, integritas, etc.... hos viros bonos... appellandos putemus,
id. Lael. 5, 19:non intellegunt se de callido homine loqui, non de bono viro,
id. Att. 7, 2, 4:ut quisque est vir optimus, ita difficillime esse alios improbos suspicatur,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 4, § 12:nec enim melior vir fuit Africano quisquam, nec clarior,
id. Lael. 2, 6; id. Leg. 1, 14, 41; 1, 18, 48; id. Planc. 4, 9; id. Par. 3, 1, 21; id. Marcell. 6, 20; id. Fam. 7, 21; id. Off. 2, 16, 57.—An honest man:(γ).justitia, ex qua viri boni nominantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 7, 21; 1, 44, 155; 2, 11, 39; 2, 12, 42; 2, 20, 71;3, 12, 50: cum is sponsionem fecisset ni vir bonus esset,
id. ib. 3, 19, 77:quoniam Demosthenes nec vir bonus esset, nec bene meritus de civitate,
id. Opt. Gen. 7, 20; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 40, 116.—A man of good standing in the community:(δ).id viri boni arbitratu deducetur,
Cato, R. R. 143; so id. ib. 149:tuam partem viri bono arbitratu... dari oportet,
Dig. 17, 1, [p. 244] 35;37, 6, 2, § 2: quem voles virum bonum nominato,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 55:vir bonus est... quo res sponsore, et quo causae teste tenentur,
Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 40.—Hence, ironically of wealthy men:praetores jus dicunt, aediles ludos parant, viri boni usuras perscribunt,
Cic. Att. 9, 12, 3.—Ironically of bad men:(ε).sed eccum lenonem Lycum, bonum virum,
Plaut. Poen. 5, 5, 52; Ter. Eun. 5, 3, 9; 4, 3, 18; id. Ad. 3, 4, 30:expectabam quinam isti viri boni testes hujus manifesto deprehensi veneni dicerentur,
Cic. Cael. 26, 63:nam socer ejus, vir multum bonus est,
id. Agr. 3, 3, 13;so especially in addresses (mostly comic.): age tu, illuc procede, bone vir!
Plaut. Capt. 5, 2, 1; id. Curc. 5, 2, 12; id. Ps. 4, 7, 48; id. Pers. 5, 2, 11; Ter. And. 3, 5, 10; 5, 2, 5; id. Ad. 4, 2, 17; id. Eun. 5, 2, 11:quid tu, vir optime? Ecquid habes quod dicas?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 104.—Sometimes boni viri = boni, in the sense of optimates (v. I. A. 3.):(ζ).bonis viris quid juris reliquit tribunatus C. Gracchi?
Cic. Leg. 3, 9, 20.—As a conventional courtesy:2.homines optimi non intellegunt, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 25:bone accusator,
id. Rosc. Am. 21, 58:sic illum amicum vocasti, quomodo omnes candidatos bonos viros dicimus,
gentlemen, Sen. Ep. 3, 1.—For bonus vir, a good husband, v. 3.; and for vir optimus, as a laudatory epithet, v. 5.—Boni homines (rare) = boni, better classes of society, v. II. A. 3:3.in foro infimo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14.—With nouns denoting persons in regard to their functions, offices, occupations, and qualities, denoting excellence:4.bonus consul,
Liv. 4, 40, 6; 22, 39, 2 (different: consules duos, bonos quidem, sed dumtaxat bonos, amisimus, consuls of good sentiments, almost = bad consuls, Cic. ad Brut. 1, 3, 4):boni tribuni plebis,
Cic. Phil. 1, 10, 25:bonus senator,
id. Prov. Cons. 15, 37:senator bonus,
id. Dom. 4, 8:bonus judex,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 15, § 34:bonus augur (ironically),
id. Phil. 2, 32, 80:bonus vates,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 27:bonus imperator,
Sall. C. 60, 4:bonus dux,
Quint. 12, 1, 43 (cf. trop.:naturam, optimam ducem,
the best guide, Cic. Sen. 2, 5):bonus miles,
Sall. C. 60, 4; Sen. Vit. Beat. 15, 5:bonus orator,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 10:optimus orator,
id. Opt. Gen. 1, 3:poeta bonus,
id. de Or. 1, 3, 11; 2, 46, 194; id. Fin. 1, 3, 10:scriptor bonus,
Quint. 10, 1, 104:bonus advocatus,
id. 5, 13, 10:bonus defensor,
id. 5, 13, 3:bonus altercator,
a good debater, id. 6, 4, 10:bonus praeceptor,
id. 5, 13, 44; 10, 5, 22:bonus gubernator,
Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 100:optimus opifex,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 133:sutor bonus,
id. ib. 1, 3, 125:actor optimus,
Cic. Sest. 57, 122:cantor optimus est modulator,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 130:melior gladiator,
Ov. Tr. 4, 6, 33: agricola (colonus, dominus) bonus, Cato, R. R. prooem.; Cic. Sen. 16, 56:bonus paterfamilias,
a thrifty head of the house, Nep. Att. 13, 1:bonus servus,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 58; id. Am. 2, 1, 46; id. Men. 5, 6, 1; Cic. Mil. 22, 58:dominus bonus,
Cato, R. R. 14:bonus custos,
Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 38.—Ironically, Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 57:filius bonus,
Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 9:patres,
Quint. 11, 3, 178:parens,
id. 6, prooem. 4: bonus (melior, optimus), viz. a good husband, Cic. Inv. 1, 31, 51 sq.; Liv. 1, 9, 15:uxor melior,
Cic. Inv. 1, 31, 52:amicus,
id. Fam. 2, 15, 3:amicus optimus,
Plaut. Cas. 3, 3, 18:optimus testis,
Cic. Fam. 7, 27, 2:auctor, in two senses,
good authority, id. Att. 5, 12, 3;and = bonus scriptor (post-class.),
Quint. 10, 1, 74.—Esp.:bonus civis (rarely civis bonus): in re publica ea velle quae tranquilla et honesta sint: talem enim solemus et sentire bonum civem et dicere, Cic.-Off. 1, 34, 124: eaque est summa ratio et sapientia boni civis, commoda civium non divellere, atque omnes aequitate eadem continere,
id. ib. 2, 23, 83:eum esse civem et fidelem et bonum,
Plaut. Pers. 1, 2, 15; Cic. Fam. 2, 8, 2; 1, 9, 10; 3, 12, 1; 6, 6, 11; id. Off. 1, 44, 155; Liv. 22, 39, 3; Sall. H. Fragm. 1, 10 Dietsch:optimus et fortissimus civis,
Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; id. Sest. 17, 39.—Bonus and optimus as epithets of the gods.(α).In gen.:(β).sed te bonus Mercurius perdat,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 3, 23:fata... bonique divi,
Hor. C. 4, 2, 38:divis orte bonis,
id. ib. 4, 5, 1:O bone deus!
Scrib. Comp. 84 fin.: BONORVM DEORVM, Inscr. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 34, 84: totidem, pater optime, dixi, Tu mihi da cives, referring to Jupiter, Ov. M. 7, 627.—Optimus Maximus, a standing epithet of Jupiter:(γ).(Juppiter) a majoribus nostris Optimus Maximus (nominatur), et quidem ante optimus, id est beneficentissimus, quam Maximus,
Cic. N. D. 2, 25, 64:Jovem optimum et maximum ob eas res appellant, non quod, etc.,
id. ib. 3, 36, 87:in templo Jovis Optimi Maximi,
id. Sest. 56, 129; id. Prov. Cons. 9, 22:nutu Jovis Optimi Maximi,
id. Cat. 3, 9, 21; Liv. 1, 12, 7; id. 6, 16, 2.—Di boni, O di boni, expressing indignation, sorrow, or surprise:(δ).di boni, hunc visitavi antidhac!
Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 16:di boni, boni quid porto!
Ter. And. 2, 2, 1:di boni, quid hoc morbi est,
id. Eun. 2, 1, 19; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 13; id. Ad. 3, 3, 86:alter, O di boni, quam taeter incedebat!
Cic. Sest. 8, 19; id. Brut. 84, 288; id. Phil. 2, 8, 20; 2, 32, 80; id. Att. 1, 16, 5; 14, 21, 2; Val. Max. 3, 5, 1; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3.—Bona Dea, etc., v. 6.—5.Optimus as a laudatory epithet.(α).Vir optimus:(β).per vos nobis, per optimos viros optimis civibus periculum inferre conantur,
Cic. Sest. 1, 2:virum optimum et constantissimum M. Cispium,
id. ib. 35, 76:fratrem meum, virum optimum, fortissimum,
id. ib.:consolabor hos praesentes, viros optimos,
id. Balb. 19, 44; id. Planc. 21, 51; 23, 55; id. Mil. 14, 38; id. Marcell. 4, 10; id. Att. 5, 1, 5; Hor. S. 1, 6, 53.—Femina bona, optima:(γ).tua conjunx bona femina,
Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 16:hujus sanctissimae feminae atque optimae pater,
id. ib. —Senex, pater, frater, etc.:(δ).optimus: parentes ejus, prudentissimi atque optimi senis,
Cic. Planc. 41, 97:insuevit pater optimus hoc me,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 105; 2, 1, 12:C. Marcelli, fratris optimi,
Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 6; id. Q. Fr. 2, 6 (8), 2; 2, 4, 2.—With proper names ( poet.):(ε).optimus Vergilius,
Hor. S. 1, 6, 54:Maecenas optimus,
id. ib. 1, 5, 27:optime Quinti,
id. Ep. 1, 16, 1.—Esp. as an epithet of the Roman emperors:6.quid tam civile, tam senatorium quam illud, additum a nobis Optimi cognomen?
Plin. Pan. 2, 7:gratias, inquit, ago, optime Princeps!
Sen. Tranq. 14. 4:ex epistula optimi imperatoris Antonini,
Gai. Inst. 1, 102; cf.:bene te patriae pater optime Caesar,
Ov. F. 2, 637:optime Romulae Custos gentis,
Hor. C. 4, 5, 1.—Bonus and Bona, names of deities.(α).Bona Dea, the goddess of Chastity, whose temple could not be entered by males (cf. Macr. S. 1, 12; Lact. 1, 22):(β).Bonae Deae pulvinaribus,
Cic. Pis. 39, 95; id. Mil. 31, 86; id. Fam. 1, 9, 15; cf.in mal. part.,
Juv. 2, 86 sq.; 6, 314 sq.; 6, 335 sq.—Bonus Eventus, Varr. R. R. 1, 1 med.; Amm. 29, 6, 19; Inscr. Orell. 907; 1780 sq.—(γ).Bona Fortuna:(δ).si bona Fortuna veniat, ne intromiseris,
Plaut. Aul. 1, 3, 22:Bonae Fortunae (signum),
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3, § 7:FORTVNAE BONAE DOMESTICAE,
Inscr. Orell. 1743 sq. —Bona Spes:(ε).Spes Bona, obsecro, subventa mihi,
Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 12:BONAE SPEI,
Aug. Inscr. Grut. 1075, 1.—BONA MENS, Inscr. Orell. 1818 sqq.:B.Mens Bona, si qua dea es, tua me in sacraria dono,
Prop. 3, 24, 19.With nouns denoting things.1.Things concrete, denoting excellence:2.navis bona dicitur non quae pretiosis coloribus picta est... sed stabilis et firma,
Sen. Ep. 76, 13:gladium bonum dices, non cui auratus est balteus, etc., sed cui et ad secandum subtilis acies est, et, etc.,
id. ib. 76, 14:id vinum erit lene et bono colore,
Cato, R. R. 109; Lucr. 2, 418; Ov. Am. 2, 7, 9:tabulas... collocare in bono lumine,
Cic. Brut. 75, 261: ex quavis olea oleum... bonum fieri potest. Cato, R. R. 3:per aestatem boves aquam bonam et liquidam bibant semper curato,
id. ib. 73; cf.:bonae aquae, ironically compared to wine,
Prop. 2, 33 (3, 31), 28:praedium bonum caelum habeat,
good temperature, Cato, R. R. 1:bona tempestate,
in good weather, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 4:(praedium) solo bono valeat,
by good soil, Cato, R. R. 1:bonae (aedes) cum curantur male,
Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 24:villam bonam,
Cic. Off. 3, 13, 55:bonus pons,
Cat. 17, 5:scyphi optimi (= optime facti),
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32:perbona toreumata,
id. ib. 2, 4, 18, §38: bona domicilia,
comfortable residences, id. N. D. 2, 37, 95:agrum Meliorem nemo habet,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 12:fundum meliorem,
Cic. Inv. 1, 31, 52: fundos optimos et fructuosissimos, id. Agr. 3, 4, 14:equus melior,
id. Inv. 1, 31, 52:bona cena,
Cat. 13, 3:boni nummi,
good, not counterfeit, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 144; Cic. Off. 3, 23, 91:super omnia vultus accessere boni,
good looks, Ov. M. 8, 678:mulier bona forma,
of a fine form, Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 13:equus formae melioris,
Hor. S. 2, 7, 52:tam bona cervix, simul ac jussero, demetur,
fine, beautiful, Suet. Calig. 33:fruges bonae,
Cat. 34, 19:ova suci melioris,
of better flavor, Hor. S. 2, 4, 13.— Trop.:animus aequus optimum est aerumnae condimentum,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 71: bona dextra, a lucky hand (cf.:bonum omen, 2. e.),
Quint. 6, 3, 69:scio te bona esse voce, ne clama nimis,
good, sound, loud voice, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 43; so,bona firmaque vox,
Quint. 11, 3, 13.—Things abstract.a.Of physical well-being:b.ut si qui neget sine bona valetudine posse bene vivi,
Cic. Inv. 1, 51, 93; Sen. Vit. Beat. 22, 2; Lucr. 3, 102; Val. Max. 2, 5, 6; Quint. 10, 3, 26; 11, 2, 35 et saep.:non bonus somnus de prandio est,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 8:bona aetas,
prime of life, Cic. Sen. 14, 48:optima aetate,
id. Fam. 10, 3, 3.—Ironically:bona, inquis, aetate, etc.,
Sen. Ep. 76, 1.—Of the mind and soul:c.meliore esse sensu,
Cic. Sest. 21, 47:optima indoles,
id. Fin. 5, 22, 61:bona conscientia,
Quint. 6, 1, 33; 9, 2, 93; Sen. Vit. Beat. 20, 5:bono ingenio me esse ornatam quam auro multo mavolo,
with a good heart, Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 91; id. Stich. 1, 21, 59; Sall. C. 10, 5:mens melior,
Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 78; Cic. Phil. 3, 5, 13; Liv. 39, 16, 5; Sen. Ben. 1, 11, 4; id. Ep. 10, 4; Pers. 2, 8; Petr. 61.—Personified, Prop. 3 (4), 24, 19; Ov. Am. 1, 2, 31:duos optimae indolis filios,
Val. Max. 5, 7, 2; Sen. Ben. 6, 16, 6; Quint. 1, 2, 5:bonum consilium,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 6; id. Rud. 4, 3, 18; Cic. Off. 1, 33, 121:bona voluntas,
a good purpose, Quint. 12, 11, 31:memoria bona,
Cic. Att. 8, 4, 2:bona ratio cum perdita... confligit,
id. Cat. 2, 11, 25:bonae rationes,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 50:pronuntiatio bona,
Auct. Her. 3, 15, 27.—Of moral relations:d.ego si bonam famam mihi servasso, sat ero dives,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 71; Cic. Sest. 66, 139; Liv. 6, 11, 7; Hor. S. 1, 2, 61 (cf. Cic. Att. 7, 26, 1;v. e. infra): si ego in causa tam bona cessi tribuni plebis furori,
Cic. Sest. 16, 36; id. Planc. 36, 87; Ov. M. 5, 220:fac, sis, bonae frugi sies,
of good, regular habits, Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 35; id. Cas. 2, 4, 5; 2, 5, 19; id. Ps. 1, 5, 53; id. Truc. 1, 1, 13; id. Capt. 5, 2, 3 sq. (v. frux, II. B. 1. b.): vilicus disciplina bona utatur. Cato, R. R. 5:bona studia,
moral pursuits, Auct. Her. 4, 17, 25:quidquid vita meliore parasti,
Hor. S. 2, 3, 15: ad spem mortis melioris, an honorable death; so as an epithet of religious exercises:Juppiter, te bonas preces precor,
Cato, R. R. 134; 139.—Of external, artistic, and literary value and usefulness:e.bono usui estis nulli,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 15:Optumo optume optumam operam das,
id. Am. 1, 1, 122:bonam dedistis mihi operam,
a valuable service to me, id. Poen. 2, 3, 70; 3, 6, 11; id. Pers. 4, 7, 11; id. Rud. 3, 6, 11 (in a different sense: me bona opera aut mala Tibi inventurum esse auxilium argentarium, by fair or unfair means, id. Ps. 1, 1, 102;v. e. infra): optima hereditas a patribus traditur liberis... gloria virtutis rerumque gestarum,
Cic. Off. 1, 33, 121:bonum otium,
valuable leisure, Sall. C. 4, 1:bonis versibus,
Cic. Ac. 2, 23, 74:versus meliores,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 81:meliora poemata,
Hor. A. P. 303:in illa pro Ctesiphonte oratione longe optima,
Cic. Or. 8, 26:optimas fabulas,
id. Off. 1, 31, 114:melius munus,
id. Ac. 1, 2, 7.—Favorable, prosperous, lucky, fortunate:f.de Procilio rumores non boni,
unfavorable rumors, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 5:bona de Domitio, praeclara de Afranio fama est,
about their success in the war, id. ib. 7, 26, 1:si fuisset in discipulo comparando meliore fortuna,
id. Pis. 29, 71; cf.fortuna optima esse,
to be in the best pecuniary circumstances, id. ad Brut. 1, 1, 2:occasio tam bona,
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 9:senex est eo meliore condicione quam adulesoens cum, etc.,
Cic. Sen. 19, 68; id. Fam. 4, 32:bona navigatio,
id. N. D. 3, 34, 83;esp. in phrase bona spes.—Object.: ergo in iis adulescentibus bonam spem esse dicemus et magnam indolem quos, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 35, 117.—Subject.:ego sum spe bona,
Cic. Fam. 12, 28, 3; id. Cat. 2, 11, 25; [p. 245] id. Att. 14, 1 a, 3; id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 16:optima spe,
id. Fam. 12, 11, 2.—Pregn., = spes bonarum rerum, Sall. C. 21, 1;v. C. 1. c. infra: meliora responsa,
more favorable, Liv. 7, 21, 6:melior interpretatio,
Tac. H. 3, 65:cum laude et bonis recordationibus,
id. A. 4, 38:amnis Doctus iter melius,
i. e. less injurious, Hor. A. P. 68:omen bonum,
a good, lucky omen, Cic. Pis. 13, 31; cf.Liv. praef. § 13: melius omen,
Ov. F. 1, 221;optimum,
Cic. Fam. 3, 12, 2:bona scaeva,
Plaut. Stich. 5, 2, 24:auspicio optumo,
id. ib. 3, 2, 6; cf.:memini bene, sed meliore Tempore dicam = opportuniore tempore,
Hor. S. 1, 9, 68.—Of public affairs, si mihi bona re publica frui non licuerit, Cic. Mil. 34, 93:g.optima res publica,
id. Or. 1, 1, 1; id. Phil. 1, 8, 19:minus bonis temporibus,
id. Dom. 4, 8; so,optimis temporibus,
id. Sest. 3, 6:nostrae res meliore loco videbantur,
id. ad Brut. 1, 3, 1:lex optima,
id. Pis. 16, 37; id. Sest. 64, 137; id. Phil, 1, 8, 19.—Good = large, considerable:h.bono atque amplo lucro,
Plaut. Am. prol. 6:bona librorum copia,
Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 109; cf.:bona copia cornu,
Ov. M. 9, 88; v. bona pars, C. 8. g.—Noble; with genus, good family, noble extraction, honorable birth: quali me arbitraris genere prognatum? Eu. Bono, Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 35; so id. Ep. 1, 2, 4; 2, 1, 3; id. Pers. 4, 4, 94:k.si bono genere natus sit,
Auct. Her. 3, 7, 13.—Referring to good-will, kindness, faithfulness, in certain phrases.(α).Bona venia or cum bona venia, with the kind permission of a person addressed, especially bona venia orare, expetere, etc.:(β).primum abs te hoc bona venia expeto,
Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 31:bona tua venia dixerim,
Cic. Leg. 3, 15, 34:oravit bona venia Quirites, ne, etc.,
Liv. 7, 41, 3:obsecro vos.. bona venia vestra liceat, etc.,
id. 6, 40, 10:cum bona venia quaeso audiatis, etc.,
id. 29, 17, 6; Arn. c. Gent. 1, p. 5; cf.. sed des veniam bonus oro = venia bona oro,
Hor. S. 2, 4, 5.—Bona pax, without quarrelling:(γ).bona pax sit potius,
let us have no quarrel about that, Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 7;so especially cum bona pace, or bona pace: Hannibal ad Alpis cum bona pace incolentium... pervenit,
without a difficulty with the inhabitants, Liv. 21, 32, 6; 21, 24, 5; 1, 24, 3; 28, 37, 4; 8, 15, 1; cf.: si bonam (pacem) dederitis, = a fair peace, under acceptable conditions, id. 8, 21, 4.—Amicitia bona = bona fide servata, faithful, undisturbed friendship:(δ).igitur amicitia Masinissae bona atque honesta nobis permansit,
Sall. J. 5, 5.—Bona societas, alliance:C.Segestes, memoria bonae societatis, impavidus,
Tac. A. 1, 58.In particular phrases.1.Bonae res.a.= Vitae commoda, comforts of life, abstract or concrete:b.concedatur bonis rebus homines morte privari,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 36, 87:optimis rebus usus est,
he had every most desirable thing, Nep. Att. 18, 1.—= Res secundae, opp. res adversae, prosperity:c.bonis rebus tuis, meas irrides malas,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 45:in bonis rebus,
Hor. C. 2, 3, 2. —Res bona = res familiaris bona, wealth ( poet.): in re bona esse, Laber. ap. Gell. 10, 17, 4.—Also an object of value:d.homines quibus mala abunde omnia erant, sed neque res neque spes bona ulla,
who had no property, nor the hope of any, Sall. C. 21, 1. —Costly things, articles of luxury:e.capere urbem in Arabia plenam bonarum rerum,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 46; 4, 4, 82:nimium rei bonae,
id. Stich. 2, 3, 55:ignorantia bonarum rerum,
Nep. Ages. 8, 5 ' bonis rebus gaudere, Hor. S. 2, 6, 110:re bona copiosum esse,
Gell. 16, 19, 7.—Moral, morally good:f.illi cum res non bonas tractent,
Cic. Ac. 2, 33, 72:ut de virtutibus et vitiis, omninoque de bonis rebus et malis quaererent,
id. ib. 1, 4, 15:quid habemus in rebus bonis et malis explorati?
id. ib. 2, 42, 129; so id. Or. 1, 10, 42; id. Leg. 1, 22, 58:quae tamen omnia dulciora fuint et moribus bonis et artibus,
id. Sen. 18, 65.—In literary composition, important or interesting matter, subjects, or questions:2.res bonas verbis electis dictas quis non legat?
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 8:studiis generorum, praesertim in re bona,
Plaut. Am. 8, 26.—Bonae artes.(α).A good, laudable way of dealing:(β).qui praeclari facinoris aut artis bonae famam quaerit,
Sall. C. 2, 9:huic bonae artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis contendit,
id. ib. 11, 2:quod is bonarum artium cupiens erat,
Tac. A. 6, 46.—Liberal arts and sciences:3.litteris aut ulli bonae arti,
Quint. 12, 1, 7:conservate civem bonarum artium, bonarum partium, bonorum virorum,
Cic. Sest. 32, 77. —Esp.:optimae artes: optimarum artium scientia,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 4; id. Ac. 2, 1, 1; id. Cael. 10, 24; id. Marcell. 1, 4.—Bona fides, or fides bona.a.Good faith, i. e. conscious honesty in acts or words: qui nummos fide bona solvit, who pays (the price of labor) in good faith, i. e. as it is honestly earned, Cato, R. R. 14:b.dic, bona fide, tu id aurum non subripuisti?
Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 46; 4, 10, 47; id. Capt. 4, 2, 111; id. Most. 3, 1, 137; id. Poen. 1, 3, 30; id. Pers. 4, 3, 16; id. Ps. 4, 6, 33:si tibi optima fide omnia concessit,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 49, 144; Quint. 10, 3, 23.—Hence, bonae fidei vir, a conscientious man, Quint. 10, 7, 1.—Jurid. t. t.(α).Good faith in contracts and legal acts in general, opposed to dolus malus, honesty and fairness in dealing with another:(β).ad fidem bonam statuit pertinere, notum esse emptori vitium quod nosset venditor,
Cic. Off. 3, 16, 67.—Hence, alienam rem bona fide emere, to buy, believing the seller to be the rightful owner, Dig. 41, 3, 10; 41, 3, 13, § 1. bonae fidei possessor (also possessio), believing that he is the rightful owner, ib. 5, 3, 25, § 11; 5, 3, 22; 41, 3, 15, § 2;41, 3, 24: conventio contra bonam fidem et mores bonos,
ib. 16, 31, § 7: bonam fidem praestare, to be responsible for one ' s good faith, ib. 17, 1, 10 prooem.—Hence,Bonae fidei actiones or judicia, actions in equity, i. e. certain classes of actions in which the strict civil law was set aside by the praetorian edict in favor of equity:4.actiones quaedam bonae fidei sunt, quaedam stricti juris. Bonae fidei sunt haec: exempto vendito, locato conducto, etc.,
Just. Inst. 4, 6, 28, § 19.—In the republican time the praetor added in such actions to his formula for the judex the words ex fide bona, or, in full:quidquid dare facere oportet ex fide bona,
Cic. Off. 3, 16, 66:iste dolus malus et legibus erat vindicatus, et sine lege, judiciis in quibus additur ex fide bona,
id. ib. 3, 15, 61; cf. id. ib. 3, 17, 70.—Bona verba.(α).Kind words:(β).Bona verba quaeso,
Ter. And. 1, 2, 33.—Words of good omen (v. omen):(γ).dicamus bona verba,
Tib. 2, 2, 1:dicite suffuso ter bona verba mero,
Ov. F. 2, 638.—Elegant or well-chosen expressions:(δ).quid est tam furiosum quam verborum vel optimorum atque ornatissimorum sonitus inanis,
Cic. Or. 1, 12, 51:verborum bonorum cursu,
id. Brut. 66, 233:omnia verba sunt alicubi optima,
Quint. 10, 1, 9.—Moral sayings:5.non est quod contemnas bona verba et bonis cogitationibus plena praecordia,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 20, 1. —Bona dicta.(α).Polite, courteous language:(β).hoc petere me precario a vobis jussit leniter dictis bonis,
Plaut. Am. prol. 25.—Witticisms ( bon-mots): flammam a sapiente facilius ore in ardente opprimi, quam bona dicta teneat, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 2, 54, 222:6.dico unum ridiculum dictum de dictis melioribus quibus solebam menstruales epulas ante adipiscier,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 1, 22:ibo intro ad libros ut discam de dictis melioribus,
id. Stich. 2, 3, 75.—Bona facta.(α).= bene facta (v. bene, I. B. 2. b.), laudable deeds:(β).nobilitas ambobus et majorum bona facta (sc. erant),
Tac. A. 3, 40.—Bonum factum est, colloq., = bene est, bene factum est (v. bene, I. B. 2. b.):(γ).bonum factum est, ut edicta servetis mea,
Plaut. Poen. prol. 16:haec imperata quae sunt pro imperio histrico, bonum hercle factum (est) pro se quisque ut meminerit,
id. ib. 45.— Hence,Elliptically, introducing commands which cannot be enforced, = if you will do so, it will be well:7.peregrinis in senatum allectis, libellus propositus est: bonum factum, ne quis senatori novo curiam monstrare velit,
Suet. Caes. 80:et Chaldaeos edicere: bonum factum, ne Vitellius... usquam esset,
id. Vit. 14:hac die Carthaginem vici: bonum factum, in Capitolium eamus, et deos supplicemus,
Aur. Vict. 49; cf.:o edictum, cui adscribi non poterit bonum factum,
Tert. Pud. 1.—Bona gratia.(α).A friendly understanding:(β).cur non videmus inter nos haec potius cum bona Ut componantur gratia quam cum mala?
Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 17; so,per gratiam bonam abire,
to part with good feelings, Plaut. Mil. 4, 3, 33.—In jest: sine bona gratia abire, of things cast away, Plaut Truc. 2, 7, 15.—Pleon., in the phrase bonam gratiam habere, = gratiam habere, to thank (v. B. 2. k.), Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 32; id. Bacch. 4, 8, 99.—8.Bona pars.(α).The well-disposed part of a body of persons:(β).ut plerumque fit, major pars (i. e. of the senate) meliorem vicit,
Liv. 21, 4, 1:pars melior senatus ad meliora responsa trahere,
id. 7, 21, 6.—The good party, i. e. the optimates (gen. in plur.):(γ).civem bonarum partium,
Cic. Sest. 32, 77:(fuit) meliorum partium aliquando,
id. Cael. 6, 13:qui sibi gratiam melioris partis velit quaesitam,
Liv. 2, 44, 3.—Paronom.: (Roscius) semper partium in re publica tam quam in scaena optimarum, i. e. party and part in a drama, Cic. Sest. 56, 120.—Of things or persons, a considerable part (cf. a good deal):(δ).bonam partem ad te adtulit,
Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 43:bonam partem sermonis in hunc diem esse dilatam,
Cic. Or. 2, 3, 14:bonam magnamque partem exercitus,
Val. Max. 5, 2, ext. 4:bona pars noctium,
Quint. 12, 11, 19:bona pars hominum,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 61:meae vocis... bona pars,
id. C. 4, 2, 46; so id. A. P. 297; Ov. P. 1, 8, 74:melior pars diei,
Verg. A. 9, 156.—Rarely, and mostly eccl. Lat.: optima pars, the best part or lot:(ε).nostri melior pars animus est,
Sen. Q. N. 1, prooem. § 14; cf.:quae pars optima est in homine,
best, most valuable, Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 67:major pars aetatis, certe melior reipublicae data sit,
Sen. Brev. Vit. 18, 1:Maria optimam partem elegit, quae non auferetur ab ea,
Vulg. Luc. 10, 42.—Adverb.:(ζ).bonam partem = ex magna parte,
Lucr. 6, 1249.—Aliquem in optimam partem cognoscere, to know somebody from his most favorable side, Cic. Off. 2, 13, 46: aliquid in optimam partem accipere, to take something in good part, interpret it most favorably:9.Caesar mihi ignoscit quod non venerim, seseque in optimam partem id accipere dicit,
id. Att. 10, 3 a, 2; id. ad Brut. 1, 2, 3:quaeso ut hoc in bonam partem accipias,
id. Rosc. Am. 16, 45.—Dies bonus or bona.(α).A day of good omen, a fortunate day (= dies laetus, faustus):(β).tum tu igitur die bono, Aphrodisiis, addice, etc.,
Plaut. Poen. 2, 49:nunc dicenda bona sunt bona verba die,
Ov. F. 1, 72.—A beautiful, serene day, Sen. Vit. Beat. 22, 3.—10.Bonus mos.(α).Boni mores, referring to individuals, good, decent, moral habits:(β).nihil est amabilius quam morum similitudo bonorum,
Cic. Off. 1, 17, 56:nam hic nimium morbus mores invasit bonos,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 1, 6:domi militiaeque boni mores colebantur,
Sall. C. 9, 1:propter ejus suavissimos et optimos mores,
Cic. Phil. 3, 5, 13:cum per tot annos matronae optimis moribus vixerint,
Liv. 34, 6, 9:mores meliores,
Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 18.—Bonus mos or boni mores, in the abstract, morality, the laws, rules of morality: ei vos morigerari mos bonu'st, it is a rule of morality that you should, etc., Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 4:11.ex optimo more et sanctissima disciplina,
Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69:neglegentia boni moris,
Sen. Ep. 97, 1.—Jurid. t. t.:conventio, mandatum contra bonos mores,
in conflict with morality, Quint. 3, 1, 57; Dig. 16, 3, 1, § 7; Gai. Inst. 3, 157 et saep. —Adverbial phrases.a.Bono animo esse, or bonum animum habere.(α).To be of good cheer or courage:(β).bono animo es! Liberabit ille te homo,
Plaut. Merc 3, 1, 33; so id. Aul. 4, 10, 61; id. Mil. 4, 8, 32; id. Rud. 3, 3, 17; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 4; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 18; id. Ad. 2, 4, 20; 3, 5, 1; 4, 2, 4; 4, 5, 62; id. Phorm. 5, 8, 72:animo bono es,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 103; id. Am. 2, 2, 48; 5, 2, 1:bono animo es, inquit Scrofa, et fiscinam expedi,
Varr. R. R. 1, 26:bono animo sint et tui et mei familiares,
Cic. Fam. 6, 18, 1; 6, 10, 29:bono animo esse jubere eam consul,
Liv. 39, 13, 7:habe modo bonum animum,
Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 58; so id. Am. 1, 3, 47; id. Truc. 2, 6, 44; id. Aul. 2, 2, 15:habe animum bonum,
id. Cas. 2, 6, 35; id. Ep. 2, 2, 1; 4, 2, 31:bonum animum habe,
Liv. 45, 8, 5:clamor ortus ut bonum animum haberet,
id. 8, 32, 1; so Sen. Ep. 87, 38.—Bono animo esse, or facere aliquid, to be of a good or friendly disposition, or to do with good, honest intentions:(γ).audire jubet vos imperator histricus, bonoque ut animo sedeant in subselliis qui, etc.,
Plaut. Poen. prol. 5: sunt enim (consules) [p. 246] optimo animo, summo consilio, of the best disposition, Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 2:bono te animo tum populus Romanus... dicere existimavit ea quae sentiebatis, sed, etc.,
id. Imp. Pomp. 19, 56:quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur,
Caes. B. G. 1, 6; Quint. 7, 4, 15.—Bonus animus, good temper, patience:b.bonus animus in mala re dimidium mali est,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 37:vos etiam hoc animo meliore feratis,
Ov. M. 9, 433.—Bono modo.(α).= placide, with composure, moderation:(β).si quis quid deliquerit, pro noxa bono modo vindicet,
Cato, R. R. 5:haec tibi tam sunt defendenda quam moenia, mihi autem bono modo, tantum quantum videbitur,
Cic. Ac. 2, 44, 137.—In a decent manner:c.neu quisquam prohibeto filium quin amet... quod bono fiat modo,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 62. —Jure optimo or optimo jure, with good, perfect right:II.te ipse jure optumo incuses licet,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 23; id. Rud. 2, 6, 53:ut jure optimo me deserere posses,
Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 6; Sen. Ot. Sap. 2 (29), 2.—With pass. or intr. verb, deservedly:ne jure optimo irrideamur,
Cic. Off. 1, 31, 111; cf. id. ib. 1, 42, 151; id. Marcell. 1, 4;similarly, optimo judicio,
Val. Max. 2, 9, 2.As subst.A.bŏnus, boni, m.; of persons.1.In sing. or plur. orig. = bonus vir, boni viri; v. I. A. 1. a. b, supra, a morally good man.(α).Plur.:(β).bonis quod bene fit haud perit,
Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 2; id. Capt. 2, 2, 108; id. Trin. 2, 1, 55; id. Pers. 4, 5, 2:melius apud bonos quam apud fortunatos beneficium collocari puto,
Cic. Off. 2, 20, 71:verum esse ut bonos boni diligant, quamobrem... bonis inter bonos quasi necessariam (esse) benevolentiam,
id. Lael. 14, 50:diverso itinere malos a bonis loca taetra... habere,
Sall. C. 52, 13; 7, 2; 52, 22:oderunt peccare boni virtutis amore,
Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 52:tam bonis quam malis conduntur urbes,
Sen. Ben. 4, 28, 4; so id. Vit. Beat. 15, 6; Quint. 9, 2, 76.—Rarely bŏnae, arum, f., good women:quia omnes bonos bonasque adcurare addecet, etc.,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 41.—Sing.:2.malus bonum malum esse volt ut sit sui similis,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 8:nec enim cuique bono mali quidquam evenire potest,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 41, 99; cf.:qui meliorem audax vocet in jus,
Hor. S. 2, 5, 29.—Bonus, a man of honor.(α).A brave man:(β).pro qua (patria) quis bonus dubitet mortem oppetere si ei sit profuturus?
Cic. Off. 1, 17, 57:libertatem quam nemo bonus nisi cum anima simul amittat,
Sall. C. 33, 5:fortes creantur fortibus et bonis,
Hor. C. 4, 4, 29 (opp. ignavi):fama impari boni atque ignavi erant,
Sall. J. 57, 6; 53, 8; id. C. 11, 2. —A gentleman:3. (α).quis enim umquam, qui paululum modo bonorum consuetudinem nosset, litteras ad se ab amico missas... in medium protulit?
Cic. Phil. 2, 4, 7.—In gen. (of political sentiments, = optimates, opp. populares, seditiosi, perditi cives, etc.;(β).so usu. in Cic.): meam causam omnes boni proprie enixeque susceperant,
Cic. Sest. 16, 38:audaces homines et perditi nutu impelluntur... boni, nescio quomodo, tardiores sunt, etc.,
id. ib. 47, 100:ego Kal. Jan. senatum et bonos omnes legis agrariae... metu liberavi,
id. Pis. 2, 4:etenim omnes boni, quantum in ipsis fuit, Caesarem occiderunt,
id. Phil. 2, 13, 29; id. Fam. 5, 2, 8; 5, 21, 2; id. Sest. 2, 5; 16, 36; 48, 103; id. Planc. 35, 86; id. Mil. 2, 5; id. Off. 2. 12, 43:maledictis increpat omnes bonos,
Sall. C. 21, 4; 19, 2; 33, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 22; so,optimi,
Cic. Leg. 3, 17, 37; and, ironically, boni identified with the rich:bonorum, id est lautorum et locupletum,
id. Att. 8, 1, 3.—Without reference to political views;4.opp. vulgus (rare): nihil ego istos moror fatuos mores quibus boni dedecorant se,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 22:semper in civitate quibus opes nullae sunt bonis invident,
Sall. C. 37, 3:elatus est sine ulla pompa funeris, comitantibus omnibus bonis, maxima vulgi frequentia,
Nep. Att. 22, 2.—So, mĕlĭōres, um, m., one ' s betters:ut quaestui habeant male loqui melioribus,
Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 13:da locum melioribus,
Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 37.—Boni, bone, in addresses, as an expression of courtesy, Hor. S. 2, 2, 1; 2, 6, 51; 2, 6, 95; id. Ep. 2, 2, 37; ironice, id. S. 2, 3, 31.—5.Optimus quisque = quivis bonus, omnes boni.(α).Referring to morality:(β).esse aliquid natura pulcrum quod optimus quisque sequeretur,
every good man, Cic. Sen. 13, 43:qui ita se gerebant ut sua consilia optimo cuique probarent, optimates habebantur,
id. Sest. 45, 96; id. Off. 1, 43, 154; id. Fin. 1, 7, 24; id. Sest. 54, 115; and = even the best:quare deus optimum quemque mala valetudine adficit?
Sen. Prov. 4, 8.—Of the educated classes:(γ). (δ).adhibenda est quaedam reverentia adversus homines, et optimi cujusque et reliquorum,
Cic. Off. 1, 28, 99; cf. id. ib. 1, 25, 85:Catilina plerisque consularibus, praeterea optumo cuique, litteras mittit,
Sall. C. 34, 2:optimo cuique infesta libertas,
Sen. Ot. Sap. 8, 2 (32 fin.).—In gen., excellent:(ε).optimus quisque facere quam dicere... malebat,
Sall. C. 8, 5.—Distributively:(ζ).ita imperium semper ad optumum quemque a minus bono transfertur,
to the best man in each instance, Sall. C. 2, 6.—Referring to another superlative ( = quo quisque melior eo magis, etc.):(η).hic aditus laudis qui semper optimo cuique maxime patuit,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1; so id. Lael. 4, 14; id. Inv. 2, 11, 36; Sen. Vit. Beat. 18, 1.—Attributively, with a noun:2. 1.optimam quamque causam,
Cic. Sest. 43, 93:optima quaeque dies,
Verg. G. 3, 66.Bonum, or plur. bona, a good, or goods in a moral and metaphysical sense, a moral good, a blessing: sunt autem hae de finibus defensae sententiae: nihil bonum nisi honestum, ut Stoici; nihil bonum nisi voluptatem, ut Epicurus;2.nihil bonum nisi vacuitatem doloris, ut Hieronymus... tria genera bonorum, maxima animi, secunda corporis, externa tertia, ut Peripatetici, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 30, 84 sq.:quid est igitur bonum? Si quid recte fit et honeste et cum virtute, id bene fieri vere dicitur, et quod rectum et honestum et cum virtute est, id solum opinor bonum,
id. Par. 1, 1, 9:ut quis intellegat, quid sit illud simplex et verum bonum quod non possit ab honestate sejungi,
id. Ac. 1, 2, 7:non-est igitur voluptas bonum,
id. Fin. 1, 11, 39: finis bonorum et malorum (telos agathôn) = summa bona et mala:sunt nonnullae disciplinae quae, propositis bonorum et malorum finibus, officium omne pervertant. Nam qui summum bonum sic instituit ut, etc.,
id. Off. 1, 2, 5; cf. id. Par. 1, 3, 14; id. Ac. 2, 9, 29; 2, 36, 114; 2, 42, 129; id. Fin. 1, 9, 29; 1, 12, 42; id. Tusc. 4, 31, 66; Sen. Vit. Beat. 24, 5; id. Ep. 117, 1 et saep.—Bonum, what is valuable, beneficial, estimable, favorable, pleasant, physically or mentally:3.quoi boni Tantum adfero quantum ipsus a diis optat,
Plaut. Capt. 4, 1, 9:multa bona vobis volt facere,
will do you much good, id. Poen. 5, 4, 60; id. Am. prol. 43, 49; id. Pers. 4, 8, 4; 2, 3, 14; id. Cas. 2, 8, 32:tum demum nostra intellegemus bona quom ea amisimus,
id. Capt. 1, 2, 33:multa tibi di dent bona,
id. Poen. 1, 1, 80; cf. id. ib. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; id. Mil. 3, 1, 120; id. Men. 3, 3, 34; id. Pers. 4, 3, 23; id. Truc. 1, 2, 23; id. Merc. 1, 2, 40; id. Most. 1, 1, 47:omnia Bona dicere,
to speak in the highest terms of one, Ter. And. 1, 1, 70:sed ne vivus quidem bono caret, si eo non indiget,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 36, 88:cum quaecumque bona Peripateticis, eadem Stoicis commoda viderentur,
id. ib. 5, 41, 120:nihil enim boni nosti,
nothing that is good for any thing, id. Phil. 2, 7, 16:mala pro bonis legere dementia est,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 6, 1; Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3 fin.; Hor. S. 1, 2, 73:quia bonum sit valere,
a good thing, Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 62 (cf. III. A. 5. infra):melius: quo quidem haud scio an... quidquam melius sit homini a dis immortalibus datum,
id. Lael. 6, 20:meliora... Aristotelem de istis rebus scripsisse,
id. Or. 1, 10, 43:optimum: difficillimum est formam exponere optimi,
id. ib. 11, 36.— Here belongs the phrase boni consulere;v. consulo.—So after prepositions: in bonum vertere, v. under verto: in melius ire,
to change for the better, Tac. A. 12, 68.—In the same sense: in melius aliquid referre, or reflectere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 281; 11, 426; 10, 632:ad melius transcurrere,
to pass over to something better, Hor. S. 2, 2, 82.—Bonum or bona, prosperity:4.fortiter malum qui patitur, idem post patitur bonum,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 58:nulli est homini perpetuum bonum,
id. Curc. 1, 3, 33:unā tecum bona, mala tolerabimus,
Ter. Phorm. 3, 3, 23:quibus in bonis fuerint et nunc quibus in malis sint, ostenditur ( = in secundis, in adversis rebus),
Cic. Inv. 1, 55, 107.—Good qualities, gifts:5.omnia adsunt bona, quem penes'st virtus,
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 30:magnis illi et divinis bonis hanc licentiam adsequebantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148:nisi qui se suā gravitate et castimoniā... tum etiam naturali quodam bono defenderet, etc.,
id. Cael. 5, 11:hunc meā sententiā divinis quibusdam bonis instructum atque ornatum puto,
id. ib. 17, 39:non intellego quod bonum cuiquam sit apud tales viros profuturum,
id. Balb. 28, 63:gaude isto tuo tam excellenti bono,
id. Marcell. 6, 19; so id. Imp. Pomp. 16, 49.—Advantage, benefit:6.si plus adipiscare, re explicatā, boni, quam addubitatā mali,
Cic. Off. 1, 24, 83:saepe cogitavi bonine an mali plus adtulerit... eloquentiae studium,
id. Inv. 1, 1, 1; 2, 35, 106; id. Off. 2, 2, 5; id. Sest. 10, 24:maximum bonum in celeritate ponebat,
Sall. C. 43, 4; so, bono publico (abl.), for the public good:hoc ita si fit, publico fiat bono,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 183; Liv. 2, 44, 3; Dig. 41, 3, 1.—With aequum, what is fair and good, the fair ( thing), fairness, equity:7. a.si bonum aequomque oras,
Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 149; so id. Pers. 3, 1, 71; id. Rud. 1, 2, 94; id. Men. 4, 2, 11:si tu aliquam partem aequi bonique dixeris,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 32; id. Heaut. 4, 1, 29; id. Ad. 1, 1, 39:a quo vivo nec praesens nec absens quidquam aequi bonique impetravit,
Cic. Phil. 2, 37, 94.—Hence, aequo et bono, or ex aequo et bono, in ( with) fairness, in equity, Ter. Ad. 5, 9, 30; Auct. Her. 2, 10, 14; 2, 12, 18; 2, 13, 20; Gai. Inst. 3, 137: aequi bonique, as gen. of value, with facere:istuc, Chreme, Aequi bonique facio,
I place a fair and proper value on it, Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 40.—In gen.:b.paterna oportet reddi filio bona,
Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 120:bona sua med habiturum omnia,
id. Truc. 2, 4, 49; cf. id. ib. 2, 7, 6; 4, 2, 29; id. Rud. 2, 6, 22; id. Most. 1, 3, 77; id. Trin. 4, 4, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 4:bona mea diripiebantur atque ad consulem deferebantur,
Cic. Sest. 24, 54:cum de capite, civis et de bonis proscriptio ferretur,
id. ib. 30, 65:bona, fortunas, possessiones omnium,
id. Caecin. 13, 38:at mulctantur bonis exsules,
id. Tusc. 5, 37, 106; id. Off. 2, 23, 81; id. Par. 1, 1, 7; id. Sest. 19, 42; 43, 94; 52, 111; id. Phil. 2, 26, 64; Caes. B. G. 7, 3; Liv. 2, 3, 5; 2, 5, 5; 4, 15, 8; Tac. A. 2, 48; Quint. 6, 1, 19 et saep.—Bonorum possessio, the possession of one ' s property by another.(α).Bonorum possessio in consequence of bonorum cessio, i. e. an assignment of one ' s property for the benefit of creditors, Dig. 42, tit. 3.—(β).Bonorum possessio granted by the prætor against a contumacious or insolvent debtor (in bona mittere, in bona ire jubere, bona possidere jubere, etc.); cf. Dig. 42, tit. 4:(γ).postulat a Burrieno Naevius ut ex edicto bona possidere liceat,
Cic. Quint. 6, 25, and the whole of c. 8:edixit... neu quis militis... bona possideret aut venderet,
Liv. 2, 24, 6:bona proscribere,
to offer the property thus transferred for sale, Cic. Quint. 6, 25.—Chiefly referring to the property of a defunct person (hereditas), where the prætor, till the heir had proved his right, granted a bonorum possessio secundum tabulas or contra tabulas, Dig. 37, tit. 4; 37, tit. 11.—c.In bonis esse;III.with reference to the older civil law, which distinguished between civil property (habere rem ex jure Quiritium) and natural property (rem in bonis habere, res in bonis est),
Gai. Inst. 2, 40, 41; Dig. 40, 12, 38, § 2; 37, 6, 2, § 1; 37, 6, 3, § 2; ib. Fragm. 1, 16; Gai. Inst. 1, 22; 1, 35; 1, 222; 1, 167; Dig. 1, 8, 1; 27, 10, 10:neque bonorum possessorum, neque... res pleno jure fiunt, sed in bonis efficiuntur,
ib. Fragm. 3, 80.—Hence, nullam omnino arbitrabamur de eā hereditate controversiam eum habiturum, et est hodie in bonis, i. e. [p. 247] the bonorum possessio has been granted to him, which did not give full ownership, but effected only that the hereditas was in bonis. Cic. Fam. 13, 30, 1.Predicative use.A.With nouns or pronouns as subjects.1.Bonum esse, to be morally good, honest:2.nunc mihi bonae necessum est esse ingratiis, Quamquam esse nolo,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 82:bonam ego quam beatam me esse nimio dici mavolo,
id. Poen. 1, 2, 93; so id. Capt. 2, 1, 44; id. Men. 4, 2, 6; id. Rud. prol. 29:itaque viros fortes magnanimos eosdem, bonos et simplices... esse volumus,
Cic. Off. 1, 19, 63; cf. id. ib. 3, 21, 84; id. Att. 15, 6, 1:Cato esse quam videri bonus malebat,
Sall. C. 54, 5:ut politiora, non ut meliora fiant ingenia,
Val. Max. 5, 4, ext. 5 fin. —To be beneficial, prosperous, advantageous, valuable, favorable, serviceable, correct, with reference to both persons and things as subjects, and in regard to physical and mental relations:3.jam istuc non bonumst,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 2, 29; Cato, R. R. 157:oleum viridius et melius fiet,
id. ib. 3:vinum ut alvum bonam faciat,
to correct the bowels, id. ib. 156:quid est homini salute melius?
Plaut. As. 3, 3, 127:non optuma haec sunt, verum meliora quam deterruma,
id. Trin. 2, 3, 1:quid est quod huc possit quod melius sit accedere?
Cic. Fin. 1, 12, 41; 1, 18, 57; id. Tusc. 1, 41, 99:in quo (vestitu), sicut in plerisque rebus, mediocritas optima est,
id. Off. 1, 36, 130; 2, 17, 59; id. Inv. 1, 31, 51; id. Or. 2, 6; 11, 36:meliorem tamen militem... in futura proelia id certamen fecit,
Liv. 2, 51, 3:parvus ut est cygni melior canor, ille gruum quam Clamor,
Lucr. 4, 181; 4, 191:si meliora dies, ut vina, poemata reddit,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 34.—So in the optative formula:quod bonum, faustum, felixque sit,
Liv. 1, 28, 7; 1, 17, 10; 39, 15, 1; 3, 54;3, 34.—Also, quod bonum atque fortunatum mihi sit,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 50;and with a noun as subject: ut nobis haec habitatio Bona, fausta, felix, fortunataque evenat,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 3.—To be kind:4.bonus cum probis'st (erus), malus cum malis,
Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 22:hic si vellet bonus ac benignus Esse,
Hor. S. 1, 2, 52.—With reference to the gods:B.ecastor ambae (Fortuna et Salus sunt bonae,
Plaut. As. 3, 3, 129:Palladis aut oculos ausa negare bonos (esse),
Prop. 3, 24, 12 (2, 28, 12).—Impers.1.Bonum est (very rare for the class. bene est; v. bene).(α). (β).With subject inf.:2.nam et stulte facere, et stulte fabularier in aetate haud bonum est,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 61:bonum est pauxillum amare, insane non bonum est,
id. Curc. 1, 3,20.—Melius est.(α).With subject inf.:(β).melius sanam est mentem sumere,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 51:nihil sentire est melius quam tam prava sentire,
Cic. Ac. 2, 40, 125; cf. id. Fin. 1, 19, 62; id. Off. 1, 43, 156; so,melius fuit, fuisset, or fuerat,
it would have been better, id. N. D. 3, 33; id. Sen. 23, 82; id. Off. 3, 25, 94:proinde quiesse erit melius,
Liv. 3, 48, 3; 3, 41, 3; Verg. A. 11, 303.—With subject inf.-clause:(γ).meliu'st te quae sunt mandata tibi praevortier,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 125; id. Men. 5, 9, 32.—With ut-clause:(δ).quid melius quam ut hinc intro abeam et me suspendam clanculum,
Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 145; so id. Ps. 4, 7, 18.—With subjectclause in the subjunctive:3.nunc quid mihi meliu'st quam ilico hic opperiar erum,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 22.—Optimum est.(α).With subject inf.:(β).optimum visum est, captivos quam primum deportare,
Liv. 23, 34, 8:si quis dicit optimum esse navigare,
Sen. Ot. Sap. 8, 4 (32 fin.); so, optimum fuit, it would have been better, and optimum erat, it would be better, Quint. 6, prooem. 3; 11, 2, 33; Hor. S. 2, 1, 7.—With inf.-clause:(γ).constituerunt optimum esse, domum suam quemque reverti,
Caes. B. G. 2, 10: optimum visum est, in fluctuantem aciem tradi equos, etc., Liv 6, 24, 10; 22, 27, 6.—With ut and subj:(δ).hoc vero optimum, ut is qui, etc., id ultimum bonorum, id ipsum quid et quale sit nesciat,
Cic. Fin. 2, 3, 6.—With quod:(ε).illa vero optima (sunt) quod cum Haluntium venisset Archagathum vocari jussit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 51:optimum vero (est) quod dictaturae nomen in perpetuum de re publica sustulisti,
id. Phil. 2, 36, 91.—With second sup., in the phrase optumum factu est (where factu is redundant):IV.sed hoc mihi optumum factu arbitror,
Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 16:optimum factu esse duxerant frumento... nostros prohibere,
Caes. B. G. 4, 30:optumum factu credens exercitum augere,
Sall. C. 32, 1 (Kritz, factum); 57, 5 (Kritz, factum).Ellipt. use: di meliora, i. e. dent or velint, i. e. let the gods grant better things than what you say, etc.; God forbid! in full:V.di melius duint,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 9, 16:di meliora velint!
Ov. M. 7, 37.—Ellipt.:di meliora! inquit,
Cic. Sen. 14, 47:id ubi mulier audivit, perturbata, dii meliora inquit, etc.,
Liv. 39, 10, 2; 9, 9, 6; Verg. G. 3, 513;similarly, di melius, i. e. fecerunt,
Val. Max. 6, 1, ext. 3.With object expressed,1.By dat.(α).= good, useful, beneficial for:(β).ambula, id lieni optumum est,
Plaut. Curc. 2, 1, 25:quia vobis eadem quae mihi bona malaque esse intellexi,
Sall. C. 20, 3:bona bello Cornus, jaculis, etc.,
Verg. G. 2, 447.—= benignus or propitius, kind to:(γ).vicinis bonus esto,
Cato, R. R. 4:bene merenti mala es, male merenti bona es,
Plaut. As. 1, 2, 3:vos o mihi Manes, Este boni,
Verg. A. 12, 647.—= idoneus, fit for, adapted to:(δ).qui locus vino optimus dicetur esse,
Cato, R. R. 6:tum erit ei rei optumum tempus,
id. ib. 26:terra cui putre solum, Optima frumentis,
Verg. G. 2, 205; 2, 319; 1, 286.—With sum and dat., in the phrase alicui bono est, it is of service to one, profits him:(ε).accusant in quibus occidi patrem Sex. Roscii bono fuit,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 5, 13:bono fuisse Romanis adventum eorum constabat,
Liv. 7, 12, 4.—Hence, with rel. dat.: cui bono (est), for whose advantage it is:quod si quis usurpet illud Cassianum cui bono fuerit, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 14, 35:cui bono fuisset,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84; id. Mil. 12, 32 Ascon. ad loc.; cf.ellipt. form cui bono?
Prisc. p. 1208 P.—With dat. gerund:2.ager oleto conserundo qui in Favonium spectavit, aliis bonus nullus erit,
Cato, R. R. 6; Varr. R. R. 1, 24:(mons) quia pecori bonus alendo erat,
Liv. 29, 31; 9, 10.—By ad and acc.:refert et ad quam rem bona aut non bona sit,
Varr. R. R. 1, 91:occasio quaeritur idoneane fuerit ad rem adoriendam, an alia melior,
Auct. Her. 2, 4, 7:non campos modo militi Romano ad proelium bonos, etc.,
Tac. A. 2, 14. -
22 meliores
bŏnus (old form dŭonus, Carm. Sall. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 26 Mull.; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 67 Mull.), a, um, adj. [for duonus, cf. bellum, bis, and cf. root dvi-; hence deidô, deos], good; comp. melior, us [cf. Gr. mala, mallon], better; sup. optimus ( optumus, ante-class. and often class.) [root opof ops, opes; cf. copia, apiscor], best.I.Attributively.A.As adjunct of nouns denoting persons.1.Vir bonus.(α).A man morally good (kalos kagathos):(β).quoniam boni me viri pauperant, improbi alunt,
Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 60:omnibus virtutibus instructos et ornatos tum sapientes, tum viros bonos dicimus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 10, 28:ille vir bonus qui... intolerabili dolore lacerari potius quam aut officium prodat aut fidem,
id. Ac. 2, 8, 23:sive vir bonus est is qui prodest quibus potest, nocet nemini, certe istum virum bonum non facile reperimus,
id. Off. 3, 15, 64:qui se ita gerunt ut eorum probitas, fides, integritas, etc.... hos viros bonos... appellandos putemus,
id. Lael. 5, 19:non intellegunt se de callido homine loqui, non de bono viro,
id. Att. 7, 2, 4:ut quisque est vir optimus, ita difficillime esse alios improbos suspicatur,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 4, § 12:nec enim melior vir fuit Africano quisquam, nec clarior,
id. Lael. 2, 6; id. Leg. 1, 14, 41; 1, 18, 48; id. Planc. 4, 9; id. Par. 3, 1, 21; id. Marcell. 6, 20; id. Fam. 7, 21; id. Off. 2, 16, 57.—An honest man:(γ).justitia, ex qua viri boni nominantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 7, 21; 1, 44, 155; 2, 11, 39; 2, 12, 42; 2, 20, 71;3, 12, 50: cum is sponsionem fecisset ni vir bonus esset,
id. ib. 3, 19, 77:quoniam Demosthenes nec vir bonus esset, nec bene meritus de civitate,
id. Opt. Gen. 7, 20; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 40, 116.—A man of good standing in the community:(δ).id viri boni arbitratu deducetur,
Cato, R. R. 143; so id. ib. 149:tuam partem viri bono arbitratu... dari oportet,
Dig. 17, 1, [p. 244] 35;37, 6, 2, § 2: quem voles virum bonum nominato,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 55:vir bonus est... quo res sponsore, et quo causae teste tenentur,
Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 40.—Hence, ironically of wealthy men:praetores jus dicunt, aediles ludos parant, viri boni usuras perscribunt,
Cic. Att. 9, 12, 3.—Ironically of bad men:(ε).sed eccum lenonem Lycum, bonum virum,
Plaut. Poen. 5, 5, 52; Ter. Eun. 5, 3, 9; 4, 3, 18; id. Ad. 3, 4, 30:expectabam quinam isti viri boni testes hujus manifesto deprehensi veneni dicerentur,
Cic. Cael. 26, 63:nam socer ejus, vir multum bonus est,
id. Agr. 3, 3, 13;so especially in addresses (mostly comic.): age tu, illuc procede, bone vir!
Plaut. Capt. 5, 2, 1; id. Curc. 5, 2, 12; id. Ps. 4, 7, 48; id. Pers. 5, 2, 11; Ter. And. 3, 5, 10; 5, 2, 5; id. Ad. 4, 2, 17; id. Eun. 5, 2, 11:quid tu, vir optime? Ecquid habes quod dicas?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 104.—Sometimes boni viri = boni, in the sense of optimates (v. I. A. 3.):(ζ).bonis viris quid juris reliquit tribunatus C. Gracchi?
Cic. Leg. 3, 9, 20.—As a conventional courtesy:2.homines optimi non intellegunt, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 25:bone accusator,
id. Rosc. Am. 21, 58:sic illum amicum vocasti, quomodo omnes candidatos bonos viros dicimus,
gentlemen, Sen. Ep. 3, 1.—For bonus vir, a good husband, v. 3.; and for vir optimus, as a laudatory epithet, v. 5.—Boni homines (rare) = boni, better classes of society, v. II. A. 3:3.in foro infimo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14.—With nouns denoting persons in regard to their functions, offices, occupations, and qualities, denoting excellence:4.bonus consul,
Liv. 4, 40, 6; 22, 39, 2 (different: consules duos, bonos quidem, sed dumtaxat bonos, amisimus, consuls of good sentiments, almost = bad consuls, Cic. ad Brut. 1, 3, 4):boni tribuni plebis,
Cic. Phil. 1, 10, 25:bonus senator,
id. Prov. Cons. 15, 37:senator bonus,
id. Dom. 4, 8:bonus judex,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 15, § 34:bonus augur (ironically),
id. Phil. 2, 32, 80:bonus vates,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 27:bonus imperator,
Sall. C. 60, 4:bonus dux,
Quint. 12, 1, 43 (cf. trop.:naturam, optimam ducem,
the best guide, Cic. Sen. 2, 5):bonus miles,
Sall. C. 60, 4; Sen. Vit. Beat. 15, 5:bonus orator,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 10:optimus orator,
id. Opt. Gen. 1, 3:poeta bonus,
id. de Or. 1, 3, 11; 2, 46, 194; id. Fin. 1, 3, 10:scriptor bonus,
Quint. 10, 1, 104:bonus advocatus,
id. 5, 13, 10:bonus defensor,
id. 5, 13, 3:bonus altercator,
a good debater, id. 6, 4, 10:bonus praeceptor,
id. 5, 13, 44; 10, 5, 22:bonus gubernator,
Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 100:optimus opifex,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 133:sutor bonus,
id. ib. 1, 3, 125:actor optimus,
Cic. Sest. 57, 122:cantor optimus est modulator,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 130:melior gladiator,
Ov. Tr. 4, 6, 33: agricola (colonus, dominus) bonus, Cato, R. R. prooem.; Cic. Sen. 16, 56:bonus paterfamilias,
a thrifty head of the house, Nep. Att. 13, 1:bonus servus,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 58; id. Am. 2, 1, 46; id. Men. 5, 6, 1; Cic. Mil. 22, 58:dominus bonus,
Cato, R. R. 14:bonus custos,
Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 38.—Ironically, Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 57:filius bonus,
Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 9:patres,
Quint. 11, 3, 178:parens,
id. 6, prooem. 4: bonus (melior, optimus), viz. a good husband, Cic. Inv. 1, 31, 51 sq.; Liv. 1, 9, 15:uxor melior,
Cic. Inv. 1, 31, 52:amicus,
id. Fam. 2, 15, 3:amicus optimus,
Plaut. Cas. 3, 3, 18:optimus testis,
Cic. Fam. 7, 27, 2:auctor, in two senses,
good authority, id. Att. 5, 12, 3;and = bonus scriptor (post-class.),
Quint. 10, 1, 74.—Esp.:bonus civis (rarely civis bonus): in re publica ea velle quae tranquilla et honesta sint: talem enim solemus et sentire bonum civem et dicere, Cic.-Off. 1, 34, 124: eaque est summa ratio et sapientia boni civis, commoda civium non divellere, atque omnes aequitate eadem continere,
id. ib. 2, 23, 83:eum esse civem et fidelem et bonum,
Plaut. Pers. 1, 2, 15; Cic. Fam. 2, 8, 2; 1, 9, 10; 3, 12, 1; 6, 6, 11; id. Off. 1, 44, 155; Liv. 22, 39, 3; Sall. H. Fragm. 1, 10 Dietsch:optimus et fortissimus civis,
Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; id. Sest. 17, 39.—Bonus and optimus as epithets of the gods.(α).In gen.:(β).sed te bonus Mercurius perdat,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 3, 23:fata... bonique divi,
Hor. C. 4, 2, 38:divis orte bonis,
id. ib. 4, 5, 1:O bone deus!
Scrib. Comp. 84 fin.: BONORVM DEORVM, Inscr. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 34, 84: totidem, pater optime, dixi, Tu mihi da cives, referring to Jupiter, Ov. M. 7, 627.—Optimus Maximus, a standing epithet of Jupiter:(γ).(Juppiter) a majoribus nostris Optimus Maximus (nominatur), et quidem ante optimus, id est beneficentissimus, quam Maximus,
Cic. N. D. 2, 25, 64:Jovem optimum et maximum ob eas res appellant, non quod, etc.,
id. ib. 3, 36, 87:in templo Jovis Optimi Maximi,
id. Sest. 56, 129; id. Prov. Cons. 9, 22:nutu Jovis Optimi Maximi,
id. Cat. 3, 9, 21; Liv. 1, 12, 7; id. 6, 16, 2.—Di boni, O di boni, expressing indignation, sorrow, or surprise:(δ).di boni, hunc visitavi antidhac!
Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 16:di boni, boni quid porto!
Ter. And. 2, 2, 1:di boni, quid hoc morbi est,
id. Eun. 2, 1, 19; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 13; id. Ad. 3, 3, 86:alter, O di boni, quam taeter incedebat!
Cic. Sest. 8, 19; id. Brut. 84, 288; id. Phil. 2, 8, 20; 2, 32, 80; id. Att. 1, 16, 5; 14, 21, 2; Val. Max. 3, 5, 1; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3.—Bona Dea, etc., v. 6.—5.Optimus as a laudatory epithet.(α).Vir optimus:(β).per vos nobis, per optimos viros optimis civibus periculum inferre conantur,
Cic. Sest. 1, 2:virum optimum et constantissimum M. Cispium,
id. ib. 35, 76:fratrem meum, virum optimum, fortissimum,
id. ib.:consolabor hos praesentes, viros optimos,
id. Balb. 19, 44; id. Planc. 21, 51; 23, 55; id. Mil. 14, 38; id. Marcell. 4, 10; id. Att. 5, 1, 5; Hor. S. 1, 6, 53.—Femina bona, optima:(γ).tua conjunx bona femina,
Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 16:hujus sanctissimae feminae atque optimae pater,
id. ib. —Senex, pater, frater, etc.:(δ).optimus: parentes ejus, prudentissimi atque optimi senis,
Cic. Planc. 41, 97:insuevit pater optimus hoc me,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 105; 2, 1, 12:C. Marcelli, fratris optimi,
Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 6; id. Q. Fr. 2, 6 (8), 2; 2, 4, 2.—With proper names ( poet.):(ε).optimus Vergilius,
Hor. S. 1, 6, 54:Maecenas optimus,
id. ib. 1, 5, 27:optime Quinti,
id. Ep. 1, 16, 1.—Esp. as an epithet of the Roman emperors:6.quid tam civile, tam senatorium quam illud, additum a nobis Optimi cognomen?
Plin. Pan. 2, 7:gratias, inquit, ago, optime Princeps!
Sen. Tranq. 14. 4:ex epistula optimi imperatoris Antonini,
Gai. Inst. 1, 102; cf.:bene te patriae pater optime Caesar,
Ov. F. 2, 637:optime Romulae Custos gentis,
Hor. C. 4, 5, 1.—Bonus and Bona, names of deities.(α).Bona Dea, the goddess of Chastity, whose temple could not be entered by males (cf. Macr. S. 1, 12; Lact. 1, 22):(β).Bonae Deae pulvinaribus,
Cic. Pis. 39, 95; id. Mil. 31, 86; id. Fam. 1, 9, 15; cf.in mal. part.,
Juv. 2, 86 sq.; 6, 314 sq.; 6, 335 sq.—Bonus Eventus, Varr. R. R. 1, 1 med.; Amm. 29, 6, 19; Inscr. Orell. 907; 1780 sq.—(γ).Bona Fortuna:(δ).si bona Fortuna veniat, ne intromiseris,
Plaut. Aul. 1, 3, 22:Bonae Fortunae (signum),
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3, § 7:FORTVNAE BONAE DOMESTICAE,
Inscr. Orell. 1743 sq. —Bona Spes:(ε).Spes Bona, obsecro, subventa mihi,
Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 12:BONAE SPEI,
Aug. Inscr. Grut. 1075, 1.—BONA MENS, Inscr. Orell. 1818 sqq.:B.Mens Bona, si qua dea es, tua me in sacraria dono,
Prop. 3, 24, 19.With nouns denoting things.1.Things concrete, denoting excellence:2.navis bona dicitur non quae pretiosis coloribus picta est... sed stabilis et firma,
Sen. Ep. 76, 13:gladium bonum dices, non cui auratus est balteus, etc., sed cui et ad secandum subtilis acies est, et, etc.,
id. ib. 76, 14:id vinum erit lene et bono colore,
Cato, R. R. 109; Lucr. 2, 418; Ov. Am. 2, 7, 9:tabulas... collocare in bono lumine,
Cic. Brut. 75, 261: ex quavis olea oleum... bonum fieri potest. Cato, R. R. 3:per aestatem boves aquam bonam et liquidam bibant semper curato,
id. ib. 73; cf.:bonae aquae, ironically compared to wine,
Prop. 2, 33 (3, 31), 28:praedium bonum caelum habeat,
good temperature, Cato, R. R. 1:bona tempestate,
in good weather, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 4:(praedium) solo bono valeat,
by good soil, Cato, R. R. 1:bonae (aedes) cum curantur male,
Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 24:villam bonam,
Cic. Off. 3, 13, 55:bonus pons,
Cat. 17, 5:scyphi optimi (= optime facti),
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32:perbona toreumata,
id. ib. 2, 4, 18, §38: bona domicilia,
comfortable residences, id. N. D. 2, 37, 95:agrum Meliorem nemo habet,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 12:fundum meliorem,
Cic. Inv. 1, 31, 52: fundos optimos et fructuosissimos, id. Agr. 3, 4, 14:equus melior,
id. Inv. 1, 31, 52:bona cena,
Cat. 13, 3:boni nummi,
good, not counterfeit, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 144; Cic. Off. 3, 23, 91:super omnia vultus accessere boni,
good looks, Ov. M. 8, 678:mulier bona forma,
of a fine form, Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 13:equus formae melioris,
Hor. S. 2, 7, 52:tam bona cervix, simul ac jussero, demetur,
fine, beautiful, Suet. Calig. 33:fruges bonae,
Cat. 34, 19:ova suci melioris,
of better flavor, Hor. S. 2, 4, 13.— Trop.:animus aequus optimum est aerumnae condimentum,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 71: bona dextra, a lucky hand (cf.:bonum omen, 2. e.),
Quint. 6, 3, 69:scio te bona esse voce, ne clama nimis,
good, sound, loud voice, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 43; so,bona firmaque vox,
Quint. 11, 3, 13.—Things abstract.a.Of physical well-being:b.ut si qui neget sine bona valetudine posse bene vivi,
Cic. Inv. 1, 51, 93; Sen. Vit. Beat. 22, 2; Lucr. 3, 102; Val. Max. 2, 5, 6; Quint. 10, 3, 26; 11, 2, 35 et saep.:non bonus somnus de prandio est,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 8:bona aetas,
prime of life, Cic. Sen. 14, 48:optima aetate,
id. Fam. 10, 3, 3.—Ironically:bona, inquis, aetate, etc.,
Sen. Ep. 76, 1.—Of the mind and soul:c.meliore esse sensu,
Cic. Sest. 21, 47:optima indoles,
id. Fin. 5, 22, 61:bona conscientia,
Quint. 6, 1, 33; 9, 2, 93; Sen. Vit. Beat. 20, 5:bono ingenio me esse ornatam quam auro multo mavolo,
with a good heart, Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 91; id. Stich. 1, 21, 59; Sall. C. 10, 5:mens melior,
Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 78; Cic. Phil. 3, 5, 13; Liv. 39, 16, 5; Sen. Ben. 1, 11, 4; id. Ep. 10, 4; Pers. 2, 8; Petr. 61.—Personified, Prop. 3 (4), 24, 19; Ov. Am. 1, 2, 31:duos optimae indolis filios,
Val. Max. 5, 7, 2; Sen. Ben. 6, 16, 6; Quint. 1, 2, 5:bonum consilium,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 6; id. Rud. 4, 3, 18; Cic. Off. 1, 33, 121:bona voluntas,
a good purpose, Quint. 12, 11, 31:memoria bona,
Cic. Att. 8, 4, 2:bona ratio cum perdita... confligit,
id. Cat. 2, 11, 25:bonae rationes,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 50:pronuntiatio bona,
Auct. Her. 3, 15, 27.—Of moral relations:d.ego si bonam famam mihi servasso, sat ero dives,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 71; Cic. Sest. 66, 139; Liv. 6, 11, 7; Hor. S. 1, 2, 61 (cf. Cic. Att. 7, 26, 1;v. e. infra): si ego in causa tam bona cessi tribuni plebis furori,
Cic. Sest. 16, 36; id. Planc. 36, 87; Ov. M. 5, 220:fac, sis, bonae frugi sies,
of good, regular habits, Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 35; id. Cas. 2, 4, 5; 2, 5, 19; id. Ps. 1, 5, 53; id. Truc. 1, 1, 13; id. Capt. 5, 2, 3 sq. (v. frux, II. B. 1. b.): vilicus disciplina bona utatur. Cato, R. R. 5:bona studia,
moral pursuits, Auct. Her. 4, 17, 25:quidquid vita meliore parasti,
Hor. S. 2, 3, 15: ad spem mortis melioris, an honorable death; so as an epithet of religious exercises:Juppiter, te bonas preces precor,
Cato, R. R. 134; 139.—Of external, artistic, and literary value and usefulness:e.bono usui estis nulli,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 15:Optumo optume optumam operam das,
id. Am. 1, 1, 122:bonam dedistis mihi operam,
a valuable service to me, id. Poen. 2, 3, 70; 3, 6, 11; id. Pers. 4, 7, 11; id. Rud. 3, 6, 11 (in a different sense: me bona opera aut mala Tibi inventurum esse auxilium argentarium, by fair or unfair means, id. Ps. 1, 1, 102;v. e. infra): optima hereditas a patribus traditur liberis... gloria virtutis rerumque gestarum,
Cic. Off. 1, 33, 121:bonum otium,
valuable leisure, Sall. C. 4, 1:bonis versibus,
Cic. Ac. 2, 23, 74:versus meliores,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 81:meliora poemata,
Hor. A. P. 303:in illa pro Ctesiphonte oratione longe optima,
Cic. Or. 8, 26:optimas fabulas,
id. Off. 1, 31, 114:melius munus,
id. Ac. 1, 2, 7.—Favorable, prosperous, lucky, fortunate:f.de Procilio rumores non boni,
unfavorable rumors, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 5:bona de Domitio, praeclara de Afranio fama est,
about their success in the war, id. ib. 7, 26, 1:si fuisset in discipulo comparando meliore fortuna,
id. Pis. 29, 71; cf.fortuna optima esse,
to be in the best pecuniary circumstances, id. ad Brut. 1, 1, 2:occasio tam bona,
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 9:senex est eo meliore condicione quam adulesoens cum, etc.,
Cic. Sen. 19, 68; id. Fam. 4, 32:bona navigatio,
id. N. D. 3, 34, 83;esp. in phrase bona spes.—Object.: ergo in iis adulescentibus bonam spem esse dicemus et magnam indolem quos, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 35, 117.—Subject.:ego sum spe bona,
Cic. Fam. 12, 28, 3; id. Cat. 2, 11, 25; [p. 245] id. Att. 14, 1 a, 3; id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 16:optima spe,
id. Fam. 12, 11, 2.—Pregn., = spes bonarum rerum, Sall. C. 21, 1;v. C. 1. c. infra: meliora responsa,
more favorable, Liv. 7, 21, 6:melior interpretatio,
Tac. H. 3, 65:cum laude et bonis recordationibus,
id. A. 4, 38:amnis Doctus iter melius,
i. e. less injurious, Hor. A. P. 68:omen bonum,
a good, lucky omen, Cic. Pis. 13, 31; cf.Liv. praef. § 13: melius omen,
Ov. F. 1, 221;optimum,
Cic. Fam. 3, 12, 2:bona scaeva,
Plaut. Stich. 5, 2, 24:auspicio optumo,
id. ib. 3, 2, 6; cf.:memini bene, sed meliore Tempore dicam = opportuniore tempore,
Hor. S. 1, 9, 68.—Of public affairs, si mihi bona re publica frui non licuerit, Cic. Mil. 34, 93:g.optima res publica,
id. Or. 1, 1, 1; id. Phil. 1, 8, 19:minus bonis temporibus,
id. Dom. 4, 8; so,optimis temporibus,
id. Sest. 3, 6:nostrae res meliore loco videbantur,
id. ad Brut. 1, 3, 1:lex optima,
id. Pis. 16, 37; id. Sest. 64, 137; id. Phil, 1, 8, 19.—Good = large, considerable:h.bono atque amplo lucro,
Plaut. Am. prol. 6:bona librorum copia,
Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 109; cf.:bona copia cornu,
Ov. M. 9, 88; v. bona pars, C. 8. g.—Noble; with genus, good family, noble extraction, honorable birth: quali me arbitraris genere prognatum? Eu. Bono, Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 35; so id. Ep. 1, 2, 4; 2, 1, 3; id. Pers. 4, 4, 94:k.si bono genere natus sit,
Auct. Her. 3, 7, 13.—Referring to good-will, kindness, faithfulness, in certain phrases.(α).Bona venia or cum bona venia, with the kind permission of a person addressed, especially bona venia orare, expetere, etc.:(β).primum abs te hoc bona venia expeto,
Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 31:bona tua venia dixerim,
Cic. Leg. 3, 15, 34:oravit bona venia Quirites, ne, etc.,
Liv. 7, 41, 3:obsecro vos.. bona venia vestra liceat, etc.,
id. 6, 40, 10:cum bona venia quaeso audiatis, etc.,
id. 29, 17, 6; Arn. c. Gent. 1, p. 5; cf.. sed des veniam bonus oro = venia bona oro,
Hor. S. 2, 4, 5.—Bona pax, without quarrelling:(γ).bona pax sit potius,
let us have no quarrel about that, Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 7;so especially cum bona pace, or bona pace: Hannibal ad Alpis cum bona pace incolentium... pervenit,
without a difficulty with the inhabitants, Liv. 21, 32, 6; 21, 24, 5; 1, 24, 3; 28, 37, 4; 8, 15, 1; cf.: si bonam (pacem) dederitis, = a fair peace, under acceptable conditions, id. 8, 21, 4.—Amicitia bona = bona fide servata, faithful, undisturbed friendship:(δ).igitur amicitia Masinissae bona atque honesta nobis permansit,
Sall. J. 5, 5.—Bona societas, alliance:C.Segestes, memoria bonae societatis, impavidus,
Tac. A. 1, 58.In particular phrases.1.Bonae res.a.= Vitae commoda, comforts of life, abstract or concrete:b.concedatur bonis rebus homines morte privari,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 36, 87:optimis rebus usus est,
he had every most desirable thing, Nep. Att. 18, 1.—= Res secundae, opp. res adversae, prosperity:c.bonis rebus tuis, meas irrides malas,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 45:in bonis rebus,
Hor. C. 2, 3, 2. —Res bona = res familiaris bona, wealth ( poet.): in re bona esse, Laber. ap. Gell. 10, 17, 4.—Also an object of value:d.homines quibus mala abunde omnia erant, sed neque res neque spes bona ulla,
who had no property, nor the hope of any, Sall. C. 21, 1. —Costly things, articles of luxury:e.capere urbem in Arabia plenam bonarum rerum,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 46; 4, 4, 82:nimium rei bonae,
id. Stich. 2, 3, 55:ignorantia bonarum rerum,
Nep. Ages. 8, 5 ' bonis rebus gaudere, Hor. S. 2, 6, 110:re bona copiosum esse,
Gell. 16, 19, 7.—Moral, morally good:f.illi cum res non bonas tractent,
Cic. Ac. 2, 33, 72:ut de virtutibus et vitiis, omninoque de bonis rebus et malis quaererent,
id. ib. 1, 4, 15:quid habemus in rebus bonis et malis explorati?
id. ib. 2, 42, 129; so id. Or. 1, 10, 42; id. Leg. 1, 22, 58:quae tamen omnia dulciora fuint et moribus bonis et artibus,
id. Sen. 18, 65.—In literary composition, important or interesting matter, subjects, or questions:2.res bonas verbis electis dictas quis non legat?
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 8:studiis generorum, praesertim in re bona,
Plaut. Am. 8, 26.—Bonae artes.(α).A good, laudable way of dealing:(β).qui praeclari facinoris aut artis bonae famam quaerit,
Sall. C. 2, 9:huic bonae artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis contendit,
id. ib. 11, 2:quod is bonarum artium cupiens erat,
Tac. A. 6, 46.—Liberal arts and sciences:3.litteris aut ulli bonae arti,
Quint. 12, 1, 7:conservate civem bonarum artium, bonarum partium, bonorum virorum,
Cic. Sest. 32, 77. —Esp.:optimae artes: optimarum artium scientia,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 4; id. Ac. 2, 1, 1; id. Cael. 10, 24; id. Marcell. 1, 4.—Bona fides, or fides bona.a.Good faith, i. e. conscious honesty in acts or words: qui nummos fide bona solvit, who pays (the price of labor) in good faith, i. e. as it is honestly earned, Cato, R. R. 14:b.dic, bona fide, tu id aurum non subripuisti?
Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 46; 4, 10, 47; id. Capt. 4, 2, 111; id. Most. 3, 1, 137; id. Poen. 1, 3, 30; id. Pers. 4, 3, 16; id. Ps. 4, 6, 33:si tibi optima fide omnia concessit,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 49, 144; Quint. 10, 3, 23.—Hence, bonae fidei vir, a conscientious man, Quint. 10, 7, 1.—Jurid. t. t.(α).Good faith in contracts and legal acts in general, opposed to dolus malus, honesty and fairness in dealing with another:(β).ad fidem bonam statuit pertinere, notum esse emptori vitium quod nosset venditor,
Cic. Off. 3, 16, 67.—Hence, alienam rem bona fide emere, to buy, believing the seller to be the rightful owner, Dig. 41, 3, 10; 41, 3, 13, § 1. bonae fidei possessor (also possessio), believing that he is the rightful owner, ib. 5, 3, 25, § 11; 5, 3, 22; 41, 3, 15, § 2;41, 3, 24: conventio contra bonam fidem et mores bonos,
ib. 16, 31, § 7: bonam fidem praestare, to be responsible for one ' s good faith, ib. 17, 1, 10 prooem.—Hence,Bonae fidei actiones or judicia, actions in equity, i. e. certain classes of actions in which the strict civil law was set aside by the praetorian edict in favor of equity:4.actiones quaedam bonae fidei sunt, quaedam stricti juris. Bonae fidei sunt haec: exempto vendito, locato conducto, etc.,
Just. Inst. 4, 6, 28, § 19.—In the republican time the praetor added in such actions to his formula for the judex the words ex fide bona, or, in full:quidquid dare facere oportet ex fide bona,
Cic. Off. 3, 16, 66:iste dolus malus et legibus erat vindicatus, et sine lege, judiciis in quibus additur ex fide bona,
id. ib. 3, 15, 61; cf. id. ib. 3, 17, 70.—Bona verba.(α).Kind words:(β).Bona verba quaeso,
Ter. And. 1, 2, 33.—Words of good omen (v. omen):(γ).dicamus bona verba,
Tib. 2, 2, 1:dicite suffuso ter bona verba mero,
Ov. F. 2, 638.—Elegant or well-chosen expressions:(δ).quid est tam furiosum quam verborum vel optimorum atque ornatissimorum sonitus inanis,
Cic. Or. 1, 12, 51:verborum bonorum cursu,
id. Brut. 66, 233:omnia verba sunt alicubi optima,
Quint. 10, 1, 9.—Moral sayings:5.non est quod contemnas bona verba et bonis cogitationibus plena praecordia,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 20, 1. —Bona dicta.(α).Polite, courteous language:(β).hoc petere me precario a vobis jussit leniter dictis bonis,
Plaut. Am. prol. 25.—Witticisms ( bon-mots): flammam a sapiente facilius ore in ardente opprimi, quam bona dicta teneat, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 2, 54, 222:6.dico unum ridiculum dictum de dictis melioribus quibus solebam menstruales epulas ante adipiscier,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 1, 22:ibo intro ad libros ut discam de dictis melioribus,
id. Stich. 2, 3, 75.—Bona facta.(α).= bene facta (v. bene, I. B. 2. b.), laudable deeds:(β).nobilitas ambobus et majorum bona facta (sc. erant),
Tac. A. 3, 40.—Bonum factum est, colloq., = bene est, bene factum est (v. bene, I. B. 2. b.):(γ).bonum factum est, ut edicta servetis mea,
Plaut. Poen. prol. 16:haec imperata quae sunt pro imperio histrico, bonum hercle factum (est) pro se quisque ut meminerit,
id. ib. 45.— Hence,Elliptically, introducing commands which cannot be enforced, = if you will do so, it will be well:7.peregrinis in senatum allectis, libellus propositus est: bonum factum, ne quis senatori novo curiam monstrare velit,
Suet. Caes. 80:et Chaldaeos edicere: bonum factum, ne Vitellius... usquam esset,
id. Vit. 14:hac die Carthaginem vici: bonum factum, in Capitolium eamus, et deos supplicemus,
Aur. Vict. 49; cf.:o edictum, cui adscribi non poterit bonum factum,
Tert. Pud. 1.—Bona gratia.(α).A friendly understanding:(β).cur non videmus inter nos haec potius cum bona Ut componantur gratia quam cum mala?
Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 17; so,per gratiam bonam abire,
to part with good feelings, Plaut. Mil. 4, 3, 33.—In jest: sine bona gratia abire, of things cast away, Plaut Truc. 2, 7, 15.—Pleon., in the phrase bonam gratiam habere, = gratiam habere, to thank (v. B. 2. k.), Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 32; id. Bacch. 4, 8, 99.—8.Bona pars.(α).The well-disposed part of a body of persons:(β).ut plerumque fit, major pars (i. e. of the senate) meliorem vicit,
Liv. 21, 4, 1:pars melior senatus ad meliora responsa trahere,
id. 7, 21, 6.—The good party, i. e. the optimates (gen. in plur.):(γ).civem bonarum partium,
Cic. Sest. 32, 77:(fuit) meliorum partium aliquando,
id. Cael. 6, 13:qui sibi gratiam melioris partis velit quaesitam,
Liv. 2, 44, 3.—Paronom.: (Roscius) semper partium in re publica tam quam in scaena optimarum, i. e. party and part in a drama, Cic. Sest. 56, 120.—Of things or persons, a considerable part (cf. a good deal):(δ).bonam partem ad te adtulit,
Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 43:bonam partem sermonis in hunc diem esse dilatam,
Cic. Or. 2, 3, 14:bonam magnamque partem exercitus,
Val. Max. 5, 2, ext. 4:bona pars noctium,
Quint. 12, 11, 19:bona pars hominum,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 61:meae vocis... bona pars,
id. C. 4, 2, 46; so id. A. P. 297; Ov. P. 1, 8, 74:melior pars diei,
Verg. A. 9, 156.—Rarely, and mostly eccl. Lat.: optima pars, the best part or lot:(ε).nostri melior pars animus est,
Sen. Q. N. 1, prooem. § 14; cf.:quae pars optima est in homine,
best, most valuable, Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 67:major pars aetatis, certe melior reipublicae data sit,
Sen. Brev. Vit. 18, 1:Maria optimam partem elegit, quae non auferetur ab ea,
Vulg. Luc. 10, 42.—Adverb.:(ζ).bonam partem = ex magna parte,
Lucr. 6, 1249.—Aliquem in optimam partem cognoscere, to know somebody from his most favorable side, Cic. Off. 2, 13, 46: aliquid in optimam partem accipere, to take something in good part, interpret it most favorably:9.Caesar mihi ignoscit quod non venerim, seseque in optimam partem id accipere dicit,
id. Att. 10, 3 a, 2; id. ad Brut. 1, 2, 3:quaeso ut hoc in bonam partem accipias,
id. Rosc. Am. 16, 45.—Dies bonus or bona.(α).A day of good omen, a fortunate day (= dies laetus, faustus):(β).tum tu igitur die bono, Aphrodisiis, addice, etc.,
Plaut. Poen. 2, 49:nunc dicenda bona sunt bona verba die,
Ov. F. 1, 72.—A beautiful, serene day, Sen. Vit. Beat. 22, 3.—10.Bonus mos.(α).Boni mores, referring to individuals, good, decent, moral habits:(β).nihil est amabilius quam morum similitudo bonorum,
Cic. Off. 1, 17, 56:nam hic nimium morbus mores invasit bonos,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 1, 6:domi militiaeque boni mores colebantur,
Sall. C. 9, 1:propter ejus suavissimos et optimos mores,
Cic. Phil. 3, 5, 13:cum per tot annos matronae optimis moribus vixerint,
Liv. 34, 6, 9:mores meliores,
Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 18.—Bonus mos or boni mores, in the abstract, morality, the laws, rules of morality: ei vos morigerari mos bonu'st, it is a rule of morality that you should, etc., Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 4:11.ex optimo more et sanctissima disciplina,
Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69:neglegentia boni moris,
Sen. Ep. 97, 1.—Jurid. t. t.:conventio, mandatum contra bonos mores,
in conflict with morality, Quint. 3, 1, 57; Dig. 16, 3, 1, § 7; Gai. Inst. 3, 157 et saep. —Adverbial phrases.a.Bono animo esse, or bonum animum habere.(α).To be of good cheer or courage:(β).bono animo es! Liberabit ille te homo,
Plaut. Merc 3, 1, 33; so id. Aul. 4, 10, 61; id. Mil. 4, 8, 32; id. Rud. 3, 3, 17; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 4; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 18; id. Ad. 2, 4, 20; 3, 5, 1; 4, 2, 4; 4, 5, 62; id. Phorm. 5, 8, 72:animo bono es,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 103; id. Am. 2, 2, 48; 5, 2, 1:bono animo es, inquit Scrofa, et fiscinam expedi,
Varr. R. R. 1, 26:bono animo sint et tui et mei familiares,
Cic. Fam. 6, 18, 1; 6, 10, 29:bono animo esse jubere eam consul,
Liv. 39, 13, 7:habe modo bonum animum,
Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 58; so id. Am. 1, 3, 47; id. Truc. 2, 6, 44; id. Aul. 2, 2, 15:habe animum bonum,
id. Cas. 2, 6, 35; id. Ep. 2, 2, 1; 4, 2, 31:bonum animum habe,
Liv. 45, 8, 5:clamor ortus ut bonum animum haberet,
id. 8, 32, 1; so Sen. Ep. 87, 38.—Bono animo esse, or facere aliquid, to be of a good or friendly disposition, or to do with good, honest intentions:(γ).audire jubet vos imperator histricus, bonoque ut animo sedeant in subselliis qui, etc.,
Plaut. Poen. prol. 5: sunt enim (consules) [p. 246] optimo animo, summo consilio, of the best disposition, Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 2:bono te animo tum populus Romanus... dicere existimavit ea quae sentiebatis, sed, etc.,
id. Imp. Pomp. 19, 56:quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur,
Caes. B. G. 1, 6; Quint. 7, 4, 15.—Bonus animus, good temper, patience:b.bonus animus in mala re dimidium mali est,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 37:vos etiam hoc animo meliore feratis,
Ov. M. 9, 433.—Bono modo.(α).= placide, with composure, moderation:(β).si quis quid deliquerit, pro noxa bono modo vindicet,
Cato, R. R. 5:haec tibi tam sunt defendenda quam moenia, mihi autem bono modo, tantum quantum videbitur,
Cic. Ac. 2, 44, 137.—In a decent manner:c.neu quisquam prohibeto filium quin amet... quod bono fiat modo,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 62. —Jure optimo or optimo jure, with good, perfect right:II.te ipse jure optumo incuses licet,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 23; id. Rud. 2, 6, 53:ut jure optimo me deserere posses,
Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 6; Sen. Ot. Sap. 2 (29), 2.—With pass. or intr. verb, deservedly:ne jure optimo irrideamur,
Cic. Off. 1, 31, 111; cf. id. ib. 1, 42, 151; id. Marcell. 1, 4;similarly, optimo judicio,
Val. Max. 2, 9, 2.As subst.A.bŏnus, boni, m.; of persons.1.In sing. or plur. orig. = bonus vir, boni viri; v. I. A. 1. a. b, supra, a morally good man.(α).Plur.:(β).bonis quod bene fit haud perit,
Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 2; id. Capt. 2, 2, 108; id. Trin. 2, 1, 55; id. Pers. 4, 5, 2:melius apud bonos quam apud fortunatos beneficium collocari puto,
Cic. Off. 2, 20, 71:verum esse ut bonos boni diligant, quamobrem... bonis inter bonos quasi necessariam (esse) benevolentiam,
id. Lael. 14, 50:diverso itinere malos a bonis loca taetra... habere,
Sall. C. 52, 13; 7, 2; 52, 22:oderunt peccare boni virtutis amore,
Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 52:tam bonis quam malis conduntur urbes,
Sen. Ben. 4, 28, 4; so id. Vit. Beat. 15, 6; Quint. 9, 2, 76.—Rarely bŏnae, arum, f., good women:quia omnes bonos bonasque adcurare addecet, etc.,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 41.—Sing.:2.malus bonum malum esse volt ut sit sui similis,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 8:nec enim cuique bono mali quidquam evenire potest,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 41, 99; cf.:qui meliorem audax vocet in jus,
Hor. S. 2, 5, 29.—Bonus, a man of honor.(α).A brave man:(β).pro qua (patria) quis bonus dubitet mortem oppetere si ei sit profuturus?
Cic. Off. 1, 17, 57:libertatem quam nemo bonus nisi cum anima simul amittat,
Sall. C. 33, 5:fortes creantur fortibus et bonis,
Hor. C. 4, 4, 29 (opp. ignavi):fama impari boni atque ignavi erant,
Sall. J. 57, 6; 53, 8; id. C. 11, 2. —A gentleman:3. (α).quis enim umquam, qui paululum modo bonorum consuetudinem nosset, litteras ad se ab amico missas... in medium protulit?
Cic. Phil. 2, 4, 7.—In gen. (of political sentiments, = optimates, opp. populares, seditiosi, perditi cives, etc.;(β).so usu. in Cic.): meam causam omnes boni proprie enixeque susceperant,
Cic. Sest. 16, 38:audaces homines et perditi nutu impelluntur... boni, nescio quomodo, tardiores sunt, etc.,
id. ib. 47, 100:ego Kal. Jan. senatum et bonos omnes legis agrariae... metu liberavi,
id. Pis. 2, 4:etenim omnes boni, quantum in ipsis fuit, Caesarem occiderunt,
id. Phil. 2, 13, 29; id. Fam. 5, 2, 8; 5, 21, 2; id. Sest. 2, 5; 16, 36; 48, 103; id. Planc. 35, 86; id. Mil. 2, 5; id. Off. 2. 12, 43:maledictis increpat omnes bonos,
Sall. C. 21, 4; 19, 2; 33, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 22; so,optimi,
Cic. Leg. 3, 17, 37; and, ironically, boni identified with the rich:bonorum, id est lautorum et locupletum,
id. Att. 8, 1, 3.—Without reference to political views;4.opp. vulgus (rare): nihil ego istos moror fatuos mores quibus boni dedecorant se,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 22:semper in civitate quibus opes nullae sunt bonis invident,
Sall. C. 37, 3:elatus est sine ulla pompa funeris, comitantibus omnibus bonis, maxima vulgi frequentia,
Nep. Att. 22, 2.—So, mĕlĭōres, um, m., one ' s betters:ut quaestui habeant male loqui melioribus,
Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 13:da locum melioribus,
Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 37.—Boni, bone, in addresses, as an expression of courtesy, Hor. S. 2, 2, 1; 2, 6, 51; 2, 6, 95; id. Ep. 2, 2, 37; ironice, id. S. 2, 3, 31.—5.Optimus quisque = quivis bonus, omnes boni.(α).Referring to morality:(β).esse aliquid natura pulcrum quod optimus quisque sequeretur,
every good man, Cic. Sen. 13, 43:qui ita se gerebant ut sua consilia optimo cuique probarent, optimates habebantur,
id. Sest. 45, 96; id. Off. 1, 43, 154; id. Fin. 1, 7, 24; id. Sest. 54, 115; and = even the best:quare deus optimum quemque mala valetudine adficit?
Sen. Prov. 4, 8.—Of the educated classes:(γ). (δ).adhibenda est quaedam reverentia adversus homines, et optimi cujusque et reliquorum,
Cic. Off. 1, 28, 99; cf. id. ib. 1, 25, 85:Catilina plerisque consularibus, praeterea optumo cuique, litteras mittit,
Sall. C. 34, 2:optimo cuique infesta libertas,
Sen. Ot. Sap. 8, 2 (32 fin.).—In gen., excellent:(ε).optimus quisque facere quam dicere... malebat,
Sall. C. 8, 5.—Distributively:(ζ).ita imperium semper ad optumum quemque a minus bono transfertur,
to the best man in each instance, Sall. C. 2, 6.—Referring to another superlative ( = quo quisque melior eo magis, etc.):(η).hic aditus laudis qui semper optimo cuique maxime patuit,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1; so id. Lael. 4, 14; id. Inv. 2, 11, 36; Sen. Vit. Beat. 18, 1.—Attributively, with a noun:2. 1.optimam quamque causam,
Cic. Sest. 43, 93:optima quaeque dies,
Verg. G. 3, 66.Bonum, or plur. bona, a good, or goods in a moral and metaphysical sense, a moral good, a blessing: sunt autem hae de finibus defensae sententiae: nihil bonum nisi honestum, ut Stoici; nihil bonum nisi voluptatem, ut Epicurus;2.nihil bonum nisi vacuitatem doloris, ut Hieronymus... tria genera bonorum, maxima animi, secunda corporis, externa tertia, ut Peripatetici, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 30, 84 sq.:quid est igitur bonum? Si quid recte fit et honeste et cum virtute, id bene fieri vere dicitur, et quod rectum et honestum et cum virtute est, id solum opinor bonum,
id. Par. 1, 1, 9:ut quis intellegat, quid sit illud simplex et verum bonum quod non possit ab honestate sejungi,
id. Ac. 1, 2, 7:non-est igitur voluptas bonum,
id. Fin. 1, 11, 39: finis bonorum et malorum (telos agathôn) = summa bona et mala:sunt nonnullae disciplinae quae, propositis bonorum et malorum finibus, officium omne pervertant. Nam qui summum bonum sic instituit ut, etc.,
id. Off. 1, 2, 5; cf. id. Par. 1, 3, 14; id. Ac. 2, 9, 29; 2, 36, 114; 2, 42, 129; id. Fin. 1, 9, 29; 1, 12, 42; id. Tusc. 4, 31, 66; Sen. Vit. Beat. 24, 5; id. Ep. 117, 1 et saep.—Bonum, what is valuable, beneficial, estimable, favorable, pleasant, physically or mentally:3.quoi boni Tantum adfero quantum ipsus a diis optat,
Plaut. Capt. 4, 1, 9:multa bona vobis volt facere,
will do you much good, id. Poen. 5, 4, 60; id. Am. prol. 43, 49; id. Pers. 4, 8, 4; 2, 3, 14; id. Cas. 2, 8, 32:tum demum nostra intellegemus bona quom ea amisimus,
id. Capt. 1, 2, 33:multa tibi di dent bona,
id. Poen. 1, 1, 80; cf. id. ib. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; id. Mil. 3, 1, 120; id. Men. 3, 3, 34; id. Pers. 4, 3, 23; id. Truc. 1, 2, 23; id. Merc. 1, 2, 40; id. Most. 1, 1, 47:omnia Bona dicere,
to speak in the highest terms of one, Ter. And. 1, 1, 70:sed ne vivus quidem bono caret, si eo non indiget,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 36, 88:cum quaecumque bona Peripateticis, eadem Stoicis commoda viderentur,
id. ib. 5, 41, 120:nihil enim boni nosti,
nothing that is good for any thing, id. Phil. 2, 7, 16:mala pro bonis legere dementia est,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 6, 1; Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3 fin.; Hor. S. 1, 2, 73:quia bonum sit valere,
a good thing, Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 62 (cf. III. A. 5. infra):melius: quo quidem haud scio an... quidquam melius sit homini a dis immortalibus datum,
id. Lael. 6, 20:meliora... Aristotelem de istis rebus scripsisse,
id. Or. 1, 10, 43:optimum: difficillimum est formam exponere optimi,
id. ib. 11, 36.— Here belongs the phrase boni consulere;v. consulo.—So after prepositions: in bonum vertere, v. under verto: in melius ire,
to change for the better, Tac. A. 12, 68.—In the same sense: in melius aliquid referre, or reflectere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 281; 11, 426; 10, 632:ad melius transcurrere,
to pass over to something better, Hor. S. 2, 2, 82.—Bonum or bona, prosperity:4.fortiter malum qui patitur, idem post patitur bonum,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 58:nulli est homini perpetuum bonum,
id. Curc. 1, 3, 33:unā tecum bona, mala tolerabimus,
Ter. Phorm. 3, 3, 23:quibus in bonis fuerint et nunc quibus in malis sint, ostenditur ( = in secundis, in adversis rebus),
Cic. Inv. 1, 55, 107.—Good qualities, gifts:5.omnia adsunt bona, quem penes'st virtus,
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 30:magnis illi et divinis bonis hanc licentiam adsequebantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148:nisi qui se suā gravitate et castimoniā... tum etiam naturali quodam bono defenderet, etc.,
id. Cael. 5, 11:hunc meā sententiā divinis quibusdam bonis instructum atque ornatum puto,
id. ib. 17, 39:non intellego quod bonum cuiquam sit apud tales viros profuturum,
id. Balb. 28, 63:gaude isto tuo tam excellenti bono,
id. Marcell. 6, 19; so id. Imp. Pomp. 16, 49.—Advantage, benefit:6.si plus adipiscare, re explicatā, boni, quam addubitatā mali,
Cic. Off. 1, 24, 83:saepe cogitavi bonine an mali plus adtulerit... eloquentiae studium,
id. Inv. 1, 1, 1; 2, 35, 106; id. Off. 2, 2, 5; id. Sest. 10, 24:maximum bonum in celeritate ponebat,
Sall. C. 43, 4; so, bono publico (abl.), for the public good:hoc ita si fit, publico fiat bono,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 183; Liv. 2, 44, 3; Dig. 41, 3, 1.—With aequum, what is fair and good, the fair ( thing), fairness, equity:7. a.si bonum aequomque oras,
Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 149; so id. Pers. 3, 1, 71; id. Rud. 1, 2, 94; id. Men. 4, 2, 11:si tu aliquam partem aequi bonique dixeris,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 32; id. Heaut. 4, 1, 29; id. Ad. 1, 1, 39:a quo vivo nec praesens nec absens quidquam aequi bonique impetravit,
Cic. Phil. 2, 37, 94.—Hence, aequo et bono, or ex aequo et bono, in ( with) fairness, in equity, Ter. Ad. 5, 9, 30; Auct. Her. 2, 10, 14; 2, 12, 18; 2, 13, 20; Gai. Inst. 3, 137: aequi bonique, as gen. of value, with facere:istuc, Chreme, Aequi bonique facio,
I place a fair and proper value on it, Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 40.—In gen.:b.paterna oportet reddi filio bona,
Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 120:bona sua med habiturum omnia,
id. Truc. 2, 4, 49; cf. id. ib. 2, 7, 6; 4, 2, 29; id. Rud. 2, 6, 22; id. Most. 1, 3, 77; id. Trin. 4, 4, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 4:bona mea diripiebantur atque ad consulem deferebantur,
Cic. Sest. 24, 54:cum de capite, civis et de bonis proscriptio ferretur,
id. ib. 30, 65:bona, fortunas, possessiones omnium,
id. Caecin. 13, 38:at mulctantur bonis exsules,
id. Tusc. 5, 37, 106; id. Off. 2, 23, 81; id. Par. 1, 1, 7; id. Sest. 19, 42; 43, 94; 52, 111; id. Phil. 2, 26, 64; Caes. B. G. 7, 3; Liv. 2, 3, 5; 2, 5, 5; 4, 15, 8; Tac. A. 2, 48; Quint. 6, 1, 19 et saep.—Bonorum possessio, the possession of one ' s property by another.(α).Bonorum possessio in consequence of bonorum cessio, i. e. an assignment of one ' s property for the benefit of creditors, Dig. 42, tit. 3.—(β).Bonorum possessio granted by the prætor against a contumacious or insolvent debtor (in bona mittere, in bona ire jubere, bona possidere jubere, etc.); cf. Dig. 42, tit. 4:(γ).postulat a Burrieno Naevius ut ex edicto bona possidere liceat,
Cic. Quint. 6, 25, and the whole of c. 8:edixit... neu quis militis... bona possideret aut venderet,
Liv. 2, 24, 6:bona proscribere,
to offer the property thus transferred for sale, Cic. Quint. 6, 25.—Chiefly referring to the property of a defunct person (hereditas), where the prætor, till the heir had proved his right, granted a bonorum possessio secundum tabulas or contra tabulas, Dig. 37, tit. 4; 37, tit. 11.—c.In bonis esse;III.with reference to the older civil law, which distinguished between civil property (habere rem ex jure Quiritium) and natural property (rem in bonis habere, res in bonis est),
Gai. Inst. 2, 40, 41; Dig. 40, 12, 38, § 2; 37, 6, 2, § 1; 37, 6, 3, § 2; ib. Fragm. 1, 16; Gai. Inst. 1, 22; 1, 35; 1, 222; 1, 167; Dig. 1, 8, 1; 27, 10, 10:neque bonorum possessorum, neque... res pleno jure fiunt, sed in bonis efficiuntur,
ib. Fragm. 3, 80.—Hence, nullam omnino arbitrabamur de eā hereditate controversiam eum habiturum, et est hodie in bonis, i. e. [p. 247] the bonorum possessio has been granted to him, which did not give full ownership, but effected only that the hereditas was in bonis. Cic. Fam. 13, 30, 1.Predicative use.A.With nouns or pronouns as subjects.1.Bonum esse, to be morally good, honest:2.nunc mihi bonae necessum est esse ingratiis, Quamquam esse nolo,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 82:bonam ego quam beatam me esse nimio dici mavolo,
id. Poen. 1, 2, 93; so id. Capt. 2, 1, 44; id. Men. 4, 2, 6; id. Rud. prol. 29:itaque viros fortes magnanimos eosdem, bonos et simplices... esse volumus,
Cic. Off. 1, 19, 63; cf. id. ib. 3, 21, 84; id. Att. 15, 6, 1:Cato esse quam videri bonus malebat,
Sall. C. 54, 5:ut politiora, non ut meliora fiant ingenia,
Val. Max. 5, 4, ext. 5 fin. —To be beneficial, prosperous, advantageous, valuable, favorable, serviceable, correct, with reference to both persons and things as subjects, and in regard to physical and mental relations:3.jam istuc non bonumst,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 2, 29; Cato, R. R. 157:oleum viridius et melius fiet,
id. ib. 3:vinum ut alvum bonam faciat,
to correct the bowels, id. ib. 156:quid est homini salute melius?
Plaut. As. 3, 3, 127:non optuma haec sunt, verum meliora quam deterruma,
id. Trin. 2, 3, 1:quid est quod huc possit quod melius sit accedere?
Cic. Fin. 1, 12, 41; 1, 18, 57; id. Tusc. 1, 41, 99:in quo (vestitu), sicut in plerisque rebus, mediocritas optima est,
id. Off. 1, 36, 130; 2, 17, 59; id. Inv. 1, 31, 51; id. Or. 2, 6; 11, 36:meliorem tamen militem... in futura proelia id certamen fecit,
Liv. 2, 51, 3:parvus ut est cygni melior canor, ille gruum quam Clamor,
Lucr. 4, 181; 4, 191:si meliora dies, ut vina, poemata reddit,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 34.—So in the optative formula:quod bonum, faustum, felixque sit,
Liv. 1, 28, 7; 1, 17, 10; 39, 15, 1; 3, 54;3, 34.—Also, quod bonum atque fortunatum mihi sit,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 50;and with a noun as subject: ut nobis haec habitatio Bona, fausta, felix, fortunataque evenat,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 3.—To be kind:4.bonus cum probis'st (erus), malus cum malis,
Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 22:hic si vellet bonus ac benignus Esse,
Hor. S. 1, 2, 52.—With reference to the gods:B.ecastor ambae (Fortuna et Salus sunt bonae,
Plaut. As. 3, 3, 129:Palladis aut oculos ausa negare bonos (esse),
Prop. 3, 24, 12 (2, 28, 12).—Impers.1.Bonum est (very rare for the class. bene est; v. bene).(α). (β).With subject inf.:2.nam et stulte facere, et stulte fabularier in aetate haud bonum est,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 61:bonum est pauxillum amare, insane non bonum est,
id. Curc. 1, 3,20.—Melius est.(α).With subject inf.:(β).melius sanam est mentem sumere,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 51:nihil sentire est melius quam tam prava sentire,
Cic. Ac. 2, 40, 125; cf. id. Fin. 1, 19, 62; id. Off. 1, 43, 156; so,melius fuit, fuisset, or fuerat,
it would have been better, id. N. D. 3, 33; id. Sen. 23, 82; id. Off. 3, 25, 94:proinde quiesse erit melius,
Liv. 3, 48, 3; 3, 41, 3; Verg. A. 11, 303.—With subject inf.-clause:(γ).meliu'st te quae sunt mandata tibi praevortier,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 125; id. Men. 5, 9, 32.—With ut-clause:(δ).quid melius quam ut hinc intro abeam et me suspendam clanculum,
Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 145; so id. Ps. 4, 7, 18.—With subjectclause in the subjunctive:3.nunc quid mihi meliu'st quam ilico hic opperiar erum,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 22.—Optimum est.(α).With subject inf.:(β).optimum visum est, captivos quam primum deportare,
Liv. 23, 34, 8:si quis dicit optimum esse navigare,
Sen. Ot. Sap. 8, 4 (32 fin.); so, optimum fuit, it would have been better, and optimum erat, it would be better, Quint. 6, prooem. 3; 11, 2, 33; Hor. S. 2, 1, 7.—With inf.-clause:(γ).constituerunt optimum esse, domum suam quemque reverti,
Caes. B. G. 2, 10: optimum visum est, in fluctuantem aciem tradi equos, etc., Liv 6, 24, 10; 22, 27, 6.—With ut and subj:(δ).hoc vero optimum, ut is qui, etc., id ultimum bonorum, id ipsum quid et quale sit nesciat,
Cic. Fin. 2, 3, 6.—With quod:(ε).illa vero optima (sunt) quod cum Haluntium venisset Archagathum vocari jussit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 51:optimum vero (est) quod dictaturae nomen in perpetuum de re publica sustulisti,
id. Phil. 2, 36, 91.—With second sup., in the phrase optumum factu est (where factu is redundant):IV.sed hoc mihi optumum factu arbitror,
Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 16:optimum factu esse duxerant frumento... nostros prohibere,
Caes. B. G. 4, 30:optumum factu credens exercitum augere,
Sall. C. 32, 1 (Kritz, factum); 57, 5 (Kritz, factum).Ellipt. use: di meliora, i. e. dent or velint, i. e. let the gods grant better things than what you say, etc.; God forbid! in full:V.di melius duint,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 9, 16:di meliora velint!
Ov. M. 7, 37.—Ellipt.:di meliora! inquit,
Cic. Sen. 14, 47:id ubi mulier audivit, perturbata, dii meliora inquit, etc.,
Liv. 39, 10, 2; 9, 9, 6; Verg. G. 3, 513;similarly, di melius, i. e. fecerunt,
Val. Max. 6, 1, ext. 3.With object expressed,1.By dat.(α).= good, useful, beneficial for:(β).ambula, id lieni optumum est,
Plaut. Curc. 2, 1, 25:quia vobis eadem quae mihi bona malaque esse intellexi,
Sall. C. 20, 3:bona bello Cornus, jaculis, etc.,
Verg. G. 2, 447.—= benignus or propitius, kind to:(γ).vicinis bonus esto,
Cato, R. R. 4:bene merenti mala es, male merenti bona es,
Plaut. As. 1, 2, 3:vos o mihi Manes, Este boni,
Verg. A. 12, 647.—= idoneus, fit for, adapted to:(δ).qui locus vino optimus dicetur esse,
Cato, R. R. 6:tum erit ei rei optumum tempus,
id. ib. 26:terra cui putre solum, Optima frumentis,
Verg. G. 2, 205; 2, 319; 1, 286.—With sum and dat., in the phrase alicui bono est, it is of service to one, profits him:(ε).accusant in quibus occidi patrem Sex. Roscii bono fuit,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 5, 13:bono fuisse Romanis adventum eorum constabat,
Liv. 7, 12, 4.—Hence, with rel. dat.: cui bono (est), for whose advantage it is:quod si quis usurpet illud Cassianum cui bono fuerit, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 14, 35:cui bono fuisset,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84; id. Mil. 12, 32 Ascon. ad loc.; cf.ellipt. form cui bono?
Prisc. p. 1208 P.—With dat. gerund:2.ager oleto conserundo qui in Favonium spectavit, aliis bonus nullus erit,
Cato, R. R. 6; Varr. R. R. 1, 24:(mons) quia pecori bonus alendo erat,
Liv. 29, 31; 9, 10.—By ad and acc.:refert et ad quam rem bona aut non bona sit,
Varr. R. R. 1, 91:occasio quaeritur idoneane fuerit ad rem adoriendam, an alia melior,
Auct. Her. 2, 4, 7:non campos modo militi Romano ad proelium bonos, etc.,
Tac. A. 2, 14. -
23 optimum
bŏnus (old form dŭonus, Carm. Sall. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 26 Mull.; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 67 Mull.), a, um, adj. [for duonus, cf. bellum, bis, and cf. root dvi-; hence deidô, deos], good; comp. melior, us [cf. Gr. mala, mallon], better; sup. optimus ( optumus, ante-class. and often class.) [root opof ops, opes; cf. copia, apiscor], best.I.Attributively.A.As adjunct of nouns denoting persons.1.Vir bonus.(α).A man morally good (kalos kagathos):(β).quoniam boni me viri pauperant, improbi alunt,
Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 60:omnibus virtutibus instructos et ornatos tum sapientes, tum viros bonos dicimus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 10, 28:ille vir bonus qui... intolerabili dolore lacerari potius quam aut officium prodat aut fidem,
id. Ac. 2, 8, 23:sive vir bonus est is qui prodest quibus potest, nocet nemini, certe istum virum bonum non facile reperimus,
id. Off. 3, 15, 64:qui se ita gerunt ut eorum probitas, fides, integritas, etc.... hos viros bonos... appellandos putemus,
id. Lael. 5, 19:non intellegunt se de callido homine loqui, non de bono viro,
id. Att. 7, 2, 4:ut quisque est vir optimus, ita difficillime esse alios improbos suspicatur,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 4, § 12:nec enim melior vir fuit Africano quisquam, nec clarior,
id. Lael. 2, 6; id. Leg. 1, 14, 41; 1, 18, 48; id. Planc. 4, 9; id. Par. 3, 1, 21; id. Marcell. 6, 20; id. Fam. 7, 21; id. Off. 2, 16, 57.—An honest man:(γ).justitia, ex qua viri boni nominantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 7, 21; 1, 44, 155; 2, 11, 39; 2, 12, 42; 2, 20, 71;3, 12, 50: cum is sponsionem fecisset ni vir bonus esset,
id. ib. 3, 19, 77:quoniam Demosthenes nec vir bonus esset, nec bene meritus de civitate,
id. Opt. Gen. 7, 20; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 40, 116.—A man of good standing in the community:(δ).id viri boni arbitratu deducetur,
Cato, R. R. 143; so id. ib. 149:tuam partem viri bono arbitratu... dari oportet,
Dig. 17, 1, [p. 244] 35;37, 6, 2, § 2: quem voles virum bonum nominato,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 55:vir bonus est... quo res sponsore, et quo causae teste tenentur,
Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 40.—Hence, ironically of wealthy men:praetores jus dicunt, aediles ludos parant, viri boni usuras perscribunt,
Cic. Att. 9, 12, 3.—Ironically of bad men:(ε).sed eccum lenonem Lycum, bonum virum,
Plaut. Poen. 5, 5, 52; Ter. Eun. 5, 3, 9; 4, 3, 18; id. Ad. 3, 4, 30:expectabam quinam isti viri boni testes hujus manifesto deprehensi veneni dicerentur,
Cic. Cael. 26, 63:nam socer ejus, vir multum bonus est,
id. Agr. 3, 3, 13;so especially in addresses (mostly comic.): age tu, illuc procede, bone vir!
Plaut. Capt. 5, 2, 1; id. Curc. 5, 2, 12; id. Ps. 4, 7, 48; id. Pers. 5, 2, 11; Ter. And. 3, 5, 10; 5, 2, 5; id. Ad. 4, 2, 17; id. Eun. 5, 2, 11:quid tu, vir optime? Ecquid habes quod dicas?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 104.—Sometimes boni viri = boni, in the sense of optimates (v. I. A. 3.):(ζ).bonis viris quid juris reliquit tribunatus C. Gracchi?
Cic. Leg. 3, 9, 20.—As a conventional courtesy:2.homines optimi non intellegunt, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 25:bone accusator,
id. Rosc. Am. 21, 58:sic illum amicum vocasti, quomodo omnes candidatos bonos viros dicimus,
gentlemen, Sen. Ep. 3, 1.—For bonus vir, a good husband, v. 3.; and for vir optimus, as a laudatory epithet, v. 5.—Boni homines (rare) = boni, better classes of society, v. II. A. 3:3.in foro infimo boni homines atque dites ambulant,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14.—With nouns denoting persons in regard to their functions, offices, occupations, and qualities, denoting excellence:4.bonus consul,
Liv. 4, 40, 6; 22, 39, 2 (different: consules duos, bonos quidem, sed dumtaxat bonos, amisimus, consuls of good sentiments, almost = bad consuls, Cic. ad Brut. 1, 3, 4):boni tribuni plebis,
Cic. Phil. 1, 10, 25:bonus senator,
id. Prov. Cons. 15, 37:senator bonus,
id. Dom. 4, 8:bonus judex,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 15, § 34:bonus augur (ironically),
id. Phil. 2, 32, 80:bonus vates,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 27:bonus imperator,
Sall. C. 60, 4:bonus dux,
Quint. 12, 1, 43 (cf. trop.:naturam, optimam ducem,
the best guide, Cic. Sen. 2, 5):bonus miles,
Sall. C. 60, 4; Sen. Vit. Beat. 15, 5:bonus orator,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 10:optimus orator,
id. Opt. Gen. 1, 3:poeta bonus,
id. de Or. 1, 3, 11; 2, 46, 194; id. Fin. 1, 3, 10:scriptor bonus,
Quint. 10, 1, 104:bonus advocatus,
id. 5, 13, 10:bonus defensor,
id. 5, 13, 3:bonus altercator,
a good debater, id. 6, 4, 10:bonus praeceptor,
id. 5, 13, 44; 10, 5, 22:bonus gubernator,
Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 100:optimus opifex,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 133:sutor bonus,
id. ib. 1, 3, 125:actor optimus,
Cic. Sest. 57, 122:cantor optimus est modulator,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 130:melior gladiator,
Ov. Tr. 4, 6, 33: agricola (colonus, dominus) bonus, Cato, R. R. prooem.; Cic. Sen. 16, 56:bonus paterfamilias,
a thrifty head of the house, Nep. Att. 13, 1:bonus servus,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 58; id. Am. 2, 1, 46; id. Men. 5, 6, 1; Cic. Mil. 22, 58:dominus bonus,
Cato, R. R. 14:bonus custos,
Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 38.—Ironically, Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 57:filius bonus,
Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 9:patres,
Quint. 11, 3, 178:parens,
id. 6, prooem. 4: bonus (melior, optimus), viz. a good husband, Cic. Inv. 1, 31, 51 sq.; Liv. 1, 9, 15:uxor melior,
Cic. Inv. 1, 31, 52:amicus,
id. Fam. 2, 15, 3:amicus optimus,
Plaut. Cas. 3, 3, 18:optimus testis,
Cic. Fam. 7, 27, 2:auctor, in two senses,
good authority, id. Att. 5, 12, 3;and = bonus scriptor (post-class.),
Quint. 10, 1, 74.—Esp.:bonus civis (rarely civis bonus): in re publica ea velle quae tranquilla et honesta sint: talem enim solemus et sentire bonum civem et dicere, Cic.-Off. 1, 34, 124: eaque est summa ratio et sapientia boni civis, commoda civium non divellere, atque omnes aequitate eadem continere,
id. ib. 2, 23, 83:eum esse civem et fidelem et bonum,
Plaut. Pers. 1, 2, 15; Cic. Fam. 2, 8, 2; 1, 9, 10; 3, 12, 1; 6, 6, 11; id. Off. 1, 44, 155; Liv. 22, 39, 3; Sall. H. Fragm. 1, 10 Dietsch:optimus et fortissimus civis,
Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; id. Sest. 17, 39.—Bonus and optimus as epithets of the gods.(α).In gen.:(β).sed te bonus Mercurius perdat,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 3, 23:fata... bonique divi,
Hor. C. 4, 2, 38:divis orte bonis,
id. ib. 4, 5, 1:O bone deus!
Scrib. Comp. 84 fin.: BONORVM DEORVM, Inscr. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 34, 84: totidem, pater optime, dixi, Tu mihi da cives, referring to Jupiter, Ov. M. 7, 627.—Optimus Maximus, a standing epithet of Jupiter:(γ).(Juppiter) a majoribus nostris Optimus Maximus (nominatur), et quidem ante optimus, id est beneficentissimus, quam Maximus,
Cic. N. D. 2, 25, 64:Jovem optimum et maximum ob eas res appellant, non quod, etc.,
id. ib. 3, 36, 87:in templo Jovis Optimi Maximi,
id. Sest. 56, 129; id. Prov. Cons. 9, 22:nutu Jovis Optimi Maximi,
id. Cat. 3, 9, 21; Liv. 1, 12, 7; id. 6, 16, 2.—Di boni, O di boni, expressing indignation, sorrow, or surprise:(δ).di boni, hunc visitavi antidhac!
Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 16:di boni, boni quid porto!
Ter. And. 2, 2, 1:di boni, quid hoc morbi est,
id. Eun. 2, 1, 19; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 13; id. Ad. 3, 3, 86:alter, O di boni, quam taeter incedebat!
Cic. Sest. 8, 19; id. Brut. 84, 288; id. Phil. 2, 8, 20; 2, 32, 80; id. Att. 1, 16, 5; 14, 21, 2; Val. Max. 3, 5, 1; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3.—Bona Dea, etc., v. 6.—5.Optimus as a laudatory epithet.(α).Vir optimus:(β).per vos nobis, per optimos viros optimis civibus periculum inferre conantur,
Cic. Sest. 1, 2:virum optimum et constantissimum M. Cispium,
id. ib. 35, 76:fratrem meum, virum optimum, fortissimum,
id. ib.:consolabor hos praesentes, viros optimos,
id. Balb. 19, 44; id. Planc. 21, 51; 23, 55; id. Mil. 14, 38; id. Marcell. 4, 10; id. Att. 5, 1, 5; Hor. S. 1, 6, 53.—Femina bona, optima:(γ).tua conjunx bona femina,
Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 16:hujus sanctissimae feminae atque optimae pater,
id. ib. —Senex, pater, frater, etc.:(δ).optimus: parentes ejus, prudentissimi atque optimi senis,
Cic. Planc. 41, 97:insuevit pater optimus hoc me,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 105; 2, 1, 12:C. Marcelli, fratris optimi,
Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 6; id. Q. Fr. 2, 6 (8), 2; 2, 4, 2.—With proper names ( poet.):(ε).optimus Vergilius,
Hor. S. 1, 6, 54:Maecenas optimus,
id. ib. 1, 5, 27:optime Quinti,
id. Ep. 1, 16, 1.—Esp. as an epithet of the Roman emperors:6.quid tam civile, tam senatorium quam illud, additum a nobis Optimi cognomen?
Plin. Pan. 2, 7:gratias, inquit, ago, optime Princeps!
Sen. Tranq. 14. 4:ex epistula optimi imperatoris Antonini,
Gai. Inst. 1, 102; cf.:bene te patriae pater optime Caesar,
Ov. F. 2, 637:optime Romulae Custos gentis,
Hor. C. 4, 5, 1.—Bonus and Bona, names of deities.(α).Bona Dea, the goddess of Chastity, whose temple could not be entered by males (cf. Macr. S. 1, 12; Lact. 1, 22):(β).Bonae Deae pulvinaribus,
Cic. Pis. 39, 95; id. Mil. 31, 86; id. Fam. 1, 9, 15; cf.in mal. part.,
Juv. 2, 86 sq.; 6, 314 sq.; 6, 335 sq.—Bonus Eventus, Varr. R. R. 1, 1 med.; Amm. 29, 6, 19; Inscr. Orell. 907; 1780 sq.—(γ).Bona Fortuna:(δ).si bona Fortuna veniat, ne intromiseris,
Plaut. Aul. 1, 3, 22:Bonae Fortunae (signum),
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3, § 7:FORTVNAE BONAE DOMESTICAE,
Inscr. Orell. 1743 sq. —Bona Spes:(ε).Spes Bona, obsecro, subventa mihi,
Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 12:BONAE SPEI,
Aug. Inscr. Grut. 1075, 1.—BONA MENS, Inscr. Orell. 1818 sqq.:B.Mens Bona, si qua dea es, tua me in sacraria dono,
Prop. 3, 24, 19.With nouns denoting things.1.Things concrete, denoting excellence:2.navis bona dicitur non quae pretiosis coloribus picta est... sed stabilis et firma,
Sen. Ep. 76, 13:gladium bonum dices, non cui auratus est balteus, etc., sed cui et ad secandum subtilis acies est, et, etc.,
id. ib. 76, 14:id vinum erit lene et bono colore,
Cato, R. R. 109; Lucr. 2, 418; Ov. Am. 2, 7, 9:tabulas... collocare in bono lumine,
Cic. Brut. 75, 261: ex quavis olea oleum... bonum fieri potest. Cato, R. R. 3:per aestatem boves aquam bonam et liquidam bibant semper curato,
id. ib. 73; cf.:bonae aquae, ironically compared to wine,
Prop. 2, 33 (3, 31), 28:praedium bonum caelum habeat,
good temperature, Cato, R. R. 1:bona tempestate,
in good weather, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 4:(praedium) solo bono valeat,
by good soil, Cato, R. R. 1:bonae (aedes) cum curantur male,
Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 24:villam bonam,
Cic. Off. 3, 13, 55:bonus pons,
Cat. 17, 5:scyphi optimi (= optime facti),
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32:perbona toreumata,
id. ib. 2, 4, 18, §38: bona domicilia,
comfortable residences, id. N. D. 2, 37, 95:agrum Meliorem nemo habet,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 12:fundum meliorem,
Cic. Inv. 1, 31, 52: fundos optimos et fructuosissimos, id. Agr. 3, 4, 14:equus melior,
id. Inv. 1, 31, 52:bona cena,
Cat. 13, 3:boni nummi,
good, not counterfeit, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 144; Cic. Off. 3, 23, 91:super omnia vultus accessere boni,
good looks, Ov. M. 8, 678:mulier bona forma,
of a fine form, Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 13:equus formae melioris,
Hor. S. 2, 7, 52:tam bona cervix, simul ac jussero, demetur,
fine, beautiful, Suet. Calig. 33:fruges bonae,
Cat. 34, 19:ova suci melioris,
of better flavor, Hor. S. 2, 4, 13.— Trop.:animus aequus optimum est aerumnae condimentum,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 71: bona dextra, a lucky hand (cf.:bonum omen, 2. e.),
Quint. 6, 3, 69:scio te bona esse voce, ne clama nimis,
good, sound, loud voice, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 43; so,bona firmaque vox,
Quint. 11, 3, 13.—Things abstract.a.Of physical well-being:b.ut si qui neget sine bona valetudine posse bene vivi,
Cic. Inv. 1, 51, 93; Sen. Vit. Beat. 22, 2; Lucr. 3, 102; Val. Max. 2, 5, 6; Quint. 10, 3, 26; 11, 2, 35 et saep.:non bonus somnus de prandio est,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 8:bona aetas,
prime of life, Cic. Sen. 14, 48:optima aetate,
id. Fam. 10, 3, 3.—Ironically:bona, inquis, aetate, etc.,
Sen. Ep. 76, 1.—Of the mind and soul:c.meliore esse sensu,
Cic. Sest. 21, 47:optima indoles,
id. Fin. 5, 22, 61:bona conscientia,
Quint. 6, 1, 33; 9, 2, 93; Sen. Vit. Beat. 20, 5:bono ingenio me esse ornatam quam auro multo mavolo,
with a good heart, Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 91; id. Stich. 1, 21, 59; Sall. C. 10, 5:mens melior,
Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 78; Cic. Phil. 3, 5, 13; Liv. 39, 16, 5; Sen. Ben. 1, 11, 4; id. Ep. 10, 4; Pers. 2, 8; Petr. 61.—Personified, Prop. 3 (4), 24, 19; Ov. Am. 1, 2, 31:duos optimae indolis filios,
Val. Max. 5, 7, 2; Sen. Ben. 6, 16, 6; Quint. 1, 2, 5:bonum consilium,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 6; id. Rud. 4, 3, 18; Cic. Off. 1, 33, 121:bona voluntas,
a good purpose, Quint. 12, 11, 31:memoria bona,
Cic. Att. 8, 4, 2:bona ratio cum perdita... confligit,
id. Cat. 2, 11, 25:bonae rationes,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 50:pronuntiatio bona,
Auct. Her. 3, 15, 27.—Of moral relations:d.ego si bonam famam mihi servasso, sat ero dives,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 71; Cic. Sest. 66, 139; Liv. 6, 11, 7; Hor. S. 1, 2, 61 (cf. Cic. Att. 7, 26, 1;v. e. infra): si ego in causa tam bona cessi tribuni plebis furori,
Cic. Sest. 16, 36; id. Planc. 36, 87; Ov. M. 5, 220:fac, sis, bonae frugi sies,
of good, regular habits, Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 35; id. Cas. 2, 4, 5; 2, 5, 19; id. Ps. 1, 5, 53; id. Truc. 1, 1, 13; id. Capt. 5, 2, 3 sq. (v. frux, II. B. 1. b.): vilicus disciplina bona utatur. Cato, R. R. 5:bona studia,
moral pursuits, Auct. Her. 4, 17, 25:quidquid vita meliore parasti,
Hor. S. 2, 3, 15: ad spem mortis melioris, an honorable death; so as an epithet of religious exercises:Juppiter, te bonas preces precor,
Cato, R. R. 134; 139.—Of external, artistic, and literary value and usefulness:e.bono usui estis nulli,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 15:Optumo optume optumam operam das,
id. Am. 1, 1, 122:bonam dedistis mihi operam,
a valuable service to me, id. Poen. 2, 3, 70; 3, 6, 11; id. Pers. 4, 7, 11; id. Rud. 3, 6, 11 (in a different sense: me bona opera aut mala Tibi inventurum esse auxilium argentarium, by fair or unfair means, id. Ps. 1, 1, 102;v. e. infra): optima hereditas a patribus traditur liberis... gloria virtutis rerumque gestarum,
Cic. Off. 1, 33, 121:bonum otium,
valuable leisure, Sall. C. 4, 1:bonis versibus,
Cic. Ac. 2, 23, 74:versus meliores,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 81:meliora poemata,
Hor. A. P. 303:in illa pro Ctesiphonte oratione longe optima,
Cic. Or. 8, 26:optimas fabulas,
id. Off. 1, 31, 114:melius munus,
id. Ac. 1, 2, 7.—Favorable, prosperous, lucky, fortunate:f.de Procilio rumores non boni,
unfavorable rumors, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 5:bona de Domitio, praeclara de Afranio fama est,
about their success in the war, id. ib. 7, 26, 1:si fuisset in discipulo comparando meliore fortuna,
id. Pis. 29, 71; cf.fortuna optima esse,
to be in the best pecuniary circumstances, id. ad Brut. 1, 1, 2:occasio tam bona,
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 9:senex est eo meliore condicione quam adulesoens cum, etc.,
Cic. Sen. 19, 68; id. Fam. 4, 32:bona navigatio,
id. N. D. 3, 34, 83;esp. in phrase bona spes.—Object.: ergo in iis adulescentibus bonam spem esse dicemus et magnam indolem quos, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 35, 117.—Subject.:ego sum spe bona,
Cic. Fam. 12, 28, 3; id. Cat. 2, 11, 25; [p. 245] id. Att. 14, 1 a, 3; id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 16:optima spe,
id. Fam. 12, 11, 2.—Pregn., = spes bonarum rerum, Sall. C. 21, 1;v. C. 1. c. infra: meliora responsa,
more favorable, Liv. 7, 21, 6:melior interpretatio,
Tac. H. 3, 65:cum laude et bonis recordationibus,
id. A. 4, 38:amnis Doctus iter melius,
i. e. less injurious, Hor. A. P. 68:omen bonum,
a good, lucky omen, Cic. Pis. 13, 31; cf.Liv. praef. § 13: melius omen,
Ov. F. 1, 221;optimum,
Cic. Fam. 3, 12, 2:bona scaeva,
Plaut. Stich. 5, 2, 24:auspicio optumo,
id. ib. 3, 2, 6; cf.:memini bene, sed meliore Tempore dicam = opportuniore tempore,
Hor. S. 1, 9, 68.—Of public affairs, si mihi bona re publica frui non licuerit, Cic. Mil. 34, 93:g.optima res publica,
id. Or. 1, 1, 1; id. Phil. 1, 8, 19:minus bonis temporibus,
id. Dom. 4, 8; so,optimis temporibus,
id. Sest. 3, 6:nostrae res meliore loco videbantur,
id. ad Brut. 1, 3, 1:lex optima,
id. Pis. 16, 37; id. Sest. 64, 137; id. Phil, 1, 8, 19.—Good = large, considerable:h.bono atque amplo lucro,
Plaut. Am. prol. 6:bona librorum copia,
Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 109; cf.:bona copia cornu,
Ov. M. 9, 88; v. bona pars, C. 8. g.—Noble; with genus, good family, noble extraction, honorable birth: quali me arbitraris genere prognatum? Eu. Bono, Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 35; so id. Ep. 1, 2, 4; 2, 1, 3; id. Pers. 4, 4, 94:k.si bono genere natus sit,
Auct. Her. 3, 7, 13.—Referring to good-will, kindness, faithfulness, in certain phrases.(α).Bona venia or cum bona venia, with the kind permission of a person addressed, especially bona venia orare, expetere, etc.:(β).primum abs te hoc bona venia expeto,
Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 31:bona tua venia dixerim,
Cic. Leg. 3, 15, 34:oravit bona venia Quirites, ne, etc.,
Liv. 7, 41, 3:obsecro vos.. bona venia vestra liceat, etc.,
id. 6, 40, 10:cum bona venia quaeso audiatis, etc.,
id. 29, 17, 6; Arn. c. Gent. 1, p. 5; cf.. sed des veniam bonus oro = venia bona oro,
Hor. S. 2, 4, 5.—Bona pax, without quarrelling:(γ).bona pax sit potius,
let us have no quarrel about that, Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 7;so especially cum bona pace, or bona pace: Hannibal ad Alpis cum bona pace incolentium... pervenit,
without a difficulty with the inhabitants, Liv. 21, 32, 6; 21, 24, 5; 1, 24, 3; 28, 37, 4; 8, 15, 1; cf.: si bonam (pacem) dederitis, = a fair peace, under acceptable conditions, id. 8, 21, 4.—Amicitia bona = bona fide servata, faithful, undisturbed friendship:(δ).igitur amicitia Masinissae bona atque honesta nobis permansit,
Sall. J. 5, 5.—Bona societas, alliance:C.Segestes, memoria bonae societatis, impavidus,
Tac. A. 1, 58.In particular phrases.1.Bonae res.a.= Vitae commoda, comforts of life, abstract or concrete:b.concedatur bonis rebus homines morte privari,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 36, 87:optimis rebus usus est,
he had every most desirable thing, Nep. Att. 18, 1.—= Res secundae, opp. res adversae, prosperity:c.bonis rebus tuis, meas irrides malas,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 45:in bonis rebus,
Hor. C. 2, 3, 2. —Res bona = res familiaris bona, wealth ( poet.): in re bona esse, Laber. ap. Gell. 10, 17, 4.—Also an object of value:d.homines quibus mala abunde omnia erant, sed neque res neque spes bona ulla,
who had no property, nor the hope of any, Sall. C. 21, 1. —Costly things, articles of luxury:e.capere urbem in Arabia plenam bonarum rerum,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 46; 4, 4, 82:nimium rei bonae,
id. Stich. 2, 3, 55:ignorantia bonarum rerum,
Nep. Ages. 8, 5 ' bonis rebus gaudere, Hor. S. 2, 6, 110:re bona copiosum esse,
Gell. 16, 19, 7.—Moral, morally good:f.illi cum res non bonas tractent,
Cic. Ac. 2, 33, 72:ut de virtutibus et vitiis, omninoque de bonis rebus et malis quaererent,
id. ib. 1, 4, 15:quid habemus in rebus bonis et malis explorati?
id. ib. 2, 42, 129; so id. Or. 1, 10, 42; id. Leg. 1, 22, 58:quae tamen omnia dulciora fuint et moribus bonis et artibus,
id. Sen. 18, 65.—In literary composition, important or interesting matter, subjects, or questions:2.res bonas verbis electis dictas quis non legat?
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 8:studiis generorum, praesertim in re bona,
Plaut. Am. 8, 26.—Bonae artes.(α).A good, laudable way of dealing:(β).qui praeclari facinoris aut artis bonae famam quaerit,
Sall. C. 2, 9:huic bonae artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis contendit,
id. ib. 11, 2:quod is bonarum artium cupiens erat,
Tac. A. 6, 46.—Liberal arts and sciences:3.litteris aut ulli bonae arti,
Quint. 12, 1, 7:conservate civem bonarum artium, bonarum partium, bonorum virorum,
Cic. Sest. 32, 77. —Esp.:optimae artes: optimarum artium scientia,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 4; id. Ac. 2, 1, 1; id. Cael. 10, 24; id. Marcell. 1, 4.—Bona fides, or fides bona.a.Good faith, i. e. conscious honesty in acts or words: qui nummos fide bona solvit, who pays (the price of labor) in good faith, i. e. as it is honestly earned, Cato, R. R. 14:b.dic, bona fide, tu id aurum non subripuisti?
Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 46; 4, 10, 47; id. Capt. 4, 2, 111; id. Most. 3, 1, 137; id. Poen. 1, 3, 30; id. Pers. 4, 3, 16; id. Ps. 4, 6, 33:si tibi optima fide omnia concessit,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 49, 144; Quint. 10, 3, 23.—Hence, bonae fidei vir, a conscientious man, Quint. 10, 7, 1.—Jurid. t. t.(α).Good faith in contracts and legal acts in general, opposed to dolus malus, honesty and fairness in dealing with another:(β).ad fidem bonam statuit pertinere, notum esse emptori vitium quod nosset venditor,
Cic. Off. 3, 16, 67.—Hence, alienam rem bona fide emere, to buy, believing the seller to be the rightful owner, Dig. 41, 3, 10; 41, 3, 13, § 1. bonae fidei possessor (also possessio), believing that he is the rightful owner, ib. 5, 3, 25, § 11; 5, 3, 22; 41, 3, 15, § 2;41, 3, 24: conventio contra bonam fidem et mores bonos,
ib. 16, 31, § 7: bonam fidem praestare, to be responsible for one ' s good faith, ib. 17, 1, 10 prooem.—Hence,Bonae fidei actiones or judicia, actions in equity, i. e. certain classes of actions in which the strict civil law was set aside by the praetorian edict in favor of equity:4.actiones quaedam bonae fidei sunt, quaedam stricti juris. Bonae fidei sunt haec: exempto vendito, locato conducto, etc.,
Just. Inst. 4, 6, 28, § 19.—In the republican time the praetor added in such actions to his formula for the judex the words ex fide bona, or, in full:quidquid dare facere oportet ex fide bona,
Cic. Off. 3, 16, 66:iste dolus malus et legibus erat vindicatus, et sine lege, judiciis in quibus additur ex fide bona,
id. ib. 3, 15, 61; cf. id. ib. 3, 17, 70.—Bona verba.(α).Kind words:(β).Bona verba quaeso,
Ter. And. 1, 2, 33.—Words of good omen (v. omen):(γ).dicamus bona verba,
Tib. 2, 2, 1:dicite suffuso ter bona verba mero,
Ov. F. 2, 638.—Elegant or well-chosen expressions:(δ).quid est tam furiosum quam verborum vel optimorum atque ornatissimorum sonitus inanis,
Cic. Or. 1, 12, 51:verborum bonorum cursu,
id. Brut. 66, 233:omnia verba sunt alicubi optima,
Quint. 10, 1, 9.—Moral sayings:5.non est quod contemnas bona verba et bonis cogitationibus plena praecordia,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 20, 1. —Bona dicta.(α).Polite, courteous language:(β).hoc petere me precario a vobis jussit leniter dictis bonis,
Plaut. Am. prol. 25.—Witticisms ( bon-mots): flammam a sapiente facilius ore in ardente opprimi, quam bona dicta teneat, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 2, 54, 222:6.dico unum ridiculum dictum de dictis melioribus quibus solebam menstruales epulas ante adipiscier,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 1, 22:ibo intro ad libros ut discam de dictis melioribus,
id. Stich. 2, 3, 75.—Bona facta.(α).= bene facta (v. bene, I. B. 2. b.), laudable deeds:(β).nobilitas ambobus et majorum bona facta (sc. erant),
Tac. A. 3, 40.—Bonum factum est, colloq., = bene est, bene factum est (v. bene, I. B. 2. b.):(γ).bonum factum est, ut edicta servetis mea,
Plaut. Poen. prol. 16:haec imperata quae sunt pro imperio histrico, bonum hercle factum (est) pro se quisque ut meminerit,
id. ib. 45.— Hence,Elliptically, introducing commands which cannot be enforced, = if you will do so, it will be well:7.peregrinis in senatum allectis, libellus propositus est: bonum factum, ne quis senatori novo curiam monstrare velit,
Suet. Caes. 80:et Chaldaeos edicere: bonum factum, ne Vitellius... usquam esset,
id. Vit. 14:hac die Carthaginem vici: bonum factum, in Capitolium eamus, et deos supplicemus,
Aur. Vict. 49; cf.:o edictum, cui adscribi non poterit bonum factum,
Tert. Pud. 1.—Bona gratia.(α).A friendly understanding:(β).cur non videmus inter nos haec potius cum bona Ut componantur gratia quam cum mala?
Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 17; so,per gratiam bonam abire,
to part with good feelings, Plaut. Mil. 4, 3, 33.—In jest: sine bona gratia abire, of things cast away, Plaut Truc. 2, 7, 15.—Pleon., in the phrase bonam gratiam habere, = gratiam habere, to thank (v. B. 2. k.), Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 32; id. Bacch. 4, 8, 99.—8.Bona pars.(α).The well-disposed part of a body of persons:(β).ut plerumque fit, major pars (i. e. of the senate) meliorem vicit,
Liv. 21, 4, 1:pars melior senatus ad meliora responsa trahere,
id. 7, 21, 6.—The good party, i. e. the optimates (gen. in plur.):(γ).civem bonarum partium,
Cic. Sest. 32, 77:(fuit) meliorum partium aliquando,
id. Cael. 6, 13:qui sibi gratiam melioris partis velit quaesitam,
Liv. 2, 44, 3.—Paronom.: (Roscius) semper partium in re publica tam quam in scaena optimarum, i. e. party and part in a drama, Cic. Sest. 56, 120.—Of things or persons, a considerable part (cf. a good deal):(δ).bonam partem ad te adtulit,
Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 43:bonam partem sermonis in hunc diem esse dilatam,
Cic. Or. 2, 3, 14:bonam magnamque partem exercitus,
Val. Max. 5, 2, ext. 4:bona pars noctium,
Quint. 12, 11, 19:bona pars hominum,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 61:meae vocis... bona pars,
id. C. 4, 2, 46; so id. A. P. 297; Ov. P. 1, 8, 74:melior pars diei,
Verg. A. 9, 156.—Rarely, and mostly eccl. Lat.: optima pars, the best part or lot:(ε).nostri melior pars animus est,
Sen. Q. N. 1, prooem. § 14; cf.:quae pars optima est in homine,
best, most valuable, Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 67:major pars aetatis, certe melior reipublicae data sit,
Sen. Brev. Vit. 18, 1:Maria optimam partem elegit, quae non auferetur ab ea,
Vulg. Luc. 10, 42.—Adverb.:(ζ).bonam partem = ex magna parte,
Lucr. 6, 1249.—Aliquem in optimam partem cognoscere, to know somebody from his most favorable side, Cic. Off. 2, 13, 46: aliquid in optimam partem accipere, to take something in good part, interpret it most favorably:9.Caesar mihi ignoscit quod non venerim, seseque in optimam partem id accipere dicit,
id. Att. 10, 3 a, 2; id. ad Brut. 1, 2, 3:quaeso ut hoc in bonam partem accipias,
id. Rosc. Am. 16, 45.—Dies bonus or bona.(α).A day of good omen, a fortunate day (= dies laetus, faustus):(β).tum tu igitur die bono, Aphrodisiis, addice, etc.,
Plaut. Poen. 2, 49:nunc dicenda bona sunt bona verba die,
Ov. F. 1, 72.—A beautiful, serene day, Sen. Vit. Beat. 22, 3.—10.Bonus mos.(α).Boni mores, referring to individuals, good, decent, moral habits:(β).nihil est amabilius quam morum similitudo bonorum,
Cic. Off. 1, 17, 56:nam hic nimium morbus mores invasit bonos,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 1, 6:domi militiaeque boni mores colebantur,
Sall. C. 9, 1:propter ejus suavissimos et optimos mores,
Cic. Phil. 3, 5, 13:cum per tot annos matronae optimis moribus vixerint,
Liv. 34, 6, 9:mores meliores,
Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 18.—Bonus mos or boni mores, in the abstract, morality, the laws, rules of morality: ei vos morigerari mos bonu'st, it is a rule of morality that you should, etc., Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 4:11.ex optimo more et sanctissima disciplina,
Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69:neglegentia boni moris,
Sen. Ep. 97, 1.—Jurid. t. t.:conventio, mandatum contra bonos mores,
in conflict with morality, Quint. 3, 1, 57; Dig. 16, 3, 1, § 7; Gai. Inst. 3, 157 et saep. —Adverbial phrases.a.Bono animo esse, or bonum animum habere.(α).To be of good cheer or courage:(β).bono animo es! Liberabit ille te homo,
Plaut. Merc 3, 1, 33; so id. Aul. 4, 10, 61; id. Mil. 4, 8, 32; id. Rud. 3, 3, 17; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 4; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 18; id. Ad. 2, 4, 20; 3, 5, 1; 4, 2, 4; 4, 5, 62; id. Phorm. 5, 8, 72:animo bono es,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 103; id. Am. 2, 2, 48; 5, 2, 1:bono animo es, inquit Scrofa, et fiscinam expedi,
Varr. R. R. 1, 26:bono animo sint et tui et mei familiares,
Cic. Fam. 6, 18, 1; 6, 10, 29:bono animo esse jubere eam consul,
Liv. 39, 13, 7:habe modo bonum animum,
Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 58; so id. Am. 1, 3, 47; id. Truc. 2, 6, 44; id. Aul. 2, 2, 15:habe animum bonum,
id. Cas. 2, 6, 35; id. Ep. 2, 2, 1; 4, 2, 31:bonum animum habe,
Liv. 45, 8, 5:clamor ortus ut bonum animum haberet,
id. 8, 32, 1; so Sen. Ep. 87, 38.—Bono animo esse, or facere aliquid, to be of a good or friendly disposition, or to do with good, honest intentions:(γ).audire jubet vos imperator histricus, bonoque ut animo sedeant in subselliis qui, etc.,
Plaut. Poen. prol. 5: sunt enim (consules) [p. 246] optimo animo, summo consilio, of the best disposition, Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 2:bono te animo tum populus Romanus... dicere existimavit ea quae sentiebatis, sed, etc.,
id. Imp. Pomp. 19, 56:quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur,
Caes. B. G. 1, 6; Quint. 7, 4, 15.—Bonus animus, good temper, patience:b.bonus animus in mala re dimidium mali est,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 37:vos etiam hoc animo meliore feratis,
Ov. M. 9, 433.—Bono modo.(α).= placide, with composure, moderation:(β).si quis quid deliquerit, pro noxa bono modo vindicet,
Cato, R. R. 5:haec tibi tam sunt defendenda quam moenia, mihi autem bono modo, tantum quantum videbitur,
Cic. Ac. 2, 44, 137.—In a decent manner:c.neu quisquam prohibeto filium quin amet... quod bono fiat modo,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 62. —Jure optimo or optimo jure, with good, perfect right:II.te ipse jure optumo incuses licet,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 23; id. Rud. 2, 6, 53:ut jure optimo me deserere posses,
Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 6; Sen. Ot. Sap. 2 (29), 2.—With pass. or intr. verb, deservedly:ne jure optimo irrideamur,
Cic. Off. 1, 31, 111; cf. id. ib. 1, 42, 151; id. Marcell. 1, 4;similarly, optimo judicio,
Val. Max. 2, 9, 2.As subst.A.bŏnus, boni, m.; of persons.1.In sing. or plur. orig. = bonus vir, boni viri; v. I. A. 1. a. b, supra, a morally good man.(α).Plur.:(β).bonis quod bene fit haud perit,
Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 2; id. Capt. 2, 2, 108; id. Trin. 2, 1, 55; id. Pers. 4, 5, 2:melius apud bonos quam apud fortunatos beneficium collocari puto,
Cic. Off. 2, 20, 71:verum esse ut bonos boni diligant, quamobrem... bonis inter bonos quasi necessariam (esse) benevolentiam,
id. Lael. 14, 50:diverso itinere malos a bonis loca taetra... habere,
Sall. C. 52, 13; 7, 2; 52, 22:oderunt peccare boni virtutis amore,
Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 52:tam bonis quam malis conduntur urbes,
Sen. Ben. 4, 28, 4; so id. Vit. Beat. 15, 6; Quint. 9, 2, 76.—Rarely bŏnae, arum, f., good women:quia omnes bonos bonasque adcurare addecet, etc.,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 41.—Sing.:2.malus bonum malum esse volt ut sit sui similis,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 8:nec enim cuique bono mali quidquam evenire potest,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 41, 99; cf.:qui meliorem audax vocet in jus,
Hor. S. 2, 5, 29.—Bonus, a man of honor.(α).A brave man:(β).pro qua (patria) quis bonus dubitet mortem oppetere si ei sit profuturus?
Cic. Off. 1, 17, 57:libertatem quam nemo bonus nisi cum anima simul amittat,
Sall. C. 33, 5:fortes creantur fortibus et bonis,
Hor. C. 4, 4, 29 (opp. ignavi):fama impari boni atque ignavi erant,
Sall. J. 57, 6; 53, 8; id. C. 11, 2. —A gentleman:3. (α).quis enim umquam, qui paululum modo bonorum consuetudinem nosset, litteras ad se ab amico missas... in medium protulit?
Cic. Phil. 2, 4, 7.—In gen. (of political sentiments, = optimates, opp. populares, seditiosi, perditi cives, etc.;(β).so usu. in Cic.): meam causam omnes boni proprie enixeque susceperant,
Cic. Sest. 16, 38:audaces homines et perditi nutu impelluntur... boni, nescio quomodo, tardiores sunt, etc.,
id. ib. 47, 100:ego Kal. Jan. senatum et bonos omnes legis agrariae... metu liberavi,
id. Pis. 2, 4:etenim omnes boni, quantum in ipsis fuit, Caesarem occiderunt,
id. Phil. 2, 13, 29; id. Fam. 5, 2, 8; 5, 21, 2; id. Sest. 2, 5; 16, 36; 48, 103; id. Planc. 35, 86; id. Mil. 2, 5; id. Off. 2. 12, 43:maledictis increpat omnes bonos,
Sall. C. 21, 4; 19, 2; 33, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 22; so,optimi,
Cic. Leg. 3, 17, 37; and, ironically, boni identified with the rich:bonorum, id est lautorum et locupletum,
id. Att. 8, 1, 3.—Without reference to political views;4.opp. vulgus (rare): nihil ego istos moror fatuos mores quibus boni dedecorant se,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 22:semper in civitate quibus opes nullae sunt bonis invident,
Sall. C. 37, 3:elatus est sine ulla pompa funeris, comitantibus omnibus bonis, maxima vulgi frequentia,
Nep. Att. 22, 2.—So, mĕlĭōres, um, m., one ' s betters:ut quaestui habeant male loqui melioribus,
Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 13:da locum melioribus,
Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 37.—Boni, bone, in addresses, as an expression of courtesy, Hor. S. 2, 2, 1; 2, 6, 51; 2, 6, 95; id. Ep. 2, 2, 37; ironice, id. S. 2, 3, 31.—5.Optimus quisque = quivis bonus, omnes boni.(α).Referring to morality:(β).esse aliquid natura pulcrum quod optimus quisque sequeretur,
every good man, Cic. Sen. 13, 43:qui ita se gerebant ut sua consilia optimo cuique probarent, optimates habebantur,
id. Sest. 45, 96; id. Off. 1, 43, 154; id. Fin. 1, 7, 24; id. Sest. 54, 115; and = even the best:quare deus optimum quemque mala valetudine adficit?
Sen. Prov. 4, 8.—Of the educated classes:(γ). (δ).adhibenda est quaedam reverentia adversus homines, et optimi cujusque et reliquorum,
Cic. Off. 1, 28, 99; cf. id. ib. 1, 25, 85:Catilina plerisque consularibus, praeterea optumo cuique, litteras mittit,
Sall. C. 34, 2:optimo cuique infesta libertas,
Sen. Ot. Sap. 8, 2 (32 fin.).—In gen., excellent:(ε).optimus quisque facere quam dicere... malebat,
Sall. C. 8, 5.—Distributively:(ζ).ita imperium semper ad optumum quemque a minus bono transfertur,
to the best man in each instance, Sall. C. 2, 6.—Referring to another superlative ( = quo quisque melior eo magis, etc.):(η).hic aditus laudis qui semper optimo cuique maxime patuit,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1; so id. Lael. 4, 14; id. Inv. 2, 11, 36; Sen. Vit. Beat. 18, 1.—Attributively, with a noun:2. 1.optimam quamque causam,
Cic. Sest. 43, 93:optima quaeque dies,
Verg. G. 3, 66.Bonum, or plur. bona, a good, or goods in a moral and metaphysical sense, a moral good, a blessing: sunt autem hae de finibus defensae sententiae: nihil bonum nisi honestum, ut Stoici; nihil bonum nisi voluptatem, ut Epicurus;2.nihil bonum nisi vacuitatem doloris, ut Hieronymus... tria genera bonorum, maxima animi, secunda corporis, externa tertia, ut Peripatetici, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 30, 84 sq.:quid est igitur bonum? Si quid recte fit et honeste et cum virtute, id bene fieri vere dicitur, et quod rectum et honestum et cum virtute est, id solum opinor bonum,
id. Par. 1, 1, 9:ut quis intellegat, quid sit illud simplex et verum bonum quod non possit ab honestate sejungi,
id. Ac. 1, 2, 7:non-est igitur voluptas bonum,
id. Fin. 1, 11, 39: finis bonorum et malorum (telos agathôn) = summa bona et mala:sunt nonnullae disciplinae quae, propositis bonorum et malorum finibus, officium omne pervertant. Nam qui summum bonum sic instituit ut, etc.,
id. Off. 1, 2, 5; cf. id. Par. 1, 3, 14; id. Ac. 2, 9, 29; 2, 36, 114; 2, 42, 129; id. Fin. 1, 9, 29; 1, 12, 42; id. Tusc. 4, 31, 66; Sen. Vit. Beat. 24, 5; id. Ep. 117, 1 et saep.—Bonum, what is valuable, beneficial, estimable, favorable, pleasant, physically or mentally:3.quoi boni Tantum adfero quantum ipsus a diis optat,
Plaut. Capt. 4, 1, 9:multa bona vobis volt facere,
will do you much good, id. Poen. 5, 4, 60; id. Am. prol. 43, 49; id. Pers. 4, 8, 4; 2, 3, 14; id. Cas. 2, 8, 32:tum demum nostra intellegemus bona quom ea amisimus,
id. Capt. 1, 2, 33:multa tibi di dent bona,
id. Poen. 1, 1, 80; cf. id. ib. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; id. Mil. 3, 1, 120; id. Men. 3, 3, 34; id. Pers. 4, 3, 23; id. Truc. 1, 2, 23; id. Merc. 1, 2, 40; id. Most. 1, 1, 47:omnia Bona dicere,
to speak in the highest terms of one, Ter. And. 1, 1, 70:sed ne vivus quidem bono caret, si eo non indiget,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 36, 88:cum quaecumque bona Peripateticis, eadem Stoicis commoda viderentur,
id. ib. 5, 41, 120:nihil enim boni nosti,
nothing that is good for any thing, id. Phil. 2, 7, 16:mala pro bonis legere dementia est,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 6, 1; Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3 fin.; Hor. S. 1, 2, 73:quia bonum sit valere,
a good thing, Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 62 (cf. III. A. 5. infra):melius: quo quidem haud scio an... quidquam melius sit homini a dis immortalibus datum,
id. Lael. 6, 20:meliora... Aristotelem de istis rebus scripsisse,
id. Or. 1, 10, 43:optimum: difficillimum est formam exponere optimi,
id. ib. 11, 36.— Here belongs the phrase boni consulere;v. consulo.—So after prepositions: in bonum vertere, v. under verto: in melius ire,
to change for the better, Tac. A. 12, 68.—In the same sense: in melius aliquid referre, or reflectere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 281; 11, 426; 10, 632:ad melius transcurrere,
to pass over to something better, Hor. S. 2, 2, 82.—Bonum or bona, prosperity:4.fortiter malum qui patitur, idem post patitur bonum,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 58:nulli est homini perpetuum bonum,
id. Curc. 1, 3, 33:unā tecum bona, mala tolerabimus,
Ter. Phorm. 3, 3, 23:quibus in bonis fuerint et nunc quibus in malis sint, ostenditur ( = in secundis, in adversis rebus),
Cic. Inv. 1, 55, 107.—Good qualities, gifts:5.omnia adsunt bona, quem penes'st virtus,
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 30:magnis illi et divinis bonis hanc licentiam adsequebantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148:nisi qui se suā gravitate et castimoniā... tum etiam naturali quodam bono defenderet, etc.,
id. Cael. 5, 11:hunc meā sententiā divinis quibusdam bonis instructum atque ornatum puto,
id. ib. 17, 39:non intellego quod bonum cuiquam sit apud tales viros profuturum,
id. Balb. 28, 63:gaude isto tuo tam excellenti bono,
id. Marcell. 6, 19; so id. Imp. Pomp. 16, 49.—Advantage, benefit:6.si plus adipiscare, re explicatā, boni, quam addubitatā mali,
Cic. Off. 1, 24, 83:saepe cogitavi bonine an mali plus adtulerit... eloquentiae studium,
id. Inv. 1, 1, 1; 2, 35, 106; id. Off. 2, 2, 5; id. Sest. 10, 24:maximum bonum in celeritate ponebat,
Sall. C. 43, 4; so, bono publico (abl.), for the public good:hoc ita si fit, publico fiat bono,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 183; Liv. 2, 44, 3; Dig. 41, 3, 1.—With aequum, what is fair and good, the fair ( thing), fairness, equity:7. a.si bonum aequomque oras,
Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 149; so id. Pers. 3, 1, 71; id. Rud. 1, 2, 94; id. Men. 4, 2, 11:si tu aliquam partem aequi bonique dixeris,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 32; id. Heaut. 4, 1, 29; id. Ad. 1, 1, 39:a quo vivo nec praesens nec absens quidquam aequi bonique impetravit,
Cic. Phil. 2, 37, 94.—Hence, aequo et bono, or ex aequo et bono, in ( with) fairness, in equity, Ter. Ad. 5, 9, 30; Auct. Her. 2, 10, 14; 2, 12, 18; 2, 13, 20; Gai. Inst. 3, 137: aequi bonique, as gen. of value, with facere:istuc, Chreme, Aequi bonique facio,
I place a fair and proper value on it, Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 40.—In gen.:b.paterna oportet reddi filio bona,
Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 120:bona sua med habiturum omnia,
id. Truc. 2, 4, 49; cf. id. ib. 2, 7, 6; 4, 2, 29; id. Rud. 2, 6, 22; id. Most. 1, 3, 77; id. Trin. 4, 4, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 4:bona mea diripiebantur atque ad consulem deferebantur,
Cic. Sest. 24, 54:cum de capite, civis et de bonis proscriptio ferretur,
id. ib. 30, 65:bona, fortunas, possessiones omnium,
id. Caecin. 13, 38:at mulctantur bonis exsules,
id. Tusc. 5, 37, 106; id. Off. 2, 23, 81; id. Par. 1, 1, 7; id. Sest. 19, 42; 43, 94; 52, 111; id. Phil. 2, 26, 64; Caes. B. G. 7, 3; Liv. 2, 3, 5; 2, 5, 5; 4, 15, 8; Tac. A. 2, 48; Quint. 6, 1, 19 et saep.—Bonorum possessio, the possession of one ' s property by another.(α).Bonorum possessio in consequence of bonorum cessio, i. e. an assignment of one ' s property for the benefit of creditors, Dig. 42, tit. 3.—(β).Bonorum possessio granted by the prætor against a contumacious or insolvent debtor (in bona mittere, in bona ire jubere, bona possidere jubere, etc.); cf. Dig. 42, tit. 4:(γ).postulat a Burrieno Naevius ut ex edicto bona possidere liceat,
Cic. Quint. 6, 25, and the whole of c. 8:edixit... neu quis militis... bona possideret aut venderet,
Liv. 2, 24, 6:bona proscribere,
to offer the property thus transferred for sale, Cic. Quint. 6, 25.—Chiefly referring to the property of a defunct person (hereditas), where the prætor, till the heir had proved his right, granted a bonorum possessio secundum tabulas or contra tabulas, Dig. 37, tit. 4; 37, tit. 11.—c.In bonis esse;III.with reference to the older civil law, which distinguished between civil property (habere rem ex jure Quiritium) and natural property (rem in bonis habere, res in bonis est),
Gai. Inst. 2, 40, 41; Dig. 40, 12, 38, § 2; 37, 6, 2, § 1; 37, 6, 3, § 2; ib. Fragm. 1, 16; Gai. Inst. 1, 22; 1, 35; 1, 222; 1, 167; Dig. 1, 8, 1; 27, 10, 10:neque bonorum possessorum, neque... res pleno jure fiunt, sed in bonis efficiuntur,
ib. Fragm. 3, 80.—Hence, nullam omnino arbitrabamur de eā hereditate controversiam eum habiturum, et est hodie in bonis, i. e. [p. 247] the bonorum possessio has been granted to him, which did not give full ownership, but effected only that the hereditas was in bonis. Cic. Fam. 13, 30, 1.Predicative use.A.With nouns or pronouns as subjects.1.Bonum esse, to be morally good, honest:2.nunc mihi bonae necessum est esse ingratiis, Quamquam esse nolo,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 82:bonam ego quam beatam me esse nimio dici mavolo,
id. Poen. 1, 2, 93; so id. Capt. 2, 1, 44; id. Men. 4, 2, 6; id. Rud. prol. 29:itaque viros fortes magnanimos eosdem, bonos et simplices... esse volumus,
Cic. Off. 1, 19, 63; cf. id. ib. 3, 21, 84; id. Att. 15, 6, 1:Cato esse quam videri bonus malebat,
Sall. C. 54, 5:ut politiora, non ut meliora fiant ingenia,
Val. Max. 5, 4, ext. 5 fin. —To be beneficial, prosperous, advantageous, valuable, favorable, serviceable, correct, with reference to both persons and things as subjects, and in regard to physical and mental relations:3.jam istuc non bonumst,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 2, 29; Cato, R. R. 157:oleum viridius et melius fiet,
id. ib. 3:vinum ut alvum bonam faciat,
to correct the bowels, id. ib. 156:quid est homini salute melius?
Plaut. As. 3, 3, 127:non optuma haec sunt, verum meliora quam deterruma,
id. Trin. 2, 3, 1:quid est quod huc possit quod melius sit accedere?
Cic. Fin. 1, 12, 41; 1, 18, 57; id. Tusc. 1, 41, 99:in quo (vestitu), sicut in plerisque rebus, mediocritas optima est,
id. Off. 1, 36, 130; 2, 17, 59; id. Inv. 1, 31, 51; id. Or. 2, 6; 11, 36:meliorem tamen militem... in futura proelia id certamen fecit,
Liv. 2, 51, 3:parvus ut est cygni melior canor, ille gruum quam Clamor,
Lucr. 4, 181; 4, 191:si meliora dies, ut vina, poemata reddit,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 34.—So in the optative formula:quod bonum, faustum, felixque sit,
Liv. 1, 28, 7; 1, 17, 10; 39, 15, 1; 3, 54;3, 34.—Also, quod bonum atque fortunatum mihi sit,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 50;and with a noun as subject: ut nobis haec habitatio Bona, fausta, felix, fortunataque evenat,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 3.—To be kind:4.bonus cum probis'st (erus), malus cum malis,
Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 22:hic si vellet bonus ac benignus Esse,
Hor. S. 1, 2, 52.—With reference to the gods:B.ecastor ambae (Fortuna et Salus sunt bonae,
Plaut. As. 3, 3, 129:Palladis aut oculos ausa negare bonos (esse),
Prop. 3, 24, 12 (2, 28, 12).—Impers.1.Bonum est (very rare for the class. bene est; v. bene).(α). (β).With subject inf.:2.nam et stulte facere, et stulte fabularier in aetate haud bonum est,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 61:bonum est pauxillum amare, insane non bonum est,
id. Curc. 1, 3,20.—Melius est.(α).With subject inf.:(β).melius sanam est mentem sumere,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 51:nihil sentire est melius quam tam prava sentire,
Cic. Ac. 2, 40, 125; cf. id. Fin. 1, 19, 62; id. Off. 1, 43, 156; so,melius fuit, fuisset, or fuerat,
it would have been better, id. N. D. 3, 33; id. Sen. 23, 82; id. Off. 3, 25, 94:proinde quiesse erit melius,
Liv. 3, 48, 3; 3, 41, 3; Verg. A. 11, 303.—With subject inf.-clause:(γ).meliu'st te quae sunt mandata tibi praevortier,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 125; id. Men. 5, 9, 32.—With ut-clause:(δ).quid melius quam ut hinc intro abeam et me suspendam clanculum,
Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 145; so id. Ps. 4, 7, 18.—With subjectclause in the subjunctive:3.nunc quid mihi meliu'st quam ilico hic opperiar erum,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 22.—Optimum est.(α).With subject inf.:(β).optimum visum est, captivos quam primum deportare,
Liv. 23, 34, 8:si quis dicit optimum esse navigare,
Sen. Ot. Sap. 8, 4 (32 fin.); so, optimum fuit, it would have been better, and optimum erat, it would be better, Quint. 6, prooem. 3; 11, 2, 33; Hor. S. 2, 1, 7.—With inf.-clause:(γ).constituerunt optimum esse, domum suam quemque reverti,
Caes. B. G. 2, 10: optimum visum est, in fluctuantem aciem tradi equos, etc., Liv 6, 24, 10; 22, 27, 6.—With ut and subj:(δ).hoc vero optimum, ut is qui, etc., id ultimum bonorum, id ipsum quid et quale sit nesciat,
Cic. Fin. 2, 3, 6.—With quod:(ε).illa vero optima (sunt) quod cum Haluntium venisset Archagathum vocari jussit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 51:optimum vero (est) quod dictaturae nomen in perpetuum de re publica sustulisti,
id. Phil. 2, 36, 91.—With second sup., in the phrase optumum factu est (where factu is redundant):IV.sed hoc mihi optumum factu arbitror,
Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 16:optimum factu esse duxerant frumento... nostros prohibere,
Caes. B. G. 4, 30:optumum factu credens exercitum augere,
Sall. C. 32, 1 (Kritz, factum); 57, 5 (Kritz, factum).Ellipt. use: di meliora, i. e. dent or velint, i. e. let the gods grant better things than what you say, etc.; God forbid! in full:V.di melius duint,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 9, 16:di meliora velint!
Ov. M. 7, 37.—Ellipt.:di meliora! inquit,
Cic. Sen. 14, 47:id ubi mulier audivit, perturbata, dii meliora inquit, etc.,
Liv. 39, 10, 2; 9, 9, 6; Verg. G. 3, 513;similarly, di melius, i. e. fecerunt,
Val. Max. 6, 1, ext. 3.With object expressed,1.By dat.(α).= good, useful, beneficial for:(β).ambula, id lieni optumum est,
Plaut. Curc. 2, 1, 25:quia vobis eadem quae mihi bona malaque esse intellexi,
Sall. C. 20, 3:bona bello Cornus, jaculis, etc.,
Verg. G. 2, 447.—= benignus or propitius, kind to:(γ).vicinis bonus esto,
Cato, R. R. 4:bene merenti mala es, male merenti bona es,
Plaut. As. 1, 2, 3:vos o mihi Manes, Este boni,
Verg. A. 12, 647.—= idoneus, fit for, adapted to:(δ).qui locus vino optimus dicetur esse,
Cato, R. R. 6:tum erit ei rei optumum tempus,
id. ib. 26:terra cui putre solum, Optima frumentis,
Verg. G. 2, 205; 2, 319; 1, 286.—With sum and dat., in the phrase alicui bono est, it is of service to one, profits him:(ε).accusant in quibus occidi patrem Sex. Roscii bono fuit,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 5, 13:bono fuisse Romanis adventum eorum constabat,
Liv. 7, 12, 4.—Hence, with rel. dat.: cui bono (est), for whose advantage it is:quod si quis usurpet illud Cassianum cui bono fuerit, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 14, 35:cui bono fuisset,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84; id. Mil. 12, 32 Ascon. ad loc.; cf.ellipt. form cui bono?
Prisc. p. 1208 P.—With dat. gerund:2.ager oleto conserundo qui in Favonium spectavit, aliis bonus nullus erit,
Cato, R. R. 6; Varr. R. R. 1, 24:(mons) quia pecori bonus alendo erat,
Liv. 29, 31; 9, 10.—By ad and acc.:refert et ad quam rem bona aut non bona sit,
Varr. R. R. 1, 91:occasio quaeritur idoneane fuerit ad rem adoriendam, an alia melior,
Auct. Her. 2, 4, 7:non campos modo militi Romano ad proelium bonos, etc.,
Tac. A. 2, 14. -
24 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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A Situação Social em Portugal, 1960-1996. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, 1996.■ Bermeo, Nancy Gina. "Worker Management in Industry: Reconciling Representative Government and Industrial Democracy in a Polarized Society." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 181-98. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. The Revolution within the Revolution: Workers' Control in Rural Portugal. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.■ Braeckman, Colette. Portugal: Revolution surveilée. Brussels: Rossei, 1975.■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel. "O Presidente da República na génese e evolução do sistema de governor portugües." Análise social XXIX, 125-26 (1994): 237-65.■, coord. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer 2000): 1-404. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Popular Support for Democracy in Post-revolutionary Portugal: Results from a Survey." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 21-42. 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Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.■ Dias, José S. da Silva. 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Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. 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Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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25 society
plural - societies; noun1) (mankind considered as a whole: He was a danger to society.) sociedad2) (a particular group or part of mankind considered as a whole: middle-class society; modern western societies.) sociedad3) (an association or club: a model railway society.) asociación, sociedad4) (the class of people who are wealthy, fashionable or of high rank in any area: high society.) alta sociedad5) (company or companionship: I enjoy the society of young people.) compañíasociety n1. sociedad2. asociación / sociedadtr[sə'saɪətɪ]1 (community, people) sociedad nombre femenino2 (fashionable group, upper class) (alta) sociedad nombre femenino3 (organization, club) sociedad nombre femenino, asociación nombre femenino, club nombre masculino, círculo4 formal use (company) compañía\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be a danger to society ser un peligro para la sociedadto be introduced into society ser presentado,-a en sociedadsociety news ecos nombre masculino plural de sociedadsociety wedding boda de sociedad1) companionship: compañía f2) : sociedad fa democratic society: una sociedad democráticahigh society: alta sociedad3) association: sociedad f, asociación fn.• alta sociedad s.f.• asociación s.f.• ateneo s.m.• entidad s.f.• gremio s.m.• sociedad s.f.sə'saɪəti1)a) u c ( community) sociedad fb) u ( fashionable elite) (alta) sociedad fto enter society — entrar or ser* presentado en sociedad
2) c (association, club) sociedad f[sǝ'saɪǝtɪ]a literary society — una sociedad literaria, un círculo literario
1. N1) (=social community) sociedad f2) (=company) compañía fin the society of — en compañía de, acompañado por
3) (=high society) alta sociedad fto go into society — [girl] ponerse de largo
4) (=club, organization) asociación f, sociedad fa drama society — una asociación or sociedad de amigos del teatro
learned society — sociedad f científica, academia f
2.CPDsociety column N — ecos mpl de sociedad, notas fpl sociales (LAm)
society news NSING — notas fpl de sociedad
society party N — fiesta f de sociedad
society wedding N — boda f de sociedad
society woman N — mujer f conocida en la alta sociedad
* * *[sə'saɪəti]1)a) u c ( community) sociedad fb) u ( fashionable elite) (alta) sociedad fto enter society — entrar or ser* presentado en sociedad
2) c (association, club) sociedad fa literary society — una sociedad literaria, un círculo literario
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26 high
1. adjective1) (at, from, or reaching up to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: a high mountain; a high dive; a dive from the high diving-board.) alto2) (having a particular height: This building is about 20 metres high; My horse is fifteen hands high.) de altura3) (great; large; considerable: The car was travelling at high speed; He has a high opinion of her work; They charge high prices; high hopes; The child has a high fever/temperature.) alto; elevado; grande4) (most important; very important: the high altar in a church; Important criminal trials are held at the High Court; a high official.) mayor; supremo; alto5) (noble; good: high ideals.) bueno, noble6) ((of a wind) strong: The wind is high tonight.) fuerte7) ((of sounds) at or towards the top of a (musical) range: a high note.) alto8) ((of voices) like a child's voice (rather than like a man's): He still speaks in a high voice.) agudo9) ((of food, especially meat) beginning to go bad.) pasado10) (having great value: Aces and kings are high cards.) importante; de gran valor
2. adverb(at, or to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: The plane was flying high in the sky; He'll rise high in his profession.) alto- highly- highness
- high-chair
- high-class
- higher education
- high fidelity
- high-handed
- high-handedly
- high-handedness
- high jump
- highlands
- high-level
- highlight
3. verb(to draw particular attention to (a person, thing etc).) destacar, hacer resaltar, poner de relieve- high-minded
- high-mindedness
- high-pitched
- high-powered
- high-rise
- highroad
- high school
- high-spirited
- high spirits
- high street
- high-tech
4. adjective((also hi-tech): high-tech industries.) de alta tecnología, de tecnología punta- high treason
- high water
- highway
- Highway Code
- highwayman
- high wire
- high and dry
- high and low
- high and mighty
- the high seas
- it is high time
high adj1. altoit is over 29,000 feet high tiene más de 29.000 pies de altura2. fuerte3. agudotr[haɪ]1 alto,-a■ how high is that mountain? ¿qué altura tiene aquella montaña?2 (elevated, intense) alto,-a, elevado,-a3 (important) alto,-a, importante; (strong) fuerte4 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL alto,-a5 (very good) bueno,-a,6 (going rotten - food) pasado,-a; (- game) manido,-a7 (of time) pleno,-a8 slang (on drugs) flipado,-a, colocado,-a1 alto■ feelings often run high at football games a menudo los ánimos se exaltan en los partidos de fútbol1 punto máximo, récord nombre masculino2 SMALLMETEOROLOGY/SMALL zona de alta presión, anticiclón nombre masculino\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be in for the high jump familiar tener los días contadosto be in high spirits estar de buen humorto be on a high sentirse muy biento have friends in high places estar muy bien relacionado,-ato leave somebody high and dry dejar plantado,-a a alguiento search high and low for something buscar algo por todas parteshigh chair silla altaHigh Commissioner Alto Comisario, Alto ComisionadoHigh Court Tribunal nombre masculino Supremohigh fidelity alta fidelidad nombre femeninohigh jump SMALLSPORT/SMALL salto de alturahigh noon mediodía nombre masculinohigh priest sumo sacerdote nombre masculinohigh road carretera principalhigh season temporada altahigh school SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL instituto de enseñanza secundaria (para alumnos de entre 11 y 18 años) 2 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL instituto de enseñanza secundaria (para alumnos de entre 15 y 18 años)high tea merienda-cenathe high life la buena vidathe High Street la Calle Mayorhigh ['haɪ] adv: altohigh adj1) tall: altoa high wall: una pared alta2) elevated: alto, elevadohigh prices: precios elevadoshigh blood pressure: presión alta3) great, important: grande, importante, altoa high number: un número grandehigh society: alta sociedadhigh hopes: grandes esperanzas4) : alto (en música)5) intoxicated: borracho, drogadohigh n1) : récord m, punto m máximoto reach an all-time high: batir el récord2) : zona f de alta presión (en meteorología)4)on high : en las alturasadj.• alto, -a adj.• atiplado, -a adj.• de altura adj.• elevado, -a adj.• eminente adj.• empinado, -a adj.• encandilado, -a adj.• encumbrado, -a adj.• manido, -a adj.• mayor adj.• prócer adj.• subido, -a adj.• sumo, -a adj.• superior adj.n.• alta presión s.f.• marcha directa s.f.
I haɪadjective -er, -est1)a) ( tall) <building/wall/mountain> altohow high is it? — ¿qué altura tiene?
the tower is 40 m high — la torre tiene 40 m de alto or de altura
a 12 ft high wall — un muro de 12 pies de alto or de altura
the river is very high — el río está muy alto or crecido
high cheekbones — pómulos mpl salientes
c) ( in status) <office/rank/officials> altod) (morally, ethically) <ideals/principles/aims> elevado2)a) (considerable, greater than usual) <temperature/speed/pressure> alto; < wind> fuerteto have a high color — ( permanently) ser* rubicundo; ( because of a fever) estar* muy colorado or rojo
to pay a high price for something — pagar* algo muy caro
to be high in vitamins/proteins — ser* rico en vitaminas/proteínas
b) (good, favorable)3)a) (Lit, Theat)a moment of high comedy/drama — un momento comiquísimo/muy dramático
b) ( climactic) culminante4)a) (happy, excited)we had a high old time — (colloq) lo pasamos estupendamente
b) ( intoxicated) (colloq) drogado, colocado (Esp fam)to be/get high on something — estar* drogado or (Esp tb) colocado/drogarse* or (Esp tb) colocarse* con algo (fam)
5) ( of time)
II
adverb -er, -esta) < fly> altohigh up — arriba, en lo alto
to aim high — \<\<marksman\>\> apuntar alto; \<\<ambitious person\>\> picar* alto
to search o hunt o look high and low (for something) — remover* cielo y tierra (para encontrar algo)
c) (in amount, degree)how high are you prepared to bid? — ¿hasta cuánto estás dispuesto a pujar or ofrecer?
III
1)a) c ( level) récord mb) u[haɪ]on high — ( in heaven) en las alturas; ( high above) en lo alto
1. ADJ(compar higher) (superl highest)1) (=tall, elevated) [building, mountain] alto; [plateau] elevado; [altitude] grandea building 60 metres high — un edificio de 60 metros de alto or de altura
it's 20 metres high — tiene 20 metros de alto or de altura
•
the ceilings are very high — los techos son muy altos•
how high is Ben Nevis/that tree? — ¿qué altura tiene el Ben Nevis/ese árbol?•
economic reform is high on the agenda — la reforma económica figura entre los asuntos más importantes a tratar•
the river is high — el río está crecido•
I've known her since she was so high * — la conozco desde que era así (de pequeña)•
the sun was high in the sky — el sol daba de plenothe boats lay at the river's edge, high and dry — los botes estaban en la orilla del río, varados
- leave sb high and dry2) (=considerable, great) [level, risk, rent, salary, principles] alto; [price, tax, number] alto, elevado; [speed] alto, gran; [quality] alto, bueno; [colour] subido; [complexion] (characteristically) rojizo; (temporarily) enrojecido; [wind] fuertetemperatures were in the high 80s — las temperaturas alcanzaron los ochenta y muchos, las temperaturas rondaron los 90 grados
we offer education of the highest quality — ofrecemos una educación de la más alta or de la mejor calidad
•
to have high blood pressure — tener la tensión alta, ser hipertenso•
to have high hopes of sth, I had high hopes of being elected — tenía muchas esperanzas de que me eligieran•
parsley is high in calcium — el perejil es rico en calcio•
to have a high opinion of sb — (=think highly of) tener muy buena opinión or concepto de algn; (=be fond of) tener a algn en alta estima•
to pay a high price for sth — (lit) pagar mucho dinero por algo; (fig) pagar algo muy caro•
to have a high temperature — tener mucha fiebre, tener una fiebre muy alta- have a high old timegear, priority, profile, spirit, stake, high 1., 4)it's high time... * —
3) (=important, superior) [rank, position, office] alto•
high and mighty, she's too high and mighty — es demasiado engreídashe moves in the circles of the high and mighty — se mueve en círculos de los poderosos, se mueve en círculos de gente de mucho fuste pej
- get up on one's high horsethere's no need to get (up) on your high horse! — ¡no hace falta que te subas a la parra!
- come down off or get off one's high horsein high places —
to have friends in high places — tener amigos importantes or con influencias
people in high places — gente influyente or importante
4) (=high-pitched) [sound, note] alto; [voice] agudoon a high note —
5) * (=intoxicated)to be high (on) — [+ drink, drugs] estar colocado (de) *
to get high (on) — [+ drink, drugs] colocarse (de) *
she was high on her latest success — estaba encantada or entusiasmada con su último éxito
- be as high as a kite6) (Culin) (=mature) [game, cheese] que huele fuerte; (=rotten) [meat] pasado2. ADV(compar higher) (superl highest)1) (in height) [fly, rise] a gran altura•
high above, an eagle circled high above — un águila circulaba en las alturasthe town is perched high above the river — el pueblo está en un alto, sobre el río
•
high up, his farm was high up in the mountains — su granja estaba en lo alto de las montañas- hold one's head up high- live high on the hog- hunt or search high and low for sth/sbaim, fly, head 1., 1), stand 3., 5)2) (in degree, number, strength)•
the bidding went as high as £500 — las ofertas llegaron hasta 500 libras3. N1)on high — (=in heaven) en el cielo, en las alturas
there's been a new directive from on high — (fig) ha habido una nueva directriz de arriba
2) (=peak)- be on a high3) (Econ) máximo mthe Dow Jones index reached a high of 2503 — el índice de Dow Jones alcanzó un máximo de 2.503
4) (Met) zona f de altas presiones; (esp US) temperatura f máxima5) (US) (Aut) (=top gear) directa f4.CPDhigh altar N — altar m mayor
high beam N (US) (Aut) —
he had his lights on high beam — llevaba las luces largas or de cruce
high camp N — (Theat) amaneramiento m
high chair N — silla f alta (para niño), trona f (Sp)
High Church N — sector de la Iglesia Anglicana muy cercano a la liturgia y ritos católicos
high comedy N — (Theat) comedia f de costumbres
it was high comedy — (fig) era de lo más cómico
high command N — (Mil) alto mando m
high commission N — (=international body) alto comisionado m; (=embassy) embajada f (que representa a uno de los países de la Commonwealth en otro)
high commissioner N — [of international body] alto comisario(-a) m / f; (=ambassador) embajador(a) m / f (de un país de la Commonwealth en otro)
high-definitionHigh Court N — (Jur) Tribunal m Supremo
high dependency unit N — (Med) unidad f de alta dependencia
high diving N — saltos mpl de trampolín de gran altura
high explosive N — explosivo m de gran potencia; high-explosive
high fashion N — alta costura f
high five, high-five N — choque m de cinco
•
to give sb a high five — chocar los cinco con algnhigh flier N —
he's a high flier — es ambicioso, tiene talento y promete
High German N — alto alemán m
high ground N (fig) —
they believe they have or occupy the moral high ground in this conflict — creen que tienen moralmente la razón de su parte en este conflicto
high heels NPL — (=heels) tacones mpl altos; (=shoes) zapatos mpl de tacón
high jinks † * NPL — jolgorio msing, jarana f
there were high jinks last night — hubo jolgorio or jarana anoche
high jump N — (Sport) salto m de altura
high jumper N — (Sport) saltador(a) m / f de altura
the high life N — (gen) la buena vida; (in high society) la vida de la buena sociedad
high noon N — (=midday) mediodía m; (fig) (=peak) apogeo m; (=critical point) momento m crucial
high point N — [of show, evening] punto m culminante, clímax m inv ; [of visit, holiday] lo más destacado; [of career] punto m culminante, cenit m
high priest N — sumo sacerdote m
high relief N — alto relieve m
to throw or bring sth into high relief — (fig) poner algo de relieve
high road N — (esp Brit) carretera f
the high road to success/disaster — el camino directo al éxito/desastre
high roller N — (US) (gen) derrochón(-ona) m / f; (gambling) jugador(a) m / f empedernido*
high school N — (US, Brit) instituto m de enseñanza secundaria, ≈ liceo m (LAm)
junior high (school) — (US) instituto donde se imparten los dos primeros años de bachillerato
high school diploma N — (US) ≈ bachillerato m
high school graduate N — (US) ≈ bachiller mf
the high seas NPL — alta mar fsing
high season N — temporada f alta
high spot N — [of show, evening] punto m culminante, clímax m inv ; [of visit, holiday] lo más destacado; [of career] punto m culminante, cenit m
high stakes NPL —
- play for high stakeshigh street N — calle f mayor, calle f principal
high street banks — bancos mpl principales
high street shops — tiendas fpl de la calle principal
high summer N — pleno verano m, pleno estío m
high table N — (gen) mesa f principal, mesa f presidencial; (Univ, Scol) mesa f de los profesores
high tea N — (Brit) merienda-cena f (que se toma acompañada de té)
at high tide — en la pleamar, en marea alta
high treason N — alta traición f
high-water markhigh water N — pleamar f, marea f alta
HIGH SCHOOL En Estados Unidos las high schools son los institutos donde los adolescentes de 15 a 18 años realizan la educación secundaria, que dura tres cursos ( grades), desde el noveno hasta el duodécimo año de la enseñanza; al final del último curso se realiza un libro conmemorativo con fotos de los alumnos y profesores de ese año Yearbook y los alumnos reciben el diploma de high school en una ceremonia formal de graduación. Estos centros suelen ser un tema frecuente en las películas y programas de televisión estadounidenses en los que se resalta mucho el aspecto deportivo - sobre todo el fútbol americano y el baloncesto - además de algunos acontecimientos sociales como el baile de fin de curso, conocido como Senior Prom.high wire act N — número m en la cuerda floja, número m de funambulismo
See:see cultural note YEARBOOK in yearbook* * *
I [haɪ]adjective -er, -est1)a) ( tall) <building/wall/mountain> altohow high is it? — ¿qué altura tiene?
the tower is 40 m high — la torre tiene 40 m de alto or de altura
a 12 ft high wall — un muro de 12 pies de alto or de altura
the river is very high — el río está muy alto or crecido
high cheekbones — pómulos mpl salientes
c) ( in status) <office/rank/officials> altod) (morally, ethically) <ideals/principles/aims> elevado2)a) (considerable, greater than usual) <temperature/speed/pressure> alto; < wind> fuerteto have a high color — ( permanently) ser* rubicundo; ( because of a fever) estar* muy colorado or rojo
to pay a high price for something — pagar* algo muy caro
to be high in vitamins/proteins — ser* rico en vitaminas/proteínas
b) (good, favorable)3)a) (Lit, Theat)a moment of high comedy/drama — un momento comiquísimo/muy dramático
b) ( climactic) culminante4)a) (happy, excited)we had a high old time — (colloq) lo pasamos estupendamente
b) ( intoxicated) (colloq) drogado, colocado (Esp fam)to be/get high on something — estar* drogado or (Esp tb) colocado/drogarse* or (Esp tb) colocarse* con algo (fam)
5) ( of time)
II
adverb -er, -esta) < fly> altohigh up — arriba, en lo alto
to aim high — \<\<marksman\>\> apuntar alto; \<\<ambitious person\>\> picar* alto
to search o hunt o look high and low (for something) — remover* cielo y tierra (para encontrar algo)
c) (in amount, degree)how high are you prepared to bid? — ¿hasta cuánto estás dispuesto a pujar or ofrecer?
III
1)a) c ( level) récord mb) uon high — ( in heaven) en las alturas; ( high above) en lo alto
-
27 high
1. adjective1) hoch [Berg, Gebäude, Mauer]2) (above normal level) hoch [Stiefel]the river/water is high — der Fluss/das Wasser steht hoch
be left high and dry — (fig.) auf dem trock[e]nen sitzen (ugs.)
3) (far above ground or sea level) hoch [Gipfel, Punkt]; groß [Höhe]4) (to or from far above the ground) hoch [Aufstieg, Sprung]high diving — Turmspringen, das; see also academic.ru/5412/bar">bar 1. 2)
5) (of exalted rank) hoch [Beamter, Amt, Gericht]high and mighty — (coll.): (highhanded) selbstherrlich; (coll.): (superior) hochnäsig (ugs.)
be born or destined for higher things — zu Höherem geboren od. bestimmt sein
those in high places — die Oberen
be held in high regard/esteem — hohes Ansehen/hohe Wertschätzung genießen
high blood pressure — Bluthochdruck, der
have a high opinion of somebody/something — eine hohe Meinung von jemandem/etwas haben (geh.); viel von jemandem/etwas halten
of high birth — von hoher Geburt (geh.)
it is high time you left — es ist od. wird höchste Zeit, dass du gehst
high summer — Hochsommer, der
9) (luxurious, extravagant) üppig [Leben]10) (enjoyable)have a high [old] time — sich bestens amüsieren
get high on — sich anturnen mit (ugs.) [Haschisch, LSD usw.]
12) (in pitch) hoch [Ton, Stimme, Lage, Klang usw.]13) (slightly decomposed) angegangen (landsch.) [Fleisch]14) (Cards) hoch2. adverbsearch or hunt or look high and low — überall suchen
2) (to a high level) hoch3. nounI'll go as high as two thousand pounds — ich gehe bis zweitausend Pfund
1) (highest level/figure) Höchststand, der; see also all-time3) (Meteorol.) Hoch, das* * *1. adjective1) (at, from, or reaching up to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: a high mountain; a high dive; a dive from the high diving-board.) hoch2) (having a particular height: This building is about 20 metres high; My horse is fifteen hands high.) hoch3) (great; large; considerable: The car was travelling at high speed; He has a high opinion of her work; They charge high prices; high hopes; The child has a high fever/temperature.) hoch4) (most important; very important: the high altar in a church; Important criminal trials are held at the High Court; a high official.) Haupt-...5) (noble; good: high ideals.) hoch8) ((of voices) like a child's voice (rather than like a man's): He still speaks in a high voice.) hoch9) ((of food, especially meat) beginning to go bad.) angegangen10) (having great value: Aces and kings are high cards.) hoch2. adverb(at, or to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: The plane was flying high in the sky; He'll rise high in his profession.) hoch- highly- highness
- high-chair
- high-class
- higher education
- high fidelity
- high-handed
- high-handedly
- high-handedness
- high jump
- highlands
- high-level
- highlight 3. verb- highly-strung- high-minded
- high-mindedness
- high-pitched
- high-powered
- high-rise
- highroad
- high school
- high-spirited
- high spirits
- high street
- high-tech 4. adjective((also hi-tech): high-tech industries.)- high tide- high treason
- high water
- highway
- Highway Code
- highwayman
- high wire
- high and dry
- high and low
- high and mighty
- the high seas
- it is high time* * *[haɪ]I. adjhe lives on the \highest floor er wohnt im obersten StockwerkI knew him when he was only so \high ich kannte ihn schon als kleines Kindthe river is \high der Fluss führt Hochwassershe wore a dress with a \high neckline sie trug ein hochgeschlossenes Kleidto fly at a \high altitude in großer Höhe fliegenthe rooms in our flat have \high ceilings unsere Wohnung hat hohe Räumethirty centimetres/one metre \high dreißig Zentimeter/ein Meter hoch\high cheekbones hohe Wangenknochento do a \high dive einen Kopfsprung aus großer Höhe machen\high forehead hohe Stirn\high latitude GEOG hohe Breiteshe got very \high marks sie bekam sehr gute Notenthe job demands a \high level of concentration die Tätigkeit erfordert hohe Konzentrationto have \high hopes sich dat große Hoffnungen machento have \high hopes for sb für jdn große Pläne habento have a \high IQ einen hohen IQ habena \high-scoring match ein Match nt mit vielen Treffernto have a \high opinion of sb von jdm eine hohe Meinung habento be full of \high praise [for sb/sth] [für jdn/etw] voll des Lobes seinto drive at \high speed mit hoher Geschwindigkeit fahrento demand \high standards from sb/sth hohe Ansprüche [o Anforderungen] an jdn/etw stellen3. (of large numerical value)the casualty toll from the explosion was \high die Explosion forderte viele Opferthe \highest common denominator der größte gemeinsame Nenner\high number hohe [o große] Zahl4. (important)safety is \high on my list of priorities Sicherheit steht weit oben auf meiner Prioritätenliste\high crimes schwere Vergehento hold/resign from \high office ein hohes Amt innehaben/niederlegento have friends in \high places wichtige Freunde habenof \high rank hochrangig5. (noble)to be of \high birth adliger Abstammung seinto have \high principles hohe Prinzipien habento be \high and mighty ( pej) herablassend sein7. (intense)to have a \high complexion ein gerötetes Gesicht habento be \high drama hochdramatisch sein\high wind starker Wind8. MED\high blood-pressure hoher Blutdruck\high fever hohes Fieber\high in calories kalorienreichto be \high in calcium/iron viel Kalzium/Eisen enthaltento be \high on drugs mit Drogen vollgepumpt sein11. (shrill)to sing in a \high key in einer hohen Tonlage singena \high note ein hoher Tona \high voice eine schrille Stimme12. LING\high vowel hoher Vokal14.▶ with one's head held \high hoch erhobenen Hauptes▶ come hell or \high water um jeden Preiscome hell or \high water, I'm going to get this finished by midnight und wenn die Welt untergeht, bis Mitternacht habe ich das fertig▶ to leave sb \high and dry jdn auf dem Trockenen sitzen lassen▶ to stink to \high heaven (smell awful) wie die Pest stinken sl; (be very suspicious) zum Himmel stinken fig sl▶ \high time höchste ZeitII. adv1. (position) hochyou have to throw the ball \high du musst den Ball in die Höhe werfen▪ \high up hoch oben2. (amount) hochthe prices are running \high die Preise liegen hochhe said he would go as \high as 500 dollars er meinte, er würde maximal 500 Dollar ausgeben3. (intensity)the sea was running \high das Meer tobte; ( fig)feelings were running \high die Gemüter erhitzten sich4.▶ to hold one's head \high stolz sein▶ \high and low überallIII. nto reach an all-time [or a record] \high einen historischen Höchststand erreichen3. (exhilaration)\highs and lows Höhen und Tiefen figto be on a \high high sein sl4. (heaven)on \high im Himmel, in der Höhe poetGod looked down from on \high Gott blickte vom Himmel herab; ( hum fig fam)the orders came from on \high die Befehle kamen von höchster Stelle5. AUTO höchster Gangto move into \high den höchsten Gang einlegen* * *[haɪ]1. adj (+er)a high dive — ein Kopfsprung m aus großer Höhe
he left her high and dry with four young children — er hat sie mit vier kleinen Kindern sitzen lassen
I knew him when he was only so high — ich kannte ihn, als er nur SO groß war or noch so klein war
See:→ also high ground3) (= considerable, extreme, great) opinion, speed, temperature, fever, pressure, salary, price, rate, density, sea hoch pred, hohe(r, s) attr; reputation ausgezeichnet, hervorragend; altitude groß; wind stark; complexion, colour (hoch)rot/quality — von bestem Format/bester Qualität
casualties were high — es gab viele Opfer; (Mil) es gab hohe Verluste
the temperature was in the high twenties — die Temperatur lag bei fast 30 Grad
to put a high value on sth —
to have high expectations of sb/sth — hohe Erwartungen an jdn/etw stellen
in (very) high spirits — in Hochstimmung, in äußerst guter Laune
to have a high old time (inf) — sich prächtig amüsieren, mächtig Spaß haben (inf)
5)high noon — zwölf Uhr mittagsit's high time you went home — es ist or wird höchste Zeit, dass du nach Hause gehst
6) sound, note hoch; (= shrill) schrill8) meat angegangen2. adv (+er)1) hochhigh up (position) — hoch oben; (motion) hoch hinauf
birds circling very high up — Vögel, die ganz weit oben kreisen
higher up the hill was a small farm — etwas weiter oben am Berg lag ein kleiner Bauernhof
2)to go as high as £200 — bis zu £ 200 (hoch) gehen
inflation is climbing higher and higher —
3. n1)2)unemployment/the pound has reached a new high — die Arbeitslosenzahlen haben/das Pfund hat einen neuen Höchststand erreicht
the highs and lows of my career — die Höhen und Tiefen pl meiner Laufbahn
4) (US AUT= top gear)
in high —* * *high [haı]1. hoch:ten feet high zehn Fuß hoch;2. hoch (gelegen):High Asia Hochasien nhigh latitude hohe Breite4. hoch (Grad):high expectations große oder hohe Erwartungen;high favo(u)r hohe Gunst;high hopes große Hoffnungen;high praise großes Lob;keep the pace high SPORT das Tempo hoch halten;a) hohe Geschwindigkeit,b) SCHIFF hohe Fahrt, äußerste Kraft;high starting number SPORT hohe Startnummer;be high in calories viele Kalorien haben;5. stark, heftig:high passion wilde Leidenschaft;high wind starker Wind;high words heftige oder scharfe Worte6. hoch (im Rang), Hoch…, Ober…, Haupt…:a high official ein hoher Beamter;the Most High der Allerhöchste (Gott)7. bedeutend, hoch, wichtig:high aims hohe Ziele;high politics pl (oft als sg konstruiert) hohe Politik8. hoch (Stellung), vornehm, edel:of high birth von hoher oder edler Geburt, hochgeboren;9. hoch, erhaben, edel:high spirit erhabener Geist10. hoch, gut, erstklassig (Qualität etc):high performance hohe Leistung11. hoch, Hoch… (auf dem Höhepunkt stehend):high period Glanzzeit f (eines Künstlers etc)12. hoch, fortgeschritten (Zeit):high summer Hochsommer m;13. (zeitlich) fern, tief:in high antiquity tief im Altertum14. LINGa) Hoch… (Sprache)b) hoch (Laut):high tone Hochton m15. hoch (im Kurs), teuer:land is high Land ist teuer17. extrem, eifrig (Sozialdemokrat etc)18. a) hoch, hell (Ton etc)b) schrill, laut (Stimme etc)19. lebhaft (Farben):high complexion rosiger Teint20. erregend, spannend (Abenteuer etc)on auf akk)be high Hautgout haben24. SCHIFF hoch am WindB adv1. hoch:lift high in die Höhe heben, hochheben;a) hochgehen (See, Wellen),feelings ran high die Gemüter erhitzten sich;search high and low überall suchen, etwas wie eine Stecknadel suchen2. stark, heftig, in hohem Grad oder Maß3. teuer:pay high teuer bezahlen4. hoch, mit hohem Einsatz:5. üppig:live high in Saus und Braus leben6. SCHIFF hoch am WindC s1. (An)Höhe f, hoch gelegener Ort:a) hoch oben, droben,b) hoch hinauf,c) im oder zum Himmel;a) von oben,b) vom Himmel2. METEO Hoch(druckgebiet) n3. TECHb) höchster Gang:4. fig Höchststand m:his life was full of highs and lows sein Leben war voller Höhen und Tiefen* * *1. adjective1) hoch [Berg, Gebäude, Mauer]2) (above normal level) hoch [Stiefel]the river/water is high — der Fluss/das Wasser steht hoch
be left high and dry — (fig.) auf dem trock[e]nen sitzen (ugs.)
3) (far above ground or sea level) hoch [Gipfel, Punkt]; groß [Höhe]4) (to or from far above the ground) hoch [Aufstieg, Sprung]high diving — Turmspringen, das; see also bar 1. 2)
5) (of exalted rank) hoch [Beamter, Amt, Gericht]high and mighty — (coll.): (highhanded) selbstherrlich; (coll.): (superior) hochnäsig (ugs.)
be born or destined for higher things — zu Höherem geboren od. bestimmt sein
6) (great in degree) hoch; groß [Gefallen, Bedeutung]; stark [Wind]be held in high regard/esteem — hohes Ansehen/hohe Wertschätzung genießen
high blood pressure — Bluthochdruck, der
have a high opinion of somebody/something — eine hohe Meinung von jemandem/etwas haben (geh.); viel von jemandem/etwas halten
7) (noble, virtuous) hoch [Ideal, Ziel, Prinzip, Berufung]; edel [Charakter]of high birth — von hoher Geburt (geh.)
8) (of time, season)it is high time you left — es ist od. wird höchste Zeit, dass du gehst
high summer — Hochsommer, der
9) (luxurious, extravagant) üppig [Leben]10) (enjoyable)have a high [old] time — sich bestens amüsieren
get high on — sich anturnen mit (ugs.) [Haschisch, LSD usw.]
12) (in pitch) hoch [Ton, Stimme, Lage, Klang usw.]13) (slightly decomposed) angegangen (landsch.) [Fleisch]14) (Cards) hoch2. adverb1) (in or to a high position) hochsearch or hunt or look high and low — überall suchen
2) (to a high level) hoch3. nounon high — hoch oben od. (geh., südd., österr.) droben; (in heaven) im Himmel
3) (Meteorol.) Hoch, das* * *adj.hoch adj.hoh adj. n.Hoch nur sing. n.Höchststand m. -
28 borgerlig
гражда́нский* * ** * *adj civil ( fx authorities, disobedience, unrest; marriage);( om middelstanden) middle-class,(oftest neds og i marxistisk sprogbrug) bourgeois ( fx morality; he is very bourgeois);( i marxistisk sprogbrug) bourgeois ( fx economics);( jævn) plain, simple ( fx dinner);( pæn) respectable;( konventionel) conventional;[ en borgerlig](mods adelig) a commoner;[ det borgerlige drama] the domestic drama;[ sige en et borgerligt ord] give somebody a piece of one's mind;[ de borgerlige partier] the non-socialist parties;[ borgerlig ret] Civil Law;[ borgerlige rettigheder] civil rights;[ borgerlig viet] married at a registry office;( også) registry-office wedding. -
29 explicación
f.1 explanation, explication, exposition.2 reason, account, construction, explication.* * *1 explanation2 (motivo) reason\sin dar explicaciones without giving any reason* * *noun f.* * *SF1) [de tema, motivo] explanation2) (=motivo) reason (de for)3) (Univ) lecture, class* * *femenino explanation* * *= amplification, annotation, clarity, designation, explanation, exposition, explication, walkthrough [walk-through], elucidation.Ex. Some amplification is therefore desirable to place it in its full context.Ex. An annotation is a note added to the title and/or other bibliographic information of a document by way of comment or explanation.Ex. In the interests of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.Ex. The designation should be clearly separated from the variant heading itself by means of punctuation or typography.Ex. Explanatory references may be either 'see' or 'see also' references, which give a little more explanation than merely the direction to look elsewhere.Ex. Ninety-nine years ago Charles Cutter began his exposition of a set of cataloging rules with the following objectives.Ex. Reference librarians make heavy use of their many literary checklists as well as their indexes to literary, drama, and poetry explication and criticism.Ex. A cognitive walkthrough consists of a re-enactment of a test session in which the user is queried about their movements and decisions throughout the test session.Ex. An editor is a person who prepares for publication an item not his own and whose labour may be limited to the revision or elucidation of the text.----* a modo de explicación = parenthetically.* dar más explicaciones = elaborate on.* dar una explicación = present + explanation.* explicación de las signaturas = statement of signing.* explicación del formato = format statement.* ofrecer una explicación = present + explanation.* sin lógica ni explicación = without rhyme or reason.* * *femenino explanation* * *= amplification, annotation, clarity, designation, explanation, exposition, explication, walkthrough [walk-through], elucidation.Ex: Some amplification is therefore desirable to place it in its full context.
Ex: An annotation is a note added to the title and/or other bibliographic information of a document by way of comment or explanation.Ex: In the interests of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.Ex: The designation should be clearly separated from the variant heading itself by means of punctuation or typography.Ex: Explanatory references may be either 'see' or 'see also' references, which give a little more explanation than merely the direction to look elsewhere.Ex: Ninety-nine years ago Charles Cutter began his exposition of a set of cataloging rules with the following objectives.Ex: Reference librarians make heavy use of their many literary checklists as well as their indexes to literary, drama, and poetry explication and criticism.Ex: A cognitive walkthrough consists of a re-enactment of a test session in which the user is queried about their movements and decisions throughout the test session.Ex: An editor is a person who prepares for publication an item not his own and whose labour may be limited to the revision or elucidation of the text.* a modo de explicación = parenthetically.* dar más explicaciones = elaborate on.* dar una explicación = present + explanation.* explicación de las signaturas = statement of signing.* explicación del formato = format statement.* ofrecer una explicación = present + explanation.* sin lógica ni explicación = without rhyme or reason.* * *explanationnos dio una explicación detallada del caso he gave us a detailed explanation of the case, he explained the case to us in great detailexigimos una explicación we demand an explanationse marchó sin dar ninguna explicación he left without giving an explanationyo no tengo por qué dar explicaciones a nadie I don't have to give explanations o explain myself to anyone* * *
explicación sustantivo femenino
explanation
explicación sustantivo femenino explanation
' explicación' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
casa
- diáfana
- diáfano
- llana
- llano
- pedestre
- prodigiosa
- prodigioso
- prosaico
- ampliar
- claridad
- claro
- cojear
- completo
- confuso
- convencer
- deber
- escueto
- rebuscado
- repetir
- vago
English:
clear
- convincing
- demand
- demonstration
- elaborate
- explanation
- follow
- glib
- none
- account
- explain
- forthcoming
- key
- unclear
* * *explicación nfexplanation;les daré una breve explicación de cómo funciona I'll give you a brief explanation of how it works;dar/pedir explicaciones to give/demand an explanation;no tengo que darte explicaciones de lo que hago I don't have to explain my actions to you;¡exijo una explicación! I demand an explanation!;creo que te debo una explicación I think I owe you an explanation;el fenómeno no tiene explicación there is no explanation for the phenomenon* * *f explanation;pedir explicaciones a alguien ask s.o. for an explanation;no tengo que dar explicaciones I don’t need to explain myself;dar explicaciones de account for* * ** * *explicación n explanation -
30 नान्दी _nāndī
नान्दी [नन्दन्ति देवा अत्र नन्द्-घञ् पृषो˚ वृद्धिः ङीप्]1 Joy, satisfaction, delight.-2 Prosperity; ततो राजकुले नान्दी संजज्ञे भूयसा पुनः Mb.12.82.66.-3 Praise of a deity at the commencement of a religious rite or observance.-4 Particularly, the benedictory verse or verses recited as a sort of prologue at the beginning of a drama, benediction; आशीर्वचनसंयुक्ता नित्यं यस्मात् प्रयुज्यते । देवद्विजनृपा- दीनां तस्मान्नान्दीति संज्ञिता ॥ or देवद्विजनृपादीनामाशीर्वचनपूर्विका । नन्दन्ति देवता यस्यां तस्मान्नान्दीति कीर्तिता ॥-5 Loud noise of a dozen drums; L. D. B.-Comp. -करः see-नान्दिन्. -निनादः, -नादः, -रवः a shout of joy or rejoicing; नान्दीनादप्रभृति हि कृतं मङ्गलं तैस्तदानीम् Mv.2.4. (v. l.)-पटः the lid or cover of a well.-मुख a. (the class of manes or deceased ancestors) to whom the नान्दीमुख- श्राद्ध is offered. (-खम्), ˚श्राद्धम् a Śrāddha ceremony performed in memory of the manes, preliminary to any festive occasion such as marriage &c. (-खः) the cover or lid of a well. (-खी) a female ancestor entitled to a share in the above Śrāddha.-वादिन् m.1 the speaker of a prologue to a drama.-2 a drummer.-श्राद्धम् see-नान्दीमुखम् above. -
31 high
I 1. [haɪ]1) (tall) [building, wall, table, forehead, cheekbones] altoI've known him since he was so high — lo conosco da quando era piccolo o da quando era alto così
2) (far from the ground) [shelf, ceiling, cloud] altohow high (up) are we? — (on top of building) quanto siamo alti? (on plane, mountain) a che altezza siamo?
3) (numerically large) [number, price, frequency] alto, elevato; [ratio, volume] alto; [ wind] fortehigh in — ricco di [fat, iron]
4) (great) [degree, risk] alto, elevato; [hope, expectation] grande5) (important) [quality, rank] alto; [ standard] elevato8) gastr. [ game] frollato2.to be high on — essere sovreccitato per [ drug]
1) (to a great height) [climb, throw] in alto; [ jump] alto, in altoto climb higher and higher — [person, animal] salire sempre più in alto; fig. [figures, unemployment] aumentare sempre di più
don't go any higher than Ј 5,000 — non andare oltre o non superare le 5.000 sterline
2) (at a high level) [set, turn on] altoto turn sth. up high — alzare qcs
3) mus. [sing, play] in una tonalità alta••it's high time that sb. did — è proprio ora che qcn. faccia
II [haɪ]to search high and low for sth. — cercare qcs. in lungo e in largo, per mari e per monti
1) (livello) massimo m., picco m.2) colloq. (euphoric feeling)to be on a high — essere su di giri o eccitatissimo
3) AE colloq. scol. scuola f. (media) superiore4)from on high — dall'alto; relig. dal Cielo
* * *1. adjective1) (at, from, or reaching up to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: a high mountain; a high dive; a dive from the high diving-board.) alto2) (having a particular height: This building is about 20 metres high; My horse is fifteen hands high.) di altezza3) (great; large; considerable: The car was travelling at high speed; He has a high opinion of her work; They charge high prices; high hopes; The child has a high fever/temperature.) alto4) (most important; very important: the high altar in a church; Important criminal trials are held at the High Court; a high official.) principale, maggiore, alto5) (noble; good: high ideals.) alto6) ((of a wind) strong: The wind is high tonight.) forte7) ((of sounds) at or towards the top of a (musical) range: a high note.) alto8) ((of voices) like a child's voice (rather than like a man's): He still speaks in a high voice.) alto9) ((of food, especially meat) beginning to go bad.) passato, andato a male10) (having great value: Aces and kings are high cards.) alto2. adverb(at, or to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: The plane was flying high in the sky; He'll rise high in his profession.) alto- highly- highness
- high-chair
- high-class
- higher education
- high fidelity
- high-handed
- high-handedly
- high-handedness
- high jump
- highlands
- high-level
- highlight 3. verb(to draw particular attention to (a person, thing etc).) dar rilievo a, mettere in evidenza- high-minded
- high-mindedness
- high-pitched
- high-powered
- high-rise
- highroad
- high school
- high-spirited
- high spirits
- high street
- high-tech 4. adjective((also hi-tech): high-tech industries.) (ad alto contenuto tecnologico)- high treason
- high water
- highway
- Highway Code
- highwayman
- high wire
- high and dry
- high and low
- high and mighty
- the high seas
- it is high time* * *I 1. [haɪ]1) (tall) [building, wall, table, forehead, cheekbones] altoI've known him since he was so high — lo conosco da quando era piccolo o da quando era alto così
2) (far from the ground) [shelf, ceiling, cloud] altohow high (up) are we? — (on top of building) quanto siamo alti? (on plane, mountain) a che altezza siamo?
3) (numerically large) [number, price, frequency] alto, elevato; [ratio, volume] alto; [ wind] fortehigh in — ricco di [fat, iron]
4) (great) [degree, risk] alto, elevato; [hope, expectation] grande5) (important) [quality, rank] alto; [ standard] elevato8) gastr. [ game] frollato2.to be high on — essere sovreccitato per [ drug]
1) (to a great height) [climb, throw] in alto; [ jump] alto, in altoto climb higher and higher — [person, animal] salire sempre più in alto; fig. [figures, unemployment] aumentare sempre di più
don't go any higher than Ј 5,000 — non andare oltre o non superare le 5.000 sterline
2) (at a high level) [set, turn on] altoto turn sth. up high — alzare qcs
3) mus. [sing, play] in una tonalità alta••it's high time that sb. did — è proprio ora che qcn. faccia
II [haɪ]to search high and low for sth. — cercare qcs. in lungo e in largo, per mari e per monti
1) (livello) massimo m., picco m.2) colloq. (euphoric feeling)to be on a high — essere su di giri o eccitatissimo
3) AE colloq. scol. scuola f. (media) superiore4)from on high — dall'alto; relig. dal Cielo
-
32 togata
tŏgātus, a, um, adj. [toga], wearing the toga, clad in the toga, gowned:II.fovebit Romanos, rerum dominos, gentemque togatam,
Verg. A. 1, 282:ut togatus mandata senatus audiret,
Liv. 3, 26, 9.—Transf., of a private station: sportula turbae rapienda togatae, by the crowd of clients (cf. toga, II. B. 2.), Juv. 1, 96:A.opera,
the service of a client, Mart. 3, 46, 1. — Hence, subst.tŏgātus, i, m., lit., a Roman citizen, opp. to a foreigner or to a Roman soldier:2.judex modo palliatus modo togatus,
Cic. Phil. 5, 5, 14:cui uni togato supplicationem decreverit (senatus),
id. Sull. 30, 85:unus e togatorum numero,
id. de Or. 1, 24, 111:magna caterva togatorum,
id. Rosc. Am. 46, 135:crudelitas in togatos,
to Romans, id. Rab. Post. 10, 27:non pudet lictorum vestrorum majorem prope numerum in foro conspici quam togatorum?
Liv. 3, 52, 7:inter togatos,
Sen. Const. 9, 2; Sall. J. 21, 2.—In the time of the emperors togati seems to have been the designation of the citizens, in opposition to the plebs sordida, the tunicati,
the third class, Tac. Or. 6; cf. Roth in Jahn's Neues Jahrb. 1858, vol. 77, p. 286 sq.—(Acc. to toga, II. B. 2.) Under the emperors, a man of humble station, a client, Juv. 7, 142.—B.tŏgāta, ae, f. (sc. fabula), a species of the Roman drama which treated of Roman subjects, the national drama, Diom. p. 487 P.; Sen. Ep. 8, 7; Hor. A. P. 288; Vell. 2, 9, 3; Cic. Sest. 55, 118; Quint. 10, 1, 100; Suet. Ner. 11; id. Gram. 21; cf. Com. Rel. p. 113 sq. Rib.—2.(Acc. to toga, II. B. 3.) Togata, of an immodest woman, a prostitute:III.ancilla,
Hor. S. 1, 2, 63; cf. id. ib. 1, 2, 82; Mart. 6, 64, 4.—Esp.:Gallia Togata,
the part of Gallia Cisalpina acquired by the Romans on the hither side of the Po, Mel. 2, 4, 2; Plin. 3, 14, 19, § 112; Hirt. B. G. 8, 24, 3; 8, 52, 1. -
33 togatus
tŏgātus, a, um, adj. [toga], wearing the toga, clad in the toga, gowned:II.fovebit Romanos, rerum dominos, gentemque togatam,
Verg. A. 1, 282:ut togatus mandata senatus audiret,
Liv. 3, 26, 9.—Transf., of a private station: sportula turbae rapienda togatae, by the crowd of clients (cf. toga, II. B. 2.), Juv. 1, 96:A.opera,
the service of a client, Mart. 3, 46, 1. — Hence, subst.tŏgātus, i, m., lit., a Roman citizen, opp. to a foreigner or to a Roman soldier:2.judex modo palliatus modo togatus,
Cic. Phil. 5, 5, 14:cui uni togato supplicationem decreverit (senatus),
id. Sull. 30, 85:unus e togatorum numero,
id. de Or. 1, 24, 111:magna caterva togatorum,
id. Rosc. Am. 46, 135:crudelitas in togatos,
to Romans, id. Rab. Post. 10, 27:non pudet lictorum vestrorum majorem prope numerum in foro conspici quam togatorum?
Liv. 3, 52, 7:inter togatos,
Sen. Const. 9, 2; Sall. J. 21, 2.—In the time of the emperors togati seems to have been the designation of the citizens, in opposition to the plebs sordida, the tunicati,
the third class, Tac. Or. 6; cf. Roth in Jahn's Neues Jahrb. 1858, vol. 77, p. 286 sq.—(Acc. to toga, II. B. 2.) Under the emperors, a man of humble station, a client, Juv. 7, 142.—B.tŏgāta, ae, f. (sc. fabula), a species of the Roman drama which treated of Roman subjects, the national drama, Diom. p. 487 P.; Sen. Ep. 8, 7; Hor. A. P. 288; Vell. 2, 9, 3; Cic. Sest. 55, 118; Quint. 10, 1, 100; Suet. Ner. 11; id. Gram. 21; cf. Com. Rel. p. 113 sq. Rib.—2.(Acc. to toga, II. B. 3.) Togata, of an immodest woman, a prostitute:III.ancilla,
Hor. S. 1, 2, 63; cf. id. ib. 1, 2, 82; Mart. 6, 64, 4.—Esp.:Gallia Togata,
the part of Gallia Cisalpina acquired by the Romans on the hither side of the Po, Mel. 2, 4, 2; Plin. 3, 14, 19, § 112; Hirt. B. G. 8, 24, 3; 8, 52, 1. -
34 form
fɔ:m
1. сущ.
1) форма;
внешний вид;
очертание to assume, take the form of smth. ≈ принимать форму чего-л. to assume human form ≈ принимать человеческий вид a fiend in human form ≈ волк в овечьей шкуре The cookies were in the form of squares. ≈ Булочки были квадратной формы. Syn: configuration, contour, figure, outline, shape, structure
2) фигура( особ. человека) This coat really fits one's form. ≈ Это пальто действительно хорошо сидит на фигуре. Syn: body, figure, shape, build, physique
3) форма, вид abridged, condensed form ≈ сокращенная форма, сокращенный вариант concise form ≈ краткая форма convenient form, handy form ≈ удобная форма revised form ≈ исправленная форма The book came out in abridged form. ≈ Книга издана в сокращенной форме. Ice is water in another form. ≈ Лед - это вода только в другом виде. Syn: appearance, phase, aspect, manifestation
4) вид, разновидность The ant is a form of insect. ≈ Муравей - это вид насекомых. Syn: type, variety, kind, sort;
genus, species, genre, class
5) порядок;
общепринятая форма in due form ≈ в должной форме, по всем правилам
6) бланк, образец, форма;
анкета to fill in a form брит., to fill out a form амер., to fill up a form уст. ≈ заполнить бланк tax form ≈ декларация о доходах tax return form ≈ бланк декларации о доходах application form
7) формальность;
церемония, этикет, установленный порядок They didn't follow the traditional form of the marriage service. ≈ Они не придерживались традиционных форм бракосочетания. Syn: prescribed method, rule, habit, proceeding, practice, ritual;
etiquette, conventionality
8) манеры, поведение good form, proper form ≈ хороший тон, хорошие манеры bad form ≈ дурной тон, плохие манеры It's bad form to come late to a formal reception. ≈ На официальную встречу опаздывать неприлично. Syn: social behavior, manner, deportment, conduct, style, mode;
way, manner
9) готовность, состояние;
хорошая спортивная форма The horse is in form. ≈ Лошадь вполне подготовлена к бегам. off form ≈ не в форме She was in superb form today. ≈ Она была сегодня в превосходной форме. If she's in form, she can win the match easily. ≈ Если она будет сегодня в форме, она легко выиграет матч. Syn: trim, fettle, fitness, shape, top condition, healthy condition
10) скамья
11) класс( в школе) in the fourth form ≈ в четвертом классе
12) нора( зайца)
13) грам. форма bound form colloquial form combining form diminutive form free form inflectional form obsolete form plural form singular form surface form underlying form
14) иск. вид, форма;
композиция You paint well, but your work lacks form. ≈ С красками у тебя все в порядке, но в твоей картине нет формы. Syn: order, system, structure, harmony, arrangement;
shapeliness, proportion, symmetry
15) тех. модель, форма When the cement has hardened, the form is removed. ≈ Когда цемент затвердеет, форма удаляется. Syn: mold, cast, frame, framework, matrix
16) полигр. печатная форма
17) строит. опалубка
18) ж.-д. формирование( поездов)
19) расписание racing form ≈ расписание скачек, программа скачек
2. гл.
1) а) придавать форму, вид to form chopped beef into patties ≈ делать лепешки из кусков говядины б) принимать форму, вид
2) а) составлять, образовывать The sofa is formed of three separate sections. ≈ Диван составлен из трех отдельных секций. б) включать в себя, содержать ∙ Syn: compose, comprise, make up, constitute;
serve to make up
3) а) создавать;
формулировать( идею, план и т. п.) б) создаваться, возникать
4) воспитывать, вырабатывать, формировать (характер, качества и т. п.) ;
дисциплинировать;
приобретать He formed the habit of peering over his glasses. ≈ У него выработалась привычка смотреть поверх очков. Syn: develop, acquire, contract, pick up
5) а) формировать, образовывать;
воен. формировать (части) ;
ж.-д. формировать (поезда) They formed an army out of rabble. ≈ Они сформировали армию из толпы. б) формироваться, образовываться;
строиться
6) тех. формовать Syn: mould
7) забираться в нору (о зайце) ∙ form up форма;
внешний вид;
очертание - without shape or * бесформенный - in any shape or * в любом виде - in the * of a cube в форме куба - to take * принять должную форму - to take the * of smth. принимать вид /форму/ чего-л. - the cloud was changing its * облако меняло очертания фигура (человека) - well-proportioned * пропорциональное сложение, хорошая фигура - fair of face and * с прекрасным лицом и фигурой - I saw a well-known * standing before me я увидел перед собой хорошо знакомую фигуру обличье - Proteus was able to appear in the * of any animal Протей мог являться в обличье любого животного стать (лошади) форма, вид - literary * литературная форма - in tabular * в виде таблицы - in the * of a sonnet в форме сонета - in the * of a drama в драматической форме - * and substance форма и содержание - a sense of * чувство формы вид, разновидность;
тип - *s of animal and vegetable life формы животной и растительной жизни - it's a * of influenza это особая форма гриппа - a * of activity род деятельности стиль, манера - his * in swimming is bad он плавает плохо /плохим стилем/ - bad * дурной тон;
плохие манеры - the rules of good * правила хорошего тона состояние;
форма (часто спортивная) ;
готовность - to be in( good) * быть в хорошем состоянии;
быть в хорошей спортивной форме;
быть в ударе - to be in bad *, to be out of * быть в плохом состоянии;
быть в плохой( спортивной) форме;
быть не в ударе, "не в форме" - to round into * (спортивное) приобретать спортивную форму настроение, душевное состояние - Jack was in great * at the dinner party Джек был в приподнятом настроении на званом обеде формальность;
проформа - as a matter of *, for *'s sake для проформы, формально - to attach importance to *s придавать значение формальностям церемония, порядок - in due * по всем правилам - found in good and due * (дипломатическое) найденные в должном порядке и надлежащей форме (о полномочиях) - * of action (юридическое) процессуальная форма установившаяся форма выражения;
формула - the * of greeting формула приветствия класс (в школе) - upper *s старшие классы - first * младший класс форма, бланк, образец;
анкета - printed * печатный бланк - a * for a deed бланк /форма/ для соглашения - a * of application форма заявления - to fill in /up/ a * заполнить бланк /анкету и т. п./ длинная скамья, скамейка нора (зайца) (грамматика) форма слова( специальное) форма исполнения (машины) модель, тип, образец;
торговый сорт( металла и т. п.) (техническое) форма для литья (полиграфия) печатная форма (строительство) форма;
опалубка - * removal распалубка( математическое) выражение придавать форму, вид - to * a piece of wood into a certain shape придавать куску дерева определенную форму - to * smth. after /upon, from, by, in accordance with/ a pattern создавать /делать/ что-л. по определенному образцу - state *ed after the Roman republic государство, созданное по образцу Римской республики принимать форму, вид составлять, образовывать;
формировать - these parts together * a perfect whole эти части образуют вместе гармоничное целое - the rain *ed large pools on the lawn от дождя на газоне образовались большие лужи - the clouds *ed a veil over the mountain-top облака затянули вершину горы - the baby is beginning to * short words ребенок начинает произносить короткие слова образовываться;
формироваться - crystals *ed in the retort в реторте образовались кристаллы - clouds are *ing on the hills на вершинах холмов сгущаются облака (грамматика) образовывать - to * the plural of the noun образовать множественное число существительного создавать, составлять;
формулировать - to * an idea создавать себе представление - to * an opinion составить мнение - to * a plan создать /выработать/ план - to * a habit приобрести привычку, привыкнуть( к чему-л.) возникать, оформляться - the idea slowly *ed in my mind эта мысль постепенно становилась у меня более отчетливой представлять собой;
являться - chocolate *s a wholesome substitute for staple food шоколад является полноценным заменителем основных продуктов питания - bonds *ed the bulk of his estate основную часть его состояния представляли облигации тренировать, дисциплинировать;
воспитывать;
развивать - to * the mind развивать ум - to * the character воспитывать характер - to * a child by care воспитывать ребенка заботливо - to * good habits прививать хорошие привычки /навыки хорошего поведения/ формировать, организовывать;
образовывать, создавать - to * a class for beginners создать группу начинающих - to * an army формировать армию - to * a government формировать правительство - to * a society организовывать общество - the children were *ed into small groups дети были разбиты на небольшие группы - they *ed themselves into a committee они сорганизовались в комитет( военное) строить - to * a column вытягиваться в колонну (военное) строиться( специальное) формировать (специальное) формовать (садоводчество) обрезать, подвергать обрезке;
формировать крону забираться, забиваться в нору (о зайце) форма (таксономическая единица) account ~ документ бухгалтерского учета adjustment ~ схема регулирования bill ~ бланк векселя bill ~ бланк счета bill ~ вексельный формуляр blank ~ чистый бланк business tax ~ бланк налоговой декларации для предпринимателя charge ~ форма платежа cheque ~ бланк чека claim ~ бланк заявления о выплате страхового возмещения clausal ~ вчт. стандартная форма coding ~ вчт. бланк программирования company ~ форма компании complete a ~ заполнять бланк contract ~ форма контракта customs declaration ~ бланк таможенной декларации customs ~ таможенный формуляр data collection ~ вчт. форма для сбора данных deposit ~ депозитный бланк draft ~ эскиз бланка due ~ установленная форма due ~ установленный образец entry ~ вчт. бланк ввода информации export ~ экспортный формуляр form анкета ~ бланк ~ вид, разновидность ~ воспитывать, вырабатывать (характер, качества и т. п.) дисциплинировать;
тренировать ~ заключать (договор) ~ класс (в школе) ~ нора (зайца) ~ образец, бланк;
анкета ~ образовывать ~ стр. опалубка ~ основывать ~ полигр. печатная форма ~ порядок;
общепринятая форма;
in due form в должной форме, по всем правилам ~ придавать или принимать форму, вид;
to form a vessel out of clay вылепить сосуд из глины ~ скамья ~ создавать(ся), образовывать(ся) ;
I can form no idea of his character не могу составить себе представления о его характере ~ создавать ~ составить ~ составлять;
parts form a whole части образуют целое ~ составлять ~ состояние, готовность;
the horse is in form лошадь вполне подготовлена к бегам ~ сформировать ~ установленный образец, проформа, бланк, формуляр, анкета ~ установленный образец ~ утверждать ~ учреждать, образовывать, основывать ~ фигура (особ. человека) ~ тех. форма, модель ~ иск. форма, вид;
literary form литературная форма ~ грам. форма ~ форма;
внешний вид;
очертание;
in the form of a globe в форме шара;
to take the form (of smth.) принять форму (чего-л.) ~ вчт. форма ~ форма ~ формальность, этикет, церемония;
good (bad) form хороший( дурной) тон, хорошие (плохие) манеры ~ ж.-д. формирование (поездов) ~ воен. формирование, построение ~ ж.-д. формировать (поезда) ~ воен. формировать (части) ~ формировать(-ся), образовывать(ся) ;
строиться ~ формировать ~ тех. формовать ~ формуляр forme: forme =form ~ придавать или принимать форму, вид;
to form a vessel out of clay вылепить сосуд из глины ~ for advance statement форма заявления об авансовых платежах ~ for estimating future income форма для оценки будущего дохода ~ of a summons бланк судебной повестки ~ of a writ форма искового заявления ~ of borrowing форма займа ~ of cooperation форма кооперации ~ of government форма правительства ~ of government форма правления ~ of organization форма организации ~ of request бланк заявки ~ of request форма запроса ~ of request форма требования ~ of sales форма продажи ~ of saving форма сбережения ~ of taxation форма налогообложения ~ of tender форма заявки ~ of tender форма предложения giro in-payment ~ бланк для платежа в системе жиросчетов giro transfer ~ бланк для жироперевода ~ формальность, этикет, церемония;
good (bad) form хороший (дурной) тон, хорошие (плохие) манеры horizontal ~ выч. бланк счета ~ состояние, готовность;
the horse is in form лошадь вполне подготовлена к бегам ~ создавать(ся), образовывать(ся) ;
I can form no idea of his character не могу составить себе представления о его характере in (good) ~ в ударе in (good) ~ "в форме" (о спортсмене) ~ форма;
внешний вид;
очертание;
in the form of a globe в форме шара;
to take the form (of smth.) принять форму (чего-л.) in-payment ~ форма платежа income tax ~ бланк декларации на подоходный налог inquiry ~ анкета legal ~ правовая форма legal ~ юридическая форма letter ~ образец письма linguistic ~ лингвистическая форма ~ иск. форма, вид;
literary form литературная форма market ~ форма рынка missing letter ~ утерянный бланк письма model ~ типовая форма money order ~ бланк денежного перевода mortgage deed ~ бланк залогового сертификата mortgage deed ~ бланк ипотечного свидетельства narrative ~ форма отчета order ~ бланк заказа order ~ бланк требования order ~ форма приказа outpayment ~ форма выплаты ~ составлять;
parts form a whole части образуют целое payment notification ~ бланк уведомления о платеже postal note ~ бланк почтового перевода на сумму до 5 долл. (США) postal order ~ бланк денежного перевода printed ~ печатный бланк proposal ~ бланк заявки на торгах receipt ~ бланк квитанции receipt ~ образец расписки reduced ~ вчт. приведенная форма registration ~ регистрационный бланк reply ~ бланк для ответа report ~ анкета report ~ опросный лист report ~ переписной бланк report ~ форма статистического опросного листа requisition ~ бланк заявки requisition ~ форма заявки screen ~ file вчт. файл экранных форм sentential ~ вчт. сентенциальная форма share transfer ~ форма передачи права собственности на акции signature ~ образец подписи stamped ~ бланк со штампом standard ~ вчт. стандартная форма statement ~ форма заявления table ~ вчт. табличная форма tabular ~ полигр. плоская печатная форма tabular ~ вчт. табличная форма ~ форма;
внешний вид;
очертание;
in the form of a globe в форме шара;
to take the form (of smth.) принять форму (чего-л.) tax ~ бланк налоговой декларации transfer ~ бланк перевода -
35 form
1. n форма; внешний вид; очертаниеnormalized form — нормализованная форма; нормализованный вид
analytic form — аналитическая форма; аналитическое выражение
2. n фигураwell-proportioned form — пропорциональное сложение, хорошая фигура
3. n обличьеProteus was able to appear in the form of any animal — Протей мог являться в обличье любого животного
4. n стать5. n форма, вид6. n вид, разновидность; тип7. n стиль, манераbad form — невоспитанность, вульгарность, плохие манеры
8. n состояние; форма; готовность9. n настроение, душевное состояние10. n формальность; проформа11. n церемония, порядок12. n установившаяся форма выражения; формулаconjuctive normal form — конъюктивная нормальная форма; КНФ
13. n класс14. n форма, бланк, образец; анкета15. n нора16. n грам. форма словаsnap-apart business form — «отрывная» конторская форма
17. n спец. форма исполнения18. n спец. модель, тип, образец; торговый сорт19. n спец. тех. форма для литья20. n спец. полигр. печатная форма21. n спец. стр. форма; опалубка22. n спец. выражение23. v придавать форму, вид24. v принимать форму, вид25. v составлять, образовывать; формировать26. v образовываться; формироваться27. v грам. образовывать28. v создавать, составлять; формулировать29. v возникать, оформляться30. v представлять собой; являтьсяchocolate forms a wholesome substitute for staple food — шоколад является полноценным заменителем основных продуктов питания
31. v тренировать, дисциплинировать; воспитывать; развивать32. v формировать, организовывать; образовывать, создавать33. v воен. строить34. v воен. строиться35. v спец. формовать36. v спец. сад. обрезать, подвергать обрезке; формировать кронузабираться, забиваться в нору
to form and display an intention — сформировать и обнаружить намерение, умысел
Синонимический ряд:1. appearance (noun) appearance; body; build; cast; configuration; conformation; cut; figure; format; framework; matrix; plan; shape; structure; style2. business form (noun) application; blank; business form; document; duplicate; paper; questionnaire; report3. ceremony (noun) ceremonial; ceremony; conformity; formality; liturgy; rite; ritual; rule4. convenance (noun) convenance; convention; usage5. formula (noun) approach; formula; method; mode; practice; procedure; system6. group (noun) assemblage; group; organisation; organization7. kind (noun) arrangement; kind; manner; sort; type8. model (noun) model; mold; mould; pattern9. order (noun) condition; fitness; order; trim10. acquire (verb) acquire; contract; develop11. arrange (verb) arrange; combine; dispose; order; organise; organize; systematise; systematize12. cast (verb) carve; cast; chisel; construct; contrive; design; devise; fashion; frame; mold; pattern13. make (verb) assemble; build; compose; comprise; constitute; create; erect; fabricate; forge; invent; make; make up; manufacture; originate; produce; put together; shape14. model (verb) model; mould; shape15. teach (verb) discipline; educate; instruct; rear; teach; trainАнтонимический ряд:damage; defacement; deform; deformity; demolish; derange; destroy; devastate; disarrange; disintegrate; dislocate; dismantle; dismember -
36 form
I1. [fɔ:m] n1. форма; внешний вид; очертаниеto take the form of smth. - принимать вид /форму/ чего-л.
2. 1) фигура ( человека)well-proportioned form - пропорциональное сложение, хорошая фигура
I saw a well-known form standing before me - я увидел перед собой хорошо знакомую фигуру
2) обличьеProteus was able to appear in the form of any animal - Протей мог являться в обличье любого животного
3) стать ( лошади)3. форма, видliterary [musical] form - литературная [музыкальная] форма
4. вид, разновидность; тип5. стиль, манераhis form in swimming is bad - он плавает плохо /плохим стилем/
bad [good] form - дурной [хороший] тон; плохие [хорошие] манеры
6. 1) состояние; форма ( часто спортивная); готовностьto be in (good) form - а) быть в хорошем состоянии; б) быть в хорошей (спортивной) форме; в) быть в ударе
to be in bad form, to be out of form - а) быть в плохом состоянии; б) быть в плохой (спортивной) форме; в) быть не в ударе, «не в форме»
to round into form - спорт. приобретать спортивную форму
2) настроение, душевное состояниеJack was in great form at the dinner party - Джек был в приподнятом настроении на званом обеде
7. 1) формальность; проформаas a matter of form, for form's sake - для проформы, формально
2) церемония, порядокfound in good and due form - дип. найденные в должном порядке и надлежащей форме ( о полномочиях)
form of action - юр. процессуальная форма
3) установившаяся форма выражения; формула8. класс ( в школе)upper [lower] forms - старшие [младшие] классы
9. форма, бланк, образец; анкетаprinted [telegraph] form - печатный [телеграфный] бланк
a form for a deed - бланк /форма/ для соглашения
to fill in /up/ a form - заполнить бланк /анкету и т. п./
10. длинная скамья, скамейка11. нора ( зайца)12. грам. форма слова13. спец.1) форма исполнения ( машины)2) модель, тип, образец; торговый сорт (металла и т. п.)14. тех. форма для литья15. полигр. печатная форма16. стр. форма; опалубка17. (математическое) выражение2. [fɔ:m] v1. 1) придавать форму, видto form a piece of wood into a certain shape - придавать куску дерева определённую форму
to form smth. after /upon, from, by, in accordance with/ a pattern - создавать /делать/ что-л. по определённому образцу
state formed after the Roman republic - государство, созданное по образцу Римской республики
2) принимать форму, вид2. 1) составлять, образовывать; формироватьthese parts together form a perfect whole - эти части образуют вместе гармоничное целое
the rain formed large pools on the lawn - от дождя на газоне образовались большие лужи
the clouds formed a veil over the mountain-top - облака затянули вершину горы
the baby is beginning to form short words - ребёнок начинает произносить короткие слова
2) образовываться; формироваться3) грам. образовыватьto form the plural of a noun - образовать множественное число существительного
3. 1) создавать, составлять; формулироватьto form a plan - создать /выработать/ план
to form a habit - приобрести привычку, привыкнуть (к чему-л.)
2) возникать, оформлятьсяthe idea slowly formed in my mind - эта мысль постепенно становилась у меня более отчётливой
4. представлять собой; являтьсяchocolate forms a wholesome substitute for staple food - шоколад является полноценным заменителем основных продуктов питания
bonds formed the bulk of his estate - основную часть его состояния представляли облигации
5. тренировать, дисциплинировать; воспитывать; развиватьto form a child by care [by attention, by severity] - воспитывать ребёнка заботливо [внимательно, строго]
to form good habits - прививать хорошие привычки /навыки хорошего поведения/
6. формировать, организовывать; образовывать, создаватьthe children were formed into small groups - дети были разбиты на небольшие группы
7. воен.1) строить2) строиться8. спец.1) формировать2) формовать9. сад. обрезать, подвергать обрезке; формировать крону10. забираться, забиваться в нору ( о зайце)II [fɔ:m] = forma -
37 form
I1. [fɔ:m] n1. форма; внешний вид; очертаниеto take the form of smth. - принимать вид /форму/ чего-л.
2. 1) фигура ( человека)well-proportioned form - пропорциональное сложение, хорошая фигура
I saw a well-known form standing before me - я увидел перед собой хорошо знакомую фигуру
2) обличьеProteus was able to appear in the form of any animal - Протей мог являться в обличье любого животного
3) стать ( лошади)3. форма, видliterary [musical] form - литературная [музыкальная] форма
4. вид, разновидность; тип5. стиль, манераhis form in swimming is bad - он плавает плохо /плохим стилем/
bad [good] form - дурной [хороший] тон; плохие [хорошие] манеры
6. 1) состояние; форма ( часто спортивная); готовностьto be in (good) form - а) быть в хорошем состоянии; б) быть в хорошей (спортивной) форме; в) быть в ударе
to be in bad form, to be out of form - а) быть в плохом состоянии; б) быть в плохой (спортивной) форме; в) быть не в ударе, «не в форме»
to round into form - спорт. приобретать спортивную форму
2) настроение, душевное состояниеJack was in great form at the dinner party - Джек был в приподнятом настроении на званом обеде
7. 1) формальность; проформаas a matter of form, for form's sake - для проформы, формально
2) церемония, порядокfound in good and due form - дип. найденные в должном порядке и надлежащей форме ( о полномочиях)
form of action - юр. процессуальная форма
3) установившаяся форма выражения; формула8. класс ( в школе)upper [lower] forms - старшие [младшие] классы
9. форма, бланк, образец; анкетаprinted [telegraph] form - печатный [телеграфный] бланк
a form for a deed - бланк /форма/ для соглашения
to fill in /up/ a form - заполнить бланк /анкету и т. п./
10. длинная скамья, скамейка11. нора ( зайца)12. грам. форма слова13. спец.1) форма исполнения ( машины)2) модель, тип, образец; торговый сорт (металла и т. п.)14. тех. форма для литья15. полигр. печатная форма16. стр. форма; опалубка17. (математическое) выражение2. [fɔ:m] v1. 1) придавать форму, видto form a piece of wood into a certain shape - придавать куску дерева определённую форму
to form smth. after /upon, from, by, in accordance with/ a pattern - создавать /делать/ что-л. по определённому образцу
state formed after the Roman republic - государство, созданное по образцу Римской республики
2) принимать форму, вид2. 1) составлять, образовывать; формироватьthese parts together form a perfect whole - эти части образуют вместе гармоничное целое
the rain formed large pools on the lawn - от дождя на газоне образовались большие лужи
the clouds formed a veil over the mountain-top - облака затянули вершину горы
the baby is beginning to form short words - ребёнок начинает произносить короткие слова
2) образовываться; формироваться3) грам. образовыватьto form the plural of a noun - образовать множественное число существительного
3. 1) создавать, составлять; формулироватьto form a plan - создать /выработать/ план
to form a habit - приобрести привычку, привыкнуть (к чему-л.)
2) возникать, оформлятьсяthe idea slowly formed in my mind - эта мысль постепенно становилась у меня более отчётливой
4. представлять собой; являтьсяchocolate forms a wholesome substitute for staple food - шоколад является полноценным заменителем основных продуктов питания
bonds formed the bulk of his estate - основную часть его состояния представляли облигации
5. тренировать, дисциплинировать; воспитывать; развиватьto form a child by care [by attention, by severity] - воспитывать ребёнка заботливо [внимательно, строго]
to form good habits - прививать хорошие привычки /навыки хорошего поведения/
6. формировать, организовывать; образовывать, создаватьthe children were formed into small groups - дети были разбиты на небольшие группы
7. воен.1) строить2) строиться8. спец.1) формировать2) формовать9. сад. обрезать, подвергать обрезке; формировать крону10. забираться, забиваться в нору ( о зайце)II [fɔ:m] = forma -
38 history
noun1) (continuous record) Geschichte, die2) no pl., no art. Geschichte, die; (study of past events) Geschichte, die; Geschichtswissenschaft, dieand the rest is history — und das Weitere ist [ja] bekannt
have a history of asthma/shoplifting — schon lange an Asthma leiden/eine Vorgeschichte als Ladendieb haben
4) (eventful past career) Geschichte, die* * *['histəri]plural - histories; noun1) (the study of events etc that happened in the past: She is studying British history; ( also adjective) a history lesson/book.) die Geschichte, Geschichts-...2) (a description usually in writing of past events, ways of life etc: I'm writing a history of Scotland.) die Geschichte3) ((the description of) the usually interesting events etc associated with (something): This desk/word has a very interesting history.) die Vergangenheit•- academic.ru/35048/historian">historian- historic
- historical
- historically
- make history* * *his·toryI. nour house has a colourful \history unser Haus hat eine schillernde Vergangenheitthe rest is \history der Rest ist Geschichte [o bekannt]sb's life \history jds Lebensgeschichteto go down in \history as sth als etw in die Geschichte eingehento make \history Geschichte schreiben2. ( fig)that's all \history das gehört alles der Vergangenheit anTina and Charles went out together for five years, but they're \history now Tina und Charles waren fünf Jahre ein Paar, aber jetzt sind sie nicht mehr zusammen; ( fam)if that bullet had found its mark you'd be \history by now wenn diese Kugel ihr Ziel nicht verfehlt hätte, wärst du jetzt mausetot famher family has a \history of heart problems Herzprobleme liegen bei ihr in der Familiethere's a long \history of industrial disputes at that factory betriebliche Auseinandersetzungen haben in dieser Fabrik eine lange Tradition\history question geschichtliche Frage* * *['hIstərI]n1) Geschichte f; (= study of history) Geschichte f, Geschichtswissenschaft fhistory has taught us that... —
to make history —
... and the rest is history —... und der Rest ist Geschichte
he's history — er ist schon lange vergessen or passé (inf)
2) (= personal record) Geschichte f3) (= background) Vorgeschichte fto know the history of an affair — den Hintergrund einer Affäre kennen
* * *history [ˈhıstərı; -trı] s1. Geschichte f:a) geschichtliche Vergangenheit oder Entwicklungb) Geschichtswissenschaft f, Historik f:contemporary history Zeitgeschichte;history of art Kunstgeschichte;history of civilization Kulturgeschichte;history of literature Literaturgeschichte;history of the mind Geistesgeschichte;history of religions Religionsgeschichte;go down in history in die Geschichte eingehen;make history Geschichte machen;the chair has a history der Stuhl hat eine (interessante) Vergangenheit;3. TECH Bearbeitungsvorgang m5. Lebensbeschreibung f, -lauf m7. historisches Drama8. Historienbild n9. COMPUT, INTERNET Verlauf m, Protokoll n* * *noun1) (continuous record) Geschichte, die2) no pl., no art. Geschichte, die; (study of past events) Geschichte, die; Geschichtswissenschaft, dieand the rest is history — und das Weitere ist [ja] bekannt
have a history of asthma/shoplifting — schon lange an Asthma leiden/eine Vorgeschichte als Ladendieb haben
4) (eventful past career) Geschichte, die* * *n.Geschichte f.Historie -n f.Werdegang m. -
39 form
I 1. fo:m noun1) ((a) shape; outward appearance: He saw a strange form in the darkness.) form, skikkelse2) (a kind, type or variety: What form of ceremony usually takes place when someone gets a promotion?) type, form, slag3) (a document containing certain questions, the answers to which must be written on it: an application form.) formular, skjema4) (a fixed way of doing things: forms and ceremonies.) formalitet, formsak5) (a school class: He is in the sixth form.) (skole)klasse2. verb1) (to make; to cause to take shape: They decided to form a drama group.) danne, stifte2) (to come into existence; to take shape: An idea slowly formed in his mind.) ta form, danne seg3) (to organize or arrange (oneself or other people) into a particular order: The women formed (themselves) into three groups.) opprette, danne4) (to be; to make up: These lectures form part of the medical course.) danne, utgjøre•- be in good form
- in the form of II fo:m noun(a long, usually wooden seat: The children were sitting on forms.) (tre)benkart--------blankett--------fasong--------figur--------form--------formular--------klasse--------skikkelse--------skjema--------slag--------sortIsubst. \/fɔːm\/1) form, utforming, fasong2) skikkelse, figur3) form, versjon4) skjema, blankett5) benk (uten rygg), skolebenk6) (skole)klasse, kull7) manerer, oppførsel8) ( grammatikk) ordform9) ( sport) form, kondisjon• he is in\/on great form for the match10) støpeform11) (boktrykking, også forme) formbe off\/out of form ( sport e.l.) ikke være i form, være utrentfor form's sake for formens skyld, for ordens skyldin due form i behørig formin form i (god) kondisjon (fysisk og mentalt)i riktig formin the form of i form avlose form ( om veddeløpshester e.l.) miste formen, være i dårlig form, ha dårlig kondisjonlow forms of life ( biologi) lavere former for livrun true to form eller be true to form oppføre seg som ventet, være seg selv liktake form ta formtake the form of forme seg tilIIverb \/fɔːm\/1) danne (seg), stifte(s)2) forme (ved opplæring eller trening)3) utvikle, skaffe seg, stifte4) tenke ut, utforme i tankene, danne seg, gjøre seg opp• have you formed an opinion?5) utgjøre6) ( militærvesen) formere (seg), stille (seg) opp, danne formasjon• form two deep!form into forme seg til, danne seg tilform up stille seg opp -
40 उपरूपकम् _uparūpakam
उपरूपकम् [उपगतं रूपकं दृश्यकाव्यं सादृश्येन] A drama of an inferior class, of which 18 kinds are enumerated; नाटिका त्रोटकं गोष्ठी सट्टकं नाट्यरासकम् । प्रस्थानोल्लाप्यकाव्यानि प्रेङ्खणं रासकं तथा ॥ संलापकं श्रीगदितं शिल्पकं च विलासिका । दुर्मल्लिका प्रकरणी हल्लीशो भाणिकेति च ॥ S. D.276.
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