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81 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
82 premium
1. сущ.сокр. prem1) общ. награда, вознаграждение, премия (что-л. предоставляемое в качестве стимула в каком-л. проекте, какой-л. системе и пр.)consumer premium — подарок [премия\] потребителю*
The program will award points to consumers for each brewery visit during the week, allowing them to earn premiums such as beer mugs and logo shirts.
Mortgage brokers, who match borrowers with lenders, can earn premiums by steering borrowers to higher-rate loans.
They claim that lenders on the higher-than-market rate loans will pay a premium to the mortgage broker and that those payments will be used to pay the fees associated with the low-interest loans.
See:bonus 1), 2) advertising premium, consumer premium, container premium, employment premium, fast food premium, free-in-the-mail premium, in-pack premium, mail-in premium, on-pack premium, referral premium, reverse premium, self-liquidating premium, service release premium, with-pack premium, yield spread premium, premium bond 2), premium buyer 1), premium campaign, premium container, premium coupon, premium merchandise 1), premium offer, premium pack, premium product 2), premium service 1) а)2) страх. = insurance premiumATTRIBUTES: adjustable, assumed 3) а), base 3. 3) а), direct 1. 3) а), earned 1. 1) а), fixed 1. 4) а), flexible 1. 2) б), gross 1. 3) а), а initial 1. 2) б), level 2. 3) б), lump sum, net 3. 3) а), n1а outstanding 1. 3) а), periodic 1. 1) а), regular 1. 2) б), n2 subject 1. 2) б), n2 underlying 1. 2) б), n2 variable 1. 2) б), n2 written 1. 4) а), б
annual [yearly\] premium — ежегодная премия
monthly [biweekly, weekly\] premium — ежемесячная [двухнедельная, еженедельная\] премия
annual [monthly, weekly\] premium insurance — страхование с ежегодной [ежемесячной, еженедельной\] уплатой премий [премии\]
annual premium policy — полис с ежегодной уплатой премий [премии\]
ATTRIBUTES:
paid premium — уплаченная [выплаченная\] премия
The refund of paid premium is based on the insured's age at death and is decreased by any benefits paid under the plan.
Company-paid premiums are deductible by the employer as an ordinary and necessary business expense. — Уплаченные компанией премии подлежат вычету работодателем как обычные и необходимые деловые расходы.
For federal tax purposes the employer-paid premiums are taxed as additional earned income for the employee. — Для целей федерального налогообложения, уплаченные работодателем премии облагаются налогом как дополнительный заработанный доход работника.
Employee-paid premiums for health insurance vary by salary. — Размер уплачиваемых работником премий по страхованию здоровья меняется в зависимости от размера оклада.
We can recover overpaid premiums for the last three policy years.
unpaid premium — неуплаченная [невыплаченная\] премия
The late charge formula is the unpaid premium amount multiplied by four percent.
COMBS:
life insurance premiums, life premiums — премии по страхованию жизни
non-life insurance premiums, non-life premiums — премии по страхованию иному, чем страхование жизни; премии по страхованию "не жизни"
health insurance premiums, health premiums — премии по страхованию здоровья
liability insurance premiums, liability premiums — премии по страхованию ответственности
disability insurance premiums, disability premiums — премии по страхованию от [на случай\] нетрудоспособности
property insurance premiums, property premiums — премии по страхованию имущества
premium payment — уплата [выплата\] премии; премиальный платеж
Mortgage insurance premium payments are made once per year. — Выплаты премий по ипотечному страхованию осуществляются раз в год.
premium of $1000, $1000 premium — премия [надбавка\] в размере 1000 долл.
Our commercial premium finance program allows you to finance premiums from $0 to $200000 or more.
The policies in question have a waiver of premium benefit, whereby the insurer would waive premiums during any period in which the policyholder is disabled.
We cede premiums and losses to reinsurers under quota share reinsurance agreements. — Мы передаем премии и убытки перестраховщиками на основании договоров квотного перестрахования.
Also, under our quota share assumed reinsurance contracts, we will continue to assume premiums through the third quarter of 2006. — Также, на основании принятых договоров квотного перестрахования, мы будем продолжать принимать премии на протяжении третьего квартала 2006 г.
to write premiums — подписывать премии*; страховать*, принимать на страхование*, осуществлять страхование*
In general, for insurers to write premiums in California, they must be admitted by the Insurance Commissioner. — В общем, для того, чтобы страховщики смогли осуществлять страховую деятельность в Калифорнии, они должны получить разрешение уполномоченного по страхованию.
The company is licensed to write insurance business in all 50 states, has specialty lines in risk insurance for architects and lawyers and is expected to write premiums of $75 million this year. — Компания имеет лицензию на осуществление страховой деятельности во все 50 штатах, предлагает специальные разновидности страхования рисков для архитекторов и юристов и, как ожидается, подпишет в этом году премий на сумму 75 млн долл.
Moreover, an insurance company that earns premiums between $300,000 and $1,000,000 is taxed at a reduced rate.
If you want to pay premiums for a limited time, the limited payment whole life policy gives you lifetime protection but requires only a limited number of premium payments.
to raise [to increase\] premiums — увеличивать премии
to reduce [to decrease, to cut\] premiums — уменьшать премии
premiums go down — премии снижаются [уменьшаются\]
See:adjustable premium, advance premium, annual premium, annuity premium, base premium, beneficiary premium, deposit premium, direct premiums, earned premium, financed insurance premium, financed premium, fixed premium, flexible premium, graded premium, gross premium, in-force premiums, initial premium, level premium, lump sum premium, modified premium, mortgage insurance premium, net premium, net retained premiums, new business premiums, outstanding premiums, periodic premium, premium earned, premiums in force, premium written, regular premium, reinsurance premium, renewal premium, retained premiums, retrospective premium, return premium, single premium, subject premium, surplus line premium, surplus lines premium, underlying premium, unearned premium, valuation premium, vanishing premium, variable premium, written premium, yearly premium, overall premium limit, premium audit, premium auditor, premium base, premium bordereau, premium conversion, premium discount, premium financing, premium holiday, premium income б), premium loan, premium notice, premium rate 1) б), premium receipt, premium refund, premium subsidy, premium tax, premium trust fund, return of premium, waiver of premium, continuous-premium whole life, premium only plan, premium-to-surplus ratio3)а) торг. премия; наценка, надбавка ( сумма или процент сверх стандартной цены товара или услуги)to fetch a premium [a premium price\] — продаваться с надбавкой [с премией\]
Premium products generally fetch a premium price. — Премиальные товары обычно продаются с надбавкой [с премией\].
to command a premium [a premium price\] — продаваться с надбавкой [с премией\], продаваться по премиальной цене
Some products command a premium price in the marketplace simply because they are considered to be higher in quality. — Некоторые товары продаются на рынке по премиальной цене просто из-за того, что они считаются товарами более высокого качества.
to command a premium — содержать надбавку [премию\]* (о ценах, ставках)
As long as there is a threat of war in the Middle Eastern oil fields, oil prices will command a premium. — До тех пор, пока существует угроза войны на территории средневосточных нефтяных месторождений, цены на нефть будут содержать надбавку.
to attract a premium/a premium price/a premium rate — продаваться с премией [надбавкой\], стоить дороже; оплачиваться с надбавкой [с премией\]*
Because of their locations these houses attract a premium. — Благодаря своему расположению эти дома стоят дороже.
Therefore, when we buy your diamond, we can pay a premium over the current market price.
For which services are customers willing to pay a premium when flying with a low-fare airline?
Ant:call option premium, call premium 2), put option premium, put premium, premium deal, premium income а) contingent premium option, deferred premium optionSee:б) фин. премия (сумма, на которую цена размещения или текущая рыночная цена ценной бумаги больше ее номинала)ATTRIBUTES: amortizable б)
COMBS:
$20-a-share premium — премия в размере $20 на (одну) акцию
H-P will buy 1,2 million Convex shares at $14.875 a share, representing a 1,25-a-share premium over the price of Convex stock. — "H-P" купит 1,2 млн акций компании "Конвекс" по цене 14,875 долл. за штуку, что означает уплату премии в размере 1,25 долл. на акцию сверх цены акций "Конвекса".
COMBS:
premium over [to\] market price — премия к рыночной цене, премия сверх рыночной цены
premium over [to\] issue price — премия к эмиссионной цене, премия сверх эмиссионной цены
premium payment — уплата [выплата\] премии; премиальный платеж
Mortgage insurance premium payments are made once per year. — Выплаты премий по ипотечному страхованию осуществляются раз в год.
premium of $1000, $1000 premium — премия [надбавка\] в размере 1000 долл.
10% premium, premium of 10% — премия [надбавка\] в размере 10%
The shares jumped to a 70 per cent premium on the first day.
Of all the common bond-tax errors, the most surprising to me is neglecting to amortize premiums paid on taxable bonds.
For premium securities, we project the excess coupon. payments using our prepayment assumption.
Ant:call option premium, call premium 2), put option premium, put premium, premium deal, premium income а) contingent premium option, deferred premium optionSee:amortized premium, bond premium, call premium 1), debt premium 1) а), market premium 1) а), original issue premium, premium on capital stock, premium on share, premium on stock, price premium 1) б), redemption premium, share premium, tender offer premium, unamortized premium, amortization of premium, premium bond 1), premium price 1) б), premium raid, issue price, market price, face value а) at a premium 1) а)в) фин. премия (при оценке стоимости предприятия или крупных пакетов акций: разница, на которую фактически согласованная цена предприятия/пакета акций больше базовой рыночной цены)See:г) эк. премия; надбавка (сумма, на которую цена товара, услуги или ценной бумаги превышает цену сходного товара, услуги или ценной бумаги)Currently, US small caps are trading at a 15.7 per cent premium to large caps. — В настоящее время, акции американских компаний с маленькой капитализацией по сравнению с акциями компаний с большой капитализацией торгуются с премией в размере 15,7%.
Platinum usually trades at a premium to gold. — Платина обычно продается по более высокой цене, чем золото.
See:at a premium 1)д) фин. ажио (превышение стоимости золотых или серебряных денег по сравнению с бумажными деньгами)Syn:agio в)See:е) эк. премия; надбавка (в самом общем смысле: дополнительная сумма, на которую увеличена базовая стоимость или другая базовая величина)перен. to put [place\] a premium on (smth.) — считать (что-л.) исключительно важным [ценным\], придавать (чему-л.) большое значение
He put a premium on peace and stability. — Он считает исключительно важным поддержание мира и стабильности.
Employers today put a premium on reasoning skills and willingness to learn. — В наше время работодатели придают большое значение умению рассуждать и готовности учиться.
Ant:call option premium, call premium 2), put option premium, put premium, premium deal, premium income а) contingent premium option, deferred premium optionSee:conversion premium, forward premium, inflation premium, investment currency premium, liquidity premium 2), 3), mortgage indemnity guarantee premium, mortgage indemnity premium, premium over conversion value, revenue premium, risk premium, time premium, union premium, union wage premium, warrant premium, yield premium, premium rate 1) а) at a premium 2), Canada Premium Bond, high-premium convertible debenture4) эк. тр. премия, (премиальная) надбавка (дополнительное вознаграждение, выплачиваемое в дополнение к заработной плате в качестве поощрения за хорошую работу, работу в сверхурочные и т. п.)COMBS:
premiums for work outside basic workday or workweek — премии за работу сверх базового рабочего дня или рабочей недели
premium payment — уплата [выплата\] премии; премиальный платеж
premium of $1000, $1000 premium — премия [надбавка\] в размере 1000 долл.
to attract a premium/a premium rate — оплачиваться с надбавкой [с премией\]*
In many industries work on Saturday or Sunday will attract a premium on the ordinary hourly rate. — Во многих отраслях работа в субботу или воскресенье предусматривает выплату надбавки сверх обычной часовой ставки.
Neither federal law nor state law requires local government employers to give employees paid holidays or to pay a premium when employees must work on what would otherwise be a holiday.
Syn:bonus 3)See:expatriate premium, foreign service premium, holiday premium, incentive premium, mobility premium, on-call premium, overtime premium, shift premium, Halsey premium plan, premium pay, premium rate 1) а)5) фин. = option premiumInvestors willing to buy stock at certain prices might consider selling puts to earn premiums, while those willing to sell shares at certain prices might think about selling calls.
When you purchase an option, you pay a premium. — Покупая опцион, вы уплачиваете премию.
See:call option premium, call premium 2), put option premium, put premium, premium deal, premium income а) contingent premium option, deferred premium option2. прил.1) общ. первосортный, высшего качества [сорта\], исключительный, премиальныйpremium product — премиальный товар, товар высшего сорта
premium card — первоклассная [приоритетная, премиальная\] карта [карточка\]*
premium space — привилегированное [премиальное\] место*
premium advertising — премиальная [первосортная, элитная\] реклама*
premium customer — премиальный клиент [покупатель\]*
premium quality — премиальное [высшее\] качество; премиальный [высший\] сорт
premium grade — премиальный [высший\] сорт
See:premium advertising, premium buyer 2), premium card, premium customer, premium grade, premium merchandise 2), premium position, premium product 1), premium quality, premium service 1) б), premium space, quality 2., inferior 2., n32) эк. премиальный, с премией, с надбавкой (о ценах, ставках выше обычного уровня)premium price — цена с надбавкой, цена с премией, премиальная цена
See:
* * *
premium; PM; Prem премия, маржа: 1) премия (надбавка) к цене, курсу: разница между более высокой текущей (рыночной) и номинальной ценами финансового актива (напр., облигации); см. discount; 2) разница между более высоким срочным (форвардным) и наличным валютными курсами, т. е. валюта на срок продается с премией; 3) ажио: более высокая стоимость золотых или бумажных денег по отношению к бумажным деньгам; 4) цена опциона: сумма, уплачиваемая за получение права продать или купить финансовый инструмент; 5) = insurance premium; 6) платеж по рентному контракту; 7) = call premium; 8) льгота, призванная привлечь вкладчиков или заемщиков, а также покупателей товаров и услуг (напр., повышенная процентная ставка, скидки с цен и др.); 9) надбавка к рыночной цене, которую иногда приходится уплачивать при заимствованиях ценных бумаг для их поставки по "короткой" продаже; 10) разница в цене между данной ценной бумагой и сходными бумагами или индексом (напр., говорят: "бумага продается с премией к аналогичным бумагам"); 11) новая ценная бумага, продающаяся с премией; 12) надбавка к рыночной цене ценных бумаг в случае тендерного предложения; см. premium raid;* * *Финансы/Кредит/Валютаотклонение в сторону превышения рыночного курса денежных знаков и ценных бумаг от их нарицательной стоимости-----разница между рыночной ценой и ценой эмиссии акции или ценной бумаги; при начале операции с акциями нового выпуска говорится, что рыночная цена включает премию по отношению к цене эмиссии-----сумма, выплачиваемая держателем полиса для получения страховой суммы в нужный момент-----Банки/Банковские операциипремия, вознаграждение, надбавка -
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аварийная обстановка на аэродромеaerodrome emergencyаварийный бюллетень на доработкуalert service bulletinавиаперевозчик на короткие расстоянияcommuter air carrierавтоматический заход на посадку1. autoapproach2. automatic approach азимутальная антенна захода на посадкуapproach azimuth antennaазимут захода на посадкуapproach azimuthазимут ухода на второй кругmissed approach azimuthаэродинамическая труба для испытаний на сваливание в штопорspin wind tunnelаэродинамический гребень на крылеwing fenceаэродром выхода на радиосвязьaerodrome of callаэродром на трассе полетаen-route aerodromeаэродромные средства захода на посадкуaerodrome approach aidsбалансировочный нож на задней кромке крылаwing trim stripбилет на полет в одном направленииsingle ticketбрать на бортtake aboardбрать ручку управления на себяpull the control stick backбрать управление на себя1. assume the control2. take over the control брать штурвал на себя1. pull the control column back2. pull the aircraft out of бронирование на обратный рейсreturn reservationбуксировка на землеground towвведение поправки на сносwindage adjustmentвертолетная площадка на крыше зданияroof-top heliportвести передачу на частотеtransmit on frequency ofветер на определенном участке маршрутаstage windвзлет на максимальном газеfull-throttle takeoffвзлет на режимах работы двигателей, составляющих наименьший шумnoise abatement takeoffвзятие ручки на себяbackward movement of the stickвидимость на ВППrunway visibilityвиза на промежуточную остановкуstop-over visaвизуальные средства захода на посадкуvisual aids to approachвизуальный заход на посадку1. contact approach2. visual approach визуальный заход на посадку по упрощенной схемеabbreviated visual approachвладелец сертификата на воздушное судноaircraft certificate holderвлиять на безопасностьaffect the safetyвлиять на безопасность полетовeffect on operating safetyвлиять на летную годностьaffect airworthinessвлиять на летные характеристикиeffect on flight characteristicsвлиять на регулярностьaffect the regularityвлиять на состояние воздушного суднаeffect on an aircraftвмятина на обшивкеdent in surfaceвнешняя подвеска на тросахsling loadвносить поправку на сносmake drift correctionвозвращаться на глиссадуregain the glide pathвозвращаться на заданный курсregain the trackвоздухозаборник, раздвоенный на выходеbifurcated air intakeвоздушная яма на пути полетаin flight bumpвоздушное судно для полетов на большой высотеhigh-altitude aircraftвоздушное судно, имеющее разрешение на полетauthorized aircraftвоздушное судно, летящее курсом на востокeastbound aircraftвоздушное судно на подходеin-coming aircraftвоздушное судно, находящееся на встречном курсеoncoming aircraftвоздушное судно, оставшееся на плавуstayed afloat aircraftвоздушное судно, совершающее заход на посадкуapproaching aircraftвоздушный винт на режиме малого газаidling propellerвосходящий поток воздуха на маршруте полетаen-route updraftВПП, не оборудованная для точного захода на посадкуnonprecision approach runwayВПП, не соответствующая заданию на полетwrong runwayВПП, оборудованная для точного захода на посадкуprecision approach runwayвремя захода на посадкуapproach timeвремя налета по приборам на тренажереinstrument flying simulated timeвремя на подготовку к обратному рейсуturnaround timeвремя нахождения на ВППrun-down occupancy timeвремя нахождения на землеwheels-on timeвремя, необходимое на полное обслуживание и загрузкуground turn-around timeвремя опробования двигателя на землеengine ground test timeвремя прекращения действия ограничения на воздушное движениеtraffic release timeвремя простоя на землеground timeвремя простоя на техническим обслуживанииmaintenance ground timeвходное устройство с использованием сжатия воздуха на входеinternal-compression inletвыбранная высота захода на посадкуselected approach altitudeвыбранный наклон глиссады захода на посадкуselected approach slopeвывешивать воздушное судно на подъемникахjack an aircraftвыводить воздушное судно из сваливания на крылоunstall the aircraftвыводить воздушное судно на заданный курсput the aircraft on the courseвыводить на заданный курсroll on the courseвыводить на курсtrack outвыводить на режим малого газаset idle powerвывод на линию путиtracking guidanceвыдерживать воздушное судно на заданном курсеhold the aircraft on the headingвыдерживать на заданном курсеhold on the headingвызов на связь1. call-in2. aircall 3. callup вынужденная посадка воздушного судна на водуaircraft ditchingвыполнение промежуточного этапа захода на посадкуintermediate approach operationвыполнять заход на посадку1. complete approach2. execute approach выполнять работу на воздушном суднеwork on the aircraftвыполнять уход на второй кругexecute go-aroundвыруливание на исполнительный старт для взлета1. taxiing to takeoff position2. takeoff taxiing выруливать воздушное судно на исполнительный стартline up the aircraftвыруливать на исполнительный стартline upвысота начального этапа захода на посадкуinitial approach altitudeвысота полета вертолета при заходе на посадкуhelicopter approach heightвысота при заходе на посадкуapproach heightвысота разворота на посадочную прямуюfinal approach altitudeвысота траектории начала захода на посадкуapproach ceilingвысота установленная заданием на полетspecified altitudeвысота хода поршня на такте всасыванияsuction headвыходить на авиатрассуenter the airwayвыходить на взлетный режимcome to takeoff powerвыходить на заданную высотуtake up the positionвыходить на заданную траекториюobtain the correct pathвыходить на заданный курс1. get on the course2. put on the course 3. roll out on the heading выходить на критический уголreach the stalling angleвыходить на курс с левым разворотомroll left on the headingвыходить на курс с правым разворотомroll right on the headingвыходить на ось лучаintercept the beamвыходить на посадочную прямую1. enter the final approach track2. roll into final выход на закритический угол атакиexceeding the stalling angleвыход на посадку1. loading gate2. gate выход на посадочный курс отворотом на расчетный уголteardrop procedure turnвычислитель параметров автоматического ухода на второй кругauto go around computerвычислитель параметров захода на посадкуapproach computerвычислитель параметров ухода на второй круг1. overshoot computer2. go-around computer географическое положение на данный моментcurrent geographical positionглиссада захода на посадкуapproach glide slopeглушитель шума на выхлопеexhaust noise suppressorгондола двигателя на пилонеside engine nacelleгонка двигателя на землеground runupгоризонтальный полет на крейсерском режимеlevel cruiseгруз на внешней подвеске1. undersling load2. suspended load грузовая ведомость на рейсcargo boarding listдавать разрешение на взлетclear for takeoffдавать разрешение на левый разворотclear for the left-hand turnдавление на аэродромеaerodrome pressureдавление на входе в воздухозаборникair intake pressureдавление на срезе соплаnozzle-exit pressureдальность видимости на ВПП1. runway visual range2. runway visual length дальность полета на предельно малой высотеon-the-deck rangeдальность полета на режиме авторотацииautorotation rangeдатчик скольжения на крылоside-slip sensorдвигатель на режиме малого газаidling engineдвигатель, установленный на крылеon-wing mounted engineдвигатель, установленный на пилонеpylon-mounted engineдвижение на авиационной трассеairway trafficдвижение на пересекающихся курсахcrossing trafficдвижение на сходящихся курсахcoupling trafficдевиация на основных курсахcardinal headings deviationдействия при уходе на второй кругgo-around operationsдекларация экипажа на провоз багажаcrew baggage declarationдержаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного суднаkeep clear of the aircraftдеталь, установленная на прессовой посадкеforce-fit partдиспетчер захода на посадкуapproach controllerдиспетчерская служба захода на посадкуapproach control serviceдиспетчерский пункт захода на посадкуapproach control pointдиспетчерский пункт управления заходом на посадкуapproach control unitдистанция при заходе на посадкуapproach flight track distanceдозаправлять топливом на промежуточной посадке по маршрутуrefuel en-routeдоклад о развороте на обратный курсturnaround reportдокументация на вылетoutbound documentationдокументация на прилетinbound documentationдопуск на испытанияtest marginдопуск на максимальную высоту препятствияdominant obstacle allowanceдопуск на массу воздушного суднаaircraft weight toleranceдопуск на машинную обработкуmachining allowanceдопуск на погрешностьmargin of errorдопуск на размеры воздушного суднаaircraft dimension toleranceдопуск на снижениеdegradation allowanceдопуск на установкуinstallation toleranceдоход на единицу воздушной перевозкиrevenue per traffic unitединый тариф на полет в двух направленияхtwo-way fareжесткость крыла на кручение1. wing torsional stiffness2. wing torsion stiffness завал на крыло1. wing dropping2. wing drop зависать на высотеhover at the height ofзавихрение на конце лопастиblade-tip vortexзадержка на маршрутеdelay en-routeзаканчивать регистрацию на рейсclose the flightзаливная горловина на крылеoverwing fillerзамок выпущенного положения ставить на замок выпущенного положенияdownlockзапас топлива на бортуon-board fuelзапас топлива на рейсblock fuelзапрашивать разрешение на сертификациюrequest certification forзапрещение посадки на водуwaveoffзапрос на взлетtakeoff requestзапрос на посадкуlanding requestзапрос на рулениеtaxi requestзаруливать на место стоянкиtaxi in for parkingзаруливать на место стоянки воздушного суднаenter the aircraft standзасветка на экране локатораradar clutterзасечка объекта на экране локатораradar fixзаход на посадку1. approach operation2. approach 3. land approach 4. approach landing заход на посадку без использования навигационных средствno-aids used approachзаход на посадку без использования средств точного заходаnonprecision approachзаход на посадку в режиме планированияgliding approachзаход на посадку в условиях ограниченной видимостиlow-visibility approachзаход на посадку на посадку под контролем наземных средствground controlled approachзаход на посадку на установившемся режимеsteady approachзаход на посадку не с прямойnonstraight-in approachзаход на посадку, нормированный по времениtimed approachзаход на посадку под угломoffset approachзаход на посадку под шторкамиblind approachзаход на посадку по командам наземных станцийadvisory approachзаход на посадку по коробочкеrectangular traffic pattern approachзаход на посадку по криволинейной траекторииcurved approachзаход на посадку по кругуcircling approachзаход на посадку по крутой траекторииsteep approachзаход на посадку по курсовому маякуlocalizer approachзаход на посадку по маякуbeam approachзаход на посадку по обзорному радиолокаторуsurveillance radar approachзаход на посадку по обычной схемеnormal approachзаход на посадку по осевой линииcenter line approachзаход на посадку по полной схемеlong approachзаход на посадку по пологой траекторииflat approachзаход на посадку по приборам1. instrument approach landing2. instrument landing approach заход на посадку по прямому курсуfront course approachзаход на посадку по радиолокаторуradar approachзаход на посадку по сегментно-криволинейной схемеsegmented approachзаход на посадку после полета по кругуcircle-to-landзаход на посадку по укороченной схемеshort approachзаход на посадку по упрощенной схемеsimple approachзаход на посадку при боковом ветреcrosswind approachзаход на посадку при симметричной тягеsymmetric thrust approachзаход на посадку против ветраupwind approachзаход на посадку с выпущенными закрылкамиapproach with flaps downзаход на посадку с использованием бортовых и наземных средствcoupled approachзаход на посадку с левым разворотомleft-hand approachзаход на посадку с непрерывным снижениемcontinuous descent approachзаход на посадку с обратным курсом1. back course approach2. one-eighty approach заход на посадку с отворотом на расчетный уголteardrop approachзаход на посадку с правым разворотомright-hand approachзаход на посадку с прямойstraight-in approachзаход на посадку с прямой по приборамstraight-in ILS-type approachзаход на посадку с уменьшением скоростиdecelerating approachзаявка на полетflight requestзаявка на сертификациюapplication for certificationзона захода на посадкуapproach areaзона захода на посадку по кругуcircling approach areaзона разворота на обратный курсturnaround areaизменение эшелона на маршрутеen-route change of levelизмерение шума при заходе на посадкуapproach noise measurementизображение на экране радиолокатораradar screen pictureиндикатор глиссады захода на посадкуapproach slope indicatorиндикатор на лобовом стеклеhead-up displayинформация о заходе на посадкуapproach informationиспытание на аварийное приводнениеditching testиспытание на амортизационный ресурсservice life testиспытание на вибрациюvibration testиспытание на воспламеняемостьignition testиспытание на герметичностьcontainment testиспытание на максимальную дальность полетаfull-distance testиспытание на подтверждениеsubstantiating testиспытание на прочностьstructural testиспытание на свободное падениеfree drop testиспытание на скороподъемностьclimbing testиспытание на соответствиеcompliance testиспытание на ударную нагрузку1. shock test2. impact test испытание на шумnoise testиспытание на шум при взлетеtakeoff noise testиспытание на шум при пролетеflyover noise testиспытание на эффективность торможенияbraking action testиспытание по уходу на второй кругgo-around testиспытания воздушного судна на перегрузкиaircraft acceleration testsиспытания воздушного судна на переменные нагрузкиaircraft alternate-stress testsиспытания на соответствие заданным техническим условиям1. proof-of-compliance tests2. functional tests испытания на усталостное разрушениеfatigue testsиспытания на флаттерflatter testsисходная высота полета при заходе на посадкуreference approach heightисходный угол захода на посадкуreference approach angleканал связи на маршрутеon-course channelкарта местности зоны точного захода на посадкуprecision approach terrain chartкарта - наряд на выполнение регламентного технического обслуживанияscheduled maintenance recordкарта - наряд на выполнение технического обслуживанияmaintenance releaseкарта - наряд на техническое обслуживаниеmaintenance recordкарта планирования полетов на малых высотахlow altitude flight planning chartкарта прогнозов на заданное времяfixed time prognostic chartквитанция на платный багажexcess baggage ticketконец этапа захода на посадкуapproach endконечная прямая захода на посадкуapproach finalконечный удлиненный заход на посадку с прямойlong final straight-in-approach operationконечный этап захода на посадкуfinal approachконсультативное сообщение о воздушной обстановке, регистрируемой на первичной РЛСtraffic advisory against primary radar targetsконтакт с объектами на землеground contactконтейнер для перевозки грузов и багажа на воздушном суднеaircraft containerконтракт на воздушную перевозкуair carriage contractконтракт на обслуживание в аэропортуairport handling contractконтракт на перевозку разносортных грузовbulk contractконтрольная площадка на аэродромеaerodrome checkpointконтрольная точка замера шумов на участке захода на посадкуapproach noise reference pointконтрольная точка захода на посадкуapproach fixконтрольная точка конечного этапа захода на посадкуfinal approach fixконтрольная точка на маршрутеen-route fixконтрольная точка начального этапа захода на посадкуinitial approach fixконтрольная точка промежуточного этапа захода на посадкуintermediate approach fixконтрольная точка траектории захода на посадкуapproach flight reference pointконфигурация при полете на маршрутеen-route configurationкоррекция угла захода на посадкуapproach angle correctionкрепление колеса на штоке амортизатораwheel-to-shock strut suspension(шасси) кресло на поворотном кронштейнеswivel seatкрышка заливной горловины на крылеoverwing filler capкурс захода на посадку1. approach course2. approach heading курс захода на посадку по приборамinstrument approach courseкурс на радиостанциюradio directional bearingлетательный аппарат на воздушной подушкеair-cushion vehicleлетать на автопилотеfly on the autopilotлетать на воздушном суднеfly by an aircraftлетать на заданной высотеfly at the altitudeлетать на тренажереfly a simulatorлетать на эшелонеfly levelлиния безопасности на перронеapron safety lineлиния заруливания воздушного судна на стоянкуaircraft stand lead-in lineлиния руления на место стоянкиparking bay guidelineлицензия на коммерческие перевозкиcommercial licenseлицензия на производствоproduction certificateлуч захода на посадкуapproach beamлуч наведения на цельguidance beamлюк аварийного выхода на крылоoverwing emergency exitлюк для покидания при посадке на водуditching hatchмаксимально допустимая масса при стоянке на перронеmaximum apron massманевр на летном полеairfield manoeuvreманевр разворота на посадочный курсcircle-to-land manoeuvreмаршрут захода на посадкуprocedure approach trackмаршрутная карта полетов на малых высотахlow altitude en-route chartмаршрут перехода в эшелона на участок захода на посадкуfeeder routeмаршрут ухода на второй кругmissed approach procedure trackмасштаб развертки на экране радиолокационной станцииrange marker spacingмат на крылоwing walk matмеры на случай аварийной посадкиemergency landing provisionsмеры на случай аварийных ситуацийprovisions for emergenciesместо на крыле для выполнения технического обслуживанияoverwing walkwayместо ожидания на рулежной дорожкеtaxi-holding positionметеообслуживание на маршрутеen-route meteorological serviceметеоусловия на авиалинииairway weatherметеоусловия на аэродроме посадкиterminal weatherметеоусловия на запасном аэродромеalternate weatherметеоусловия на маршрутеen-route weatherметеоусловия на нулевой видимостиzero-zero weatherметодика испытаний при заходе на посадкуapproach test procedureметод разбивки атмосферы на слоиatmospheric layering techniqueмеханизм измерителя крутящего момента на валу двигателяengine torquemeter mechanismминимальные расходы на установкуminimum installation costsмонтировать на воздушном суднеinstall on the aircraftмонтировать на шпангоутеmount on the frameмощность на валуshaft horsepowerмощность на преодоление аэродинамического сопротивленияinduced drag powerмощность на преодоление профильного сопротивленияprofile drag powerмощность на режиме полетного малого газаflight idle powerмощность на чрезвычайном режимеcontingency powerмощность, поступающая на вал трансмиссииtransmission power inputнаблюдение за дальностью видимости на ВППrunway visual range observationнабор высоты на маршрутеen-route climbнабор высоты на начальном участке установленной траекторииnormal initial climb operationнабор высоты после прерванного захода на посадкуdiscontinued approach climbна борту1. aboard2. on board наведение по азимуту при заходе на посадкуapproach azimuth guidanceнаведение по глиссаде при заходе на посадкуapproach slope guidanceна взлетеon takeoffна втором кругеon go-aroundнагрузка на единицу площадиload per unit areaнагрузка на колесоwheel loadнагрузка на крылоwing loadнагрузка на поверхность управленияcontrol surface loadнагрузка при стоянке на землеground loadнажимать на педальdepress the pedalнажимать на тормозаengage brakesназемный ориентир на трассе полетаen-route ground markна исполнительном стартеat lineupнакладная на доставкуdelivery billнакладывать ограничения на полетыrestrict the operationsна курсеon-courseна левом траверзе1. abeam the left pilot position2. left abeam на максимальном газеat full throttleна малом газеat idleна маршруте1. on route2. en-route на пересекающихся курсахabeamна полной скоростиat full speedна посадочном курсеon finalнаправление захода на посадкуdirection of approachна правом траверзе1. abeam the right pilot position2. right abeam на протяжении всего срока службыthroughout the service lifeнаработка на землеground operating timeна режиме малого газаat idle powerна скорости1. on the speed2. at a speed of на уровне землиat the ground levelна установленной высотеat appropriate altitudeна участкеin segment(полета) на участке маршрута в восточном направленииon the eastbound legнаходясь на трассеwhen making wayнаходящийся на землеgroundborneначальный участок захода на посадкуinitial approach segmentначальный участок ухода на второй кругinitial stage of go-aroundначальный этап захода на посадкуinitial approachначинать уход на второй кругinitiate go-aroundне использовать возможность ухода на второй кругfail to initiate go-aroundнервюра, воспринимающая нагрузку на сжатиеcompression ribноминальная траектория захода на посадкуnominal approach pathнормы шума при полетах на эшелонеlevel flight noise requirementsобеспечивать заход на посадкуserve approachоборудование для обеспечения захода на посадкуapproach facilitiesобратная тяга на режиме малого газаreverse idle thrustобратное давление на выходе газовexhaust back pressureобучение на рабочем местеon-the-job trainingобщий налет на определенном типе воздушного суднаon-type flight experienceобщий тариф на перевозку разносортных грузовfreight-all-kinds rateогни зоны приземления на ВППrunway touchdown lightsогни на трассе полетаairway lightsограничения на воздушных трассахair rote limitationsожидать на местеhold the positionопробование на привязиtie-down runорган обеспечения безопасности на воздушном транспортеaviation security authorityорган управления движением на перронеapron management unitориентировочный прогноз на полетprovisional flight forecastособые явления погоды на маршруте полетаen-route weather phenomenaостановка на маршруте полетаen-route stopостанов при работе на малом газеidle cutoffотбирать мощность на валtake off power to the shaftотверстие для отсоса пограничного слоя на крылеboundary layer bleed perforationотвечать на запросrespond to interrogationОтдел обслуживания проектов на местахField Services BranchОтдел осуществления проектов на местахField Operation Branchотработка действий на случай аварийной обстановки в аэропортуaerodrome emergency exerciseотрицательно влиять на характеристикиadversely affect performancesотсчет показаний при полете на глиссадеon-slope indicationоценка способности принимать на слухaural reception testочаг пожара на воздушном суднеaircraft fire pointочередность захода на посадкуapproach sequenceпадение давления на фильтреexcessive pressure dropпереводить винт на отрицательную тягуreverse the propellerперевозимый на воздушном шареplaneborneперевозка пассажиров на короткое расстояниеpassenger hopперевозчик на договорных условияхcontract carrierперевозчик на магистральной линииtrunk carrierперекладка реверса на прямую тягуthrust reverser stowageпереключать на прямую тягуreturn to forward thrustпереходить на ручное управлениеchange-over to manual controlпереходить на управление с помощью автопилотаswitch to the autopilotпереход на другую частотуfrequency changeoverпереход на кабрированиеnose-up pitchingпереход на пикированиеnose-down pitchingпереход на режим висенияreconversion hoveringплавно выводить на заданный курсsmooth on the headingпланирование при заходе на посадкуapproach glideплотность воздуха на уровне моряsea level atmospheric densityплотность движения на маршрутеroute traffic densityплотность размещения кресел на воздушном суднеaircraft seating densityповторный запуск на режиме авторотацииwindmilling restartподавать жалобу на компаниюmake a complaint against the companyподавать электропитание на шинуenergize the busподземные сооружения на аэродромеunderaerodrome utilitiesподниматься на борт воздушного суднаboard an aircraftподтверждение разрешения на взлетtakeoff clearance confirmationподтверждение разрешения на посадкуlanding clearance confirmationподъем на гидроподъемникахjackingпозывной общего вызова на связьnet call signпокидание при посадке на водуevacuation in ditchingполет в направлении на станциюflight inbound the stationполет в режиме ожидания на маршрутеholding en-route operationполет на автопилотеautocontrolled flightполет на аэростатеballooningполет на буксиреaerotow flightполет на дальностьdistance flightполет на конечном этапе захода на посадкуfinal approach operationполет на короткое расстояние1. flip2. short-haul flight полет на крейсерском режимеnormal cruise operationполет на критическом угле атакиstall flightполет на малой высотеlow flying operationполет на малой скоростиlow-speed flightполет на малом газеidle flightполет на малых высотахlow flightполет на номинальном расчетном режимеwith rated power flightполет на одном двигателеsingle-engined flightполет на ориентирdirectional homingполет на полном газеfull-throttle flightполет на продолжительностьendurance flightполет на режиме авторотацииautorotational flightполет на среднем участке маршрутаmid-course flightполет на участке между третьим и четвертым разворотамиbase leg operationполет по индикации на стеклеhead-up flightполеты на высоких эшелонахhigh-level operationsполеты на малых высотахlow flyingположение закрылков при заходе на посадкуflap approach positionположение на линии исполнительного стартаtakeoff positionполучать задания на полетreceive flight instructionпомещение на аэродроме для размещения дежурных экипажейaerodrome alert roomпоправка на ветерwind correctionпоправка на взлетную массуtakeoff mass correctionпоправка на воздушную скоростьairspeed compensationпоправка на высотуaltitude correctionпоправка на изменение угла атаки лопастиblade-slap correctionпоправка на массуmass correctionпоправка на массу при заходе на посадкуapproach mass correctionпоправка на продолжительность1. duration correction2. duration correction factor поправка на смещениеcorrection for biasпоправка на сносdrift correctionпоправка на снос ветромcrosswind correctionпоправка на температуруtemperature correctionпоправка на уход курсового гироскопаz-correctionпорядок действий по тревоге на аэродромеaerodrome alerting procedureпорядок набора высоты на крейсерском режимеcruise climb techniqueпорядок перехода на другую частотуfrequency changeover procedureпорядок установки на место стоянкиdocking procedureпосадка на авторотацииautorotation landingпосадка на водуwater landingпосадка на две точки1. level landing2. two-point landing посадка на критическом угле атакиstall landingпосадка на маршруте полетаintermediate landingпосадка на палубуdeck landingпосадка на режиме малого газаidle-powerпосадка на точность приземленияspot landingпосадка на три точкиthree-point landingпосадка на хвостtail-down landingпотери на трениеfriction lossesправила захода на посадкуapproach to land proceduresправо на передачу билетовticket transferabilityпредварительная заявка на полетadvance flight planпредел скоростей на крейсерском режимеcruising speeds rangeпредоставлять права на воздушные перевозкиgrant traffic privilegesпредохранительная металлическая окантовка на передней кромке лопастиblade metal capпредполагаемое время захода на посадкуexpected approach timeпрепятствие в зоне захода на посадкуapproach area hazardпрепятствие на пути полетаair obstacleпрерванный заход на посадкуdiscontinued approachпрерывать заход на посадкуdiscontinue approachприбор для проверки кабины на герметичностьcabin tightness testing deviceприбор для проверки систем на герметичностьsystem leakage deviceпригодность для полета на местных воздушных линияхlocal availabilityприземляться на аэродромеget into the aerodromeпринимать груз на борт1. uplift the freight2. take on load 3. take up load принимать на себя ответственностьassume responsibilityпринимать на хранениеreceive for storageпринимать решение идти на посадкуcommit landingпринимать решение об уходе на второй кругmake decision to go-aroundпробег при посадке на водуlanding water runпроверка на герметичность1. leak test2. pressurized leakage test проверка на исполнительном стартеlineup inspectionпроверка обеспечения полетов на маршрутеroute-proving trialпроверять на наличие течиcheck for leakageпроверять на наличие трещинinspect for cracksпроверять на параллельностьcheck for parallelismпроверять шестерни на плавность зацепленияtest gears for smoothпрогноз на вылетflight forecastпрогноз на момент взлетаtakeoff forecastпрогноз на момент посадкиlanding forecastпродолжать полет на аэронавигационном запасе топливаcontinue operating on the fuel reserveпродолжительность работы двигателя на взлетном режимеfull-thrust durationпроисшествие на территории государства регистрации воздушного суднаdomestic accidentпроисшествие на территории другого государстваinternational accidentпрокладывать на карте маршрутchart a courseпромежуточный этап захода на посадкуintermediate approachпропуск на вход в аэропортairport laissez-passerпрофиль захода на посадкуapproach profileпрочность на разрывtensile strengthпрямая тяга на режиме малого газаforward idle thrustпрямые расходы на техническое обслуживаниеdirect maintenance costsпункт выхода на связьpoint of callпункт контроля на наличие металлических предметовmetal-detection gatewayпункт управления заходом на посадкуapproach control towerработа двигателя на режиме малого газаidling engine operationработа на малом газеlight runningработа на режиме холостого ходаidle runningработа на смежных диапазонахcross-band operationработать на малом газеrun idleработать на полном газеrun at full throttleработать на режиме малого газаrun at idle powerработать на режиме холостого ходаrun idleработать на топливеoperate on fuelрадиолокатор точного захода на посадкуprecision approach radarрадиолокатор управления заходом на посадкуapproach control radarрадиолокационная система захода на посадкуapproach radar systemрадиолокационная система точного захода на посадкуprecision approach radar systemрадиопеленг на маршрутеen-route radio fixрадиосредства захода на посадкуradio approach aidsразбивать на этапыbreak down into steps(траекторию полета) разбитый на участки профиль захода на посадкуmeasured approach profileразворот на курс полетаjoining turnразворот на обратный курсreverse turnразворот на посадкуlanding turnразворот на посадочную площадкуbase turnразворот на посадочную прямую1. final turn2. turn to final разворот на посадочный курсteardrop turnразмещение воздушных судно на стоянкеparking arrangementразмещение на аэродромеon-aerodrome locationразработка мероприятий на случай аварийной обстановки на аэродромеaerodrome emergency planningразрешение на беспошлинный ввозduty-free admittanceразрешение на ввозimport licenseразрешение на взлет1. takeoff clearance2. clearance for takeoff разрешение на вход1. entry clearance2. clearance to enter разрешение на вывозexport licenseразрешение на вылет1. departure clearance2. outbound clearance разрешение на выполнение воздушных перевозокoperating permitразрешение на выполнение плана полетаflight plan clearanceразрешение на выполнение полетаpermission for operationразрешение на запускstart-up clearanceразрешение на заход на посадкуapproach clearanceразрешение на заход на посадку с прямойclearance for straight-in approachразрешение на начало сниженияinitial descent clearanceразрешение на полет1. flight clearance2. operational clearance разрешение на полет в зоне ожиданияholding clearanceразрешение на полет по приборамinstrument clearanceразрешение на посадкуlanding clearanceразрешение на провоз багажаbaggage clearanceразрешение на проживание иностранного пассажираalien resident permitразрешение на пролет границыborder flight clearanceразрешение на рулениеtaxi clearanceразрешение на снижениеdescent clearanceразрешение на эксплуатацию воздушной линииroute licenseразрешенные полеты на малой высотеauthorized low flyingрайонный диспетчерский центр управления движением на авиатрассеarea control centerрасстояние до точки измерения при заходе на посадкуapproach measurement distanceрасстояние от воздушного судна до объекта на землеair-to-ground distanceрасход на крейсерском режимеcruise consumptionрасходы на аренду воздушного суднаaircraft rental costsрасходы на единицу перевозкиexpenses per traffic unitрасходы на изготовлениеmanufacturing costsрасходы на модернизациюdevelopment costsрасходы на оперативное обслуживаниеoperational expensesрасходы на техническое обслуживаниеmaintenance costsрасчет удельной нагрузки на поверхностьarea density calculationреагировать на отклонение рулейrespond to controlsреакция на отклонениеresponse to deflectionрежим малого газа при заходе на посадкуapproach idleрежим стабилизации на заданной высотеheight-lock modeрезкий разворот на землеground loopсближение на встречных курсахhead-on approachсбор за аэронавигационное обслуживание на трассе полетаen-route facility chargeсборник пассажирских тарифов на воздушную перевозкуAir Passenger Tariffсбрасывать топливо на входbypass fuel backсваливаться на носdrop the noseсвязь на маршрутеen-route communicationсегментная траектория захода на посадкуsegmented approach pathСектор закупок на местахField Purchasing UnitСектор найма на местахField Recruitment UnitСектор обеспечения снабжения на местахField Procurement Services UnitСектор учета кадров на местахField Personal Administration UnitСекция осуществления проектов на местахField Operations Section(ИКАО) Секция снабжения на местахField Procurement Section(ИКАО) Секция управления кадрами на местахField Personnel Section(ИКАО) сертификация по шуму на взлетном режимеtake-off noiseсигнал отклонения от курса на маякlocalizer-error signalсистема автоматического захода на посадкуautomatic approach systemсистема захода на посадкуapproach systemсистема объявления тревоги на аэродромеaerodrome alert systemсистема огней точного захода на посадкуprecision approach lighting systemсистема предупреждения о сдвиге ветра на малых высотахlow level wind-shear alert systemсистема управления воздушным судном при установке на стоянкуapproach guidance nose-in to stand systemскольжение на крыло1. squashing2. wing slide скользить на крылоsquash(о воздушном судне) скорость захода на посадку1. approach speed2. landing approach speed скорость захода на посадку с убранной механизацией крылаno-flap - no-slat approach speedскорость захода на посадку с убранными закрылкамиno-flap approach speedскорость захода на посадку с убранными предкрылкамиno-slat approach speedскорость истечения выходящих газов на срезе реактивного соплаnozzle exhaust velocityскорость на начальном участке набора высоты при взлетеspeed at takeoff climbскорость полета на малом газеflight idle speedскорость снижения при заходе на посадкуapproach rate of descentслужебная дорога на аэродромеaerodrome service roadснежные заносы на аэродромеaerodrome snow windrowснижение на крейсерском режимеcruise descentснижение на режиме авторотацииautorotative descend operationснижение шума при опробовании двигателей на землеground run-up noise abatementсовершать посадку на борт воздушного суднаjoin an aircraftсовершать посадку на водуland on waterсогласованный пункт выхода на связьagreed reporting pointспособ захода на посадкуapproach techniqueспособ ухода на второй кругgo-around modeсредняя нагрузка на одно колесоequivalent wheel loadсредняя тарифная ставка на пассажиро-милюaverage fare per passenger-mileсредства захода на посадкуaids to approachсрок годности при хранении на складеshelf lifeсрок представления плана на полетflight plan submission deadlineсрыв потока на лопасти1. blade slap phenomenon2. blade slap ставить воздушный винт на полетный упорlatch the propeller flight stopставить воздушный винт на упорlatch a propellerставить на тормозblock the brakeставить шасси на замкиlock the landing gearставить шасси на замок выпущенного положенияlock the landing gear downставить шасси на замок убранного положенияlock the landing gear upстандартная система захода на посадкуstandard approach systemстандартная система управления заходом на посадку по лучуstandard beam approach systemстандартный заход на посадкуstandard approachстворка на выходе из радиатораradiator exit shutterстендовые испытания на выносливостьbench-run testsстепень перепада давления на срезе соплаnozzle exhaust pressure ratioстойка регистрации у выхода на перронgate checkстолкновение на встречных курсахhead-on collisionступенчатый заход на посадкуstep-down approachстыковка рейсов на полный маршрутend-to-end connectionсудно на воздушной подушкеhovercraftсхема визуального захода на посадкуvisual approach streamlineсхема захода на посадку1. approach procedure2. approach chart 3. approach pattern схема захода на посадку без применения радиолокационных средствnonprecision approach procedureсхема захода на посадку по командам с землиground-controlled approach procedureсхема захода на посадку по коробочкеrectangular approach traffic patternсхема захода на посадку по приборам1. instrument approach chart2. instrument approach procedure схема разворота на посадочный кругbase turn procedureсхема точного захода на посадкуprecision approach procedureсхема ухода на второй круг1. overshoot procedure2. missed approach procedure таможенное разрешение на провозclearance of goodsтариф на воздушную перевозку пассажираair fareтариф на оптовую чартерную перевозкуwholesale charter rateтариф на отдельном участке полетаsectorial rateтариф на перевозку почтыmail rateтариф на перевозку товаровcommodity rateтариф на полет в ночное время сутокnight fareтариф на полет по замкнутому кругуround trip fareтариф на полет с возвратом в течение сутокday round trip fareтариф на путешествиеtrip fareтемпература газов на входе в турбинуturbine entry temperatureтемпература на входеinlet temperatureтемпература на входе в турбинуturbine inlet temperatureтемпература на выходеoutlet temperatureтемпература на выходе из компрессораcompressor delivery temperatureтемпература на уровне моряsea-level temperatureтенденция сваливания на крылоwing heavinessтерритория зоны захода на посадкуapproach terrainтехника пилотирования на крейсерском режимеaeroplane cruising techniqueтопливный бак, устанавливаемый на конце крылаwingtip fuel tankтопливо на опробованиеrun-up fuelтопливо расходуемое на выбор высотыclimb fuelторможение на мокрой ВППwet braking acquisitionтормозное устройство на ВППrunway arresting gearточный заход на посадкуprecision approachтраектория захода на посадкуapproach pathтраектория захода на посадку по азимутуazimuth approach pathтраектория захода на посадку по лучу курсового маякаlocalizer approach trackтраектория захода на посадку, сертифицированная по шумуnoise certification approach pathтраектория захода на посадку с прямойstraight-in approach pathтраектория конечного этапа захода на посадкуfinal approach pathтраектория точного захода на посадкуprecision approach pathтренировочный заход на посадкуpractice low approachтяга на взлетном режимеtakeoff thrustтяга на максимально продолжительном режимеmaximum continuous thrustтяга на режиме максимального газаfull throttle thrustтяга на режиме малого газаidling thrustтяга на установившемся режимеsteady thrustугломестная антенна захода на посадкуapproach elevation antennaугол захода на посадкуangle of approachугол распространения шума при заходе на посадкуapproach noise angleудельное давление колеса на грунтwheel specific pressureудельное давление на поверхность ВППfootprint pressureудельный расход топлива на кг тяги в часthrust specific fuel consumptionудлиненный конечный этап захода на посадкуlong finalудостоверение на право полета по авиалинииairline certificateудостоверение на право полета по приборамinstrument certificateуказатель места ожидания на рулежной дорожкеtaxi-holding position signуказатель скорости снижения на ВППrising runway indicatorуказатель траектории точного захода на посадкуprecision approach path indicatorуказатель угла захода на посадкуapproach angle indicatorуправление в зоне захода на посадкуapproach controlуправление воздушным движением на трассе полетаairways controlуправление на переходном режимеcontrol in transitionуправление при выводе на курсroll-out guidanceуровень шума при заходе на посадкуapproach noise levelусилие на органах управления от автомата загрузкиartificial feelусилие на педалиpedal forceусилие на ручку управленияstick forceусилие на систему управленияcontrol system loadусилие на штурвалеcontrol wheel forceусилие пилота на органах управленияpilot-applied forceусловия, моделируемые на тренажереsimulated conditionsусловия на маршрутеen-route environmentусловия посадки на водуditching conditionsустанавливать на бортуinstall aboardустанавливать на борту воздушного суднаinstall in the aircraftустанавливать на требуемый уголset at the desired angleустанавливать на упор шагаlatch the pitch stop(лопасти воздушного винта) устанавливать шасси на замки выпущенного положенияlock the legsустановка в положение для захода на посадкуapproach settingустановка закрылков на взлетный уголflaps takeoff settingустановка закрылков на посадочный уголflaps landing settingустановка на замок выпущенного положенияlockdownустановка на замок убранного положенияlockupустановка на место обслуживанияdocking manoeuvreустановка на место стоянки1. docking2. parking manoeuvre установленная схема ухода на второй круг по приборамinstrument missed procedureустановленный на воздушном суднеairborneустановленный на двигателеengine-mountedустойчивость на водеstability on water(после аварийной посадки воздушного судна) устойчивость на курсеcourse keeping abilityустойчивость на траектории полетаarrow flight stabilityустойчивость при заходе на посадкуsteadiness of approachустойчивость при скольжении на крылоside slipping stabilityустройство для транспортировки древесины на внешней подвескеtimber-carrying suspending deviceутопленный огонь на поверхности ВППrunway flush lightуточнение задания на полетflight coordinationуходить на второй круг1. go round again2. miss approach уходить на второй круг по заданной схемеtake a missed-approach procedureуход на второй круг1. go-around flight manoeuvre2. go-around 3. missed approach 4. balked landing уход на второй круг с этапа захода на посадкуmissed approach operationучасток захода на посадку1. approach leg2. approach segment участок захода на посадку до первого разворотаupwind legучасток разворота на ВППrunway turning bayфлажок на рейкеtracking flagхарактеристики на разворотахturn characteristicsцентр радиолокационного управления заходом на посадкуradar approach controlчастота вызова на связьcalling frequencyчастота на маршруте полетаen-route frequencyчисло оборотов двигателя на взлетном режимеengine takeoff speedшаблон схемы разворота на посадочный курсbase turn templateшасси выпущено и установлено на замки выпущенного положенияlanding gear is down and lockedшвартовка груза на воздушном суднеaircraft cargo lashingштуцер для проверки наддува на землеground pressurization connectionштуцер для проверки на землеground testing connectionштырь фиксации на землеground locking pinэквивалентная мощность на валуequivalent shaft powerэкзамен на получение квалификационной отметкиrating testэксплуатационные расходы на воздушное судноaircraft operating expensesэлектропроводка высокого напряжения на воздушном суднеaircraft high tension wiringэлектропроводка низкого напряжения на воздушном суднеaircraft low tension wiringэтап захода на посадкуapproach phase -
84 Lohn
Lohn m 1. GEN, PERS wage, wages, pay; 2. WIWI wages* * *m 1. <Geschäft, Person> wage, wages, pay; 2. <Vw> wages* * *Lohn
wage[s], hire, rate, screw (Br. sl.), (Belohnung) reward, gratification, recompense, price, (Bezahlung) pay[ment], (Entschädigung) compensation, consideration, return, (Gehalt) salary, (Honorar) fee, (Verdienst) earnings, (Vergütung) remuneration, emolument, consideration;
• von der Gewerkschaft ausgehandelter Lohn union wage;
• bar ausgezahlter Lohn wage paid in cash;
• auskömmlicher Lohn living wage;
• branchenüblicher Lohn prevailing wage;
• das Existenzminimum gerade deckender Lohn maintenance (bare subsistence, US) wage;
• durchschnittlicher Lohn average wage;
• effektiver Lohn net wage, take-home pay, wage actually earned;
• entgangener Lohn lost pay, dead time;
• erhöhter Lohn higher wages (pay);
• fälliger Lohn wages due;
• festgesetzter Lohn stipulated wage;
• garantierter Lohn guaranteed wage;
• künstlich gehaltener Lohn pegged wage;
• geltender Lohn prevailing wage;
• geringer Lohn chicken-feed (sl.);
• Ersparnisse gestattender Lohn saving wage;
• einen Monat im Voraus gezahlter Lohn one-month advance wage;
• stundenweise gezahlter Lohn pay by the day;
• tatsächlich gezahlter Lohn take-home pay;
• gleicher Lohn equal pay;
• gleich bleibender Lohn same pay;
• gleitender Lohn sliding wage;
• gültiger Lohn prevailing wage;
• überdurchschnittlich hoher Lohn loose (runaway) rate;
• indexgebundener (indexierter) Lohn index-linked wage;
• über dem Existenzminimum liegender Lohn living wage;
• über den amtlichen Richtlinien liegender Lohn above-pay-policy wage (Br.);
• mittlerer Lohn average (medium, US) wage;
• ortsüblicher Lohn local (standard) wage;
• produktiver Lohn productive wage;
• progressiver Lohn progressive wage;
• rückständiger Lohn wage in arrears, back wages (pay);
• mit der Produktion steigender Lohn progressive wages;
• ständig steigender Lohn steadily increasing wage;
• übertariflicher Lohn out-of-line rate;
• üblicher Lohn going wage;
• ungenügender Lohn insufficient pay;
• untertariflicher Lohn superannuated wage, subminimum rate (wage);
• im Ausland verdienter und gezahlter Lohn foreign pay earned abroad;
• vertraglich vereinbarter Lohn contractual wage (US);
• wöchentlicher Lohn weekly pay;
• Lohn nach dem letzten Abrechnungszeitraum current wage;
• gleicher Lohn für gleiche Arbeit equal pay for equal work;
• Lohn für nicht ganztägig beschäftigte Arbeitskräfte part-time rate;
• Lohn nur bei Erfolg (Bergelohn) no cure, no pay;
• Lohn unter dem Existenzminimum below-poverty wage;
• vom Lohn abziehen to deduct from the wage;
• für zu niedrigen Lohn arbeiten to undercut (underrent) wages;
• Lohn aufbessern to improve (raise) wages;
• Lohn auszahlen to pay [out] wages;
• auf höherem Lohn bestehen to stick out for higher pay;
• j. um Lohn und Brot bringen to deprive s. o. of his livelihood;
• Lohn einbehalten to stop (detain) wages;
• soundsoviel von jds. Lohn einbehalten to withhold (keep back) so much out of s. one’s pay (wages);
• seinen wohlverdienten Lohn empfangen to get one’s deserts (what is coming to one, US);
• als Lohn erhalten to earn, to meet one’s reward;
• jem. Lohn und Brot geben to keep s. o. in one’s pay;
• Lohn kürzen to cut down wages;
• Lohn pfänden to garnishee (attach, US) the wages;
• bei jem. in Lohn und Brot stehen to be in s. one’s service (pay);
• Lohn zahlen to pay wages;
• Lohnabbau wage cut[ting] (reduction, deflation), cut in wages. -
85 CAR
1) Общая лексика: capital adequacy ratio2) Компьютерная техника: Committed Access Rate, Computer Aided Roboting, Computer Assisted Radiology3) Авиация: Continuing Airframe Review Program4) Медицина: carbon monoxide confirmed continuous abstinence rate, индекс постоянного воздержания, индекс постоянства абстиненции, подтверждённый содержанием моноксида углерода в выдыхаемом воздухе индекс постоянства воздержания от курения, подтверждаемый содержанием CO индекс постоянства воздержания от курения, подтверждаемый содержанием угарного газа индекс постоянства воздержания от курения, конститутивный андростан-рецептор (конститутивный рецептор андростанов) (constitutive androstane receptor), conditioned avoidance response5) Военный термин: Canadian Airborne Regiment, Caribbean, Chief, Army Reserve, Colt automatic rifle, Committee for Aeronautical Research, Compact Assault Rifle, Configuration Analysis Report, Cooperative Automotive Research, Corps Automation Requirements, Current Action Report, central apparatus room, certification approval request, combat action ribbon, command assessment review, commander's availability report, conditions and recommendations, contract administration report, contract authorization request6) Психиатрия: continuous abstinence rate7) Техника: Chinese Association of Refrigeration, cable relay station, cloud-top altitude radiometer, computer-aided retrieval, condenser air removal system, configuration acceptance review, containment air recirculation, corrective action recommendations, current address register8) Химия: Canonical Anticommutation Relations, Commercial And Residential, Комитет по аналитическим реактивам9) Юридический термин: Court of Appeals Administrative Rules (court rules)10) Бухгалтерия: Capital Acquisition Request, Compound Annual Return, Compounded Annual Rate, Cumulative Abnormal Returns, Cumulative Average Return11) Финансы: capital adequacy ratio, коэффициент достаточности капитала12) Страхование: construction all risks (все строительные риски)13) Сокращение: Carib, Central African Republic, Civil Air Regulations, Civil Airworthiness Regulation, Combined Arms regiment (USA), Command Assessment Review (USAF), Conformal-Array Radar, Consumer Affairs Representative, Core Antenna Radar (European), Core Antenna Radar, Contents of the Address part of the Register (LISP), Customs and Revenue14) Университет: Continuing Alumni Relations15) Электроника: Compressed Audio Recording, Computer- Aided Research16) Вычислительная техника: Committed Access Rate (Cisco), Computer Aided Retrieval, central access routing, содержимое адресного регистра, Central Access Routing (RND)17) Банковское дело: сертификаты кредитов на покупку автомобилей (certificates for automobile receivables)18) Транспорт: Caribbean Region19) Воздухоплавание: Civil Air Regulation21) Деловая лексика: Challenge Action Result, Challenge, Approach, Results, Comprehensive Adequate And Representative, Cooperative Automobile Research22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Construction All Risks Insurance23) Менеджмент: corrective action request, рекомендации по корректирующим действиям24) Инвестиции: certificates for automobile receivables, заявка на осуществление капитальных вложений25) Программирование: Contents Of Address Register26) Автоматика: computer assisted retrieval system, computer-assisted retrieval27) Контроль качества: corrective action report, несоответствие (Corrective Action Request)28) Сахалин Р: Corrective Action Register29) Расширение файла: Channel Address Register30) Нефть и газ: capital asset request (usually a form to fill out)31) Исследования и разработки (НИОКР): corrective action system32) NYSE. Carter Wallace, Inc. -
86 Car
1) Общая лексика: capital adequacy ratio2) Компьютерная техника: Committed Access Rate, Computer Aided Roboting, Computer Assisted Radiology3) Авиация: Continuing Airframe Review Program4) Медицина: carbon monoxide confirmed continuous abstinence rate, индекс постоянного воздержания, индекс постоянства абстиненции, подтверждённый содержанием моноксида углерода в выдыхаемом воздухе индекс постоянства воздержания от курения, подтверждаемый содержанием CO индекс постоянства воздержания от курения, подтверждаемый содержанием угарного газа индекс постоянства воздержания от курения, конститутивный андростан-рецептор (конститутивный рецептор андростанов) (constitutive androstane receptor), conditioned avoidance response5) Военный термин: Canadian Airborne Regiment, Caribbean, Chief, Army Reserve, Colt automatic rifle, Committee for Aeronautical Research, Compact Assault Rifle, Configuration Analysis Report, Cooperative Automotive Research, Corps Automation Requirements, Current Action Report, central apparatus room, certification approval request, combat action ribbon, command assessment review, commander's availability report, conditions and recommendations, contract administration report, contract authorization request6) Психиатрия: continuous abstinence rate7) Техника: Chinese Association of Refrigeration, cable relay station, cloud-top altitude radiometer, computer-aided retrieval, condenser air removal system, configuration acceptance review, containment air recirculation, corrective action recommendations, current address register8) Химия: Canonical Anticommutation Relations, Commercial And Residential, Комитет по аналитическим реактивам9) Юридический термин: Court of Appeals Administrative Rules (court rules)10) Бухгалтерия: Capital Acquisition Request, Compound Annual Return, Compounded Annual Rate, Cumulative Abnormal Returns, Cumulative Average Return11) Финансы: capital adequacy ratio, коэффициент достаточности капитала12) Страхование: construction all risks (все строительные риски)13) Сокращение: Carib, Central African Republic, Civil Air Regulations, Civil Airworthiness Regulation, Combined Arms regiment (USA), Command Assessment Review (USAF), Conformal-Array Radar, Consumer Affairs Representative, Core Antenna Radar (European), Core Antenna Radar, Contents of the Address part of the Register (LISP), Customs and Revenue14) Университет: Continuing Alumni Relations15) Электроника: Compressed Audio Recording, Computer- Aided Research16) Вычислительная техника: Committed Access Rate (Cisco), Computer Aided Retrieval, central access routing, содержимое адресного регистра, Central Access Routing (RND)17) Банковское дело: сертификаты кредитов на покупку автомобилей (certificates for automobile receivables)18) Транспорт: Caribbean Region19) Воздухоплавание: Civil Air Regulation21) Деловая лексика: Challenge Action Result, Challenge, Approach, Results, Comprehensive Adequate And Representative, Cooperative Automobile Research22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Construction All Risks Insurance23) Менеджмент: corrective action request, рекомендации по корректирующим действиям24) Инвестиции: certificates for automobile receivables, заявка на осуществление капитальных вложений25) Программирование: Contents Of Address Register26) Автоматика: computer assisted retrieval system, computer-assisted retrieval27) Контроль качества: corrective action report, несоответствие (Corrective Action Request)28) Сахалин Р: Corrective Action Register29) Расширение файла: Channel Address Register30) Нефть и газ: capital asset request (usually a form to fill out)31) Исследования и разработки (НИОКР): corrective action system32) NYSE. Carter Wallace, Inc. -
87 car
1) Общая лексика: capital adequacy ratio2) Компьютерная техника: Committed Access Rate, Computer Aided Roboting, Computer Assisted Radiology3) Авиация: Continuing Airframe Review Program4) Медицина: carbon monoxide confirmed continuous abstinence rate, индекс постоянного воздержания, индекс постоянства абстиненции, подтверждённый содержанием моноксида углерода в выдыхаемом воздухе индекс постоянства воздержания от курения, подтверждаемый содержанием CO индекс постоянства воздержания от курения, подтверждаемый содержанием угарного газа индекс постоянства воздержания от курения, конститутивный андростан-рецептор (конститутивный рецептор андростанов) (constitutive androstane receptor), conditioned avoidance response5) Военный термин: Canadian Airborne Regiment, Caribbean, Chief, Army Reserve, Colt automatic rifle, Committee for Aeronautical Research, Compact Assault Rifle, Configuration Analysis Report, Cooperative Automotive Research, Corps Automation Requirements, Current Action Report, central apparatus room, certification approval request, combat action ribbon, command assessment review, commander's availability report, conditions and recommendations, contract administration report, contract authorization request6) Психиатрия: continuous abstinence rate7) Техника: Chinese Association of Refrigeration, cable relay station, cloud-top altitude radiometer, computer-aided retrieval, condenser air removal system, configuration acceptance review, containment air recirculation, corrective action recommendations, current address register8) Химия: Canonical Anticommutation Relations, Commercial And Residential, Комитет по аналитическим реактивам9) Юридический термин: Court of Appeals Administrative Rules (court rules)10) Бухгалтерия: Capital Acquisition Request, Compound Annual Return, Compounded Annual Rate, Cumulative Abnormal Returns, Cumulative Average Return11) Финансы: capital adequacy ratio, коэффициент достаточности капитала12) Страхование: construction all risks (все строительные риски)13) Сокращение: Carib, Central African Republic, Civil Air Regulations, Civil Airworthiness Regulation, Combined Arms regiment (USA), Command Assessment Review (USAF), Conformal-Array Radar, Consumer Affairs Representative, Core Antenna Radar (European), Core Antenna Radar, Contents of the Address part of the Register (LISP), Customs and Revenue14) Университет: Continuing Alumni Relations15) Электроника: Compressed Audio Recording, Computer- Aided Research16) Вычислительная техника: Committed Access Rate (Cisco), Computer Aided Retrieval, central access routing, содержимое адресного регистра, Central Access Routing (RND)17) Банковское дело: сертификаты кредитов на покупку автомобилей (certificates for automobile receivables)18) Транспорт: Caribbean Region19) Воздухоплавание: Civil Air Regulation21) Деловая лексика: Challenge Action Result, Challenge, Approach, Results, Comprehensive Adequate And Representative, Cooperative Automobile Research22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Construction All Risks Insurance23) Менеджмент: corrective action request, рекомендации по корректирующим действиям24) Инвестиции: certificates for automobile receivables, заявка на осуществление капитальных вложений25) Программирование: Contents Of Address Register26) Автоматика: computer assisted retrieval system, computer-assisted retrieval27) Контроль качества: corrective action report, несоответствие (Corrective Action Request)28) Сахалин Р: Corrective Action Register29) Расширение файла: Channel Address Register30) Нефть и газ: capital asset request (usually a form to fill out)31) Исследования и разработки (НИОКР): corrective action system32) NYSE. Carter Wallace, Inc. -
88 Durchschnittsalter
Durchschnittsalter
average age;
• steigendes Durchschnittsalter der Bevölkerung increasing average age of the population;
• Durchschnittsarbeiter average workman, normal operator (US);
• jährliche Durchschnittsarbeitszeit average annual working;
• Durchschnittsauflage average sold circulation;
• Durchschnittsaufwand average cost;
• Durchschnittsbaumwollqualität cotton standard;
• Durchschnittsbestand eines Warenlagers average holding of the goods in store;
• Durchschnittsbetrag average amount;
• jährlicher Durchschnittsbruttoumsatz average annual gross sales;
• Durchschnittsbürger commonplace kind of man;
• Durchschnittsdauer eines eingeräumten Kredits average collection period;
• Durchschnittseinkommen average income (earnings), (dreijährig) statutory income;
• Durchschnittseinkünfte pro Beförderungsziffer average revenue per passenger mile;
• Durchschnittseinnahme average revenue;
• Durchschnittsertrag average return (yield);
• geschätzter Durchschnittsertrag estimated running yield;
• Durchschnittserzeugnis average production;
• einfaches Durchschnittserzeugnis run of the mill, run-of-the-mill line;
• Durchschnittsfachmann (Patentrecht) average mechanic skilled in the art;
• Durchschnittsfamilie standard family;
• Durchschnittsfirma representative firm;
• Durchschnittsgeldbeutel average pocket [battleship];
• Durchschnittsgemeinkostensatz average burden rate;
• Durchschnittsgestehungspreis average cost price;
• Durchschnittsgewinn average profit;
• Durchschnittsguthaben average balance;
• Durchschnittshaushalt average household;
• Durchschnittskapazität average (mean) capacity;
• Durchschnittskonsument ordinary consumer. -
89 como
adv.1 as.lo he hecho como es debido I did it as o the way it should be doneme encanta como bailas I love the way you dancelo hagamos como lo hagamos habrá problemas whichever way we do it there'll be problems2 as.como te decía ayer… as I was telling you yesterday…3 as.trabaja como bombero he works as a firemandieron el dinero como anticipo they gave the money as an advance4 about (aproximadamente).me quedan como mil pesos I've got about a thousand pesos leftestamos como a mitad de camino we're about half-way theretiene un sabor como a naranja it tastes a bit like an orange5 like, as, such as, qua.6 how, in which way.7 some.Pesa como cien libras It weighs some hundred pounds.conj.1 as, since (ya que).como no llegabas, nos fuimos as o since you didn't arrive, we left2 if (si). (peninsular Spanish)como no me hagas caso, lo pasarás mal if you don't listen to me, there will be trouble3 that (que).después de tantas veces como te lo he explicado after all the times (that) I've explained it to youprep.1 like, as, just like, such as.Te di esto en condición de préstamo I gave this to you as a loan.2 as to.3 how to.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: comer.* * *► adverbio1 (modo) how2 (comparación) as, like3 (en calidad de) as4 (según) as5 familiar (aproximadamente) about1 (así que) as2 (si) if■ como lo vuelvas a hacer... if you do it again...3 (porque) as, since\como no sea que unlesscomo sea whatever happens, no matter whatcomo si lo viera familiar I can imagine perfectly wellcomo si nada / como si tal cosa as if nothing had happenedhacer como quien to pretend to +infhacer como si to pretend to +inftanto como eso no familiar not as much as that* * *1. conj.1) as2) like3) if4) since, given that2. prep.as, like* * *1. ADV1) [indicando semejanza] likejuega como yo — he plays like me o like I do
tuvo resultados como no se habían conocido antes — it had results such as had never been known before
2) [introduciendo ejemplo] such ashay peces, como truchas y salmones — there are fish, such as trout and salmon
tiene ventajas, como son la resistencia y durabilidad — it has advantages, such as o like strength and durability
3) [indicando modo]a) + indichazlo como te dijo ella — do it like * o the way she told you
toca como canta — she plays like * o the same way as she sings
no es como me lo imaginaba — it isn't as o like * I imagined it
•
tal como, tal como lo había planeado — just as o the way I had planned itb) + subjunhazlo como quieras — do it however you want o like
hazlo como puedas — do your best, do the best you can
está decidido a salvar como sea la vida del niño — he's determined to do whatever it takes to save the child's life
4) (=en calidad de) as5) (=más o menos) about, aroundhabía como cincuenta — there were about o around fifty
vino como a las dos — he came at about o around two
sentía como tristeza — she felt a sort o kind of sadness
6) [con valor causal]2. CONJ1) + indic (=ya que) as, sincecomo no tenía dinero — as o since I had no money
2) + indic (=según) as•
tal (y) como están las cosas — the way things are, as things standtal como están los precios de las motos... — with motorbike prices as they are at the moment...
3) + indic (=cuando) as soon as4) + indic(=que)verás como les ganamos — we'll beat them, you'll see
•
de tanto como, tienen las manos doloridas de tanto como aplaudieron — they clapped so much their hands hurtde tanto como odio a los dos, no sé a quien odio más — I hate them both so much, I don't know which I hate the most
5) + subjun (=si) ifcomo vengas tarde, no comes — if you're late you'll get nothing to eat
como sea cierto, ¡estamos perdidos! — if it's true, we're done for!
¡como lo pierdas! — you'd better not lose it!, don't you lose it!
•
como no, como no lo haga en seguida... — if he doesn't do it at once..., unless he does it at once...no salimos, como no sea para ir al cine — we only go out if it's to go to the cinema, we don't go out unless it's to go to the cinema
6)¡como que yo soy tonto y me creo esas mentiras! — as if I was stupid enough to believe lies like that!
¡como que te van a pagar! — don't tell me they're going to pay you!
7)• como si — as if, as though
siguió leyendo, como si no hubiera oído nada — he kept on reading, as if o as though he hadn't heard
sentí como si fuera a caerme — I felt as if o as though I was about to fall
como si no hubiera pasado nada — as if o as though nothing had happened
se comporta como si me odiara — he behaves as if o as though he hated me
como si fuera a llover — as if o as though it was going to rain
8)• como para, ¡es como para denunciarlos! — it's enough to make you want to report them to the police!
9) CAm, Méxasí 1., 5), pronto 1., 4), querer 2., 1)a como dé o diera lugar — at any cost
* * *I1)a) ( en calidad de) asel director tendrá como funciones... — the director's duties will be...
b) ( con el nombre de) asse la conoce como `flor de luz' — it's known as `flor de luz'
c) ( por ejemplo) likeen algunos lugares como Londres — in some places such as o like London
2) (en comparaciones, contrastes) likefue ella, como que me llamo Beatriz — it was her, as sure as my name's Beatriz
bailó como nunca — she danced as o like she'd never danced before
como para + inf: es como para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry; fue como para pegarle — I could have hit him
3) (en locs)así como — (frml) as well as
IIcomo él solo/ella sola: es egoísta como él solo he's so o he's incredibly selfish!; como mucho/poco at (the) most/at least; como nadie: cocina como nadie nobody cooks like her; como que...: conduce muy bien - como que es piloto de carreras he drives very well - well, he is a racing driver, after all; y no me lo dijiste - como que no lo sabía! and you didn't tell me about it - that's because I didn't know about it!; como ser (CS) such as, for example; como si (+ subj) as if, as though; ella está grave y él como si nada or como si tal cosa — she's seriously ill and he doesn't seem at all o in the least worried
1) ( de la manera que) as(tal y) como están las cosas — as things stand; (+ subj)
hazlo como quieras/como puedas — do it any way you like/as best as you can
no voy - como quieras — I'm not going - please yourself o as you like
la buganvilla, o como quiera que se llame — bougainvillea or whatever it's called
2) ( puesto que) as, sincecomo era temprano, nos fuimos a dar una vuelta — since o as it was early, we went for a walk
3) (si) (+ subj) ifcomo te pille... — if I catch you...
4) ( en oraciones concesivas)cansado como estaba, me ayudó — tired though o tired as he was, he helped me
5) ( que)IIIvas a ver como llega tarde — he'll be late, you'll see
1) ( expresando aproximación) about2) ( uso expletivo) kind of (colloq)me da como vergüenza... — I find it kind of embarrassing...
* * *= as, by way of, for the purpose of + Nombre, how, in the guise of, just as, like, qua, much as, as a kind of, as serving as, along the lines of, in + Posesivo + capacity as, such as, kind of like.Ex. This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.Ex. An annotation is a note added to the title and/or other bibliographic information concerning a document, by way of comment or explanation.Ex. Taking the second situation for the purpose of illustration, there are four options for choice of title.Ex. Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.Ex. Further, these indexers are probably so familiar with their subject area that, they whether in the guise of indexer or searcher, will profit little from any additional guides to relationships.Ex. Just as Ivan finds that by taking pleasure in an extra piece of food he makes survival possible and beats Stalin and his jailors at heir own game.Ex. Thus, the computer-held term record files are most suitable for applications like Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) systems.Ex. Such a concept came as a great surprise to many information educators who rather dismissively regarded the information qua information field of activity as being too limited.Ex. More studies are needed to identify the full temporal effects of the personal computer, much as they did for television.Ex. In a way, it is acting as a kind of bridge between the two, permitting traffic both ways where once there was a divide.Ex. 45 libraries have been unofficially recognised by librarians as serving as model children's libraries.Ex. The author considers the possibility of a shift from libraries to personal information service along the lines of the shift that has occured from public to private transport.Ex. Strange that so helpful and charming a person in his capacity as a librarian could behave so monstrously; but behave thus he did.Ex. Indicative abstracts abound in phrases such as 'is discussed' or 'has been surveyed', but do not record the outcome of the discussion or survey.Ex. It's kind of like trumping in public -- You simply do not do it!.----* ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.* aducir como evidencia = adduce as + evidence.* algo así como = something like.* añádase cómo = expand like.* así como = as, as well as.* así como así = just like that.* así como... de igual modo... = just as... so....* así es como = this is how.* así es como es = that's how it is.* caer como moscas = drop like + flies.* como aclaración = in parenthesis.* como algo natural = as a matter of course.* como algo normal = as a matter of course.* como algo opuesto a = as against.* como algo residual = residually.* como alternativa = as an alternative.* como anillo al dedo = just the ticket, the right twigs for an eagle's nest, perfect fit, perfect match, that's the ticket!.* como antes = as before.* como apoyo a = in support of.* como barcos que se cruzan (en la noche) = like passing ships (in the night).* como barcos que se cruzan (en la oscuridad) = like passing ships (in the night).* como base para = as a basis for.* como cabe esperar = unsurprisingly, as one might expect, as expected.* como cabía esperar = as expected.* como cabría esperar = as might be expected, as one might expect.* como cabría suponer = as might be expected.* como consecuencia = on this basis, on that basis, in doing so, in consequence, in accordance.* como consecuencia (de) = as a result (of), in the wake of, as a consequence (of).* cómo conseguir = obtainability.* como con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.* como contrapartida = in return.* como cooperativa = collegially.* como corresponde = fittingly.* como corresponde a = as befits.* como cuando + Indicativo = as in + Gerundio.* como de costumbre = as usual, as always, according to normal practice.* cómo demonios = how on earth.* como dice el dicho = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.* como dice el refrán = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.* como diferente a = as distinct from.* cómo disponer de (algo) = disposition.* como dos gotas de agua = as alike as two peas in a pod, like two peas in a pod.* como ejemplo = as an example, by way of illustration.* como el cuero = leathery.* como el desierto = desert-like.* como el día y la noche = worlds apart, like oil and water, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.* como el fuego = like wildfire.* como el perro del hortelano que ni come ni deja comer = a dog in the manger.* como en casa = like home (away) from home.* como en casa no se está en ningún sitio = there's no place like home.* como en el caso de = as with, just as for, as in the case of.* como era de esperar = as expected.* como es debido = fittingly.* como es de esperar = predictably, not surprisingly, as expected.* como es el caso de = as it is with, as with.* como es habitual = as always.* como es natural = not unnaturally.* como es normal = as always.* como esto = like this.* como fecha final = at the very latest.* como forma de vida = as a way of life.* como grogui = drowsily, groggily.* como grupo = collectively.* como guía = for guidance.* como la noche y el día = like oil and water, worlds apart, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.* como la pólvora = like wildfire.* como las ardillas = squirrel-like.* como las empresas = business-like.* como loca = like a madwoman.* como loco = like hell, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman.* como medida de seguridad = as a backup.* como medida provisional = as an interim measure.* como medida temporal = as an interim measure.* como medida transitoria = as an interim measure.* como mejor + poder = as best + Pronombre + can.* como mínimo = at least, conservatively, at a minimum.* como mínimo hasta que = minimally until.* como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.* como muestra de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.* como muestra de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.* como muestra de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.* como muy tarde = at the latest.* como norma = as a rule, as a matter of policy.* como norma general = as a rule of thumb, as a general rule, as a general rule of thumb, as a rough guide.* cómo nos las ingeniamos para... = how in the world....* como nota al margen = on a sidenote.* como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.* como ocurre en estos casos = as is the way with these things.* como + ocurrir + en el caso de = as + be + the case for.* como opuesto a = as distinct from, as opposed to.* como otra posibilidad = as an alternative.* ¡como para creérselo! = Posesivo + famous last words.* como parásito = parasitically.* como persona que = as one who.* como pez fuera del agua = like a fish out of water.* como polo opuesto = by polar contrast.* como por arte de magia = magically, into thin air.* como por ejemplo = such as, to the effect of.* como por encanto = magically.* como poseído = as one possessed.* como preámbulo de = as a preamble to.* como primera elección = as a first preference.* como prueba de = as a token of, as a sign of.* como prueba de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.* como prueba de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.* como prueba de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.* como pruebas = in evidence, in evidence.* como quiera que + Verbo = however + Verbo.* como quieras llamarlo = whatever you call it.* como reconocimiento a = in recognition of.* como respuesta a = in reply to, in response to.* como resultado = in consequence, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.* como resultado (de) = as a consequence (of).* como salido de fábrica = in mint condition.* como segunda alternativa = as a backup.* como se indicó en = as was pointed out in.* como señal de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.* como señal de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.* como señal de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.* cómo + ser = what + be like.* como si = as though.* como si dijéramos = as it were.* como siempre = as always.* como si fuese = as it were.* como siga así = at this rate.* como sigue = as follows.* como símbolo de = as a token of, as a sign of.* como si nada = be right as rain, unfazed.* como si no hubiera mañana = like there's no tomorrow.* como si + Pronombre + fuese la vida en ello = like there's no tomorrow.* como si se acabara el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.* como si se fuese a acabar el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.* como si se + Pronombre + hubiera tragado la tierra = into thin air.* como si (se tratase de) = as if.* como si tal cosa = be right as rain, unfazed, just like that.* como sustituto de = in place of.* como tal = as such, in this capacity, qua.* como término medio = on average.* como todo un caballero = sportingly.* como último recurso = as a last resort, in the last resort.* como una aguja en un pajar = like a needle in a haystack.* como una balsa de aceite = like a millpond, calm like a millpond.* como una cabra = stark raving mad, raving mad.* como una cebolla = onion-like.* como una condenada = like a madwoman.* como una descosida = like a madwoman.* como una forma de = as a means of.* como una metralladora = quick-fire.* como un basilisco = like a bear with a sore head.* como un bobo = stupidly.* como un bólido = like the clappers.* como un campo de batalla = like a war zone.* como un cencerro = barking mad, raving mad, stark raving mad.* como un condenado = like the clappers, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.* como un descosido = like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.* como un detective = detectivelike, sleuthlike.* como un elefante en una cacharrería = like an elephant in a china shop.* como un energúmeno = like a bear with a sore head.* como un estúpido = stupidly.* como un experto = expertly.* como un glaciar = glacially.* como unidad global = as a whole.* como un idiota = stupidly.* como un loca = like a madwoman.* como un loco = like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, madly, like a madman.* como un método para = as a means of.* como un modo de = as a way of.* como un necio = stupidly.* como un observador que pasa desapercibido = fly-on-the-wall, fly-on-the-wall.* cómo uno se identifica a sí mismo = self-identification.* como un platillo = saucer-like.* como un poseído = as one possessed.* como un rayo = in a flash.* como un reguero de pólvora = like wildfire.* como un relámpago = like greased lightning, like the clappers.* como un reloj = as regular as clockwork, like clockwork.* como un televisor = television-type.* como un todo = as a whole.* como un tonto = stupidly, foolishly.* como un torpe = foolishly.* como un zombi = zombielike.* como vivir en un escaparate = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.* como + Voz Pasiva = as + Participio Pasado.* como y cuando = as and when.* como y cuando sea + Adjetivo = as + Adjetivo.* comportarse como se espera = be a sport.* con el mismo + Nombre + como el que... = as + Adverbio + as....* conocerse como = be known as.* dar como resultado = result (in).* de cómo = as to how.* durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.* el modo como = the way in which.* el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.* frase como encabezamiento = phrase heading.* llegar a ser conocido como = become + known as.* mantenerse como válido = hold up.* nada menos que + Nombre + tan + Adjetivo + como = no less + Adjetivo + Nombre + than.* no + haber + nada como = there + be + nothing like.* ofrecerse como voluntario = volunteer.* para colmo = on top of everything else.* plan de cómo disponer de Algo = disposition instruction.* proponer como principio = posit.* sea como sea = be that as it may, at all costs, at any cost.* seleccionar como relevante = hit.* ser como hablar con la pared = be like talking to a brick wall.* ser tan buen momento como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.* ser un momento tan bueno como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.* tal como = such as, such + Nombre + as, just as.* tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).* tal y como es/son = as it/they stand(s).* tal y como + ser = in + Posesivo + true colours.* tan + Adjetivo + como = as + Adjetivo + as, every bit as + Adjetivo + as.* tan + Adjetivo + como de costumbre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.* tan + Adjetivo + como siempre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.* tan pronto como = as soon as, just as soon as, no sooner... than.* tan pronto como sea posible = as soon as possible (asap).* tanto como = as many... as..., as much as + Adjetivo, both... and..., no less than, equally, if not, so much as.* tanto como siempre = as much as ever.* tener como equivalente = have + counterpart.* tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.* tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective.* tomar como ejemplo = take.* un poco como = kind of like.* * *I1)a) ( en calidad de) asel director tendrá como funciones... — the director's duties will be...
b) ( con el nombre de) asse la conoce como `flor de luz' — it's known as `flor de luz'
c) ( por ejemplo) likeen algunos lugares como Londres — in some places such as o like London
2) (en comparaciones, contrastes) likefue ella, como que me llamo Beatriz — it was her, as sure as my name's Beatriz
bailó como nunca — she danced as o like she'd never danced before
como para + inf: es como para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry; fue como para pegarle — I could have hit him
3) (en locs)así como — (frml) as well as
IIcomo él solo/ella sola: es egoísta como él solo he's so o he's incredibly selfish!; como mucho/poco at (the) most/at least; como nadie: cocina como nadie nobody cooks like her; como que...: conduce muy bien - como que es piloto de carreras he drives very well - well, he is a racing driver, after all; y no me lo dijiste - como que no lo sabía! and you didn't tell me about it - that's because I didn't know about it!; como ser (CS) such as, for example; como si (+ subj) as if, as though; ella está grave y él como si nada or como si tal cosa — she's seriously ill and he doesn't seem at all o in the least worried
1) ( de la manera que) as(tal y) como están las cosas — as things stand; (+ subj)
hazlo como quieras/como puedas — do it any way you like/as best as you can
no voy - como quieras — I'm not going - please yourself o as you like
la buganvilla, o como quiera que se llame — bougainvillea or whatever it's called
2) ( puesto que) as, sincecomo era temprano, nos fuimos a dar una vuelta — since o as it was early, we went for a walk
3) (si) (+ subj) ifcomo te pille... — if I catch you...
4) ( en oraciones concesivas)cansado como estaba, me ayudó — tired though o tired as he was, he helped me
5) ( que)IIIvas a ver como llega tarde — he'll be late, you'll see
1) ( expresando aproximación) about2) ( uso expletivo) kind of (colloq)me da como vergüenza... — I find it kind of embarrassing...
* * *= as, by way of, for the purpose of + Nombre, how, in the guise of, just as, like, qua, much as, as a kind of, as serving as, along the lines of, in + Posesivo + capacity as, such as, kind of like.Ex: This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.
Ex: An annotation is a note added to the title and/or other bibliographic information concerning a document, by way of comment or explanation.Ex: Taking the second situation for the purpose of illustration, there are four options for choice of title.Ex: Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.Ex: Further, these indexers are probably so familiar with their subject area that, they whether in the guise of indexer or searcher, will profit little from any additional guides to relationships.Ex: Just as Ivan finds that by taking pleasure in an extra piece of food he makes survival possible and beats Stalin and his jailors at heir own game.Ex: Thus, the computer-held term record files are most suitable for applications like Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) systems.Ex: Such a concept came as a great surprise to many information educators who rather dismissively regarded the information qua information field of activity as being too limited.Ex: More studies are needed to identify the full temporal effects of the personal computer, much as they did for television.Ex: In a way, it is acting as a kind of bridge between the two, permitting traffic both ways where once there was a divide.Ex: 45 libraries have been unofficially recognised by librarians as serving as model children's libraries.Ex: The author considers the possibility of a shift from libraries to personal information service along the lines of the shift that has occured from public to private transport.Ex: Strange that so helpful and charming a person in his capacity as a librarian could behave so monstrously; but behave thus he did.Ex: Indicative abstracts abound in phrases such as 'is discussed' or 'has been surveyed', but do not record the outcome of the discussion or survey.Ex: It's kind of like trumping in public -- You simply do not do it!.* ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.* aducir como evidencia = adduce as + evidence.* algo así como = something like.* añádase cómo = expand like.* así como = as, as well as.* así como así = just like that.* así como... de igual modo... = just as... so....* así es como = this is how.* así es como es = that's how it is.* caer como moscas = drop like + flies.* como aclaración = in parenthesis.* como algo natural = as a matter of course.* como algo normal = as a matter of course.* como algo opuesto a = as against.* como algo residual = residually.* como alternativa = as an alternative.* como anillo al dedo = just the ticket, the right twigs for an eagle's nest, perfect fit, perfect match, that's the ticket!.* como antes = as before.* como apoyo a = in support of.* como barcos que se cruzan (en la noche) = like passing ships (in the night).* como barcos que se cruzan (en la oscuridad) = like passing ships (in the night).* como base para = as a basis for.* como cabe esperar = unsurprisingly, as one might expect, as expected.* como cabía esperar = as expected.* como cabría esperar = as might be expected, as one might expect.* como cabría suponer = as might be expected.* como consecuencia = on this basis, on that basis, in doing so, in consequence, in accordance.* como consecuencia (de) = as a result (of), in the wake of, as a consequence (of).* cómo conseguir = obtainability.* como con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.* como contrapartida = in return.* como cooperativa = collegially.* como corresponde = fittingly.* como corresponde a = as befits.* como cuando + Indicativo = as in + Gerundio.* como de costumbre = as usual, as always, according to normal practice.* cómo demonios = how on earth.* como dice el dicho = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.* como dice el refrán = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.* como diferente a = as distinct from.* cómo disponer de (algo) = disposition.* como dos gotas de agua = as alike as two peas in a pod, like two peas in a pod.* como ejemplo = as an example, by way of illustration.* como el cuero = leathery.* como el desierto = desert-like.* como el día y la noche = worlds apart, like oil and water, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.* como el fuego = like wildfire.* como el perro del hortelano que ni come ni deja comer = a dog in the manger.* como en casa = like home (away) from home.* como en casa no se está en ningún sitio = there's no place like home.* como en el caso de = as with, just as for, as in the case of.* como era de esperar = as expected.* como es debido = fittingly.* como es de esperar = predictably, not surprisingly, as expected.* como es el caso de = as it is with, as with.* como es habitual = as always.* como es natural = not unnaturally.* como es normal = as always.* como esto = like this.* como fecha final = at the very latest.* como forma de vida = as a way of life.* como grogui = drowsily, groggily.* como grupo = collectively.* como guía = for guidance.* como la noche y el día = like oil and water, worlds apart, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.* como la pólvora = like wildfire.* como las ardillas = squirrel-like.* como las empresas = business-like.* como loca = like a madwoman.* como loco = like hell, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman.* como medida de seguridad = as a backup.* como medida provisional = as an interim measure.* como medida temporal = as an interim measure.* como medida transitoria = as an interim measure.* como mejor + poder = as best + Pronombre + can.* como mínimo = at least, conservatively, at a minimum.* como mínimo hasta que = minimally until.* como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.* como muestra de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.* como muestra de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.* como muestra de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.* como muy tarde = at the latest.* como norma = as a rule, as a matter of policy.* como norma general = as a rule of thumb, as a general rule, as a general rule of thumb, as a rough guide.* cómo nos las ingeniamos para... = how in the world....* como nota al margen = on a sidenote.* como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.* como ocurre en estos casos = as is the way with these things.* como + ocurrir + en el caso de = as + be + the case for.* como opuesto a = as distinct from, as opposed to.* como otra posibilidad = as an alternative.* ¡como para creérselo! = Posesivo + famous last words.* como parásito = parasitically.* como persona que = as one who.* como pez fuera del agua = like a fish out of water.* como polo opuesto = by polar contrast.* como por arte de magia = magically, into thin air.* como por ejemplo = such as, to the effect of.* como por encanto = magically.* como poseído = as one possessed.* como preámbulo de = as a preamble to.* como primera elección = as a first preference.* como prueba de = as a token of, as a sign of.* como prueba de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.* como prueba de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.* como prueba de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.* como pruebas = in evidence, in evidence.* como quiera que + Verbo = however + Verbo.* como quieras llamarlo = whatever you call it.* como reconocimiento a = in recognition of.* como respuesta a = in reply to, in response to.* como resultado = in consequence, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.* como resultado (de) = as a consequence (of).* como salido de fábrica = in mint condition.* como segunda alternativa = as a backup.* como se indicó en = as was pointed out in.* como señal de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.* como señal de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.* como señal de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.* cómo + ser = what + be like.* como si = as though.* como si dijéramos = as it were.* como siempre = as always.* como si fuese = as it were.* como siga así = at this rate.* como sigue = as follows.* como símbolo de = as a token of, as a sign of.* como si nada = be right as rain, unfazed.* como si no hubiera mañana = like there's no tomorrow.* como si + Pronombre + fuese la vida en ello = like there's no tomorrow.* como si se acabara el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.* como si se fuese a acabar el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.* como si se + Pronombre + hubiera tragado la tierra = into thin air.* como si (se tratase de) = as if.* como si tal cosa = be right as rain, unfazed, just like that.* como sustituto de = in place of.* como tal = as such, in this capacity, qua.* como término medio = on average.* como todo un caballero = sportingly.* como último recurso = as a last resort, in the last resort.* como una aguja en un pajar = like a needle in a haystack.* como una balsa de aceite = like a millpond, calm like a millpond.* como una cabra = stark raving mad, raving mad.* como una cebolla = onion-like.* como una condenada = like a madwoman.* como una descosida = like a madwoman.* como una forma de = as a means of.* como una metralladora = quick-fire.* como un basilisco = like a bear with a sore head.* como un bobo = stupidly.* como un bólido = like the clappers.* como un campo de batalla = like a war zone.* como un cencerro = barking mad, raving mad, stark raving mad.* como un condenado = like the clappers, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.* como un descosido = like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.* como un detective = detectivelike, sleuthlike.* como un elefante en una cacharrería = like an elephant in a china shop.* como un energúmeno = like a bear with a sore head.* como un estúpido = stupidly.* como un experto = expertly.* como un glaciar = glacially.* como unidad global = as a whole.* como un idiota = stupidly.* como un loca = like a madwoman.* como un loco = like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, madly, like a madman.* como un método para = as a means of.* como un modo de = as a way of.* como un necio = stupidly.* como un observador que pasa desapercibido = fly-on-the-wall, fly-on-the-wall.* cómo uno se identifica a sí mismo = self-identification.* como un platillo = saucer-like.* como un poseído = as one possessed.* como un rayo = in a flash.* como un reguero de pólvora = like wildfire.* como un relámpago = like greased lightning, like the clappers.* como un reloj = as regular as clockwork, like clockwork.* como un televisor = television-type.* como un todo = as a whole.* como un tonto = stupidly, foolishly.* como un torpe = foolishly.* como un zombi = zombielike.* como vivir en un escaparate = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.* como + Voz Pasiva = as + Participio Pasado.* como y cuando = as and when.* como y cuando sea + Adjetivo = as + Adjetivo.* comportarse como se espera = be a sport.* con el mismo + Nombre + como el que... = as + Adverbio + as....* conocerse como = be known as.* dar como resultado = result (in).* de cómo = as to how.* durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.* el modo como = the way in which.* el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.* frase como encabezamiento = phrase heading.* llegar a ser conocido como = become + known as.* mantenerse como válido = hold up.* nada menos que + Nombre + tan + Adjetivo + como = no less + Adjetivo + Nombre + than.* no + haber + nada como = there + be + nothing like.* ofrecerse como voluntario = volunteer.* para colmo = on top of everything else.* plan de cómo disponer de Algo = disposition instruction.* proponer como principio = posit.* sea como sea = be that as it may, at all costs, at any cost.* seleccionar como relevante = hit.* ser como hablar con la pared = be like talking to a brick wall.* ser tan buen momento como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.* ser un momento tan bueno como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.* tal como = such as, such + Nombre + as, just as.* tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).* tal y como es/son = as it/they stand(s).* tal y como + ser = in + Posesivo + true colours.* tan + Adjetivo + como = as + Adjetivo + as, every bit as + Adjetivo + as.* tan + Adjetivo + como de costumbre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.* tan + Adjetivo + como siempre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.* tan pronto como = as soon as, just as soon as, no sooner... than.* tan pronto como sea posible = as soon as possible (asap).* tanto como = as many... as..., as much as + Adjetivo, both... and..., no less than, equally, if not, so much as.* tanto como siempre = as much as ever.* tener como equivalente = have + counterpart.* tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.* tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective.* tomar como ejemplo = take.* un poco como = kind of like.* * *como1A1 (en calidad de) asusando el paraguas como bastón using his umbrella as a walking stickquiero hablarte como amigo y no como abogado I want to speak to you as a friend and not as a lawyerel director tendrá como funciones … the director's duties will be …está considerado como lo mejor he's considered (to be) the bestlo presentó como su ex-marido she introduced him as her ex-husband2 (con el nombre de) asla flor conocida allí como `Santa Rita' the flower known there as `Santa Rita'3 (por ejemplo) likeen algunas capitales como Londres in some capital cities such as London o like Londonnecesitamos a alguien como tú we need someone like youtengo ganas de comer algo dulce — ¿como qué? I fancy something sweet — like what?B (en comparaciones, contrastes) likequiero un vestido como el tuyo I want a dress like yourspienso como tú I agree with youfue ella, como que me llamo Beatriz it was her, as sure as my name's Beatrizse portó como un caballero he behaved like a gentlemanla quiero como a una hija I love her like a daughter o as if she were my own daughterbailó como nunca she danced as o like she'd never danced beforeme trata como a un imbécil he treats me like an idiot o as if I were an idiotse llama algo así como Genaro o Gerardo he's called something like Genaro or Gerardo¡no hay nada como un buen coñac! there's nothing like a good brandy!era verde, un verde como el de la alfombra de la oficina it was green, the color of the office carpetcomo PARA + INF:es como para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry, it makes you want to cryC ( en locs):por esto, así como por muchas otras razones because of this, and for many other reasons as well o as well as for many other reasonssus abundantes recursos naturales, así como su importancia estratégica its abundant natural resources, together with o as well as its strategic importancecomo él solo/ella sola: es egoísta como él solo he's so o he's incredibly selfish!como mucho at (the) most, at the outsidecomo poco at leastcomo nadie: hace la paella como nadie she makes wonderful paella, nobody makes paella like hercomo que …: conduce muy bien — como que es piloto de carreras he drives very well — well, he is a racing driver, after allle voy a decir cuatro cosas — sí, sí, como que te vas a atrever … I'm going to give him a piece of my mind — oh, yes? I'll believe that when I see ity no me lo dijiste — ¡como que no sabía nada! and you didn't tell me about it — that's because I didn't know anything about it myself!como ser (CS); such as, for example, likecomo si (+ subj) as if, as thoughactuó como si no le importara she acted as if o as though she didn't careella está grave y él como si nada or como si tal cosa she's seriously ill and he doesn't seem at all worried o he behaves as if it's nothing (to worry about)él como si nada or como si tal cosa, ni se inmutó he just stood there without batting an eyelidcomo2A (de la manera que) asno me gustó el modo or la manera como lo dijo I didn't like the way she said itllegó temprano, tal como había prometido he arrived early, just as he had promisedganó Raúl, como era de esperar Raúl won, as was to be expectedasí en la tierra como en el cielo on Earth as it is in Heavencomo dice el refrán as the saying goes(tal y) como están las cosas as things stand, the way things are(+ subj): hazlo como quieras do it any way you like o how you likeno voy — como quieras I'm not going — please yourself o as you likeme dijo que me las arreglara como pudiera he told me to sort things as best I couldla buganvilla, o como quiera que se llame bougainvillea or whatever it's calledcomo quiera que sea, ellos se llevaron la copa anyway, the point is they won the cupB (puesto que) as, sincecomo todavía era temprano, nos fuimos a dar una vuelta since o as it was still early, we went for a walk, it was still early so we went for a walkC (+ subj) (si) ifcomo te vuelva a encontrar por aquí if I catch you around here againD(en oraciones concesivas): cansado como estaba, se ofreció a ayudarme tired though o tired as he was, he offered to help mejoven como es, tiene más sentido común que tú he may be young but he has more common sense than youE(que): vimos como se los llevaban en una furgoneta we saw them being taken away in a van, we saw how they were taken away in a vanvas a ver como llega tarde he'll be late, you'll seecomo3A (expresando aproximación) aboutcomo a la mitad del camino about half way thereestá como a cincuenta kilómetros it's about fifty kilometers awayvino como a las seis she came at around o about sixtiene un sabor como a almendras it has a kind of almondy taste, it tastes something like o a bit like almondsun ruido como de un motor a noise like that of an engineB (uso expletivo) kind of ( colloq)es que me da como vergüenza … I find it kind of embarrassing …* * *
Del verbo comer: ( conjugate comer)
como es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
Multiple Entries:
algo como
comer
como
cómo
comer ( conjugate comer) verbo intransitivo
este niño no me come nada (fam) this child won't eat anything (colloq);
dar(le) de cómo a algn (en la boca) to spoonfeed sb;
darle de cómo al gato/al niño to feed the cat/the kid;
salir a cómo (fuera) to go out for a meal, to eat out;
¿qué hay de cómo? ( a mediodía) what's for lunch?;
( por la noche) what's for dinner o supper?
verbo transitivo
◊ ¿puedo cómo otro? can I have another one?;
no tienen qué cómo they don't have anything to eat
comerse verbo pronominal
1
‹línea/párrafo› to miss out
‹ palabra› to swallow
2 ( enf) ‹ comida› to eat;
cómose las uñas to bite one's nails
3 (fam) ( hacer desaparecer)
[polilla/ratón] to eat away (at)
como preposición
◊ se la conoce cómo `flor de luz' it's known as `flor de luz'
¡no hay nada cómo un buen coñac! there's nothing like a good brandy!;
es cómo para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cryd) ( en locs)◊ así como (frml) as well as;
como mucho/poco at (the) most/at least;
como ser (CS) such as, for example;
como si (+ subj) as if, as though
■ conjunción
cómo era de esperar as was to be expected;
no me gustó cómo lo dijo I didn't like the way she said it;
(tal y) cómo están las cosas as things stand;
hazlo cómo quieras/cómo mejor puedas do it any way you like/as best as you can;
no voy — cómo quieras I'm not going — please yourself
◊ cómo era temprano, fui a dar una vuelta as it was early, I went for a walkc) (si) (+ subj) if;◊ cómo te pille … if I catch you …
■ adverbio ( expresando aproximación) about;
un sabor cómo a almendras a kind of almondy taste
cómo adverbio
◊ ¿cómo estás? how are you?;
¿cómo es tu novia? what's your girlfriend like?;
¿cómo es de grande? how big is it?;
¿cómo te llamas? what's your name?
◊ ¿cómo no me lo dijiste antes? why didn't you tell me before?
◊ ¿cómo dijo? sorry, what did you say?d) ( en exclamaciones):◊ ¡cómo llueve! it's really raining!;
¡cómo comes! the amount you eat!;
¡cómo! ¿no te lo han dicho? what! haven't they told you?e) ( en locs)◊ ¿a cómo …?: ¿a cómo están los tomates? (fam) how much are the tomatoes?;
¿a cómo estamos hoy? (AmL) what's the date today?;
¡cómo no! of course!;
¿cómo que …?: ¿cómo que no fuiste tú? what do you mean it wasn't you?;
aquí no está — ¿cómo que no? it isn't here — what do you mean it isn't there?
comer
I verbo transitivo
1 to eat
2 (en el parchís, etc) to take
3 (estrechar) ese corte de pelo te come la cara, that haircut makes your face look thinner
ese mueble te come mucho salón, that piece of furniture makes your living room look smaller
II verbo intransitivo to eat: hay que darle de comer al perro, we have to feed the dog
♦ Locuciones: familiar comer como una lima, to eat like a horse
familiar comer el coco/tarro a alguien, to brainwash somebody
sin comerlo ni beberlo, le pusieron una sanción, although he has nothing to do with it, he was disciplined
como
I adverbio
1 (manera) how: hazlo como quieras, do it however you like
me gusta como habla, I like the way he speaks
2 (semejanza, equivalencia) as: es como tú, he's just like you
terco como una mula, as stubborn as a mule
3 (conformidad) as: como estaba diciendo..., as I was saying...
como indica el prospecto, as the instructions say
4 (aproximadamente) about
como a la mitad de camino, more or less halfway
como unos treinta, about thirty
II conj
1 como [+ subj], (si) if: como no comas, no vas al cine, if you don't eat, you won't go to the cinema
2 (porque) as, since
como llamó tan tarde, ya no me encontró, as he phoned so late, he didn't find me in
3 como si, as if
como si nada o tal cosa, as if nothing had happened
familiar como si lo viera, I can just imagine it
III prep (en calidad de) as: lo aconsejé como amigo, I advised him as a friend
visitó el museo como experto, she visited the museum as an expert
¿As, like o how?
As se usa para hablar de la función, uso, papel o trabajo de una persona o cosa (trabajó como camarera durante las vacaciones, she worked as a waitress during the holidays) o para comparar dos acciones o situaciones y expresar su similitud. En este caso es necesario disponer de un verbo: Entró de botones, como lo había hecho su padre veinte años antes. He entered as an office-boy, as his father had twenty years before.
Cuando como va seguido de un sustantivo o pronombre también puedes usar like para comparar dos acciones o situaciones: Es como su padre. He's just like his father. Sin embargo, si va seguido de una preposición, hay que usar as: En marzo, como en abril, llovió. In March, as in April, it rained.
Nunca debes usar how en comparaciones, porque sólo expresa la manera de hacer las cosas: ¿Cómo lo hiciste?, How did you do it?
cómo adverbio
1 (interrogativo) how: ¿cómo es de alto?, how high is it?
¿cómo estás?, how are you?
¿cómo se hace?, how is it made?
2 (cuánto) ¿a cómo están los plátanos?, how much are the bananas?
3 (por qué) ¿cómo es que no nos avisaste?, why didn't you warn us?
familiar ¿cómo es eso?, how come?
4 (cuando no se ha oído bien) ¿cómo?, what?
5 (exclamativo) how
¡cómo ha cambiado!, how she's changed!
♦ Locuciones: cómo no, of course
' cómo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aburrirse
- acabada
- acabado
- acondicionar
- acreditar
- actuar
- adiós
- alma
- alquilar
- alta
- alto
- amable
- andar
- apear
- apenas
- aprendizaje
- arreglarse
- arte
- así
- atizar
- atonía
- baja
- bajo
- bala
- balsa
- bañera
- bastante
- beber
- bestia
- borrega
- borrego
- botija
- buenamente
- cabra
- cada
- caracterización
- casa
- cencerro
- cerrarse
- cesar
- chinche
- cielo
- coco
- coletilla
- colorada
- colorado
- comer
- como
- como quiera
- comoquiera
English:
ablaze
- above
- abroad
- acclaim
- accordingly
- act
- address
- alternatively
- always
- arouse
- as
- ashen
- attractive
- awaken
- away
- back
- barrage
- bash out
- be
- beaver away
- best
- bicker
- big
- black
- blind
- bolt
- bombshell
- bone
- border
- bored
- both
- break
- breed
- brownout
- by-product
- cake
- calculate
- care
- chalk
- champagne
- change
- charm
- cheer
- churn out
- class
- climax
- clown around
- coin
- colour
- come about
* * *Como nmel lago Como Lake Como* * *I adv1 as;como amigo as a friend2 ( aproximadamente):había como cincuenta there were about fifty;hace como una hora about an hour ago3:así como as well asII conj1 if;como si as if;como si fuera tonto as if he were o was an idiot;como no bebas vas a enfermar if you don’t drink you’ll get sick2 expresando causa as, since;como no llegó, me fui solo as o since she didn’t arrive, I went by myself3:me gusta como habla I like the way he talks;como quiera any way you want* * *cómo adv: how¿cómo estás?: how are you?¿a cómo están las manzanas?: how much are the apples?¿cómo?: excuse me?, what was that?¿se puede? ¡cómo no!: may I? please do!como adv1) : around, aboutcuesta como 500 pesos: it costs around 500 pesos2) : kind of, liketengo como mareos: I'm kind of dizzycomo conj1) : how, ashazlo como dijiste que lo harías: do it the way you said you would2) : since, given thatcomo estaba lloviendo, no salí: since it was raining, I didn't go out3) : ifcomo lo vuelva a hacer lo arrestarán: if he does that again he'll be arrested4)como quiera : in any waycomo prep1) : like, asligero como una pluma: light as a feather2)así como : as well as* * *como1 adv1. (manera) how2. (comparaciones) as / like3. (según) as4. (ejemplo) likealgunas aves, como el pingüino, no vuelan some birds, like penguins, can't fly5. (aproximadamente) about6. (en calidad de) ascomo sea at all costs / no matter whatcomo si as if / as thoughcomo2 conj1. (causa) ascomo hacía sol, nos fuimos a la playa as it was sunny, we went to the beach2. (condición) ifcomo llegues tarde, te quedarás sin pastel if you're late, you won't get any cake -
90 RA
1) Компьютерная техника: Rapid Access, Restore Advanced2) Медицина: refractory anaemia, правое предсердие (right atrium)3) Американизм: Rally America, Recent Action, Resident Authority4) Спорт: Rally Applicant, Random Adventure, Runs Against5) Военный термин: Military Serial Number prefix for non-drafted Volunteer, Raritan Arsenal, Red Armor, Redstone Arsenal, Refugee Agency, Regiment Of Artillerists, Regular Army, Remote Area, Responsible Agency, Rubber Armoring, radius of action, rapid advance, ration allowance, ready alert, real area, real artillery, rear admiral, reconnaissance aircraft, reconstitution area, regrouping area, reimbursement authorization, reinforced alert, release authorization, reliability analysis, reliability assessment, reliability assurance, repair assignment, requesting agency, resident agent, restricted area, reviewing authority, rocket assist6) Техника: radar, radar astronomy, radio astronomy, radio technician, radio-range-station, radiometry antenna, radiotelescope antenna, rate adaptation, receiver attenuation, regional administrator7) Шутливое выражение: Retarded Arsehole, Ricks Academy8) Химия: поглотитель Рихтера9) Математика: Random Average10) Религия: Rebel Angel11) Юридический термин: Race Altered, Requested Action, Ritual Abuse12) Бухгалтерия: Remuneration And Audit, Return Authorization13) Астрономия: Right Ascension14) Металлургия: Return Air, reduction of area15) Оптика: reduced aperture16) Телекоммуникации: Routing Arbiter (Internet), Область маршрутизации17) Сокращение: Radio Altimeter, Reactive Armor, Reconnaissance Aviation, Republic Of Armenia, Research Announcement, Research Assistant, Resolution Advisory, Rocket Assisted, Royal Academy, Royal Artillery (UK), rain, reserve alkalinity, запас щелочности, right atrium, recreation vehicle, recreational vehicle18) Университет: Regional Academy, Research Analysis, Resident Assistant19) Физиология: Right Arm20) Электроника: Random Amplitude, Rosin activated21) Вычислительная техника: read amplifier, register and arithmetic/logic unit, Remote Access (BBS), Registration Authority (PKI, ITU, Verschluesselung), Real Address (Power4, IBM, CPU)22) Нефть: anode resistance, qualitative risk assessment, right angle, анализ надёжности (reliability analysis), обеспечение надёжности (reliability assurance)23) Иммунология: rheumatoid arthritis24) Связь: ratio26) Банковское дело: соглашение о покупке ценных бумаг с последующим выкупом по обусловленной цене (repurchase agreement)27) Транспорт: Retard Advance, Routing Area28) Фирменный знак: RCA Corporation, Royal Ambassadors29) Холодильная техника: Refrigeration Abstracts of American Society of Refrigerating Engineers30) СМИ: Real Audio31) SAP. обратный расчёт32) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: radioactive sub33) Образование: Read Aloud, Reading Ability, Reading Age, Reading Alarm, Rejected Adventure, Required Attention34) Инвестиции: repurchase agreement35) Полимеры: rosin acids36) Программирование: Return Address, Return All37) Сахалин Р: Regulatory Agencies, Regulatory Approvals38) Химическое оружие: Remedial action, receipt acknowledgment39) Хроматография: residual activity40) Безопасность: Registration Authority, Registry Agent, Review Access, risk assessment41) Расширение файла: Remote Access Data file, Remote Assistance, Replacement Algorithm42) Имена и фамилии: Richard Attenborough, Roger Alden, Ruth Armstrong43) Фармация: Roughness Average( среднее значение шероховатости поверхности)44) Общественная организация: RainForest Alliance, Rights Action45) Должность: Resident Advisor, Residental Advisor, Residential Advisor, Residential Assistant, Respect Authority, Royal Academician, Royal Armorer46) Чат: Real Asshole, Really Annoying, Really Awesome47) Правительство: Rolling Acres48) Федеральное бюро расследований: Resident Agency -
91 Ra
1) Компьютерная техника: Rapid Access, Restore Advanced2) Медицина: refractory anaemia, правое предсердие (right atrium)3) Американизм: Rally America, Recent Action, Resident Authority4) Спорт: Rally Applicant, Random Adventure, Runs Against5) Военный термин: Military Serial Number prefix for non-drafted Volunteer, Raritan Arsenal, Red Armor, Redstone Arsenal, Refugee Agency, Regiment Of Artillerists, Regular Army, Remote Area, Responsible Agency, Rubber Armoring, radius of action, rapid advance, ration allowance, ready alert, real area, real artillery, rear admiral, reconnaissance aircraft, reconstitution area, regrouping area, reimbursement authorization, reinforced alert, release authorization, reliability analysis, reliability assessment, reliability assurance, repair assignment, requesting agency, resident agent, restricted area, reviewing authority, rocket assist6) Техника: radar, radar astronomy, radio astronomy, radio technician, radio-range-station, radiometry antenna, radiotelescope antenna, rate adaptation, receiver attenuation, regional administrator7) Шутливое выражение: Retarded Arsehole, Ricks Academy8) Химия: поглотитель Рихтера9) Математика: Random Average10) Религия: Rebel Angel11) Юридический термин: Race Altered, Requested Action, Ritual Abuse12) Бухгалтерия: Remuneration And Audit, Return Authorization13) Астрономия: Right Ascension14) Металлургия: Return Air, reduction of area15) Оптика: reduced aperture16) Телекоммуникации: Routing Arbiter (Internet), Область маршрутизации17) Сокращение: Radio Altimeter, Reactive Armor, Reconnaissance Aviation, Republic Of Armenia, Research Announcement, Research Assistant, Resolution Advisory, Rocket Assisted, Royal Academy, Royal Artillery (UK), rain, reserve alkalinity, запас щелочности, right atrium, recreation vehicle, recreational vehicle18) Университет: Regional Academy, Research Analysis, Resident Assistant19) Физиология: Right Arm20) Электроника: Random Amplitude, Rosin activated21) Вычислительная техника: read amplifier, register and arithmetic/logic unit, Remote Access (BBS), Registration Authority (PKI, ITU, Verschluesselung), Real Address (Power4, IBM, CPU)22) Нефть: anode resistance, qualitative risk assessment, right angle, анализ надёжности (reliability analysis), обеспечение надёжности (reliability assurance)23) Иммунология: rheumatoid arthritis24) Связь: ratio26) Банковское дело: соглашение о покупке ценных бумаг с последующим выкупом по обусловленной цене (repurchase agreement)27) Транспорт: Retard Advance, Routing Area28) Фирменный знак: RCA Corporation, Royal Ambassadors29) Холодильная техника: Refrigeration Abstracts of American Society of Refrigerating Engineers30) СМИ: Real Audio31) SAP. обратный расчёт32) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: radioactive sub33) Образование: Read Aloud, Reading Ability, Reading Age, Reading Alarm, Rejected Adventure, Required Attention34) Инвестиции: repurchase agreement35) Полимеры: rosin acids36) Программирование: Return Address, Return All37) Сахалин Р: Regulatory Agencies, Regulatory Approvals38) Химическое оружие: Remedial action, receipt acknowledgment39) Хроматография: residual activity40) Безопасность: Registration Authority, Registry Agent, Review Access, risk assessment41) Расширение файла: Remote Access Data file, Remote Assistance, Replacement Algorithm42) Имена и фамилии: Richard Attenborough, Roger Alden, Ruth Armstrong43) Фармация: Roughness Average( среднее значение шероховатости поверхности)44) Общественная организация: RainForest Alliance, Rights Action45) Должность: Resident Advisor, Residental Advisor, Residential Advisor, Residential Assistant, Respect Authority, Royal Academician, Royal Armorer46) Чат: Real Asshole, Really Annoying, Really Awesome47) Правительство: Rolling Acres48) Федеральное бюро расследований: Resident Agency -
92 ra
1) Компьютерная техника: Rapid Access, Restore Advanced2) Медицина: refractory anaemia, правое предсердие (right atrium)3) Американизм: Rally America, Recent Action, Resident Authority4) Спорт: Rally Applicant, Random Adventure, Runs Against5) Военный термин: Military Serial Number prefix for non-drafted Volunteer, Raritan Arsenal, Red Armor, Redstone Arsenal, Refugee Agency, Regiment Of Artillerists, Regular Army, Remote Area, Responsible Agency, Rubber Armoring, radius of action, rapid advance, ration allowance, ready alert, real area, real artillery, rear admiral, reconnaissance aircraft, reconstitution area, regrouping area, reimbursement authorization, reinforced alert, release authorization, reliability analysis, reliability assessment, reliability assurance, repair assignment, requesting agency, resident agent, restricted area, reviewing authority, rocket assist6) Техника: radar, radar astronomy, radio astronomy, radio technician, radio-range-station, radiometry antenna, radiotelescope antenna, rate adaptation, receiver attenuation, regional administrator7) Шутливое выражение: Retarded Arsehole, Ricks Academy8) Химия: поглотитель Рихтера9) Математика: Random Average10) Религия: Rebel Angel11) Юридический термин: Race Altered, Requested Action, Ritual Abuse12) Бухгалтерия: Remuneration And Audit, Return Authorization13) Астрономия: Right Ascension14) Металлургия: Return Air, reduction of area15) Оптика: reduced aperture16) Телекоммуникации: Routing Arbiter (Internet), Область маршрутизации17) Сокращение: Radio Altimeter, Reactive Armor, Reconnaissance Aviation, Republic Of Armenia, Research Announcement, Research Assistant, Resolution Advisory, Rocket Assisted, Royal Academy, Royal Artillery (UK), rain, reserve alkalinity, запас щелочности, right atrium, recreation vehicle, recreational vehicle18) Университет: Regional Academy, Research Analysis, Resident Assistant19) Физиология: Right Arm20) Электроника: Random Amplitude, Rosin activated21) Вычислительная техника: read amplifier, register and arithmetic/logic unit, Remote Access (BBS), Registration Authority (PKI, ITU, Verschluesselung), Real Address (Power4, IBM, CPU)22) Нефть: anode resistance, qualitative risk assessment, right angle, анализ надёжности (reliability analysis), обеспечение надёжности (reliability assurance)23) Иммунология: rheumatoid arthritis24) Связь: ratio26) Банковское дело: соглашение о покупке ценных бумаг с последующим выкупом по обусловленной цене (repurchase agreement)27) Транспорт: Retard Advance, Routing Area28) Фирменный знак: RCA Corporation, Royal Ambassadors29) Холодильная техника: Refrigeration Abstracts of American Society of Refrigerating Engineers30) СМИ: Real Audio31) SAP. обратный расчёт32) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: radioactive sub33) Образование: Read Aloud, Reading Ability, Reading Age, Reading Alarm, Rejected Adventure, Required Attention34) Инвестиции: repurchase agreement35) Полимеры: rosin acids36) Программирование: Return Address, Return All37) Сахалин Р: Regulatory Agencies, Regulatory Approvals38) Химическое оружие: Remedial action, receipt acknowledgment39) Хроматография: residual activity40) Безопасность: Registration Authority, Registry Agent, Review Access, risk assessment41) Расширение файла: Remote Access Data file, Remote Assistance, Replacement Algorithm42) Имена и фамилии: Richard Attenborough, Roger Alden, Ruth Armstrong43) Фармация: Roughness Average( среднее значение шероховатости поверхности)44) Общественная организация: RainForest Alliance, Rights Action45) Должность: Resident Advisor, Residental Advisor, Residential Advisor, Residential Assistant, Respect Authority, Royal Academician, Royal Armorer46) Чат: Real Asshole, Really Annoying, Really Awesome47) Правительство: Rolling Acres48) Федеральное бюро расследований: Resident Agency -
93 market
1. сущ.1) эк. рынок; базар (специальное место, где осуществляется торговля)COMBS:
It is cheaper to buy vegetables from the market than from a shop. — Овощи дешевле покупать на рынке, чем в магазине.
Syn:marketplace 1), bazaar 1)See:2) эк. рынок (совокупность продавцов и покупателей какого-л. товара)to place [to put\] goods on the market, to bring goods to market — предлагать товар к продаже
In 1930 the first home laundry machine and refrigerator were put on the market. — В 1930 г. на рынке появилась первая бытовая стиральная машина и холодильник.
ATTRIBUTES [structure\]: actual 1. 1), auction 1. 1), call 1. 1), n6б, captive 1. 1), n4, classical 1. 3), concentrated 1. 1) а), continuous 1. 1) а), first 2. 3) а), forward 1. 1), n4, fourth, imperfect 1. 1), б, inside 2. 1) а), intermediate 2. 2) а), inverted 1. 3), monopolistic, oligopolistic, one-sided 1. 3), one-way 2. 4) а), open outcry, outcry, over-the-counter 2. 1) а), over-the-telephone, parallel 2. 1) а), perfect 1. 1), n2б, pitching, physical 2. 1) а), public 1. 1), n4, pure 1. 1) а), retail 2. 1) а), screen-based, second 1. 1), n2, sideways 2. 6) а), spot 2. 1) а), third 2. 3) а), wholesale 2. 1) а)
ATTRIBUTES [legality\]: administered 1), bear 1. 2), black 1. 3) а), blocked 1. 2) а), controlled, democratic 1), formal 1. 1) а), free 1. 1) а), informal 1), б, illicit, kerb, organized 1), в, overt 1. 2) а), regulated, rigged 1. 2) а)
See:CHILD [product\]: product market, financial market, services market, political market, pollution permit market, related markets CHILD [structure\]: actual market 2), 3), aftermarket 1), auction market, call market, carrying market, cash market, 1), 1), continuous market, double auction market, double-auction market, first market, forward market, fourth market, imperfect market, inside market 2), inter-dealer market, intermediate market, inverted market, monopolistic market, non-exchange market, off-board market, oligopolistic market, one-sided market, one-way market, open outcry market, OTC market, outcry market, 2), over-the-counter market, over-the-counter securities market, over-the-telephone market, parallel market, perfect market, physical market, public market 2), pure market, retail market, screen-based market, second market, spot market, street market 1), third market, upstairs market 2), wholesale market CHILD [legality\]: administered market, bear market 2), black market 1) а), blocked market, closed market, controlled market, formal market, free market, free and open market, informal market, grey market 1) а), illicit market, kerb market, organized market, price-making market, regulated market 1) а), rigged market, self-regulated market, access to market, market access, market disruption, inside market 1), 1), market-determined price3)а) эк. спрос; объем спроса, размер рынка (наличие желающих купить товар; часто используется как характеристика определенной территории)COMBS:
The European market for this product is estimated at $10 billions during next 5 years. — По оценкам, объем европейского рынка этого продукта будет равен 10 млрд долл. в течение ближайших пяти лет.
ATTRIBUTES: actual 1. 1), assured 1. 2), brisk 1. 1), business 1. 4) а), commercial 1. 1), consumer 1. 1), consumers, customer 1. 1), dealer 1. 1), б, enterprise 1. 2) а), government 1. 7) а), heavy user, industrial 1. 1), а, institutional 1. 1), а, manufacturing 2. 1) а), organizational, personal 1. 2) а), potential, producer 1. 1), professional 1. 1), promising, ready 1. 1), reseller, trade 1. 2), world 2. 1) а)
See:actual market 1), assured market, brisk market, business market, commercial market, consumer market, consumers market, consumers' market, customer market, dealer market, enterprise market, government market, heavy-user market, industrial market, institutional market, large-volume market, manufacturing market, organizational market, personal market 1), potential market 1) б), producer market, professional market, promising market, ready market, reseller market, trade market, world market 2) б)б) эк. потребителиATTRIBUTES: brand-loyal, control 3. 1), conventional 3. 2), core 2. 2), exploratory, intended, main 1. 1), mass 3. 1), personal 3. 2), potential, primary 2. 2), n2, principal 2. 2), n1, prospective, target 3. 1), test 3. 1), traditional
Syn:See:brand-loyal market, control market, conventional market, core market, exploratory market, intended market, main market 2), personal market 2), potential market 2) а), primary market 2), principal market 1) а), prospective market, target market, test market, traditional market, market acceptance, market attritionв) марк. рынок сбыта ( географический район)ATTRIBUTES: colonial, domestic 2) а), export 3. 2) а), external 1. 2) а), foreign 1. 1) а), global 1. 1) а), home 2. 2) а), internal 1. 2) а), international 1. 1) а), dispersed, distant 1. 1) а), local 1. 1) а), national 1. 1) а), nation-wide, nationwide, overseas 1. 2) а), regional, scattered 1. 1) а), world 2. 1) а), world-wide
Syn:See:colonial market, domestic market 1), export market, external market 1), foreign market 1), global market, home market, internal market 1), 2), international market, dispersed market, distant market, local market, national market, nation-wide market, overseas market, regional market, scattered market, world market 1), worldwide market, new-to-market, old-to-marketг) марк. = market segmentATTRIBUTES:
ATTRIBUTES: concentrated 1) а), craft 1. 1) а), demographic, downscale 1. 2) а), heterogeneous, homogeneous, high-income, low-end, metro, metropolitan, middle-aged, middle-class, mid-range, military, rural, specialized, specialty, silver 2. 3) а), upscale 1. 2) а), youth 2. 4) а)
See:black market 2), 2), craft market, demographic market, downmarket, down-market, downscale market, heterogeneous market, homogeneous market, high-income market, low-end market, lower end of the market, middle-aged market, middle-class market, mid-range market, military market 2) б), specialized market, specialty market, silver market 1) б), upscale market, youth market4) эк. конъюнктура, уровень цен, состояние рынка (состояние рынка в значении 2, с точки зрения активности продавцов и покупателей и соответствующей динамики изменения цен)ATTRIBUTES: active 1. 3), advancing, bid 1. 3), bear 1. 2), barren 1. 3), broad 1. 1), bull 1. 2), close II 2. 3) в), competitive II 2. 2) а), complete 1. 2), confident II 2. 1) а), congested, contango, contestable, crossed II 2. 2) а), crowded II 2. 1) а), а, dead 1. 2), declining, deep II 2. 2) а), depressed II 2. 2) а), б, differentiated, dull II 2. 1) а), efficient II 2. 1) а), б, emerging, established II 2. 1) а), expanding, falling, fast II 1. 2) а), fertile II 2. 1) а), firm I 1. 1) а), flat I 2. 4) а), graveyard, growing 1. 1), growth II 2. 1) а), heavy II 2. 1) а), inactive II 2. 2) а), increasing, jumpy II 2. 1) а), б, languid II 2. 2) а), limited II 2. 1) а), liquid I 2. 6) а), locked II 2. 2) а), lucrative, mature 1. 2), narrow 1. 1), nervous I 2. 5) б), normal I 1. 5) б), offered, overstocked II 2. 1) а), а, pegged I 1. 3) б), present I 2. 2) б), price-sensitive, productive I 1. 3) б), profitable II 2. 1) а), protected, recession-hit, restricted II 2. 1) а), restrictive II 2. 1) а), rising, sagging I 2. 2) б), saturated I 1. 3) б), seller II 2. 1) а), а, selective I 2. 5) б), sensitive I 2. 4) б), short 1. 1), shrinking, slack I 2. 2) б), sluggish II 2. 2) а), soft I 2. 4) б), sold-out, stable I 2. 1) б), stagnant II 2. 1) а), static I 2. 2) б), steady 1. 1), stiff 1. 1), б, strong II 2. 2) а), technically strong, technically weak, tight I 2. 4) б), wide II 2. 1) а)
See:active market, advancing market, bid market, bear market 1), Big Emerging Markets, broad market, bull market, buyers' market, close market, competitive market, complete market, contango market, contestable market, crossed market, crowded market, dead market, declining market, deep market, depressed market, differentiated market, dull market, efficient market, emerging market, established market, expanding market, fast market, fertile market, firm market, flat market, growing market, inactive market, jumpy market, languid market, lemons market, limited market, liquid market, locked market, lucrative market, market of lemons, mature market, narrow market, normal market, offered market, overstocked market, pegged market, present market, price-sensitive market, productive market, profitable market, protected market, recession-hit market, restricted market, restrictive market, rising market, sagging market, saturated market, sellers market, seller's market, sellers' market, selective market, sensitive market, short market, shrinking market, slack market, sluggish market, soft market, sold-out market, stable market, stagnant market, static market, steady market, stiff market, strong market, technically strong market, technically weak market, tight market, wide market5) эк., амер. розничный магазин (обычно специализированный, напр., мясной, рыбный)6) эк., пол. рынок (принцип устройства экономической системы, предусматривающий свободное формирование цен под воздействием спроса и предложения)See:7) межд. эк. рынок (экономический союз нескольких стран, в основе которого лежит создание единого торгового пространства для товаров, услуг и факторов производства)ATTRIBUTES: common 1) а), single 2) а)
See:common market, single market, Andean Common Market, Arab Common Market, Central American Common Market, Central American Common Market, common market, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa2. гл.1) эк. продавать, реализовывать, распространятьto receive approval from X agency to market the product — получить разрешение от органа Х на распространение продукта
2) марк. осуществлять маркетинг, позиционировать, продвигатьE-mail is recognized as the easiest and cheapest way to market your organization, your programs, and your issues. — Электронная почта считается самым легким и недорогим способом продвижения [рекламирования\] вашей организации, ваших программ и вашей работы.
See:3. прил.1) эк. рыночныйAnt:market age, market animal, market livestock, market output, market place, market quality 1), market services, market stall, market weight 1)See:market activity 1), market behaviour 2), market capitalism, 1), market competition, market conduct, market discipline, market economy, market exchange, market fundamentalism, market ideology, market mechanism, market mode of coordination, market order of worth, market political culture, market sector 3), market socialism, market system, market transactionSee:market absorption, market acceptance, market activity 2), market appraisal, market area, market attractiveness, market attrition, market audience, market basket, market behaviour 1), market breadth, market break, market breakdown, market cap, market capacity, market capitalization, market challenger, 2), market clearance 2), market clearing, market communications, market composition, market concentration, market condition, market conditions 2), market coverage, market decline, market definition, market demand, market depth, market disequilibrium, market dominance, market dynamics, market equilibrium, market expectation, market expectations, market failure, market focus, market follower, market form, market glut, market grade, 1), market growth, market homogeneity, market interest rate, market intermediary, market jitters, market leader, market leadership, market level 2), market maker, market making, market needs, market nicher, market organization, market out, market participant, market partnership, market pattern, market position, market potential, market power, market presence, market pressure, market price, market profile, market quality 2), market quotation, market rate, market rate of interest, market range, market reaction, market requirements, market resistance, market response, market return, market satisfaction, market saturation, market segment, market selection, market sensitivity, market sentiment, market share, market situation 1), market size, market stability, market standard, market standing, market structure, market supply, market tone, market trader, market trend, market undertone, market user, market value, market value added, market volume, market weight 2) Market EyeSee:market analysis, market analyst, market approach, market arbitrage, market audit, market average, market barrier, market build-up, market channel, market clearance 1), market closing, market conditions 1), market conversion price, market cycle, market data, market development, market discount, market entry, market evidence, market exit, market expansion, market experiment, market exploration, market exposure, market factor, market fluctuation, market fluctuations, market forces, market forecast, market forecasting, 2), market hours, market incentive, market index, market indicator, market information, market inroad, market intelligence, market interface, market investigation, market letter, market level 1), market liquidity, market manager, market mapping, market matching, market maximization, market model, market modification, market movement, market multiple, market niche, market node, market opening, market opportunity, market order, market orientation, market outlet, market penetration, market performance, market period, market plan, market planning, market portfolio, market positioning, market prognosis, market ratio, market report, market research, market researcher, market reversal, market review, market risk, market rollout, market sector 1), &2, market segmentation, market selectivity, market sharing, market signal, market situation 2), market skimming, market specialist, market specialization, market stimulant, market strategy, market study, market survey, market sweep, market target, market targeting, market test, market testing, market timer, market timing2) эк. товарный, рыночный ( предназначенный для продажи на рынке)market fish — товарная рыба, рыба для продажи
market stock — товарный скот, скот для продажи
market vegetables — товарные овощи, овощи для продажи
Syn:marketable 3)See:market age, market animal, market livestock, market output, market place, market quality 1), market services, market stall, market weight 1)
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market; Mkt; mart 1) рынок: организованная или неформальная система торговли товарами, услугами или финансовыми инструментами на основе четких правил (напр., фондовая биржа); 2) рыночные цены, состояние конъюнктуры; 3) совокупность людей или юридических лиц, предъявляющих текущий или потенциальный спрос на товары услуги; равнозначно спросу; 4) основные участники финансового рынка: дилеры, торгующие за свой счет, посредники и покупатели; 5) = marketplace; 6) рынок как столкновение спроса и предложения покупателей и продавцов, в результате которого определяется цена товара; 7) (to) продавать; см. marketing; 8) = market value; 9) "The Market"= Dow Jones Industrial Average.* * *рынок; рыночное хозяйство; рыночная экономика; рыночный механизм; спрос; конъюнктура. Как правило, употребляется применительно к фондовому рынку. 'Сегодня рынок упал' означает, что в этот день стоимость сделок на фондовом рынке снизилась . Инвестиционная деятельность .* * *организованное собрание/встреча людей, на которой происходит торговля ценными бумагами-----территория, на которой встречаются продавцы и покупатели, чтобы обменяться тем, что представляет ценность-----конъюнктурный обзор; бюллетень о состоянии рынка -
94 ACR
1) Общая лексика: audio cassette recorder (кассетный магнитофон)2) Компьютерная техника: Animated Computer Rendering, automatic call return3) Медицина: соотношение альбумин-креатинин (albumin-to-creatinine ratio), anti-constipation regimen (сокр.) (противозапорный режим)4) Американизм: African Crisis Response5) Спорт: American Club Racer, American Club Racing6) Военный термин: ACCS Capability Requirements, Admiral Commanding Reserves, Advanced Concepts Requirements, Air Crew Rescue, Alaskan communications region, Army Capability Requirement, Assistant Chief for Research, Automated Change Recognition, abstracts of classified reports, actual cost report, adjacent channel rejection, advanced capabilities radar, advanced combat rifle, advanced confidential report, aerial combat reconnaissance, air cavalry regiment, air combat report, aircrew recovery, airlift control radar, allowance change request, ammunition condition report, armored cavalry regiment, associate contractor, automatic card reader7) Техника: Alaska communications region, acoustic control room, active cavity radiometer, advanced converter reactor, aerodrome control radar, airfield control radar, all-channel receiver, alternating current rejection, antenna coupler receiver8) Шутливое выражение: Alfa Core Rules10) Бухгалтерия: Adjusted Community Rate11) Автомобильный термин: air conditioning relay12) Грубое выражение: A Crappy Ride, Average Crappy Racecar13) Оптика: active-cavity radiometer14) Телекоммуникации: Attenuation Crosstalk Ratio15) Сокращение: Active Cockpit Rig, Air Control Radar, Annual Compliance Report, Approach Control Radar, Armored Cavalry Regiment (USA), Army of the Czech Republic, across, Американская коллегия ревматологии (American College of Rheumatology - исследовательская и учебная организация профессионалов от ревматологии в США.), American College of Radiology (Американская корпорация врачей-рентгенологов), Alabama Central Railroad Company (наименование американской железнодорожной компании), Allowed Cell Rate16) Университет: American College Of Rheumatology17) Физика: Advanced Candu Reactor19) Вычислительная техника: Anonymous Call Rejection, Attenuation-to-Crosstalk Ratio, Automatic Call Recording, audio cassette recorder, кассетный магнитофон, Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio (Kabel), accumulator register (сокр.) (накапливающий регистр)20) Транспорт: Automatic Compression Release21) Экология: Antarctic climate research22) Деловая лексика: Annual Confidential Report24) Образование: Acceptance Communication And Relationships25) Микроэлектроника: advanced carbothermic reduction (улучшенный карботермический метод восстановления SiO2 (получение Si солнечного качества))26) Программирование: Advanced Code Reconstruction, automatic character recognition (автоматическое распознавание символов (сокр.))27) Военно-морской флот: armored cruiser (сокр.) (исорич.) (броненосный крейсер), asdic control room (сокр.) (гидроакустическая рубка (Великобритания)), aircraft control room (пост управления полётами самолётов (на авианосце))28) Расширение файла: ACR-NEMA medical image file Bitmap graphics29) Электротехника: automatic circuit restoration, automatic current control, automatic current regulator30) Имена и фамилии: Alvah C. Roebuck (of Sears, Roebuck, and Company)31) Общественная организация: Alley Cat Rescue32) Должность: Average Classification Rate33) NYSE. American Retirement Corporation34) НАСА: Apollo Cosmetic Reconstruction -
95 fair
1. n ярмарка2. n благотворительный базар3. n выставка4. n арх. поэт. красавица; возлюбленная5. n арх. поэт. женщина6. n арх. поэт. посредственная, удовлетворительная отметка; посредственно, удовлетворительноfair to middling — посредственный, так себе; приемлемый
7. a честный; справедливый, беспристрастный; законныйfair claim — справедливое требование; справедливая претензия
fair use — добросовестное, законное использование
8. a достаточно хороший, сносный9. a посредственный10. a благовидный11. a белокурый; светлый12. a чистый, незапятнанныйfair name — хорошая репутация, честное имя
13. a ясный и солнечный14. a благоприятный15. a ясный, чёткийset fair — хороший, ясный
16. a арх. поэт. красивый, прекрасныйthe fair sex — прекрасный пол, женщины
17. a амер. чистый, полныйfair go — правда, честно
fair cop — обоснованный арест;
18. adv честноfair trade law — зфкон о "честной" торговле
19. adv прямо, точно20. adv чисто; ясно21. adv арх. вежливо, учтивоfair and softly! — тише, легче!
22. v проясняться23. v переписывать начисто; перебелять24. v тех. обеспечивать обтекаемость, сглаживать контурСинонимический ряд:1. beautiful (adj.) attractive; beauteous; beautiful; bonny; charming; comely; fair-skinned; good-looking; gorgeous; handsome; lovely; pleasing; pretty; pulchritudinous; ravishing; stunning; well-favored2. bleached (adj.) bleached; light-colored3. blonde (adj.) blonde; fair-haired; towheaded4. candid (adj.) balanced; candid; disinterested; dispassionate; equal; equitable; even; evenhanded; even-handed; fair-minded; honest; impartial; impersonal; just; liberal; nondiscriminatory; nonpartisan; non-partisan; objective; righteous; square; unbiased; uncolored; undistinctive; unprejudiced; unprepossessed5. clarion (adj.) balmy; bright; calm; clarion; clear; cloudless; fine; placid; pleasant; rainless; sunny; sunshine; sunshining; sunshiny; unclouded; undarkened6. common (adj.) acceptable; adequate; average; common; decent; indifferent; passable; respectable; satisfactory; sufficient; tolerable7. courteous (adj.) amiable; civil; courteous; gracious; honourable; polite; virtuous8. distinct (adj.) distinct; frank; open; plain; unencumbered; unobstructed9. forthrightly (adj.) forthrightly; honestly; justly; squarely10. medium (adj.) fairish; intermediate; mean; medial; mediocre; medium; middle-rate; middling; moderate; ordinary; reasonable; run-of-mine; run-of-the-mill; so-so11. pale (adj.) alabaster; argent; blond; flaxen; ivory; light; milky; pale; pallid; sallow; white12. principled (adj.) above-board; clean; principled; pure; sincere; sporting; sportsmanlike; sportsmanly; spotless; trusted13. promising (adj.) favorable; favourable; hopeful; likely; promising14. exhibit (noun) bazaar; carnival; display; exhibit; exhibition; exposition; festival; market; show15. directly (other) directly; straight16. favourably (other) auspiciously; favourably; justly; reasonablyАнтонимический ряд:dark; devious; disfigured; dishonest; dishonourable; double-dealing; dull; foul; fraudulent; homely; lowering; outstanding; partial; poor; prejudiced; rainy; rough; substandard -
96 прибыль
жен.
1) profit(s), gain, benefit, increment;
return получать прибыль( от кого-л./чего-л.) ≈ to get a profit (out of), to receive a profit (from) ;
to profit (by/from) участник в прибылях ≈ copartner большая прибыль ≈ killing разг. баснословные прибыли ≈ fantastical profits извлекать прибыль ≈ to profit (by/from) приносить прибыль ≈ to make a profit чистая прибыль ≈ net/clear profit получать чистую прибыль ≈ clear валовая прибыль ≈ gross profit размер прибыли ≈ profit margin
2) (увеличение) rise, increase вода идет на прибыль ≈ the water is rising прибыль населения ≈ increase of populationприбыл|ь - ж.
1. (доход) profit(s) (pl.), dividend, drawing, earnings pl., gain(s) (pl.), income, overplus;
балансовая ~ balance profit;
бухгалтерская ~ book profit;
валовая ~ gross profit, gross margin;
добавочная ~ extra profit;
избыточная ~ surplus profit;
минимальная ~ minimum-survival profit;
монопольная ~ monopoly profit;
наивысшая ~ top gain(s) (pl.) ;
непредвиденная ~ windfall profit;
нераспределённая ~ undivided profit;
облагаемая ~ taxable profit;
объявленная ~ declared profit;
ожидаемая ~ expected profit;
остаточная ~ net profit;
относительная ~ relative profit;
плановая ~ planned profit;
постоянная ~ fixed return;
расчётная ~ estimated profit;
сверхплановая ~ above-plan profit;
сметная ~ estimated profit;
спекулятивная ~ speculative profit;
средняя ~ average profit;
торговая ~ commercial/trading profit;
упущенная ~ missed profit;
устойчивая ~ sustained profit;
фиктивная ~ fictitious profit;
чистая ~ net/pure profit;
доля ~и в цене единицы товара profit margin per unit;
коэффициент валовой ~и gross profit ratio;
норма ~и rate of profit;
отчёт о ~ях и убытках profit-and-loss report;
понижение нормы ~и fall of rate of profit;
сверхприбыль superprofit;
участие в ~ях profit sharing;
~ до уплаты налога profit before tax;
~ за вычетом налогов after-tax profit;
~ на бумаге paper profit;
~ от реализации нововведения innovational profit;
~ от производственной деятельности operating profit;
~ на единицу продукции unit profit;
давать ~ produce/yield a profit;
извлекать ~ derive/gain a profit;
обеспечивать ~ ensure a profit;
приносить ~ produce a profit;
распределять ~ distribute/allot a profit;
2. (увеличение) increase, increment;
~ населения the increase of population;
~ьность ж. эк. profitability, efficiency, lucrativeness;
коэффициент ~ьности margin of profit;
~ьность операций operation profitability;
~ьный profitable, lucrative, paying;
~ьное предприятие profitable enterprise;
~ьное дело profitable affair/business. -
97 premium
n1) премия, премиальная надбавка; вознаграждение2) лаж, надбавка к курсу или цене; денежная надбавка к установленному курсу3) ажио4) цена опциона5) страховая премия, страховой взнос
- acceleration premium
- actual premium
- additional premium
- advance insurance premium
- annual premium
- average premium
- basic premium
- bond premium
- buyer's premium
- call premium
- conversion premium
- deferred premium
- demerger premium
- deposit premium
- earned premium
- exchange premium
- extra premium
- first premium
- fixed premium
- flat rate premium
- forward premium
- forward deal premium
- gross premium
- initial premium
- installment premium
- insurance premium
- investment premium
- issue premium
- life insurance premium
- liquidity premium
- lump-sum premium
- medical insurance premium
- merger premium
- option premium
- outstanding premium
- overtime premium
- prepayment premium
- procurement premium
- redemption premium
- reinsurance premium
- renewal premium
- return premium
- risk premium
- share premium
- shift premium
- single premium
- skill premium
- supplementary premium
- time premium
- unearned premium
- voyage premium
- premium for an additional insurance
- premium for the call
- premium for control
- premium for guarantee
- premium for the put
- premium in arrears
- premium on the exchange rate
- premium on foreign exchange
- premium on gold
- premium on a policy
- premium on shares
- premium over bond value
- premium over conversion value
- at a premium
- be at a premium
- buy at a premium
- calculate a premium
- charge a premium
- command a premium
- compute a premium
- fetch a premium
- fix a premium
- pay a premium
- return the premium
- sell at a premium
- sell at a premium over spot
- stand at a premiumEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > premium
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98 yield
1. сущ.сокр. YLD1)а) с.-х. плоды, урожайб) эк. выработка, выход, выпуск, размер выработки ( количество вырабатываемой продукции); добыча; надой ( молока); улов ( рыбы)See:в) с.-х. урожайность, плодородиеto increase the yield of the soil — улучшать плодородие [увеличивать урожайность\] почвы
See:2) эк. доход, выручка, прибыль; доходность (выраженное в процентах отношение дохода по ценным бумагам, инвестициям и т. п. к номинальной или рыночной стоимости данных ценных бумаг или инвестиций)yield of bonds [on shares\] — доходность облигаций [акций\]
See:annual percentage yield, bond equivalent yield, break-even yield, capital gains yield, cash flow yield, coupon yield, current yield, discount yield, dividend yield, earnings yield, effective annual yield, expected yield, gross yield, indicated yield, interest yield, investment yield, net yield, nominal yield, real yield, tax equivalent yield, dividend, income, revenue, profit, high-yield financing, high-yield bond, bond-yield-plus-risk-premium approach, yield to average life, yield to call, yield to maturity, yield to put, yield to worst3) гос. фин., амер. ( сумма собранного налога за вычетом расходов по его сбору)See:2. гл.1)а) эк. производить, приносить, давать (плоды, урожай, выработку, доход)This land yields well [poorly\]. — Эта земля приносит хороший [плохой\] урожай.
See:б) общ. воздаватьto yield due praise to smb. — воздавать должное [хвалу\] кому-л.
2) общ. отступать; сдавать (позицию и т. п.); сдаваться3)а) общ. уступать; соглашатьсяб) общ. уступить трибуну; передать слово ( другому оратору)4)а) общ. поддаваться; не выдерживатьThe disease yields to treatment. — Эта болезнь поддается лечению.
б) общ. пружинитьв) общ. прогибаться, оседатьThe ground yielded under his feet. — Почва оседала под его ногами.
г) общ. растягиваться (о ткани и т. п.)5) общ. являться причиной, вызывать (что-л.)
* * *
yield; YLD 1) доходность: доход по ценным бумагам (инвестициям), выраженный в виде процентной ставки; в общем виде определяется как годовой доход по бумаге в процентном отношении к рыночной цене актива (годовой доход равен дивиденду или сумме процентов); позволяет сравнивать реальную доходность ценных бумаг, цены которых колеблются, с уровнем рыночных ставок и принимать верные инвестиционные решения; это может быть текущая доходность (ставка купона на покупную цену), дивидендная доходность (дивиденд на цену), доходность при погашении (с учетом всех факторов, включая срок до погашения, цены покупки и погашения); см. current yield; 2) общая сумма денег, причитающаяся по кредиту, т. е. годовая процентная ставка, помноженная на срок; см. annual percentage rate; 3) сумма доходов, полученных правительством в результате сбора налогов за вычетом расходов по сбору ( США); 4) урожай, выход сельскохозяйственной продукции.* * *• /vt/ принести• доход* * *. доход по ценной бумаге, выраженный в процентном отношении к рыночной цене актива. . A measure of the annual return on an investment. Глоссарий финансовых и биржевых терминов .* * *Ценные бумаги/Биржевая деятельностьдоход по ценным бумагамabbr YLD-----Банки/Банковские операциисм. income-----доход от инвестиций, выражаемый различными способами-----рентабельность, которая измеряется ставкой процента, по которой нетто-приток денежных средств лизингодателя компенсирует его затраты на инвестиции -
99 tax
1. nналог, сбор; пошлина
- accrued tax
- accumulated-earnings tax
- accumulated profits tax
- ad valorem tax
- advance tax
- advance corporate tax
- advertising tax
- alcohol tax
- alcoholic beverage tax
- amusement tax
- annual tax
- assessed tax
- average tax
- back tax
- bequest tax
- beverage tax
- bill tax
- bills of exchange tax
- budgeted taxes
- building tax
- business tax
- capital tax
- capital acquisition tax
- capital gains tax
- capital transactions tax
- capital transfer tax
- capital yield tax
- capitation tax
- car tax
- cargo tax
- cascade tax
- chain-store tax
- company income tax
- compensating tax
- complementary tax
- concession tax
- consumption tax
- conveyance tax
- corporate tax
- corporate income tax
- corporate profit tax
- corporation tax
- corporation income tax
- court taxes
- death tax
- death and gift tax
- defence tax
- deferred taxes
- deferred income taxes
- degressive tax
- delinquent tax
- direct tax
- discriminatory tax
- dividend withholding tax
- documentary stamp tax
- domestic tax
- donor's tax
- double tax
- earned income tax
- employment tax
- entertainment taxes
- environmental tax
- equalization tax
- estate tax
- excessive tax
- excess profits tax
- exchange tax
- excise tax
- export tax
- federal tax
- fixed assets tax
- flat tax
- flat rate tax
- foreign exchange tax
- foreign trade tax
- foreign withholding tax
- franchise tax
- gambling tax
- gasoline tax
- general property tax
- general sales tax
- gift tax
- graded tax
- graduated tax
- graduated income tax
- graduated poll tax
- green tax
- gross income tax
- gross profits tax
- gross receipts tax
- head tax
- hidden tax
- highway tax
- immovable property tax
- immovable property gains tax
- immovable property transfer tax
- import tax
- import equalization tax
- import turnover tax
- imposed tax
- income tax
- income tax on corporations
- income tax on individuals
- income tax on shareholders
- indirect tax
- industrial and commercial profits tax
- inheritance tax
- insurance tax
- land tax
- land-value tax
- legacy tax
- legal entity tax
- licence tax
- liquor tax
- local taxes
- long-term capital gains tax
- lump-sum tax
- luxury tax
- matured tax
- maximum tax
- minimum tax
- mortgage tax
- motor vehicle tax
- multiple stages tax
- multistage cumulative turnover tax
- municipal taxes
- national tax
- negative income tax
- net wealth tax
- net worth tax
- normal tax
- nuisance tax
- occupational tax
- oil tax
- one-time tax
- oppressive taxes
- outlay taxes
- output tax
- pay-as-you-earn tax
- pay-as-you-go tax
- payroll tax
- penalty tax
- per capita tax
- personal property tax
- poll tax
- pollution tax
- premium taxes
- profits tax
- progressive tax
- prohibitive tax
- property tax
- proportional tax
- provincial tax
- provisional tax
- public tax
- purchase tax
- pyramidal tax
- real estate tax
- real property tax
- real property transfer tax
- realty transfer tax
- receipts tax
- regressive tax
- remittance tax
- repressive tax
- resource tax
- retail sales tax
- retained profits tax
- revaluation tax
- revenue tax
- road taxes
- sales tax
- sales and turnover tax
- schedular tax
- securities tax
- security tax
- self-employment tax
- separate tax
- service tax
- severance tax
- short-term capital gains tax
- sin tax
- single tax
- social security tax
- specific tax
- spendings tax
- stamp tax
- state tax
- state excise taxes
- stock exchange turnover tax
- stockhoder's tax
- stock transfer tax
- sumptuary tax
- supplementary tax
- tonnage tax
- trade tax
- transaction tax
- transfer tax
- turnover tax
- underlying tax
- undistributed profit tax
- unpaid tax
- use tax
- value-added tax
- wage tax
- wealth tax
- wholesale sale tax
- windfall profits tax
- withholding tax
- withholding tax on dividends
- withholding tax on savings
- tax at source
- tax in kind
- tax on cargo
- tax on corporation
- tax on dividends
- tax on excess profits
- tax on gross receipts
- tax on gross revenue
- tax on importation
- tax on the income
- tax on inheritance
- tax on interest income
- tax on international transactions
- tax on land
- tax on motor vehicles
- tax on patents
- tax on personal income
- tax on profits
- tax on purchase of a motor vehicle
- tax on savings
- tax on stock exchange dealings
- tax on trade
- tax chargeable on the income
- tax due
- taxes levied at a flat rate
- tax payable
- tax withheld
- after taxes
- before taxes
- exempt from taxes
- free of taxes
- liable to tax
- subject to tax
- abate a tax
- abolish a tax
- apply taxes
- assess a tax
- be exempt from taxes
- be liable to tax
- calculate tax on profits
- charge a tax
- collect taxes
- compute a tax
- cut down taxes
- decrease taxes
- deduct taxes
- deduct taxes at source
- defer taxes
- dodge taxes
- evade taxes
- exempt from taxes
- impose a tax
- increase taxes
- kick against taxes
- lay a tax
- levy a tax
- lower a tax
- pay a tax
- raise taxes
- rebate a tax
- recover a tax
- reduce taxes
- reform taxes
- relieve from taxes
- remit taxes to appropriate authorities
- withhold taxes2. attr.
- tax abatement
- tax accruals
- tax arrears
- tax assessment form
- tax audit
- tax bracket
- tax declaration
- tax delinquency
- tax divide
- tax fraud
- tax offence
- tax rate
- tax rebate
- tax receipts
- tax return
- tax roll
- tax status
- tax treatment
- tax yield3. v
- tax at source
- tax capital gains
- tax capital gains realized on the disposal of immovable property
- tax income -
100 customer
сущ.1) марк. = consumer 1),ATTRIBUTES: average 2. 2), commercial 1. 1), core 2. 1), current 2. 2), dependable 2. 2), direct 1. 3), distant 1. 1), end 1. 1), external 1. 3), final 1. 3), industrial 1. 1), internal 1. 3), key 2. 1), loyal 1. 1), major 1. 2), potential 2. 1), profitable 1. 1), prospective 2. 2), regular 1. 2), repeat 3. 2), target 3. 2)
foreign ( international) customer — зарубежный клиент, международный клиент
customer-oriented approach — подход, ориентированный на потребителя
customer-oriented pricing — ценообразование, ориентированное на потребителя
Her best customer of wine, olive oil and tobacco was Germany. — Ее лучшим покупателем вина, оливкового масла и табака была Германия.
vendor’s customer — клиент продавца
cash-cow customer — "дойный" клиент
credit card customer — клиент, расплачивающийся кредитной картой
to lose a customer — потерять клиента [покупателя\]
to service [to serve\] customers — обслуживать покупателей [клиентов\]
Ant:higher-priority customer 1), lower-priority customer, customer loop 1), customers flow 2) queueing theorySee:advertising customer, average customer, business customer, cash customer, charge-account customer, cloning customers, commercial customer, core customer, credit customer, current customer, defaulting customer, dependable customer, direct customer, distant customer, end customer, established customer, exacting customer, external customer, final customer, first time customer, first-class customer, government customer, higher-priority customer 2), high-priority customer, impatient customer, industrial customer, institutional customer, internal customer, key customer, long-standing customer, lost customer, loyal customer, major customer, manufacturer's customer, marginal customer, minor customer, non-preferred customer, patient customer, potential customer, preferential customer, preferred customer, premium customer, primary customer, private label customer, profitable customer, prospective customer, registered customer, regular customer, repeat customer, residential customer, retail customer, return customer, secondary customer, separate customer, target customer, ultimate customer, wholesale customer, would-be customer, customer acceptance, customer account, customer accounting, customer advice, customer affairs, customer appeal, customer attitude, customer base, customer behaviour, customer benefit, customer bias, customer category, customer cloning, customer coalition, customer complaint, customer confusion, customer conviction, customer data, customer delight, customer demand, customer departmentalization, customer discrimination, customer dissatisfaction, customer engineer, customer environment, customer evaluation, customer excellence, customer feedback, customer file, customer flow, customer goodwill, customer group, customer information, customer inquiry, customer involvement, customer journal, customer knowledge, customer ledger, customer list, customer location, customer loop 2), customer loyalty, customer management, customer market, customer mix, customer perception, customer perspective, customer preferences, customer profile, customer profitability analysis, customer quality, customer rate, customer relations, customer relationships, customer research, customer response time, customer retention, customer satisfaction, customer segment, customer service, customer size, customer specialization, customer support, customer survey, customer targeting, customer transaction, customer value, customer's account, customer's man, customer's needs, customer's specifications, customers cloning, customers flow 1) create customers, support customers, class of customer, assignment of customers, at the customer's option, business to customer, business-to-customer, circle of customers, class of customer, cloning of customers, customer in service, customer of long standing, know your customer, receivables from customers, voice of the customer, American Customer Satisfaction Index, customer assurance program, customer buying process, customer credit risk, customer financing risk, customer holdover effect, customer's loan consent, customer's net debit balance, Healthcare Customer Service Associate, Know Your Customer Rule2) ТМО клиент, абонент, объект (люди, блоки данных, задания, требования, процессы, сообщения, программы, вызовы, стоящие в очереди на обслуживание к компонентам системы обслуживания; напр., касса, узел коммутации, процессор, программа)See:higher-priority customer 1), lower-priority customer, customer loop 1), customers flow 2) queueing theory
* * *
клиент: лицо, которое приобретает товары или услуги, берет что-либо в аренду (особенно на регулярной основе).* * *. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *покупатель; заказчик
См. также в других словарях:
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