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21 son
(a male child (when spoken of in relation to his parents): He is the son of the manager.) hijo- son of a bitch
son n hijo
Del verbo ser: ( conjugate ser) \ \
son es: \ \3ª persona plural (ellos/ellas/ustedes) presente indicativoMultiple Entries: ser son
ser ( conjugate ser) cópula 1 ( seguido de adjetivos) to be◊ ser expresses identity or nature as opposed to condition or state, which is normally conveyed by estar. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in estar 1 cópula 1 es bajo/muy callado he's short/very quiet;es sorda de nacimiento she was born deaf; es inglés/católico he's English/(a) Catholic; era cierto it was true; sé bueno, estate quieto be a good boy and keep still; que seas muy feliz I hope you'll be very happy; (+ me/te/le etc) ver tb imposible, difícil etc 2 ( hablando de estado civil) to be; es viuda she's a widow; ver tb estar 1 cópula 2 3 (seguido de nombre, pronombre) to be; ábreme, soy yo open the door, it's me 4 (con predicado introducido por `de'): soy de Córdoba I'm from Cordoba; es de los vecinos it belongs to the neighbors, it's the neighbors'; no soy de aquí I'm not from around here 5 (hipótesis, futuro): ¿será cierto? can it be true? verbo intransitivo 1b) (liter) ( en cuentos):◊ érase una vez … once upon a time there was …2a) (tener lugar, ocurrir):¿dónde fue el accidente? where did the accident happen?b) ( en preguntas):◊ ¿qué habrá sido de él? I wonder what happened to o what became of him;¿qué es de Marisa? (fam) what's Marisa up to (these days)? (colloq); ¿qué va a ser de nosotros? what will become of us? 3 ( sumar):◊ ¿cuánto es (todo)? how much is that (altogether)?;son 3.000 pesos that'll be o that's 3,000 pesos; somos diez en total there are ten of us altogether 4 (indicando finalidad, adecuación) son para algo to be for sth; ( en locs) ¿cómo es eso? why is that?, how come? (colloq); como/cuando/donde sea: tengo que conseguir ese trabajo como sea I have to get that job no matter what; hazlo como sea, pero hazlo do it any way o however you want but get it done; el lunes o cuando sea next Monday or whenever; puedo dormir en el sillón o donde sea I can sleep in the armchair or wherever you like o anywhere you like; de ser así (frml) should this be so o the case (frml); ¡eso es! that's it!, that's right!; es que …: ¿es que no lo saben? do you mean to say they don't know?; es que no sé nadar the thing is I can't swim; lo que sea: cómete una manzana, o lo que sea have an apple or something; estoy dispuesta a hacer lo que sea I'm prepared to do whatever it takes; o sea: en febrero, o sea hace un mes in February, that is to say a month ago; o sea que no te interesa in other words, you're not interested; o sea que nunca lo descubriste so you never found out; (ya) sea …, (ya) sea … either …, or …; sea como sea at all costs; sea cuando sea whenever it is; sea donde sea no matter where; sea quien sea whoever it is; si no fuera/hubiera sido por … if it wasn't o weren't/hadn't been for … ( en el tiempo) to be;◊ ¿qué fecha es hoy? what's the date today?, what's today's date;serían las cuatro cuando llegó it must have been (about) four (o'clock) when she arrived; ver tb v impers son v impers to be; son v aux ( en la voz pasiva) to be; fue construido en 1900 it was built in 1900 ■ sustantivo masculino 1◊ son humano/vivo human/living beingb) (individuo, persona):2 ( naturaleza):
son sustantivo masculino 1◊ al son del violín to the strains o to the sound of the violinb)◊ en son de: lo dijo en son de burla she said it mockingly;venimos en son de paz we come in peace 2 ( canción latinoamericana) song with a lively, danceable beat
ser
I sustantivo masculino
1 being: es un ser despreciable, he's despicable
ser humano, human being
ser vivo, living being
2 (esencia) essence: eso forma parte de su ser, that is part of him
II verbo intransitivo
1 (cualidad) to be: eres muy modesto, you are very modest
2 (fecha) to be: hoy es lunes, today is Monday
ya es la una, it's one o'clock
3 (cantidad) eran unos cincuenta, there were about fifty people (al pagar) ¿cuánto es?, how much is it?
son doscientas, it is two hundred pesetas Mat dos y tres son cinco, two and three make five
4 (causa) aquella mujer fue su ruina, that woman was his ruin
5 (oficio) to be a(n): Elvira es enfermera, Elvira is a nurse
6 (pertenencia) esto es mío, that's mine
es de Pedro, it is Pedro's
7 (afiliación) to belong: es del partido, he's a member of the party
es un chico del curso superior, he is a boy from the higher year
8 (origen) es de Málaga, she is from Málaga
¿de dónde es esta fruta? where does this fruit come from?
9 (composición, material) to be made of: este jersey no es de lana, this sweater is not (made of) wool
10 ser de, (afinidad, comparación) lo que hizo fue de tontos, what she did was a foolish thing
11 (existir) Madrid ya no es lo que era, Madrid isn't what it used to be
12 (suceder) ¿qué fue de ella?, what became of her?
13 (tener lugar) to be: esta tarde es el entierro, the funeral is this evening 14 ser para, (finalidad) to be for: es para pelar patatas, it's for peeling potatoes (adecuación, aptitud) no es una película para niños, the film is not suitable for children
esta vida no es para ti, this kind of life is not for you
15 (efecto) era para llorar, it was painful
es (como) para darle una bofetada, it makes me want to slap his face
no es para tomárselo a broma, it is no joke
16 (auxiliar en pasiva) to be: fuimos rescatados por la patrulla de la Cruz Roja, we were rescued by the Red Cross patrol
17 ser de (+ infinitivo) era de esperar que se marchase, it was to be expected that she would leave Locuciones: a no ser que, unless
como sea, anyhow
de no ser por..., had it not been for
es más, furthermore
es que..., it's just that...
lo que sea, whatever
o sea, that is (to say)
sea como sea, in any case o be that as it may
ser de lo que no hay, to be the limit
son sustantivo masculino
1 (sonido) sound
2 LAm (ritmo cubano) son Locuciones: bailar al son que le tocan, to toe the line o to do everything one is told to do
hacer algo sin ton ni son, to do sthg any old how
venir en son de paz, to come in peace ' son' also found in these entries: Spanish: abandonar - abdicar - abuelo - adicta - adicto - alma - amenaza - ansiedad - asesinar - astilla - bailar - bicho - carnal - coherente - comestible - como quiera - comoquiera - concluyente - condición - conocida - conocido - conquista - consistente - consuegra - consuegro - contaminante - cosa - Cristo - criticón - criticona - debilidad - directoria I - directorio - díscola - díscolo - discorde - divertida - divertido - doméstica - doméstico - dos - dudosa - dudoso - enamorada - enamorado - entendida - entendido - ser - escollo - escorzo English: action - after - alike - also - amount to - amusement - and - antihistamine - Arabian - archery - arrangement - attention span - baby-sit - be - border - breeding ground - butt in - by - call - carefree - certain - chance - check up on - colour - come up to - common - compare - conflicting - construe - cornerstone - crepe - criticize - danger - daylight - diametrically - differ - discouraging - disown - distracted - doubtful - dune - dutiful - easy - enemy - exact - exploit - father - flamingo - footnote - fortr[sʌn]1 hijo■ eldest son / youngest son hijo mayor / hijo menor\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLthe son and heir el herederoson of a bitch taboo hijo de putason ['sʌn] n: hijo mn.• hijo s.m.sʌna) ( male child) hijo mher youngest/eldest son — su hijo menor/mayor
God, the Son — Dios Hijo
[sʌn]N hijo mthe youngest/eldest son — el hijo menor/mayor
come here, son * — ven, hijo
son of a bitch *** — hijo m de puta ***, hijo m de la chingada (Mex) ***
* * *[sʌn]a) ( male child) hijo mher youngest/eldest son — su hijo menor/mayor
God, the Son — Dios Hijo
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22 period
1. n период, промежуток времени; срокlasting for a period of three months — длящийся три месяца, сроком в три месяца
period of rest — время отдыха; передышка
2. n стадия3. n урок, занятие4. n эпоха, время5. n грам. сложное законченное предложение6. n грам. фраза7. n грам. точка; пауза в конце предложения8. n грам. конец9. n грам. цветистая речь, риторика10. n грам. физиол. часто месячные, менструация11. n грам. физ. период колебаний12. n грам. спец. цикл13. n грам. геол. эпоха, период14. a относящийся к определённому периодуСинонимический ряд:1. cycle (noun) course; cycle2. duration (noun) age; day; days; duration; epoch; era; interval; stretch; time3. end (noun) cease; cessation; close; closing; closure; completion; conclusion; consummation; desistance; desuetude; discontinuance; discontinuation; end; ending; finish; stop; termination; terminus; wrap-up4. stage (noun) phase; stage5. term (noun) season; span; termАнтонимический ряд:eternity; infinity; perpetuity -
23 Alleyne, Sir John Gay Newton
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 8 September 1820 Barbadosd. 20 February 1912 Falmouth, Cornwall, England[br]English iron and steel manufacturer, inventor of the reversing rolling mill.[br]Alleyne was the heir to a baronetcy created in 1769, which he succeeded to on the death of his father in 1870. He was educated at Harrow and at Bonn University, and from 1843 to 1851 he was Warden at Dulwich College, to the founder of which the family claimed to be related.Alleyne's business career began with a short spell in the sugar industry at Barbados, but he returned to England to enter Butterley Iron Works Company, where he remained for many years. He was at first concerned with the production of rolled-iron girders for floors, especially for fireproof flooring, and deck beams for iron ships. The demand for large sections exceeded the capacity of the small mills then in use at Butterley, so Alleyne introduced the welding of T-sections to form the required H-sections.In 1861 Alleyne patented a mechanical traverser for moving ingots in front of and behind a rolling mill, enabling one person to manipulate large pieces. In 1870 he introduced his major innovation, the two-high reversing mill, which enabled the metal to be passed back and forth between the rolls until it assumed the required size and shape. The mill had two steam engines, which supplied the motion in opposite directions. These two inventions produced considerable economies in time and effort in handling the metal and enabled much heavier pieces to be processed.During Alleyne's regime, the Butterley Company secured some notable contracts, such as the roof of St Paneras Station, London, in 1868, with the then-unparalleled span of 240 ft (73 m). The manufacture and erection of this awe-inspiring structure was a tribute to Alleyne's abilities. In 1872 he masterminded the design and construction of the large railway bridge over the Old Maas at Dordrecht, Holland. Alleyne also devised a method of determining small quantities of phosphorus in iron and steel by means of the spectroscope. In his spare time he was a skilled astronomical observer and metalworker in his private workshop.[br]Bibliography1875, "The estimation of small quantities of phosphorus in iron and steel by spectrum analysis", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute: 62.Further ReadingObituary, 1912, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute: 406–8.LRDBiographical history of technology > Alleyne, Sir John Gay Newton
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24 Phillips, Horatio Frederick
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 2 February 1845 London, Englandd. 15 July 1926 Hampshire, England[br]English aerodynamicist whose cambered two-surface wing sections provided the foundations for aerofoil design.[br]At the age of 19, Phillips developed an interest in flight and constructed models with lightweight engines. He spent a large amount of time and money over many years, carrying out practical research into the science of aerodynamics. In the early 1880s he built a wind tunnel with a working section of 15 in. by 10 in. (38 cm by 25 cm). Air was sucked through the working section by an adaptation of the steam injector used in boilers and invented by Henry Giffard, the airship pioneer. Phillips tested aerofoils based on the cross-section of bird's wings, with a greater curvature on the upper surface than the lower. He measured the lift and drag and showed that the major component of lift came from suction on the upper surface, rather than pressure on the lower. He took out patents for his aerofoil sections in 1884 and 1891. In addition to his wind-tunnel test, Phillips tested his wing sections on a whirling arm, as used earlier by Cayley, Wenham and Lilienthal. After a series of tests using an arm of 15 ft (4.57 m) radius, Phillips built a massive whirling arm driven by a steam engine. His test pieces were mounted on the end of the arm, which had a radius of 50 ft (15.24 m), giving them a linear speed of 70 mph (113 km/h). By 1893 Phillips was ready to put his theories to a more practical test, so he built a large model aircraft driven by a steam engine and tethered to run round a circular track. It had a wing span of 19 ft (5.79 m), but it had fifty wings, one above the other. These wings were only 10 in. (25 cm) wide and mounted in a frame, so it looked rather like a Venetian blind. At 40 mph (64 km/h) it lifted off the track. In 1904 Phillips built a full-size multi-wing aeroplane with twenty wings which just lifted off the ground but did not fly. He built another multi-wing machine in 1907, this time with four Venetian blind' frames in tandem, giving it two hundred wings! Phillips made a short flight of almost 500 ft (152 m) which could be claimed to be the first powered aeroplane flight in England by an Englishman. He retired from flying at the age of 62.[br]Bibliography1900, "Mechanical flight and matters relating thereto", Engineering (reprint).1891–3, "On the sustentation of weight by mechanical flight", Aeronautical Society of Great Britain 23rd Report.Further ReadingJ.Laurence Pritchard, 1957, "The dawn of aerodynamics", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (March) (good descriptions of Phillips's early work and his wind tunnel).J.E.Hodgson, 1924, The History of Aeronautics in Great Britain, London.F.W.Brearey, 1891–3, "Remarks on experiments made by Horatio Phillips", Aeronautical Society of Great Britain 23rd Report.JDSBiographical history of technology > Phillips, Horatio Frederick
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25 ♦ life
♦ life /laɪf/n. (pl. lives)1 [uc] vita ( quasi in ogni senso); esistenza; ( di cose) durata: He lost his life in a road accident, perse la vita in un incidente stradale; to risk (o to endanger) one's life, rischiare la vita; to save sb. 's life, salvare la vita a q.; to rebuild one's life, rifarsi una vita; to spare sb. 's life, risparmiare la vita a q.; the struggle for life, la lotta per l'esistenza; this life, questa vita; la vita terrena; plant life, flora; vegetazione; the eternal life, la vita eterna; to spend one's life in idleness, passare la vita nell'ozio; country [city] life, la vita di campagna [di città]; high life, la vita elegante (o dell'alta società); low life, vita mediocre (o misera); to lead a happy life, condurre un'esistenza serena; to make life difficult for sb., rendere la vita difficile a q.; to make sb. 's life a misery, rendere la vita di q. un inferno; Most fashions have a very short life, per lo più le mode hanno vita brevissima; the life of a government, la durata (o la vita) d'un governo; the life of a loan, la durata di un mutuo; love life, vita sentimentale; home life, vita familiare; adult life, vita adulta; busy life, vita molto attiva; full life, vita piena; charmed life, vita piena di fortune; hard life, vita dura; humdrum life, vita monotona; married life, vita matrimoniale; private life, vita privata; a sheltered life, una vita troppo protetta2 [u] ( arte) (il) naturale; (il) vero; (il) vivo: to draw from life, disegnare dal vero; life drawing, disegno dal vero; a class in life, un corso di disegno dal vero4 (fig.) occasione di ricominciare da capo, di rifarsi una vita5 vita; biografia: a life of Einstein, una biografia di Einstein; Plutarch's «Lives», le «Vite» di Plutarco6 condanna a vita (o all'ergastolo); ergastolo (= life imprisonment e life sentence ► sotto): The terrorist got life, il terrorista è stato condannato all'ergastolo; a man serving (o doing) life, un uomo che sconta una condanna all'ergastolo; un ergastolano● life annuity, (assegno) vitalizio □ life assurance = life insurance ► sotto □ life blood ► lifeblood □ life cycle, (biol.) ciclo vitale; (comput.) ciclo di vita ( del software); (econ., fin.) ciclo di vita ( di un prodotto; di un investitore, ecc.) □ (leg.) life estate, usufrutto a vita □ life expectancy, (ass., stat.) aspettativa (o speranza) di vita; ( di cosa) durata prevista □ life-giving, vivificante; che rianima; che rinvigorisce □ (mil., in GB) the Life Guards, le Guardie del Corpo del Sovrano ( reggimento di cavalleria) □ Life Guardsman, soldato della Guardia del Corpo □ (biol.) life history, storia biologica □ ( di un bene) life-hold, tenuto in usufrutto □ (leg., in GB e USA) life imprisonment, carcere per la durata di vari anni ( in pratica, di rado supera i 10 anni); (stor.) carcere a vita, ergastolo (= life sentence ► sotto) □ life instinct, pulsione di vita □ (ass.) life insurance, assicurazione sulla vita □ (leg.) life interest, usufrutto a vita □ (naut.) life jacket, giubbotto (di salvataggio) □ (med.) life machine, respiratore artificiale □ life member, socio a vita □ life-net, telo di salvataggio □ ( slang USA) the life of Riley, la bella vita; la vita comoda (o di Michelaccio) □ (ass.) life office, agenzia di assicurazioni sulla vita □ a life-or-death battle, un combattimento all'ultimo sangue □ a life-or-death matter, una questione di vita o di morte □ (polit.) Life Peer, Pari (d'Inghilterra) nominato a vita ( il titolo non è ereditario) □ (ass.) life policy, polizza di assicurazione sulla vita □ life preserver, bastone animato; tirapugni; ( USA, naut.) salvagente □ (naut., aeron.) life raft, gommone di salvataggio □ life-saver ► lifesaver □ (elettr.) life saving appliance, salvavita □ life-saving drug, farmaco salvavita □ life sciences, scienze naturali □ life scientist, naturalista □ (leg., in GB, in USA, ecc.) life sentence, condanna a diversi anni di carcere ( spesso il giudice fissa un periodo minimo; questo, in Canada, non supera mai i 25 anni); (stor.) condanna all'ergastolo ( che non esiste più nell'ordinamento inglese né in quello nordamericano) □ ( arte: di quadro, statua, ecc.) life-size (o life-sized), in grandezza naturale; al naturale □ life span, arco (o durata) della vita; vita naturale ( di un animale); durata ( di un oggetto) □ life spring, fonte di vita □ life story, storia di una vita; biografia □ (tecn.) life-support, che assicura la sopravvivenza □ (med.) life-support machine (o life-support system), autorespiratore □ (ass., stat.) life tables, tavole di mortalità □ (leg.) life tenancy, usufrutto a vita □ (leg.) life tenant, usufruttuario a vita □ (ind.) life test, prova di durata □ ( USA) life vest, giubbotto salvagente □ to be life-weary, essere stanco della vita □ life work, il lavoro di tutta una vita; l'opera più importante (di q.) □ (ecol.) life zone, zona biotica □ to bring to life, rianimare, far tornare in vita; animare, vivificare □ to come to life, rinvenire, riprendere conoscenza; (fig.) dimostrare interesse, interessarsi □ to come back to life, tornare in sé; riaversi; rinvenire □ for life, per tutta la vita; fino alla morte □ (in frasi neg.) for the life of me, per nulla al mondo; mai e poi mai □ for dear life, tenacemente; con tutte le proprie forze □ the good life, la bella vita; la vita comoda □ (ass.) a good [a bad] life, uno che ha molte [che ha scarse] probabilità di vivere sino all'età media presunta □ (fam.) to have the time of one's life, divertirsi un mondo; spassarsela □ to lay down one's life for, dare (o sacrificare) la vita per □ to marry early in life, sposarsi giovane □ Not on your life!, certo che no!; mai e poi mai! □ nothing in life, nulla di nulla; assolutamente nulla □ the other life (o future, everlasting life), l'altra vita (o la vita futura, eterna) □ to run for one's (o for dear) life, darsi alla fuga; darsela a gambe □ to be safe in life and limb, essere sano e salvo □ (in frasi neg.) to save one's life, per nulla al mondo; mai e poi mai □ to take sb. 's life, toglier la vita a q.; uccidere q. □ to take one's own life, togliersi la vita; suicidarsi □ (fam.) to take one's life in one's ( own) hands, mettere a repentaglio la vita □ to the life, somigliantissimo; tale e quale: ( di un ritratto) It's him to the life!, è lui nato e sputato!; to imitate sb. to the life, imitare qualcuno a pennello □ true to life, realistico; basato sui fatti; che riproduce fedelmente la realtà □ upon my life, in fede mia; parola mia □ with all the pleasure in life, col massimo piacere; con grande gioia □ A cat has nine lives, i gatti hanno sette vite □ (fam.) This is the life!, questa sì che è vita! □ I want to see life, voglio vivere anch'io!; voglio vedere il mondo □ (prov.) While there's life there's hope, finché c'è vita c'è speranza. -
26 distance
1. n расстояниеfree distance — зазор, просвет
our torches gave us no sense of distance — наши факелы не давали ни малейшего представления о расстояниях
a short distance away — недалеко, неподалёку
within speaking distance — на таком расстоянии, что можно разговаривать
you should be in calling distance — не уходи далеко, а то тебя не дозовёшься
2. n большое расстояние; отдалённость, отдаление; дальin the distance — в отдалении, вдали, вдалеке
out of distance — очень далеко, вне пределов досягаемости
walkable distance — расстояние, которое можно пройти пешком
3. n спец. глубина4. n ав. пробегbraking distance — тормозной путь, тормозной пробег
5. n дистанция огромного размера; несходство, различие6. n степень отдалённости кровного родства7. n сдержанность, холодность; почтительное расстояние8. n промежуток, отрезок, периодtransfered a distance — отложил отрезок; отложенный отрезок
9. n перспектива10. n предфинишная черта11. n воен. дистанция; интервал12. v помещать на расстоянии13. v оставлять далеко позади14. v владеть перспективойСинонимический ряд:1. aloofness (noun) aloofness; coldness; coolness; detachment; remoteness2. dissimilarity (noun) alterity; difference; discrepancy; dissemblance; dissimilarity; dissimilitude; distinction; divarication; divergence; divergency; otherness; unlikeness3. expanse (noun) amplitude; breadth; expanse; expansion; space; spread4. formality (noun) formality; reservation; reserve; restraint; stiffness5. length (noun) compass; extent; gap; interval; length; range; reach; span; stretch6. outskirts (noun) background; hinterland; horizon; objective; outpost; outskirts; sky heavens7. way (noun) way; ways8. outstrip (verb) outdistance; outpace; outrun; outspeed; outstripАнтонимический ряд:contiguity; nearness; neighbourhood; presence; propinquity; proximity; warmth -
27 Melo, Francisco Manuel de
(1608-1666)One of Portugal's two greatest prose writers of the 17th century, along with Father An- tónio Vieira, and one of the greatest in both Spain and Portugal in early modern times. Noted as a prose writer for his clarity, wit, satire, and realism, Melo lived through the supreme dramas of his time: the final struggle between the Inquisition and the New Christians, the loss and also recovery of parts of Portugal's overseas empire, as well as the independence of Portugal from Spain in 1640, following 60 years of Castilian rule. Melo was born in Lisbon to a noble family of Spanish descent. His profession was soldiering and, later, diplomacy. After he participated in the restoration of Portugal's independence and in the triumph of the Braganza dynasty as the ruling royal family of Portugal, Melo was imprisoned and exiled to Brazil. He ended his life as a diplomat on important missions in London, Rome, and Paris.Educated by the Jesuits in a Lisbon school, Melo led the life of a man of action rather than that of a sedentary scribbler. His greatest works, some written in Castilian, some in Portuguese, gave him fame outside Portugal and well after his relatively brief life span. His História de los Movimientos y Separación de Cataluna (1645) is a classic, eyewitness account of the 1640 Catalan revolt against Castile. Among other works that mark the author's enduring accomplishment are his Cartas Familiares (1664); Apólogos Dialogaes, his short histories; Epanéforas (1649-59); and his internationally popular Carta de Guia de Casados (Guide Map for Married Persons), which was translated into English first in 1697 by Captain Stevens as The Government of a Wife and was a minor best-seller of the early modern age.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Melo, Francisco Manuel de
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28 from
from,❢ When from is used as a straightforward preposition in English it is translated by de in French: from Rome = de Rome ; from the sea = de la mer ; from Lisa = de Lisa. Remember that de + le always becomes du: from the office = du bureau, and de + les always becomes des: from the United States = des États-Unis. from is often used after verbs in English ( suffer from, benefit from, protect from etc). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (suffer, benefit, protect etc). from is used after certain nouns and adjectives in English ( shelter from, exemption from, free from, safe from etc). For translations, consult the appropriate noun or adjective entry (shelter, exemption, free, safe etc). This dictionary contains Usage Notes on such topics as nationalities, countries and continents, provinces and regions. Many of these use the preposition from. For examples of the above and particular usages of from, see the entry below. prep1 ( indicating place of origin) goods/paper from Denmark de la marchandise/du papier provenant du Danemark ; a flight/train from Nice un vol/train en provenance de Nice ; a friend from Chicago un ami (qui vient) de Chicago ; a colleague from Japan un collègue japonais ; people from Spain les Espagnols ; where is he from? d'où est-il?, d'où vient-il? ; she comes from Oxford elle vient d'Oxford ; a tunnel from X to Y un tunnel qui relie X à Y ; the road from A to B la route qui va de A à B ; noises from upstairs du bruit venant d'en-haut ; to take sth from one's bag/one's pocket sortir qch de son sac/sa poche ; to take sth from the table/the shelf prendre qch sur la table/l'étagère ; from under the table de dessous la table ;2 ( expressing distance) 10 km from the sea à 10 km de la mer ; it's not far from here ce n'est pas loin d'ici ; the journey from A to B le voyage de A à B ;3 ( expressing time span) open from 2 pm until 5 pm ouvert de 14 à 17 heures ; from June to August du mois de juin au mois d'août ; 15 years from now dans 15 ans ; one month from now dans un mois, d'ici un mois ; from today/July à partir d'aujourd'hui/du mois de juillet ; deaf from birth sourd de naissance ; from the age of 8 he wanted to act depuis l'âge de 8 ans il a toujours voulu être acteur ; from day to day de jour en jour ; from that day on à partir de ce jour-là ;4 ( using as a basis) from a short story by Maupassant d'après un conte de Maupassant ; from life d'après nature ; to grow geraniums from seed planter des graines de géranium ; to speak from notes parler en consultant ses notes ; to speak from experience parler d'expérience ;5 (representing, working for) a man from the council un homme qui travaille pour le conseil municipal ; a representative from Grunard and Co un représentant de chez Grunard et Cie ;6 ( among) to select ou choose ou pick from choisir parmi ;7 ( indicating a source) a card from Pauline une carte de Pauline ; a letter from them une lettre de leur part ; where did it come from? d'où est-ce que ça vient? ; where does he come from? d'où vient-il? ; an extract/a quote from sb un extrait/une citation de qn ; to read from the Bible lire un extrait de la Bible ; I got no sympathy from him il n'a fait preuve d'aucune compassion à mon égard ; you can tell him from me that tu peux lui dire de ma part que ;8 (expressing extent, range) wine from £5 a bottle du vin à partir de 5 livres la bouteille ; children from the ages of 12 to 15 les enfants de 12 à 15 ans ; to rise from 10 to 17% passer de 10 à 17% ; it costs anything from 50 to 100 dollars cela coûte entre 50 et 100 dollars ; everything from paperclips to wigs tout, des trombones aux perruques ; from start to finish, from beginning to end du début à la fin ;9 ( in subtraction) 10 from 27 leaves 17 27 moins 10 égale 17 ;10 (because of, due to) I know from speaking to her that j'ai appris en lui parlant que ; he knows her from work il la connaît du travail ;11 ( judging by) d'après ; from what she said d'après ce qu'elle a dit ; from what I saw d'après ce que j'ai vu ; from his expression, I'd say he was furious étant donné la tête qu'il faisait, je pense qu'il était furieux ; from the way he talks you'd think he was an expert à l'entendre, on dirait un spécialiste. -
29 Junkers, Hugo
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 3 February 1859 Rheydt, Germanyd. 3 February 1935 Munich, Germany[br]German aircraft designer, pioneer of all-metal aircraft, including the world's first real airliner.[br]Hugo Junkers trained as an engineer and in 1895 founded the Junkers Company, which manufactured metal products including gas-powered hot-water heaters. He was also Professor of Thermodynamics at the high school in Aachen. The visits to Europe by the Wright brothers in 1908 and 1909 aroused his interest in flight, and in 1910 he was granted a patent for a flying wing, i.e. no fuselage and a thick wing which did not require external bracing wires. Using his sheet-metal experience he built the more conventional Junkers J 1 entirely of iron and steel. It made its first flight in December 1915 but was rather heavy and slow, so Junkers turned to the newly available aluminium alloys and built the J 4 bi-plane, which entered service in 1917. To stiffen the thin aluminium-alloy skins, Junkers used corrugations running fore and aft, a feature of his aircraft for the next twenty years. Incidentally, in 1917 the German authorities persuaded Junkers and Fokker to merge, but the Junkers-Fokker Company was short-lived.After the First World War Junkers very rapidly converted to commercial aviation, and in 1919 he produced a single-engined low-wing monoplane capable of carrying four passengers in an enclosed cabin. The robust all-metal F 13 is generally accepted as being the world's first airliner and over three hundred were built and used worldwide: some were still in service eighteen years later. A series of low-wing transport aircraft followed, of which the best known is the Ju 52. The original version had a single engine and first flew in 1930; a three-engined version flew in 1932 and was known as the Ju 52/3m. This was used by many airlines and served with the Luftwaffe throughout the Second World War, with almost five thousand being built.Junkers was always ready to try new ideas, such as a flap set aft of the trailing edge of the wing that became known as the "Junkers flap". In 1923 he founded a company to design and manufacture stationary diesel engines and aircraft petrol engines. Work commenced on a diesel aero-engine: this flew in 1929 and a successful range of engines followed later. Probably the most spectacular of Junkers's designs was his G 38 airliner of 1929. This was the world's largest land-plane at the time, with a wing span of 44 m (144 ft). The wing was so thick that some of the thirty-four passengers could sit in the wing and look out through windows in the leading edge. Two were built and were frequently seen on European routes.[br]Bibliography1923, "Metal aircraft construction", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, London.Further ReadingG.Schmitt, 1988, Hugh Junkers and His Aircraft, Berlin.1990, Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I, London: Jane's (provides details of Junkers's aircraft).J.Stroud, 1966, European Transport Aircraft since 1910, London.P. St J.Turner and H.J.Nowarra, 1971, Junkers: An Aircraft Album, London.JDS -
30 Nervi, Pier Luigi
[br]b. 21 June 1891 Sondrio, Italyd. 9 January 1979 (?), Italy[br]Italian engineer who played a vital role in the use and adaptation of reinforced concrete as a structural material from the 1930s to the 1970s.[br]Nervi early established a reputation in the use of reinforced concrete with his stadium in Florence (1930–2). This elegant concrete structure combines graceful curves with functional solidity and is capable of seating some 35,000 spectators. The stadium was followed by the aircraft hangars built for the Italian Air Force at Orvieto and Ortebello, in which he spanned the vast roofs of the hangars with thin-shelled vaults supported by precast concrete beams and steel-reinforced ribs. The structural strength and subtle curves of these ribbed roofs set the pattern for Nervi's techniques, which he subsequently varied and elaborated on to solve problems that arose in further commissions.Immediately after the Second World War Italy was short of supplies of steel for structural purposes so, in contrast to the USA, Britain and Germany, did not for some years construct any quantity of steel-framed rectangular buildinngs used for offices, housing or industrial use. It was Nervi who led the way to a ferroconcrete approach, using a new type of structure based on these materials in the form of a fine steel mesh sprayed with cement mortar and used to roof all kinds of structures. It was a method that resulted in expressionist curves instead of rectangular blocks, and the first of his great exhibition halls at Turin (1949), with a vault span of 240 ft (73 m), was an early example of this technique. Nervi continued to create original and beautiful ferroconcrete structures of infinite variety: for example, the hall at the Lido di Roma, Ostia; the terme at Chianciano; and the three buildings that he designed for the Rome Olympics in 1960. The Palazzetto dello Sport is probably the most famous of these, for which he co-operated with the architect Annibale Vitellozzi to construct a small sports palace seating 5,000 spectators under a concrete "big top" of 194 ft (59 m) diameter, its enclosing walls supported by thirtysix guy ropes of concrete; inside, the elegant roof displays a floral quality. In 1960 Nervi returned to Turin to build his imaginative Palace of Labour for the centenary celebrations of Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel in the city. This vast hall, like the Crystal Palace in England a century earlier (see Paxton), had to be built quickly and be suitable for later adaptation. It was therefore constructed partly in steel, and the metal supporting columns rose to palm-leaf capitals reminiscent of those in ancient Nile palaces.Nervi's aim was always to create functional buildings that simultaneously act by their aesthetic qualities as an effective educational influence. Functionalism for Nervi never became "brutalism". In consequence, his work is admired by the lay public as well as by architects. He collaborated with many of the outstanding architects of the day: with Gio Ponti on the Pirelli Building in Milan (1955–9); with Zehrfuss and Breuer on the Y-plan UNESCO Building in Paris (1953–7); and with Marcello Piacentini on the 16,000-seat Palazzo dello Sport in Rome. Nervi found time to write a number of books on building construction and design, lectured in the Universities of Rio de Janiero and Buenos Aires, and was for many years Professor of Technology and Technique of Construction in the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Rome. He continued to design new structures until well into the 1970s.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRIBA Royal Gold Medal 1960. Royal Institute of Structural Engineers Gold Medal 1968. Honorary Degree Edinburgh University, Warsaw University, Munich University, London University, Harvard University. Member International Institute of Arts and Letters, Zurich; American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Stockholm.Bibliography1956, Structures, New York: Dodge.1945, Scienza o Arte del Costruire?, Rome: Bussola.Further ReadingP.Desideri et al., 1979, Pier Luigi Nervi, Bologna: Zanichelli.A.L.Huxtable, 1960, Masters of World Architecture; Pier Luigi Nervi, New York: Braziller.DY
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