Scriptures

Ναζωραῖος, ου, ὁ Nazoraean, Nazarene, predominantly a designation of Jesus, in Mt, J, Ac and Lk 18:37, while Mk has Ναζαρηνός (q.v.). Of the two places where the latter form occurs in Lk, the one, Lk 4:34, apparently comes fr. Mk (1:24), the other, 24:19, perh. fr. a special source. Where the author of Lk-Ac writes without influence fr. another source he uses Ναζωραῖος. Mt says expressly 2:23 that Jesus was so called because he grew up in Nazareth. In addition, the other NT writers who call Jesus Ναζωραῖος know Nazareth as his home. But linguistically the transition fr. Ναζαρέτ to Ναζωραῖος is difficult (Dalman, Gramm.² 178; Wlh. on Mt 26:69; MLidzbarski, Mandäische Liturgien 1920, xviff, Zeitschrift für Semitistik 1, 1922, 230ff, Ginza 1925, ixf; FBurkitt, The Syriac Forms of NT Proper Names 1912; AvGall, Βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ 1926 p. 432, 4; cp. 411f; RBultmann, ZNW 24, 1925, 143f, Jesus 1926, 26 [Eng. tr. 24]; HSchaeder in Rtzst. u. Schaeder, Studien zum antiken Synkretismus 1926 p. 308, 2, also TW IV 879–84; Moore below) and it is to be borne in mind that Ναζωραῖος meant someth. different before it was connected w. Nazareth (cp. Orig. Celsus 7, 18, 9f, who calls Jesus ὁ Ναζωραῖος ἄνθρωπος. JSanders, JBL 84, ’65, 169–72 [rev. in: The Gospels and the Scriptures of Israel, ed. CEvans/WStegner ’94, 116–28] interprets Ν. in Mt 2:23 as meaning both ‘coming from Nazareth’ and ‘miraculously born’). The pass. where Jesus is so called are Mt 2:23; 26:69 v.l., 71; Lk 18:37; J 18:5, 7; 19:19; Ac 2:22; 3:6; 4:10; 6:14; 22:8; 26:9. Acc. to Ac 24:5 the Christians were so called; s. Kl. Texte 3² p. 3, ln. 32 and 8³ p. 6, lines 8, 17, 27; p. 7, note on ln. 1ff; p. 8, ln. 5; p. 9, ln.17; 23; p. 10, ln. 5; 15; p. 11, ln. 28 and note on ln. 9ff, all passages in which Jewish Christians are called Nazaraei, Nazareni, Ναζωραῖοι.—Laud. Therap. 27 the monks are called ναζιραῖοι (with the v.l. Ναζαραῖοι).—EbNestle, ET 19, 1908, 523f, PM 14, 1910, 349f; HZimmern, ZDMG 74, 1920, 429ff; GMoore, Nazarene and Nazareth: Beginn. I/1, 1920, 426–32 (s. I/5, ’33, 356f); EMeyer II 408f; 423, 2; HGressmann, ZKG 41=n.s. 4, 1922, 166f; WCaspari, ZNW 21, 1922, 122–27; HSmith, Ναζωραῖος κληθήσεται: JTS 28, 1927, 60; ELohmeyer, Joh. d. Täufer ’32, p. 115, 2; HSchlier, TRu n.s. 5, ’33, 7f; WOesterley, ET 52, ’41, 410–12; SLyonnet, Biblica 25, ’44, 196–206; MBlack, An Aramaic Approach³, ’67, 197–200; WAlbright, JBL 65, ’46, 397–401, also JKennard, Jr., ibid. 66, ’47, 79–81; HShires, ATR 29, ’47, 19–27; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings, ’50, 257–60; BGärtner, Die rätselhafte Termini Nazoräer u. Iskariot ’57, 5–36; ESchweizer, Judentum, Urchrist., Kirche ’60, 90–93; RPesch: The Gospels and the Scriptures of Israel ’94, 178–211.—B-D-F §39, 4; BHHW II, 1293. M-M. EDNT. TW.

τελέω fut. τελέσω; 1 aor. ἐτέλεσα; pf. τετέλεκα. Pass.: 1 fut. τελεσθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐτελέσθην; perf. τετέλεσμαι (Hom.+).

① to complete an activity or process, bring to an end, finish, complete τὶ someth. ταῦτα Hs 8, 2, 5. τὸν δρόμον (Il. 23, 373; 768; Soph., El. 726) 2 Ti 4:7. τοὺς λόγους τούτους Mt 7:28; 19:1; 26:1 (cp. Just., D. 110, 1). τὰς παραβολὰς ταύτας 13:53. τὴν μαρτυρίαν Rv 11:7. τὴν εὐχήν GJs 9:1. τὴν ἐξήγησιν Hv 3, 7, 4. τὰ γράμματα 2, 1, 4. τελέσας τὴν χαράκωσιν when he had finished the fencing Hs 5, 2, 3. τελεῖν πάντα τὰ κατὰ τὸν νόμον Lk 2:39 (τελ. πάντα as Jos., Ant. 16, 318). τελ. τὰς πόλεις τοῦ Ἰσραήλ finish (going through) the cities of Israel Mt 10:23 (on this pass. KWeiss, Exegetisches z. Irrtumslosigkeit u. Eschatologie Jesu Christi 1916, 184–99; JDupont, NovT 2, ’58, 228–44; AFeuillet, CBQ 23, ’61, 182–98; MKünzi, Das Naherwartungslogion Mt 10:23, ’70 [history of interp.]). Foll. by a ptc. to designate what is finished (B-D-F §414, 2; Rob. 1121; cp. Josh 3:17; JosAs 15:12) ἐτέλεσεν διατάσσων Mt 11:1. Cp. Lk 7:1 D; Hv 1, 4, 1.—Pass. be brought to an end, be finished, completed of the building of the tower (cp. 2 Esdr 5:16; 16: 15) Hv 3, 4, 1f; 3, 5, 5; 3, 9, 5; Hs 9, 5, 1; 9, 10, 2 (τὸ ἔργον). τελεσθέντος τοῦ δείπνου GJs 6:3 (TestAbr A 5 p. 81, 32 [Stone p. 10]; JosAs 21:8). ὡς … ἐτελέσθη ὁ πλοῦς AcPl Ha 7, 35. Of time come to an end, be over (Hom. et al.; Aristot., HA 7, 1, 580a, 14 ἐν τοῖς ἔτεσι τοῖς δὶς ἑπτὰ τετελεσμένοις; Lucian, Alex. 38) Lk 2:6 D; sim. τοῦ ἐξεῖναι τὸν Παῦλον εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην AcPl Ha 6, 15; τὰ χίλια ἔτη Rv 20:3, 5, 7. πάντα τετέλεσται J 19:28 (GDalman, Jesus-Jeschua 1922, 211–18 [tr. PLevertoff 1929, same pages].—Diagoras of Melos in Sext. Emp., Adv. Math. 9, 55 κατὰ δαίμονα κ. τύχην πάντα τελεῖται=‘everything is accomplished acc. to divine will and fortune’; an anonymous writer of mimes [II A.D.] in OCrusius, Herondas⁵ [p. 110–16] ln. 175 τοῦτο τετέλεσται); cp. τετέλεσται used absolutely in vs. 30 (if these two verses are to be taken as referring to the carrying out [s. 2 below] of divine ordinances contained in the Scriptures, cp. Diod S 20, 26, 2 τετελέσθαι τὸν χρησμόν=the oracle had been fulfilled; Ael. Aristid. 48, 7 K.=24 p. 467 D.: μέγας ὁ Ἀσκληπιός• τετέλεσται τὸ πρόσταγμα. Cp. Willibald Schmidt, De Ultimis Morientium Verbis, diss. Marburg 1914. OCullmann, TZ 4, ’48, 370 interprets the two verses in both a chronological and theol. sense. Diod S 15, 87, 6 reports the four last sayings of Epaminondas, two in indirect discourse and the other two in direct. S. also the last words of Philip s.v. πληρόω 5).—ἡ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται power finds its consummation or reaches perfection in (the presence of) weakness 2 Cor 12:9. The passives in Rv 10:7 (the aor. suggests the ‘final clearing up of all the insoluble riddles and problems of human life’: EBlakeney, The Epistle to Diognetus ’43, ’67); 15:1, 8; 17:17 belong under 2 as well as here.

② to carry out an obligation or demand, carry out, accomplish, perform, fulfill, keep τὶ someth. (Hom.+. Of rites, games, processions, etc., dedicated to a divinity or ordained by it: Eur., Bacch. 474 τὰ ἱερά; Pla., Laws 775a; X., Resp. Lac. 13, 5; Plut., Mor. 671 al.; Just., A II, 12, 5 μυστήρια; Mel., P. 16, 102 μυστήριον al.; in ins freq. of public service, e.g. IPriene 111, 22 an embassy) τὸν νόμον carry out the demands of, keep the law Ro 2:27; Js 2:8. τὴν ἐντολήν Hs 5, 2, 4 (Jos., Bell. 2, 495 τὰς ἐντολάς). τὸ ἔργον (Theogn. 914; Apollon. Rhod. 4, 742; Sir 7:25) 2:7a; 5, 2, 7. τὴν διακονίαν m 2:6ab; 12, 3, 3; Hs 2:7b; pass. m 2:6c. τὰς διακονίας Hs 1:9. τὴν νηστείαν 5, 1, 5; 5, 3, 8. ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς τελεῖν carry out what the flesh desires, satisfy one’s physical desires (Artem. 3, 22; Achilles Tat. 2, 13, 3 αὑτῷ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν τελέσαι) Gal 5:16. ὡς ἐτέλεσαν πάντα τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ γεγραμμένα when they had carried out everything that was written (in the Scriptures) concerning him Ac 13:29 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 59 §243 τὸ κεκριμένον τ.=carry out what was decided upon). Pass. Lk 18:31; 22:37 (cp. pass. cited 1, end). ἕως ὅτου τελεσθῇ until it (the baptism) is accomplished Lk 12:50. ἵνα ὁ τύπος τελεσθῇ in order that the type might be fulfilled B 7:3.

③ to pay what is due, pay (Hom., Pla., et al.; pap; Jos., Ant. 2, 192 al.) φόρους (Ps.-Pla., Alc. 1, 123a τὸν φόρον; Appian, Syr. 44 §231; PFay 36, 14 [111/12 A.D.]; Philo, Agr. 58; Jos., Ant. 15, 106; Just., A I, 17, 2 φόρους τελεῖν [Luke 20:22]; Tat. 4:1) Ro 13:6. τὰ δίδραχμα Mt 17:24. V.l. for τελευτάω Papias (4).—B. 797. DELG s.v. τέλος. M-M. EDNT. TW.

-ου ⁺ τό N 2 16-92-32-22-24=186 Ex 17,14; 24,7; Nm 5,23; 21,14; Dt 17,18

dim. of βίβλος; paper, strip of βίβλος Tob 7,14; scroll, book Ex 17,14; letter 2 Sm 11,14

τὰ βιβλία τὰ ἅγια the sacred books, the Scriptures 1 Mc 12,9

*1 Chr 27,24 ἐν βιβλίῳ in the book -ספר/ב for MT רפּמס/כ in the number; *Ezr 7,17 ἐν βιβλίῳ τούτῳ with this letter -ספרא/ב for MT כספא/ב with this money

Cf. LEWIS 1989 7(n.4); MAYSER 1970, 80; WEVERS 1990 271.383; →NIDNTT; TWNT

βιβλίον or [full] βυβλίον, τό,

A strip of βύβλος, Thphr.HP4.8.4: hence, paper, document, Hdt.1.123, 3.128, Ar.Av. 974, etc.;

τὸ β. τοῦ ψηφίσματος IG22.1.61

; β. ἀποστασίου notice of divorce, Ev.Matt.19.7.

2 = βιβλίδιον, petition to the Government, = Lat. libellus, BGU 422 (ii A. D.), POxy.86.16 (iv A. D.), etc.

3 = δέλτος, tablet, LXX To.7.14.

II book, Eup.304, Theognet.1.8, Pl.Ap. 26d, etc.;

μέγα β. ἴσον τῷ μεγάλῳ κακῷ Call.Fr. 359

.

2 book as the division of a work,

ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ β. Dsc.2

Praef., Ph.1.329, etc.

3 τὰ β. place in which books are kept, library,

ἀνεθήκατε εἰς τὰ β. D.Chr.37.8

.

4 τὰ β. τὰ ἅγια the sacred books or Scriptures, LXX 1 Ma.12.9; τὰ β. τοῦ νόμου ib.1.56.

βύβλος and [full] βίβλος (v. sub fin.), ἡ,

A the Egyptian papyrus, Cyperus Papyrus, Hdt.2.92, A.Supp. 761, Str.17.1.15: in pl., stalks of papyrus, PTeb.308.7 (ii A. D.).

2 rind enclosing the pith of this plant, Thphr.HP4.8.4, etc.: generally, bark,

φελλῶν καὶ βύβλων Pl.Plt. 288e

, cf. Hdt.2.96, Plot.2.7.2.

b in pl., slices of the pith used as writing-material, Hdt.5.58, Hermipp.63.13: sg., strip of

β., βύβλον εὐρύναντες ἀντὶ διαδήματος Ph.2.522

.

3 roll of papyrus, book, Hdt.2.100, A.Supp. 947, etc.: heterocl. pl., βύβλα, τά, AP9.98 (Stat. Flacc.); esp. of sacred or magical writings,

βίβλων ὅμαδον Μουσαίου καὶ Ὀρφέως Pl.R. 364e

, cf. D.18.259, Act.Ap.19.19, PPar.19.1 (ii A. D.);

ἱεραί β. OGI56.70

(Canopus, iii B. C.);

β. ἱερατική PTeb.291.43

(ii A. D.); so of the Scriptures,

ἡ β. γενέσεως οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς LXX Ge.2.4

, etc.; ἡ β. the Sacred Writings, Aristeas 316; β. Μωυσέως, ψαλμῶν, προφητῶν, Ev.Marc.12.26, Act.Ap.1.20, 7.42;

β. ζωῆς Ep.Phil.4.3

: pl., of magical books, Act.Ap.19.19.

4 a division of a book, Plb.4.87.12, D.S.1.4, etc.; αἱ β. the nine books of Hdt., Luc. Herod.1.

II β. στεφανωτρίς flowering head of papyrus, Theopomp. Hist. 22c, Plu.Ages.36. [[pron. full] ῠ, A.Supp. 761.] (βύβλος, βύβλινος, βυβλίον, etc., are the original forms: βιβλ- seems to have arisen in Attic by assimilation in βιβλίον, and is found in earlier Attic Inscrr., cf. IG2.1b, etc., and prevails in Ptolemaic papyri; Inscrr. vary,

βυβλία Test.Epict.8.32

(iii/ii B. C.);

βιβλία IG5(1).1390.12

(Andania, i B. C.); in Roman times βυβλ- was restored.)

γράμμα, ατος, τό, [dialect] Dor. [full] γράθμα, prob. in IG4.506 (Heraeum, vi/v B. C.), cf. An.Ox.1.102, but [full] γράσσμα, IG4.554 (Argos, v B. C.): late [dialect] Aeol. pl. [full] γρόππατα, Epigr.Gr.990.11 ([place name] Balbilla): ([etym.] γράφω):—

A that which is drawn: pl., lines of a drawing, picture, etc., E. Ion 1146 (of tapestry), Theoc.15.81; picture,

Ἀπέλλεω γ. Herod.4.73

, cf. AP 6.352 ([place name] Erinna): sg., drawing, picture, Pl.R. 472d, Cra. 430e, cf. 431c: pl., figures in a picture, Procop.Gaz.Ecphr.p.157B.

II written character, letter, Hdt.1.139, 148, etc.: in pl., letters, characters,

γραμμάτων τε συνθέσεις A.Pr. 460

;

πηλίκοις γ. Ep.Gal.6.11

; the letters, the alphabet, Hdt.5.58;

τὰ γ. καὶ τὰς συλλαβάς Pl.Cra. 390e

;

γ. Φοινίκια S.Fr. 514

; Ἀσσύρια, Ἑλληνικά, Hdt.4.87;

γράμματα ἐπίστασθαι Pl.Lg. 689d

; μαθεῖν to have learnt to read, Id.Prt. 325e;

γ. μὴ εἰδέναι SIG2844.6

; ἐδίδασκες γράμματα, ἐγὼ δ' ἐφοίτων you kept school—I went there, D.18.265;

ἤτοι τέθνηκεν ἢ διδάσκει γ. Com.Adesp.20

;

παιδεύειν γράμματα Arist.Pol. 1337b24

; τέχνη ἡμῶν γ. our profession is that of the scribe, PTeb.316.16 (i A. D.).

b articulate sound, letter, Pl.Phlb. 18c;

τὰ γ. πάθη ἐστὶ τῆς φωνῆς Arist.Pr. 895a12

; γράμματα φθέγγεσθαι ib.8, cf. PA 660a5.

c παρὰ γράμμα λέγοντα.. σκοπεῖν etymologically, Id.MM 1185b39; τὰ παρὰ γ. σκώμματα puns, Id.Rh. 1412a28; but ἀρετὴν παρὰ γ. διώκοντες, with ref. to Νικαρέτη, the mistress of Stilpo, Crates Theb.1.

d inscription,

τὸ Δελφικὸν γ. Pl.Phdr. 229e

, cf. Chrm. 164d, X.Mem.4.2.24, etc., IG 2.2876, al.: prov.,

εἰς πέλαγος.. γράμματα γράψαι Epigr.Gr.1038.8

([place name] Attalia).

2 in pl., notes in music, AP11.78 (Lucill.).

3 mathematical diagram, Epigr. ap. D.L.8.12.

4 letter inscribed on the lots which the δικασταί drew, Ar.Pl. 277, al., Arist.Ath.64.4; practically, = division of dicasts,

ἐν ὁποίῳ γ. δειπνεῖ Ar.Ec. 683

; ἁ κατὰ γράμμα φυλακά the roster of guards, SIG569.21 (Cos, iii B. C.).

b quarters of a town, PRein.49.2; accent, EM240.42, Zonar.

5 a small weight, 1/24 ounce, scruple, Androm. ap. Gal.13.114, Gp.7.13.2, PLips. 62 ii 27 (iv A. D.).

III in pl., set of written characters, piece of writing, Hdt.1.124: hence, letter, Id.5.14, IG22.103.8, etc.;

γραμμάτων πτυχαί S.Fr. 144

, cf. E.IT 594, al., Pl.Ep. 347c; inscription, epitaph, etc.,

ἐκόλαψε ἐς τὸν τάφον γράμματα λέγοντα τάδε Hdt. 1.187

, cf. 4.91, And.3.12, Theoc.18.47, IG3.751.

2 papers, documents, Antipho 1.30, D.36.21, etc. (sg., D.Chr.65.14); τούτων τὰ γ. the documents to prove this, Lys.32.14;

τὰ γ. τῆς δίκης Ar.Nu. 772

; τὰ δημόσια γ. the public records, Decr. ap. D.18.55; title-deeds, D.C.65.14; account of loans, D.49.59;

ἐπικαρπίαν ἐν γράμμασιν ἀποφέρειν Pl. Lg. 955d

; contract or estimate, BCH46.323 ([place name] Teos); catalogue, X.Cyr.7.4.12: in sg., bond, Ev. Luc.16.7; note of hand, J.AJ18.6.3.

3 a man's writings, i.e. book, treatise,

τὰ τοῦ Ζήνωνος γ. Pl.Prm. 127c

(but sg., ib. 128a): pl., books, X.Mem.4.2.1;

Πλάτωνος τὸ περὶ ψυχῆς γ. Call.Epigr.25

, cf. AP9.63 (Asclep.), Gal.18(2).928; τὰ ἱερὰ γ. the Holy Scriptures, OGI56.36 (iii B. C.), Ph.2.574, 2 Ep.Ti.3.15, J.Ap.1.10; ἱερὰ γ., = Imperial rescripts, IG12(5).132 (Paros, iii A. D.); = hieroglyphics, OGI90.54 (Rosetta, ii B. C.): in sg., the Law of Moses, Ep.Rom.2.27, al.; opp. πνεῦμα, ib.29: sg., article of a treaty, Th. 5.29.

4 laws or rules, Pl.R. 425b, Plt. 292a, al., Ar.Ec. 1050; κατὰ γράμματα ἄρχειν, opp. ἄνευ γραμμάτων, Pl.Plt. 293a;

ἡ κατὰ γ. καὶ νόμους πολιτεία Arist.Pol. 1286a15

, cf. 1272a38: οἱ κατὰ γ. νόμοι, opp. οἱ κατὰ τὰ ἔθη, ib. 1287b5, cf. Pl.Plt. 299d;

κατὰ γράμματα ἰατρεύεσθαι Arist.Pol. 1287a34

; ἡ ἐκ τῶν γ. θεραπεία ib.40.

IV in pl., also, letters, learning,

ἀπείρους γραμμάτων Pl.Ap. 26d

, etc.

ἀναγρᾰφ-ή, ἡ,

A inscribing, registering, of properties, contracts, etc., Pl.Lg. 850a;

συναλλαγμάτων Arist.Pol. 1322b34

; of names of public benefactors, etc., X.Vect.3.11;

στήλης IG2.14

c, cf. 227, etc.

2

ἀ. τῶν νόμων

codification,

Lys.30.25

.

3 Medic., prescription, formula, Hp.Decent.10; formula for a magic ink, PMag. Leid.V.12.16.

4 record, description, Plb.3.33.17, Plu.Per.2, etc.

5 treatise, Hero Bel.73.5: composition,

τῶν διαλόγων Phld. Acad.Ind.p.4

M.

II register, esp. in pl., public records, GDI1743.10 (Delph.), Plb.12.11.4, etc.: also ἀ. ἀρχόντων, φιλοσόφων, D.L.1.22,42;

σταθμῶν Str.15.1.11

; copy of decree, SIG 622A8 (Delph., ii B. C.).

2 the Sacred Scriptures, Ph.1.694.

ἱερός (v. sub fin.), ά, όν, also ός, όν in the phrase

A

ἱερὸς ἀκτή Hes. Op. 597

, 805, Orac. ap. Hdt.8.77: [dialect] Ion. and poet. [full] ἱρός, ή, όν (v. sub fin.): [dialect] Dor. and N. Greek [full] ἱᾰρός IG22.1126.20, etc.: [dialect] Aeol. [full] ἶρος Sapph.Supp.23.25, Alc.Supp.8.4, but [full] ἴαρος (corr. from ἴερ-) Sapph. Supp. 20a.6: [comp] Sup.

ἱερώτατος Ar.Eq. 582

(lyr.), Pl.Lg. 755e.

I filled with or manifesting divine power, supernatural,

ἱ. ἲς Τηλεμάχοιο Od.2.409

, al.;

ἱ. μένος Ἀλκινόοιο 8.421

, etc.; ἄλφιτον, ἀλωαί, Il.11.631, 5.499;

Δημήτερος ἱερὸς ἀκτή Hes.Op.

Il.c.; of natural objects or phenomena, rivers, Od.10.351, Il.11.726, E.Med. 410 (lyr.); λιβάς, of the Spercheus, S.Ph. 1215 (lyr.); ἱεραὶ βῆσσαι Κίρκης 'faery', Od.10.275; ἱ. ἦμαρ, κνέφας, Il.8.66, 11.194;

φάος Hes.Op. 339

; ἱερὸς δίφρος (where δ. perh.= ἵπποι) Il.17.464; after Hom.,

ἱ. χεῦμα θαλάσσης A.Fr. 192

(anap.);

ἱ. κῦμα E.Hipp. 1206

, cf. Cyc. 265;

ὄμβρος S.OT 1428

;

δρόσοι E. Ion 117

(lyr.); ὕπνος, of death, Call.Epigr.11; ἔστι μὲν οὐδὲν ἱ. no great matter, Theoc.5.22.

II of divine things, holy,

ἱεροῖς ἐν δώμασι Κίρκης Od.10.426

;

ἱ. γένος ἀθανάτων Hes.Th.21

; λέχος, of Zeus, ib.57; δόσις the gift of God, ib. 93; πόλεμος holy war, ' crusade', Ar.Av. 556, etc.

2 of earthly things, hallowed, consecrated,

βωμοί Il.2.305

; ἱ. δόμος, of the temple of Athena, 6.89;

ἱ. ἑκατόμβη 1.99

, 431, etc.;

ἐλαίη Od.13.372

;

χοαί S.OC 469

, etc.; ἱρὰ γράμματα hieroglyphics, Hdt.2.36; but ἱ. γράμματα of the Holy Scriptures, 2 Ep.Tim.3.15;

ἱ. βύβλοι OGI56.70

(Canopus, iii B.C.); ἱ. ἄγαλμα, τρίπους, S.OT 1379, E. Ion 512, etc.;

χρήματα Pl.R. 568d

, etc.;

ἱ. τὸ σῶμα τῷ θεῷ δίδωμ' ἔχειν E. Ion 1285

; ἱ. σώματα, of ἱερόδουλοι, Str.6.2.6;

χῆνες Plu.2.325c

; of animals regarded as 'taboo', [

κριοί] εἰσί σφι ἱ. διὰ τοῦτο Hdt.2.42

; so perh.

ἱ. ἰχθύς Il.16.407

; of the Roman Tribunes,= Lat. sacrosanctus,

ἱ. καὶ ἄσυλος Plu.TG15

, etc.; of Augustus, Mon.Anc.Gr. 5.17; ἱ. νόμος law of sacrifice, D.21.35, cf. SIG685.81 (ii B.C.); ἱ. λόγος legend, Hdt.2.81, etc.;

οἱ παλαιοὶ καὶ ἱ. λόγοι Pl.Ep. 335a

; ἱ. γάμος mystical marriage, a religious ceremony, Men.320, Phot. s.v.; opp. βέβηλος, as sacred to profane, D.H.7.8, AB223; but more freq.

ἱ. καὶ ὅσιος Th.2.52

, X.Vect.5.4, etc.; cf. ὅσιος.

3 under divine protection, freq. of places,

Ἴλιος Il.5.648

, Alc.Supp.8.4;

Πύλος Od. 21.108

;

Θήβη Sapph.Supp. 20a

.6; Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον, Τροίης ἱερὰ κρήδεμνα, Od.1.2, Il.16.100;

Ἀθῆναι Od.11.323

, cf. Pi.Fr.75, S. Aj. 1221 (lyr.), Ps.-Orac. ap. Ar.Eq. 1037;

Σούνιον ἱρόν Od.3.278

; ἱ. κύκλος the judge's seat under the protection of Zeus, Il.18.504: with gen. of the divinity, ἄλσος ἱρὸν Ἀθηναίης, ἄντρον ἱρὸν νυμφάων, Od.6.322, 13.104, cf. Hdt.1.80,2.41, Ar.Pl. 937, X.An.5.3.13, etc.;

γῆ καὶ ἑστία ἱερὰ πᾶσι πάντων θεῶν Pl.Lg. 955e

; χωρίον ὡς -ώτατον ib. 755e, cf. Ti. 45a; with gen. of a human being,

Γναθίου.. ἱ. εἰμι IG12.920

.

b of persons,

φυλάκων ἱ. τέλος Il.10.56

;

ἱ. πυλαωροί 24.681

;

στρατός Od.24.81

;

βασιλέες Pi.P.5.97

; ἱ. εὐσεβής τε, of Oedipus, S.OC 287; ἅνθρωπος ἱ. initiated, Ar.Ra. 652; c. gen. of a divinity, deuoted, dedicated, E.Alc.75, Pl.Phd. 85b.

c under the Roman Empire,= sacer, imperial,

ἐκ τῶν ἱερῶν τοῦ Καίσαρος γραμμάτων IGRom.4.571

(Aezani, ii A.D.); ὁ -ώτατος φίσκος, τὸ -ώτατον ταμιεῖον, ib.3.727 ([place name] Lycia), SIG888.10 (Scaptopara, iii A.D.), etc.; τὸ -ώτατον βῆμα (of the praefectus Aegypti), PHamb.4.8 (i A.D.): generally, worshipful,

ἱ. σύνοδος OGI713.9

(Egypt, iii A.D.), etc.

III as Subst.,

1 [full] ἱερά, [dialect] Ion. [full] ἱρά, τά, offerings, victims,

ἱερὰ ῥέξας Il.1.147

, etc.;

ἔρδειν Hes.Op. 336

;

διδόναι Od.16.184

;

ἀλλ' ὅ γε δέκτο μὲν ἱρά Il.2.420

, cf. 23.207: less freq. in sg.,

ὄφρ' ἱρὸν ἑτοιμασσαίατ' Ἀθήνῃ 10.571

;

θῦσαι ἱρά Hdt.1.59

, 8.54, etc.;

θυσίας καὶ ἱρὰ ποιέειν Id.2.63

;

αἴθειν S. Ph. 1033

;

ἱ. πατρῷα A.Th. 1015

;

ἱ. ἐπιχώρια Democr.259

.

b after Hom., omens afforded by sacrifice,

τὰ ἱρὰ οὐ προεχώρεε χρηστά Hdt. 5.44

; τὰ ἱερὰ καλὰ [ἦν] X.An.1.8.15; simply οὐκ ἐγίγνετο τὰ ἱ. ib. 2.2.3.

c generally, sacred objects or rites, Hdt.1.172,4.33;

τῶν ὑμετέρων ἱ. καὶ κοινῶν μετεῖχον D.57.3

; of cult-images, IG Rom.3.800 (syllium).

2 after Hom., [full] ἱερόν, [dialect] Ion. [full] ἱρόν, τό, holy place, Hdt.5.119,al.; opp. νηός, Id.2.170, cf. Th.4.90,5.18; freq. of a temple, ἔστι δὲ ἐν τῷ τεμένεϊ.. ἱρόν κτλ. Hdt.2.112; of the Jewish temple, LXX 1 Ch.29.4, Plb.16.39.4, Str.16.2.34, Ev.Matt.24.1.

3 ἱερὸν τῆς δίκης a sacred principle of right, E.Hel. 1002.

4 [full] ἱερός, ὁ (sc. μήν), name of month at Delos, IG12.377.22, 11(2).203A31 (iii B.C.).

5 ἱεροί, οἱ, members of a religious college or guild, ib.5(1).1390.1, al. (Andania, i B.C.), prob. in SIG1010.7 ([place name] Chalcedon), etc.; also of women, [full] ἱεραί, αἱ, IG5(1). l.c., cf. 1511 ([place name] Sparta).

b = ἱερόδουλος, ib. 1356 (Messenia, V B.C.), Inscr.Perg.572, GDI5702.39 ([place name] Samos).

IV special phrases, post-Hom.,

1 prov., ἱ. ἄγκυρα one's last hope, Plu. 2.815d, Luc.JTr.51, Fug.13, Poll.1.93, Gal.11.182.

2 ἱ. βόλος, name of a throw at dice, Eub.57.1.

3 ἱ. βοτάνη, v. βοτάνη.

4 ἱ. (sc. γραμμή) (cf.

γραμμή 111.1

), last line of draught-board,

κινήσαις τὸν ἀπ' ἴρας.. λίθον Alc.82

, cf. Epich.225, Sophr.127; τὴν ἀφ' ἱερᾶς (v.l. τὴν ἱεράν) Plu.Cor.32.

5 ἱ. ἰχθύς,= ἀνθίας, Arist.HA 620b35, cf. Ath.7.282e, Plu.2.981d.

6 ἱ. λόχος, v. λόχος.

7 ἱερά (sc. νίκη), ἡ, drawn contest, dead heat (because the prize was assigned to the god), SIG1073.48 (Olymp.); ποιῆσαι ἱεράν, of the competitor, Wood Ephesus, App.vi p.70; so

ἱ. ἀθλήματα Inscr.Olymp.56

;

ἱερὸς ὁ στέφανος ἐκρίθη IG9(2).525

([place name] Larissa); τὸ παγκράτιον ἱ. ἐγένετο ib.527 (ibid.); ἱερός (sc. ἀγών) ib.7.2727.19, 24 (Acraeph.): metaph., ἱερὸν ποιῆσαι τὸν στέφανον 'divide the honours', Plb.1.58.5, 29.8.9.

8 ἱ. νόσος epilepsy, Hdt.3.33, Hp.Morb. Sacr.tit., Thphr.HP9.11.3, etc., cf. Call.Aet.3.1.14: metaph.,

τὴν οἴησιν ἱ. νόσον ἔλεγε Heraclit.46

( = Epicur.Fr. 224).

9 ἡ ἱ. ὁδός the sacred road to Delphi, Hdt.6.34; also, from Athens to Eleusis, Cratin. 61, Paus.1.36.3, Harp. s.v.; and that from Elis to Olympia, Paus. 5.25.7.

10 ἱ. ὀστέον, os sacrum, the last bone of the spine, Hp. Art.45, Plu.2.981d, Gal.UP5.8, etc.

11 ἱ. συμβουλή sacred duty of an adviser, Pl.Ep. 321c, X.An.5.6.4, cf. Pl.Thg. 122b, Luc.Rh.Pr. 1.

12 ἱ. σῦριγξ spinal canal, Poll.2.180.

13 ἱερὰ τριήρης, of the Delian ship, or one of the state-ships (Salaminia or Paralos), D.4.34.

14 freq. in geographical names, e.g. ἱ ἄκρα, in Lycia, Str. 14.3.8; ἱ. ἀκρωτήριον, in Spain, Cape St. Vincent, Id.2.4.3; ἱ. κώμη, in Lydia, Plb.16.1.8; ἱ. νῆσος, one of the Liparean group, Th.3.88; one of the insulae Aegates, Plb.1.60.3.

V Adv. - ρῶς holily, ἀποθανεῖν v.l. in Plu.Lyc.27. [[pron. full] ῐ by nature, but sts. [pron. full] ῑ in [dialect] Ep., esp. in endings of hexameters, ἱ. ἰχθύς, ἱ. ἦμαρ, ἱερὰ ῥέξας, ἀλφίτου ἱεροῦ ἀκτή, Il.16.407, 8.66, 1.147, 11.631; ῑερόν in the first foot of a hex., Theoc.5.22; also in compds. ἱεραγωγός, ἱεροθαλλής, ἱερόφωνος: [pron. full] ῑ always in [var] contr. form ἱρός wh. is used in [dialect] Ep., Hdt., and some [dialect] Ion. inscrr., as IG12(8).265.9 ([place name] Thasos), cf. Semon.7.56, Herod.4.79, al., but is rarely found in codd. of Hp. (never in Heraclit. or Democr.); also in Trag., A.Th. 268, etc., but never required by metre in lyr. of Com.]

βίβλος, ου, ἡ (Aeschyl., Hdt.+; also s. Preisigke, Fachwörter) ‘book’, later esp. ‘sacred, venerable book’ (Pla., Rep. 364e; Lucian, Philops. 12, M. Peregr. 11; Ps.-Lucian, Amor. 44; Celsus 1, 16; PParis 19, 1; POxy 470, 24; PGM 3, 424 ἱερὰ βίβλος, 13, 15 Ἑρμῆς ἐν ἑαυτοῦ ἱερᾷ βύβλῳ [=βίβλῳ], lines 231, 232f; EpArist 316; L’Ànnée Épigraphique 1977, ’81, no. 840, 12 [III A.D.]; SibOr 3, 425).

① a specific composition or class of composition, book (β. τῆς διαθήκης Did., Gen. 121, 23) β. Μωϋσέως (1 Esdr 5:48; 7:6, 9) Mk 12:26; β. λόγων (cp. Tob 1:1) Ἠσαί̈ου Lk 3:4; β. ψαλμῶν (subscription of Psalter in Sahidic version: ARahlfs, Psalmi cum Odis ’31, 340; β. τῶν ψ. Orig., C. Cels. 4, 49, 39) 20:42; Ac 1:20. Gener. β. τῶν προφητῶν 7:42.—Pl. PtK 4 p. 15, 30; β. ἱεραί (Diod S 1, 70, 9; 34+35 Fgm. 1, 4 [in the latter passage of the sacred scriptures of the Jews]; Ael. Aristid. 45, 29 K.=8 p. 95 D.; OGI 56, 70; 2 Macc 8:23; Philo; Jos., Ant. 2, 347; 3, 81; 105; Orig., C. Cels. 4, 17, 14—sg. in PGM s. above) 1 Cl 43:1. Of books of magic (Ps.-Phoc. 149; PGM 13, 739; s. Field, Notes 129; so βιβλία Celsus 6, 40) Ac 19:19 (cp. Dssm., Baudissin Festschr. 1917, 121–24).—RAC II 664–731; BHHW I 276–79.—β. γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χ. Mt 1:1 s. γένεσις 3 and Goodsp., Probs. 9f; EKrentz, The Extent of Matthew’s Prologue, JBL 83, ’64, 409–14.

② a book of accounts, record-book, esp. β. τῆς ζωῆς book of life Phil 4:3; Rv 3:5 (cp. Ex 32:32f; JosAs 15:3); 13:8 v.l.; 20:15. Pl. Hv 1, 3, 2. More exactly β. ζώντων 1 Cl 53:4; Hs 2:9; judgment will be rendered on the basis of books. See Bousset, Rel.³ 258; BMeissner, Babylonien u. Assyrien II 1925, 124ff; LRuhl, De Mortuorum Judicio 1903, 68, 101ff; WSattler, ZNW 21, 1922, 43–53; LKoep, D. himmlische Buch in Antike u. Christentum, ’52.—Straub 34. DELG s.v. βύβλος. M-M. New Docs 2, 84. TW. Sv.

διανοίγω fut. διανοίξω LXX; 1 aor. διήνοιξα. Pass.: 3 sg. fut. διανοιχθήσεται; aor. διηνοίχθην, 3 pl. also διηνοίγησαν Mk 7:35 v.l.; pf. 3 sg. διήνοικται Job 28:19 (s. ἀνοίγω; since Pla., Lys. 210a; LXX; TestSol 1:4 C; TestAbr A 8 p. 85, 18 [Stone p. 18]; Mel., Fgm. 8b, 21 p. 230 P. [s. note]).

① open

ⓐ a womb πᾶν ἄρσεν διανοῖγον μήτραν every male that opens the womb= every first-born male Lk 2:23 (Ex 13:2 al.); the heavens Ac 7:56.

ⓑ fig., ears (Lucian, Charon 21) Mk 7:34, 35 v.l. eyes (=make understanding possible, as Gen 3:5, 7; 4 Km 6:17) Lk 24:31; heart (=enable someone to perceive, as 2 Macc 1:4; Themist., Orat. 2 De Constantio Imp. p. 29 Harduin διανοίγεταί μου ἡ καρδία κ. διαυγεστέρα γίνεται ἡ ψυχή) Ac 16:14; mind Lk 24:45 (cp. Hos 2:17).

② explain, interpret (Aeneas Gaz. [V/VI A.D.], Theophr. p. 5b Boiss. δ. τὰ τῶν παλαιῶν ἀπόρρητα) the Scriptures Lk 24:32; Ac 17:3 (τὰς γραφάς is to be supplied fr. what precedes).—DELG s.v. οἴγνυμι. TW.

διερμηνεύω 1 aor. διερμήνευσα (B-D-F §67, 2)

① to translate from one language to another, translate (Polyb. 3, 22, 3; UPZ 162 V, 4 [117 B.C.]; 2 Macc 1:36; EpArist 15, 308; 310; Philo, Poster. Cai. 1, Deus Imm. 144, Migr. Abr. 12; 73) Ταβιθά, ἣ διερμηνευομένη λέγεται Δορκάς T. which, translated, means Dorcas [=gazelle] Ac 9:36.

② to clarify someth. so as to make it understandable, explain, interpret (Philod., Rhet. I 84 S. as διερμηνεῖσθαι; Philo, Op. M. 31; GrBar 11:7) τὶ someth. ecstatic speech 1 Cor 12:30; 14:5, 13, 27 (mng. 1 is also prob. here); the mng. of prophecies Lk 24:27. Pass., of the holy scriptures Ac 18:6 D.—DELG s.v. ἑρμηνεύς. M-M. TW. Spicq.

δυνατός, ή, όν (Pind., Hdt.+; loanw. in rabb.).

① pert. to being capable or competent

ⓐ in general sense, able, capable, powerful of beings and their attributes, esp. political power or influence

α. of transcendent beings: God (Plut., Numa 65 [9, 2]; IG XII, 8, 74; ILydiaKP [s. δύναμις 5] no. 224 p. 117; Ps 23:8; 44:4, 6; Ps.-Phocyl. 54; EpArist 139; Just., D. 129, 1) D 10:4. God as ὁ δ. (Ps 119:4; Zeph 3:17) Lk 1:49. Of angelic beings Hs 9, 4, 1.

β. of humans: prominent people (Thu. 1, 89, 3; X., Cyr. 5, 4, 1; Polyb. 9, 23, 4; oft. LXX; Philo, Mos. 1, 49; Jos., Bell. 1, 242 Ἰουδαίων οἱ δυνατοί; Just., A I, 14, 4 δ. βασιλέων) Ac 25:5; 1 Cor 1:26; Rv 6:15 t.r. (Erasmian rdg.; s. RBorger, TRu 52, ’87, 57). Of pers. gener. (PsSol 5:3) δ. εἰμι I am empowered 2 Cor 12:10; 13:9; ἄνδρες λίαν καλοὶ καὶ δ. very handsome and powerful men Hs 9, 3, 1. Of women, fig. for virtues 9, 15, 3. Of faith w. ἰσχυρά Hm 9:10. Of the spirit 11:21.

ⓑ specificially, w. ref. to an area of competence or skill

α. of pers. competent δυνατός (εἰμι)=δύναμαι I am able or in a position, skilled, adept Hs 1:8. W. pres. inf. foll. (X., An. 7, 4, 24; Pla., Ep. 7, 340e; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 187 λέγειν δ.) Tit 1:9 be expert in exhortation; Hb 11:19 be capable of raising the dead. W. aor. inf. foll. (PEleph 8, 18; PHib 78, 15; Num 22:38; EpJer 40; 63; Da 3:17) Lk 14:31; Ac 11:17, Ro 4:21; 11:23; 14:4 v.l.; 2 Cor 9:8 v.l.; 2 Ti 1:12; Js 3:2; 1 Cl 48:5; 61:3; Dg 9:1. W. ἔν τινι be strong, capable in someth.=distinguish oneself in it (Ps 23:8; Sir 21:7; 47:5; Jdth 11:8): in word and deed Lk 24:19 (cp. Thu. 1, 139, 4 Pericles λέγειν τε καὶ πράσσειν δυνατώτατος ‘very effective in speech and action’); cp. Ac 7:22 (in both passages the phrase connotes pers. worthy of exceptional honor, s. ἔργον 1a); in the Scriptures= well-versed 18:24; in everything one does Hm 7:1; οἱ δ. those who are strong (in faith) Ro 15:1. W. ἑρμηνεύειν able to translate Papias (2:16).

β. of things (Polyb. 10, 31, 8 προτείχισμα; Zeph 1:14; Wsd 10:12; Jos., Ant. 14, 364): ὅπλα δ. πρός τι weapons powerful enough for someth. 2 Cor 10:4. Of commandments Hs 6, 1, 1. Of God’s created works v 1, 1, 3.

② pert. to being possible (neut.).

ⓐ it is possible δυνατόν ἐστι (Pind., Hdt. et al.; pap; 2 Macc 3:6) w. acc. and inf. (EpArist 230; Just., A I, 39, 4) Ac 2:24; Dg 9:4. W. inf. foll. (Horapollo 1, 21 p. 31 μαθεῖν; Just., A I, 63, 9 ἀναγράψαι πάντα al.) 9:6. εἰ δ. if (it is) possible (EpArist 9; Jos., Ant. 4, 310; 13, 31; B-D-F §127, 2) Mt 24:24; Mk 13:22; Ro 12:18; Gal 4:15; ISm 4:1; more completely εἰ δ. ἐστιν (PPetr II, 11 [1], 3; Menand., Epitr. 587 Kö. [907 S.] in a prayer εἴπερ ἐστὶ δυνατόν) Mt 26:39; Mk 14:35. ὡς δ. ἡμῖν … παρέξει ὁ κύριος ἐπιτελεῖν as soon as possible MPol 18:3.—W. dat. of pers. (w. or without copula) for someone (Lucian, Icar. 21 μὴ δυνατόν ἐστί μοι … μένειν; Just., D. 120, 4; Tat. 16, 2) 9:23; 14:36 (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 28, 139 τ. θεοῖς πάντα δυνατά; Philo, Virt. 26 πάντα θεῷ δ.); Ac 20:16; Hs 5, 7, 3 (PGiss 79 II, 4; Jos., Ant. 3, 189). W. παρά τινι with someone = for someone Mt 19:26; Mk 10:27; Lk 18:27.

ⓑ τὸ δ. = ἡ δύναμις (Polyb. 1, 55, 4; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 45 §191; EpArist 229; cp. τὸ ὁμοιωθῆναι τῷ θεῷ κατὰ τὸ δ.; Did., Gen 145, 6) God’s power (EpArist 133) Ro 9:22. ἐν δυνατῷ εἶναι be in the realm of possibility (OGI 771, 49; PCairZen 42, 4 [257 B.C.]; 209, 1 [254 B.C.]) B 17:1.—B. 295f. DELG s.v. δύναμαι. M-M. TW.

εὐθέως adv. of εὐθύς (Soph.+; in H. Gk., including LXX [Helbing 23], pseudepigr.; Just., D. 10, 4, more common than the adv. εὐθύς and εὐθύ. In Philo and Jos. [Bell. 1, 527, Ant. 19, 362] less freq. than the adv. εὐθύς. Mayser 245; WSchmid, Der Atticismus III 1893, 126; loanw. in rabb. In mss. and edd., esp. t.r., instead of adv. εὐθύς q.v.) at once, immediately Mt 4:20, 22; 8:3; 13:5; 14:31 (quick rescue from danger at sea; cp. BGU 423, 8 [II A.D.] of Sarapis: ἔσωσε εὐθέως) and oft. (acc. to N. 13 times in Mt; 1 in Mk; 6 in Lk; 3 in J; 9 in Ac. Also Gal 1:16; Js 1:24; 3J 14; Rv 4:2; 7 times in Apostolic Fathers, e.g. 1 Cl 12:4; MPol 6:1; Hm 6, 2, 3). On the difference betw. εὐθέως and εὐθύς s. HvSoden, D. Schriften d. NT I/2, 1911, §314 p. 1391; HPernot, Études sur la langue des Évangiles 1927, 181ff; DDaube, The Sudden in the Scriptures ’64, 46–72; LRydbeck, Fachprosa 167–76. S. also παραχρῆμα.—DELG s.v. εὐθύς. M-M.

εὐθύς, εῖα, ύ gen. έως (Pind. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; TestSol 8, 11 C; ApcMos 17) ‘straight’.

① pert. to being in a straight or direct line, straight, lit., of a way (Thu. 2, 100, 2; Arrian, Anab. 3, 4, 5; Vi. Aesopi W 4 P. εὐθεῖα ὁδός; TestSol 8:11 C; Philo, Deus Imm. 61 [metaph.]; Jos., Ant. 19, 103) εὐθείας ποιεῖν τὰς τρίβους make the paths straight (and thus even) Mt 3:3; Mk 1:3; Lk 3:4 (all 3 Is 40:3; cp. Diod S 14, 116, 9 εὐθείας ποιῆσαι τὰς ὁδούς; Carmina Pop. 851 PMG [47 Diehl] εὐρυχωρίαν ποιεῖτε τῷ θεῷ). τὴν ὁδὸν τὴν εὐθεῖαν τιθέναι take the straight road 2 Cl 7:3. As the name of a street ἡ ῥύμη ἡ καλουμένη Εὐθεῖα the street called ‘Straight (Street)’ Ac 9:11. ἡ εὐθεῖα w. ὁδός to be supplied (so in earlier Gk., e.g. Pla., Leg. 4, 716a; also Sallust. 7 p. 14, 5; Ps 142:10 v.l.) Lk 3:5 (Is 40:4).

② proper, right, fig. extension of mng. 1 (since Pind., Trag., Thu.)

ⓐ of a way in fig. sense (Tob 4:19 BA; Ps 106:7; Pr 20:11 al.) αἱ ὁδοὶ τ. κυρίου αἱ εὐ. Ac 13:10 (cp. Hos 14:10; Sir 39:24). καταλείποντες εὐ. ὁδόν forsaking the straight way (=teaching) 2 Pt 2:15 (cp. Pr 2:13).

ⓑ of the καρδία: right, upright (Ps 7:11; 10:2 al.) ἔναντι τοῦ θεοῦ before God Ac 8:21. Also εὐ. μετʼ αὐτοῦ 1 Cl 15:4 (Ps 77:37).—DELG. M-M.

εὐθύς adv. (developed fr. the nom. masc. sg. of εὐθύς)

① immediately, at once (so Pind.; Thu. 2, 93, 4 +; Epict.; pap [Mayser 244; also POxy 744, 7 [1 B.C.]; PRyl 234, 4]; LXX; TestSol 18:5, 37; TestAbr [παρʼ εὐθύς A 19 p. 102, 20/Stone p. 52]; Test12Patr; ParJer 5:20; Philo; Jos., Ant. 11, 236 al.; Just.; s. Phryn. 144f Lob.; WSchmid, D. Atticismus I 1887, 121; 266; II 1889, 113; in the mss. and edd., esp. t.r., freq. the form εὐθέως, q.v.) Mt 3:16; 13:20f; 14:27; 21:3 (but εὐθέως vs. 2); oft. in Mk e.g. 1:10, 12 (on the originality of the word, not the form, in Mk s. JWeiss, ZNW 11, 1910, 124–33); Lk 6:49; J 13:30, 32; 19:34; Ac 10:16; ISm 3:2; Hv 3, 13, 2; 5:2, 4; m 5, 1, 3; 11:12; Hs 7:4.

② For the inferential use, weakened to then, so then e.g. in Mk 1:21, 23, 29 s. Mlt-H. 446f.—PVannutelli, Synoptica 1, ’38, cxiv–cxxvi; GRudberg, ConNeot 9, ’44, 42–46. Mlt-Turner 229. S. on εὐθέως. DDaube, The Sudden in the Scriptures ’64, 46–72; LRydbeck, 167–176, 184.—M-M. EDNT. TW.

κανών, όνος, ὁ (Hom. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; TestNapht 2:3. For the mngs. of the word [primarily ‘straight rod’] s. TZahn, Grundriss d. Gesch. d. ntl. Kanons² 1904, 1ff; HOppel, ΚΑΝΩΝ: Philol. Suppl. 30, 4, ’37; LWenger, Canon: SBWienAk 220, 2, ’42) the mngs. found in our lit. are

① a means to determine the quality of someth., rule, standard (Eur., Hec. 602; Demosth. 18, 296; Aeschin., In Ctesiph. 66; Sext. Emp., Log. 2, 3; Ps.-Plut., Consol. ad Ap. 103a; Epict., index Sch.; Lucian, Pisc. 30; UPZ 110, 58 [164 B.C.]; PLond I, 130, 12 p. 133 [I/II A.D.]; 4 Macc 7:21; EpArist 2; Philo; Jos., Ant. 10, 49, C. Ap. 2, 174; TestNapht 2:3) τῷ κανόνι τούτῳ στοιχεῖν Gal 6:16; Phil 3:16 v.l.; ἔλθωμεν ἐπὶ τὸν τῆς παραδόσεως ἡμῶν κανόνα 1 Cl 7:2 (cp. Epict. 1, 28, 28 ἔλθωμεν ἐπὶ τοὺς κανόνας; τὸν κ. ἀληθείας …, ὸ̔ν διὰ τοῦ βαπτίσματος εἴληφεν Iren. 1, 9, 4 [Harv. I 88, 1]).

② set of directions or formulation for an activity, assignment, formulation for public service (s. λειτουργία 1; ins New Docs 1, p. 37, ln. 29 κατὰ πόλιν καὶ κώμην ἔταξα κανόνα τῶν ὑπηρεσιῶν ‘I have promulgated in the individual cities and villages a schedule of what I judge desirable to be supplied’ [tr. Horsley]) ἐν τῷ κανόνι τῆς ὑποταγῆς ὐπάρχειν 1 Cl 1:3. παρεκβαίνειν τὸν ὡρισμένον τῆς λειτουργίας κανόνα 41:1. Sim. of the mission assignment given to Paul, which included directions about geographical area 2 Cor 10:13, 15f (s. FStrange, BA 46, ’83, 167f; AdeOliveira, Die Diakonie der Gerechtigkeit und der Versöhnung in der Apologie des 2. Korintherbriefes ’90, 141–42, n. 306: κ. signifies the apostle’s mission assignment). Others (incl. NRSV, REB) emphasize the geographical component and render sphere (of action), province, limit.

③ In the second century in the Christian church κ. came to stand for revealed truth, rule of faith (Zahn, RE VI 683ff.—Cp. Philo, Leg. All. 3, 233 ὁ διαφθείρων τὸν ὑγιῆ κανόνα τῆς ἀληθείας; Synes., Ad. Paeon. 4 p. 310d τῆς ἀληθείας κανών of mathematics; Hippol., Ref. 10, 5, 2). ἐκκλησιαστικὸς καὶ καθολικὸς κ. EpilMosq 2. ᾧ παρέλαβε κανόνι by the rule that the person has received AcPlCor 2:36.—The use of κανών as ‘list’ in ref. to the canonical scriptures, as well as in the sense of ‘(synodical-) canon’, is late.—RGG³ III, 1116–22. TRE XVII ’88, 562–70. New Docs 2, 88f. DELG (lit.). M-M. TW. Sv.

λοιπός, ή, όν (Pind., Hdt.+) gener. ‘remaining’.

① pert. to that which remains over, esp. after action has been taken, left

ⓐ adj. αἱ λοιπαὶ φωναί the remaining blasts Rv 8:13.

ⓑ subst. οἱ λοιποί those who were left Rv 11:13. W. gen. (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 35, 251) οἱ λ. τῶν ἀνθρώπων 9:20.

② pert. to being one not previously cited or included, other, rest of

ⓐ adj. (LXX; JosAs 2:10; ApcMos 29; Jos., Ant. 5, 129 αἱ λ. φυλαί; Ar. 3:2) οἱ λ. ἀπόστολοι the other apostles Ac 2:37; 1 Cor 9:5; Pol 9:1. αἱ λ. παρθένοι Mt 25:11. τὰ λ. ἔθνη the rest of the nations (gentiles) Ro 1:13; Eph 4:17 v.l. οἱ λ. Ἰουδαῖοι Gal 2:13. αἱ λ. ἐκκλησίαι 2 Cor 12:13; IMg 15:1. οἱ λ. συνεργοί the other coworkers Phil 4:3. αἱ λ. γραφαί the rest of the scriptures 2 Pt 3:16. ὡς τὰ λοιπὰ (ἰχθύδια) B 10:5. καὶ τῶν λ. ἀρωμάτων and (of) other spices 1 Cl 25:2. τὰ δὲ λ. σκῆπτρα αὐτοῦ the rest of his tribes 32:2. προφῆται 43:1. τὰ δὲ λ. πάντα ἄστρα all the other stars IEph 19:2. τὰς λ. τῆς ζωῆς ἡμέρας the remaining days of (your) lives Hv 4, 2, 5; cp. 5:2; m 12, 3, 2; 12, 6, 2; Hs 6, 3, 6. ἐντολάς m 5, 2, 8; μέρη Hs 8, 1, 15; 8, 5, 6; λίθοι 9, 7, 2; 4; 9, 8, 2f; 5–7; 9, 9, 4. Cp. 5, 2, 9 τὰ δὲ λ. (ἐδέσματα; opp. τὰ ἀρκοῦντα αὐτῷ). σκεύη Dg 2:4; ἄνθρωποι 5:1; κτίσματα 8:3; δοῦλοι AcPl Ha 4, 10.—Sg. τῆς λ. ὑπάρξεως and other property Hs1:5. ἐν … τῷ λ. βίῳ in the rest of (their) style of life Dg 5:4

ⓑ subst.

α. οἱ λοιποί, αἱ λοιπαί the others (LXX, En; TestJob 41:1; Plut., Mor. 285d; Herodian 4, 2, 10; Jos., Bell. 3, 497; Ath. 8:2) Mt 22:6; 27:49; Mk 16:13; Lk 8:10; 18:9; 24:10; Ac 5:13 (difft. CTorrey, ET 46, ’35, 428f); 16:30 D; 17:9; 27:44; Ro 11:7; 1 Cor 7:12; 2 Cor 2:17 v.l.; Eph 2:3; 1 Th 5:6; 1 Ti 5:20; Rv 19:21; Hv 3, 2, 1; Hs 9, 22, 4; 9, 23, 2; 9, 26, 8; MPol 15:1. οἱ λ. πάντες all the others 2 Cor 13:2; Phil 1:13; AcPl Ha 5, 8 (SIG 593, 2f καὶ ἐν τοῖς λοιποῖς πᾶσιν φανερὰν πεποιήκαμεν τὴν προαίρεσιν). πάντες οἱ λ. all the rest Lk 24:9. οἱ λ. ἔχοντες ἀσθενείας the others who were sick Ac 28:9. οἱ λ. οἱ μὴ ἔχοντες ἐλπίδα the rest who have no hope 1 Th 4:13. οἱ λ. οἱ ἐν Θυατίροις Rv 2:24. W. gen. foll. (TestJob 16:5 τὰ λ. τῶν κτηνῶν μου; Lucian, Tox. 28 οἱ λ. τῶν οἰκετῶν) οἱ λ. τῶν ἀνθρώπων other people Lk 18:11 (Just., D. 102, 6). οἱ λ. τῶν νεκρῶν the rest of the dead Rv 20:5. οἱ λ. τοῦ σπέρματος αὐτῆς the rest of her offspring 12:17.

β. τὰ λοιπά the other things, the rest (Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 67 §284; TestSol 23:4; TestJob 16:5; Jos., Ant. 2, 312; Ar. 1, 1; Just., D. 56, 2) Lk 12:26; 1 Cor 11:34; 15:37; Rv 3:2 (but s. Mussies 124, of pers.; cp. B-D-F §138, 1); Hs 1:4; 8, 3, 8; 8, 11, 5; 9, 2, 7ab; 9, 5, 5. τῶν λ. τῶν ἀκολουθούντων πάντων all the rest that follow 5, 5, 1; αἱ περὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι desires for other things Mk 4:19.

③ adverbial uses (B-D-F §160; 451, 6)

ⓐ of time

α. (τὸ) λοιπόν from now on, in the future, henceforth (Pind. et al.) 1 Cor 7:29 (but see 3b below); Dg 9:2; ISm 9:1; Hv 3, 13, 2; m 5, 2, 7; Hs 5, 7, 4; AcPl Ha 6, 6. λοιπὸν ἀπόκειταί μοι for the future there is reserved for me 2 Ti 4:8 (but see 3b below). τὸ λοιπὸν ἐκδεχόμενος then waiting Hb 10:13. καθεύδετε τὸ λοιπόν, which is variously interpreted, conveys a mild rebuke: you are still sleeping! or: do you intend to sleep on and on?; the expression is prob. colloquial and is succinctly rendered by numerous versions: Still asleep? Mt 26:45; Mk 14:41. Also poss. for this pass.: meanwhile, you are sleeping! you are sleeping in the meantime? (so τὸ λ. Jos., Ant. 18, 272) w. the sense: ‘A fine time you’ve chosen to sleep!’—λοιπόν finally (τότε λοιπόν TestJob 16:20 and TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 19 [Stone p. 32]. καὶ λοιπόν ‘and then’ TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 12 [Stone p. 70]; TestJob 17:5. TestJud 16:2 ἐὰν … λοιπὸν γίνεται μέθη. Jos., Ant. 6, 46; Tat. 42, 1) Ac 27:20; MPol 9:1. τὰ λοιπά in the future Hs 6, 3, 6.

β. τοῦ λοιποῦ from now on, in the future (Hdt. 2, 109; Aristoph., Pax 1084; X., Cyr. 4, 4, 10, Oec. 10, 9; SIG 611, 17; 849, 12; PHal 1, 171 [III B.C.]; POxy 1293, 14; GrBar 1:7; 16:10; Jos., Ant. 4, 187.—B-D-F §186, 2; Rob. 295) Gal 6:17; Hs 9, 11, 3.—In Eph 6:10 the mng. is prob. rather finally, bringing the matter to a conclusion (s. b, below; a v.l. has τὸ λοιπόν).

ⓑ (τὸ) λοιπόν (Herodas 2, 92; Longus 2, 22, 2) as far as the rest is concerned, beyond that, in addition, finally λοιπὸν οὐκ οἶδα beyond that I do not know 1 Cor 1:16 (POxy 120, 1 [IV A.D.] λοιπὸν … οὐκ οἶδα). σκάψω λοιπὸν τ. ἀμπελῶνα in addition I will dig the vineyard Hs 5, 2, 4. As a transition to someth. new (Phil 3:1), esp. when it comes near the end of a literary work finally (UPZ 78, 43 [159 B.C.]; POxy 119, 13) 2 Cor 13:11; Phil 4:8; 1 Th 4:1 (λ. οὖν as BGU 1079, 6 [41 A.D.]); 2 Th 3:1; 1 Cl 64:1.—ὧδε λοιπόν (Epict. 2, 12, 24) in this connection, then; furthermore 1 Cor 4:2.—Inferentially therefore (Epict. 1, 24, 1; 1, 27, 2 al.; POxy 1480, 13 [32 A.D.]; TestAbr A 7 p. 84, 27 [Stone p. 16]; TestJob 53:4) IEph 11:1; perh. also 1 Cor 7:29; 2 Ti 4:8.—ACavallin, Eranos 39, ’41, 121–44; AFridrichsen, K. Human. Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Upps. Årsbok ’43, 24–28.—DELG s.v. λείπω. M-M. Sv.

μεμβράνα, ης, ἡ (Lat. loanw.: membrana; s. B-D-F §5, 1 [μεμβράνη]; Rob. 109; GMeyer, D. lat. Lehnworte im Neugriech.: SBWienAk 132, 1895, 44 [μεμβρᾶνα];—Charax of Pergamum [II/III A.D.]: 103 Fgm. 37 Jac.; Acta Barn. 6 p. 66 Tisch. τὰς μεμβράνας; POxy 2156, 9 [c. 400 A.D.]) parchment, used for making of books or for sundry writing purposes. τὰ βιβλία, μάλιστα τὰς μ. the books (better: ‘the written works’, i.e. scrolls, whether Jewish or others, made of papyrus or animal skins), especially the parchments 2 Ti 4:13 (in favor of ‘scrolls’ cp. Theodoret 3, 695 Sch. μεμβράνας τὰ εἱλητὰ κέκληκεν• οὕτω γὰρ Ῥωμαῖοι καλοῦσι τὰ δέρματα. ἐν εἱλητοῖς δὲ εἶχον πάλαι τὰς θείας γραφάς. οὕτω δὲ καὶ μέχρι τοῦ παρόντος ἔχουσιν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ‘he calls the scrolls μεμβράνας, for the Romans apply this term to skins. Of old they had the sacred scriptures in rolls and so the Jews do up to the present time’. But WHatch [letter of Sept. 12, ’53] concluded that the μεμβράνα of 2 Ti were parchment codices, pointing to Martial, Ep. 14, 7; 184: pugillares membranei = ‘parchments of a size to be held in one’s fist’; cp. Ep. 14, 186; 188; 190; 192; MJames, Companion to Latin Studies³ ’43, 238. So also CMcCown, HTR 34, ’41, 234f.—RAC 2, 664ff (lit.); Kl. Pauly III 1185f (lit.).—B. 1289. M-M.

νόμος, ου, ὁ (νέμω; [Zenodotus reads ν. in Od. 1, 3] Hes.+; loanw. in rabb.—On the history of the word MPohlenz, Nomos: Philol 97, ’48, 135–42; GShipp, Nomos ‘Law’ ’78; MOstwald, Nomos and the Beginnings of Athenian Democracy ’69). The primary mng. relates to that which is conceived as standard or generally recognized rules of civilized conduct esp. as sanctioned by tradition (Pind., Fgm. 152, 1=169 Schr. νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεύς; cp. SEG XVII, 755, 16: Domitian is concerned about oppressive practices hardening into ‘custom’; MGigante, ΝΟΜΟΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ [Richerche filologiche 1] ’56). The synonym ἔθος (cp. συνήθεια) denotes that which is habitual or customary, especially in reference to personal behavior. In addition to rules that take hold through tradition, the state or other legislating body may enact ordinances that are recognized by all concerned and in turn become legal tradition. A special semantic problem for modern readers encountering the term ν. is the general tendency to confine the usage of the term ‘law’ to codified statutes. Such limitation has led to much fruitless debate in the history of NT interpretation.—HRemus, Sciences Religieuses/Studies in Religion 13, ’84, 5–18; ASegal, Torah and Nomos in Recent Scholarly Discussion, ibid., 19–27.

① a procedure or practice that has taken hold, a custom, rule, principle, norm (Alcman [VII B.C.], Fgm. 93 D² of the tune that the bird sings; Ocellus [II B.C.] c. 49 Harder [1926] τῆς φύσεως νόμος; Appian, Basil. 1 §2 πολέμου ν., Bell. Civ. 5, 44 §186 ἐκ τοῦδε τοῦ σοῦ νόμου=under this rule of yours that governs action; Polyaenus 5, 5, 3 ν. πόμπης; 7, 11, 6 ν. φιλίας; Sextus 123 τοῦ βίου νόμος; Just., A II, 2, 4 παρὰ τὸν τῆς φύσεως ν.; Ath. 3, 1 νόμῳ φύσεως; 13, 1 θυσιῶν νόμῳ)

ⓐ gener. κατὰ νόμον ἐντολῆς σαρκίνης in accordance w. the rule of an external commandment Hb 7:16. εὑρίσκω τὸν νόμον I observe an established procedure or principle or system Ro 7:21 (ν. as ‘principle’, i.e. an unwritten rightness of things Soph., Ant. 908). According to Bauer, Paul uses the expression νόμος (which dominates this context) in cases in which he prob. would have preferred another word. But it is also prob. that Paul purposely engages in wordplay to heighten the predicament of those who do not rely on the gospel of liberation from legal constraint: the Apostle speaks of a principle that obligates one to observe a code of conduct that any sensible pers. would recognize as sound and valid ὁ νόμος τ. νοός μου vs. 23b (s. νοῦς 1a). Engaged in a bitter struggle w. this νόμος there is a ἕτερος νόμος which, in contrast to the νοῦς, dwells ἐν τοῖς μέλεσίν μου in my (physical) members vs. 23a, and hence is a νόμος τῆς ἁμαρτίας vs. 23c and 25b or a νόμος τ. ἁμαρτίας καὶ τ. θανάτου 8:2b. This sense prepares the way for the specific perspective

ⓑ of life under the lordship of Jesus Christ as a ‘new law’ or ‘system’ of conduct that constitutes an unwritten tradition ὁ καινὸς ν. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 2:6; in brief ν. Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ IMg 2 (cp. Just., D. 11, 4; 43, 1; Mel., P. 7, 46). Beginnings of this terminology as early as Paul: ὁ ν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ =the standard set by Christ Gal 6:2 (as vs. 3 intimates, Christ permitted himself to be reduced to nothing, thereby setting the standard for not thinking oneself to be someth.). The gospel is a νόμος πίστεως a law or system requiring faith Ro 3:27b (FGerhard, TZ 10, ’54, 401–17) or ὁ ν. τοῦ πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆς ἐν Χρ. Ἰ. the law of the spirit (=the spirit-code) of life in Chr. J. 8:2a. In the same sense Js speaks of a ν. βασιλικός (s. βασιλικός) 2:8 or ν. ἐλευθερίας vs. 12 (λόγος ἐλ. P⁷⁴), ν. τέλειος ὁ τῆς ἐλευθερίας 1:25 (association w. 1QS 10:6, 8, 11 made by EStauffer, TLZ 77, ’52, 527–32, is rejected by SNötscher, Biblica 34, ’53, 193f. On the theme of spontaneous moral achievement cp. Pind., Fgm. 152 [169 Schr.] 1f νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεὺς | θνατῶν τε καὶ ἀθανάτων | ἄγει δικαιῶν τὸ βιαιότατον| ὑπερτάτᾳ χειρί=custom is lord of all, of mortals and immortals both, and with strong hand directs the utmost power of the just. Plut., Mor. 780c interprets Pindar’s use of νόμος: ‘not written externally in books or on some wooden tablets, but as lively reason functioning within him’ ἔμψυχος ὢν ἐν αὐτῷ λόγῳ; Aristot., EN 4, 8, 10 οἷον ν. ὢν ἑαυτῷ; Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος; cp. also Ovid, Met. 1, 90 sponte sua sine lege fidem rectumque colebat; Mayor, comm. ‘Notes’ 73.—RHirzel, ΑΓΡΑΦΟΣ ΝΟΜΟΣ 1903.). Some would put ὁ νόμος Js 2:9 here (s. LAllevi, Scuola Cattol. 67, ’39, 529–42), but s. 2b below.—Hermas too, who in part interprets Israel’s legal tradition as referring to Christians, sees the gospel, exhibited in Christ’s life and words, as the ultimate expression of God’s will or ‘law’. He says of Christ δοὺς αὐτοῖς (i.e. the believers) τὸν ν., ὅν ἔλαβε παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ Hs 5, 6, 3, cp. Hs 8, 3, 3. Or he sees in the υἱὸς θεοῦ κηρυχθεὶς εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς γῆς, i.e. the preaching about the Son of God to the ends of the earth, the νόμος θεοῦ ὁ δοθεὶς εἰς ὅλον. τ. κόσμον 8, 3, 2. Similarly to be understood are τηρεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 3, 4. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. παθεῖν 8, 3, 6. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. θλίβεσθαι 8, 3, 7. ἀρνησάμενοι τὸν νόμον ibid. βλασφημεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 6, 2.

② constitutional or statutory legal system, law

ⓐ gener.: by what kind of law? Ro 3:27. ν. τῆς πόλεως the law of the city enforced by the ruler of the city (ν. ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι γραπτός Orig., C. Cels. 5, 37, 2); the penalty for breaking it is banishment Hs 1:5f. τοῖς ν. χρῆσθαι observe the laws 1:3; πείθεσθαι τοῖς ὡρισμένοις ν. obey the established laws Dg 5:10; νικᾶν τοὺς ν. ibid. (νικάω 3). Ro 7:1f, as well as the gnomic saying Ro 4:15b and 5:13b, have been thought by some (e.g. BWeiss, Jülicher) to refer to Roman law, but more likely the Mosaic law is meant (s. 3 below).

ⓑ specifically: of the law that Moses received from God and is the standard according to which membership in the people of Israel is determined (Diod S 1, 94, 1; 2: the lawgiver Mneves receives the law from Hermes, Minos from Zeus, Lycurgus from Apollo, Zarathustra from the ἀγαθὸς δαίμων, Zalmoxis from Hestia; παρὰ δὲ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις, Μωϋσῆς receives the law from the Ἰαὼ ἐπικαλούμενος θεός) ὁ ν. Μωϋσέως Lk 2:22; J 7:23; Ac 15:5. ν. Μωϋσέως Ac 13:38; Hb 10:28. Also ὁ ν. κυρίου Lk 2:23f, 39; GJs 14:1. ὁ ν. τοῦ θεοῦ (Theoph. Ant. 2, 14 [p. 136, 4]) Mt 15:6 v.l.; Ro 8:7 (cp. Tat. 7, 2; 32, 1; Ath. 3:2). ὁ ν. ἡμῶν, ὑμῶν, αὐτῶν etc. J 18:31; 19:7b v.l.; Ac 25:8. κατὰ τὸν ἡμέτερον ν. 24:6 v.l. (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 131). ὁ πατρῷος ν. 22:3. τὸν ν. τῶν ἐντολῶν Eph 2:15. Since the context of Ac 23:29 ἐγκαλούμενον περὶ ζητημάτων τοῦ νόμου αὐτῶν points to the intimate connection between belief, cult, and communal solidarity in Judean tradition, the term νόμος is best rendered with an hendiadys: (charged in matters) relating to their belief and custom; cp. ν. ὁ καθʼ ὑμᾶς 18:15. Ro 9:31 (CRhyne, Νόμος Δικαιοσύνης and the meaning of Ro 10:4: CBQ 47, ’85, 486–99).—Abs., without further qualification ὁ ν. Mt 22:36; 23:23; Lk 2:27; J 1:17; Ac 6:13; 7:53; 21:20, 28; Ro 2:15 (τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου the work of the law [=the moral product that the Mosaic code requires] is written in the heart; difft. Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος, s. 1b, above), 18, 20, 23b, 26; 4:15a, 16; 7:1b, 4–7, 12, 14, 16; 8:3f; 1 Cor 15:56; Gal 3:12f, 17, 19, 21a, 24; 5:3, 14; 1 Ti 1:8 (GRudberg, ConNeot 7, ’42, 15); Hb 7:19 (s. Windisch, Hdb. exc. ad loc.), 28a; 10:1; cp. Js 2:9 (s. 1b above); μετὰ τὸν ν. Hb 7:28b; οἱ ἐν τῷ ν. Ro 3:19; κατὰ τὸν ν. according to the (Mosaic) law (Jos., Ant. 14, 173; 15, 51 al.; Just., D. 10, 1) J 19:7b; Ac 22:12; 23:3; Hb 7:5; 9:22. παρὰ τ. νόμον contrary to the law (Jos., Ant. 17, 151, C. Ap. 2, 219; Ath. 1, 3 παρὰ πάντα ν.) Ac 18:13.—νόμος without the art. in the same sense (on the attempt, beginning w. Origen, In Ep. ad Ro 3:7 ed. Lomm. VI 201, to establish a difference in mng. betw. Paul’s use of ὁ νόμος and νόμος s. B-D-F §258, 2; Rob. 796; Mlt-Turner 177; Grafe [s. 3b below] 7–11) Ro 2:13ab, 17, 23a, * 25a; 3:31ab; 5:13, 20; 7:1a (s. above); Gal 2:19b; 5:23 (JRobb, ET 56, ’45, 279f compares κατὰ δὲ τῶν τοιούτων οὐκ ἔστι νόμος Aristot., Pol. 1284a). δικαίῳ νόμος οὐ κεῖται, ἀνόμοις δὲ … 1 Ti 1:9. Cp. ἑαυτοῖς εἰσιν νόμος Ro 2:14 (in Pla., Pol. and in Stoic thought the wise person needed no commandment [Stoic. III 519], the bad one did; MPohlenz, Stoa ’48/49 I 133; II 75). Used w. prepositions: ἐκ ν. Ro 4:14; Gal 3:18, 21c (v.l. ἐν ν.); Phil 3:9 (ἐκ νόμου can also mean corresponding to or in conformity with the law: PRev 15, 11 ἐκ τῶν νόμων); cp. ἐκ τοῦ νόμου Ro 10:5. διὰ νόμου Ro 2:12b; 3:20b; 4:13; 7:7b; Gal 2:19a, 21; ἐν ν. (ἐν τῷ ν. Iren. 3, 11, 8 [Harv. II 49, 9]) Ro 2:12a, 23; Gal 3:11, 21c v.l.; 5:4; Phil 3:6. κατὰ νόμον 3:5; Hb 8:4; 10:8 (make an offering κατὰ νόμον as Arrian, Anab. 2, 26, 4; 5, 8, 2); χωρὶς ν. Ro 3:21a; 7:8f; ἄχρι ν. 5:13a. ὑπὸ νόμον 6:14f; 1 Cor 9:20; Gal 3:23; 4:4f, 21a; 5:18 (cp. Just., D. 45, 3 οἱ ὑπὸ τὸν ν.).—Dependent on an anarthrous noun παραβάτης νόμου a law-breaker Ro 2:25b ( 27b w. art.); Js 2:11. ποιητὴς ν. one who keeps the law 4:11d (w. art. Ro 2:13b). τέλος ν. the end of the law Ro 10:4 (RBultmann and HSchlier, Christus des Ges. Ende ’40). πλήρωμα ν. fulfilment of the law 13:10. ν. μετάθεσις a change in the law Hb 7:12. ἔργα ν. Ro 3:20a, 28; 9:32 v.l.; Gal 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10a.—(ὁ) ν. (τοῦ) θεοῦ Ro 7:22, 25a; 8:7 because it was given by God and accords w. his will. Lasting Mt 5:18; Lk 16:17 (cp. Bar 4:1; PsSol 10:4; Philo, Mos. 2, 14; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 277).—Used w. verbs, w. or without the art.: ν. ἔχειν J 19:7a; Ro 2:14 (ApcSed 14:5). πληροῦν ν. fulfill the law Ro 13:8; pass. Gal 5:14 (Mel., P. 42, 291). πληροῦν τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ ν. fulfill the requirement of the law Ro 8:4. φυλάσσειν τὸν ν. observe the law Ac 21:24; Gal 6:13. τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ ν. φυλάσσειν observe the precepts of the law Ro 2:26; διώκειν ν. δικαιοσύνης 9:31a; πράσσειν ν. 2:25a. ποιεῖν τὸν ν. J 7:19b; Gal 5:3; Ro 2:14b, s. below; τὸν ν. τηρεῖν Js 2:10. τὸν ν. τελεῖν Ro 2:27. φθάνειν εἰς ν. 9:31b. κατὰ ν. Ἰουδαϊσμὸν ζῆν IMg 8:1 v.l. is prob. a textual error (Pearson, Lghtf., Funk, Bihlmeyer, Hilgenfeld; Zahn, Ign. v. Ant. 1873 p. 354, 1 [difft. in Zahn’s edition] all omit νόμον as a gloss and are supported by the Latin versions; s. Hdb. ad loc.). τὰ τοῦ ν. ποιεῖν carry out the requirements of the law Ro 2:14b (ApcSed 14:5; FFlückiger, TZ 8, ’52, 17–42). καταλαλεῖν νόμου, κρίνειν ν. Js 4:11abc. ἐδόθη ν. Gal 3:21a.—Pl. διδοὺς νόμους μου εἰς τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτῶν Hb 8:10; cp. 10:16 (both Jer 38:33).—Of an individual stipulation of the law ὁ νόμος τοῦ ἀνδρός the law insofar as it concerns the husband (Aristot., Fgm. 184 R. νόμοι ἀνδρὸς καὶ γαμετῆς.—SIG 1198, 14 κατὰ τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐρανιστῶν; Num 9:12 ὁ ν. τοῦ πάσχα; Philo, Sobr. 49 ὁ ν. τῆς λέπρας) Ro 7:2b; cp. 7:3 and δέδεται νόμῳ vs. 2a (on the imagery Straub 94f); 1 Cor 7:39 v.l.—The law is personified, as it were (Demosth. 43, 59; Aeschin. 1, 18; Herm. Wr. 12, 4 [the law of punishment]; IMagnMai 92a, 11 ὁ ν. συντάσσει; b, 16 ὁ ν. ἀγορεύει; Jos., Ant. 3, 274) J 7:51; Ro 3:19.

③ a collection of holy writings precious to God’s people, sacred ordinance

ⓐ in the strict sense the law=the Pentateuch, the work of Moses the lawgiver (Diod S 40, 3, 6 προσγέγραπται τοῖς νόμοις ἐπὶ τελευτῆς ὅτι Μωσῆς ἀκούσας τοῦ θεοῦ τάδε λέγει τ. Ἰουδαίοις=at the end of the laws this is appended: this is what Moses heard from God and is telling to the Jews. ὁ διὰ τοῦ ν. μεταξὺ καθαρῶν καὶ ἀκαθάρτων διαστείλας θεός Iren. 3, 12, 7 [Harv. II 60, 3]; cp. Hippol., Ref. 7, 34, 1) τὸ βιβλίον τοῦ νόμου Gal 3:10b (cp. Dt 27:26). Also simply ὁ νόμος (Jos., Bell. 7, 162 ὁ ν. or 2, 229 ὁ ἱερὸς ν. of the holy book in a concrete sense) Mt 12:5 (Num 28:9f is meant); J 8:5; 1 Cor 9:8 (cp. Dt 25:4); 14:34 (cp. Gen 3:16); Gal 4:21b (the story of Abraham); Hb 9:19. ὁ ν. ὁ ὑμέτερος J 8:17 (cp. Jos., Bell. 5, 402; Tat. 40, 1 κατὰ τοὺς ἡμετέρους ν.). ἐν Μωϋσέως νόμῳ γέγραπται 1 Cor 9:9. καθὼς γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ κυρίου Lk 2:23 (γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ as Athen. 6, 27, 23c; IMagnMai 52, 35 [III B.C.]; Mel., P. 11, 71; cp. Just., D. 8, 4 τὰ ἐν τῷ ν. γεγραμμένα); cp. vs. 24. ἔγραψεν Μωϋσῆς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ J 1:45 (cp. Cercidas [III B.C.], Fgm. 1, 18f Diehl² [=Coll. Alex. p. 204, 29=Knox p. 196] καὶ τοῦθʼ Ὅμηρος εἶπεν ἐν Ἰλιάδι).—The Sacred Scriptures (OT) referred to as a whole in the phrase ὁ ν. καὶ οἱ προφῆται (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 6, 4; cp. Hippol., Ref. 8, 19, 1) the law (הַתּוֹרָה) and the prophets (הַנְּבִיאִים) Mt 5:17; 7:12; 11:13; 22:40; Lk 16:16; Ac 13:15; 24:14; 28:23; Ro 3:21b; cp. Dg 11:6; J 1:45. τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν τῷ ν. Μωϋσέως καὶ τοῖς προφήταις καὶ ψαλμοῖς Lk 24:44.

ⓑ In a wider sense=Holy Scripture gener., on the principle that the most authoritative part gives its name to the whole (ὁ ν. ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ Theoph. Ant. 1, 11 [p. 82, 15]): J 10:34 (Ps 81:6); 12:34 (Ps 109:4; Is 9:6; Da 7:14); 15:25 (Ps 34:19; 68:5); 1 Cor 14:21 (Is 28:11f); Ro 3:19 (preceded by a cluster of quotations fr. Psalms and prophets).—Mt 5:18; Lk 10:26; 16:17; J 7:49.—JHänel, Der Schriftbegriff Jesu 1919; OMichel, Pls u. s. Bibel 1929; SWesterholm, Studies in Religion 15, ’86, 327–36.—JMeinhold, Jesus u. das AT 1896; MKähler, Jesus u. das AT² 1896; AKlöpper, Z. Stellung Jesu gegenüber d. Mos. Gesetz, Mt 5:17–48: ZWT 39, 1896, 1–23; EKlostermann, Jesu Stellung z. AT 1904; AvHarnack, Hat Jesus das atl. Gesetz abgeschafft?: Aus Wissenschaft u. Leben II 1911, 225–36, SBBerlAk 1912, 184–207; KBenz, D. Stellung Jesu zum atl. Gesetz 1914; MGoguel, RHPR 7, 1927, 160ff; BBacon, Jesus and the Law: JBL 47, 1928, 203–31; BBranscomb, Jes. and the Law of Moses 1930; WKümmel, Jes. u. d. jüd. Traditionsged.: ZNW 33, ’34, 105–30; JHempel, D. synopt. Jesus u. d. AT: ZAW 56, ’38, 1–34.—Lk-Ac: JJervell, HTR 64, ’71, 21–36.—EGrafe, D. paulin. Lehre vom Gesetz² 1893; HCremer, D. paulin. Rechtfertigungslehre 1896, 84ff; 363ff; FSieffert, D. Entwicklungslinie d. paul. Gesetzeslehre: BWeiss Festschr. 1897, 332–57; WSlaten, The Qualitative Use of νόμος in the Pauline Ep.: AJT 23, 1919, 213ff; HMosbech, Pls’ Laere om Loven: TT 4/3, 1922, 108–37; 177–221; EBurton, ICC, Gal 1921, 443–60; PFeine, Theol. des NT⁶ ’34, 208–15 (lit.); PBenoit, La Loi et la Croix d’après S. Paul (Ro 7:7–8:4): RB 47, ’38, 481–509; CMaurer, D. Gesetzeslehre des Pls ’41; PBläser, D. Gesetz b. Pls ’41; BReicke, JBL 70, ’51, 259–76; GBornkamm, Das Ende d. Gesetzes ’63; HRaisänen, Paul and the Law² ’87; PRichardson/SWesterholm, et al., Law in Religious Communities in the Rom. Period, ’91 (Torah and Nomos); MNobile, La Torà al tempo di Paolo, alcune ri-flessioni: Atti del IV simposio di Tarso su S. Paolo Apostolo, ed. LPadovese ’96, 93–106 (lit. 93f, n. 1).—Dodd 25–41.—B. 1358; 1419; 1421. DELG s.v. νέμω Ic. Schmidt, Syn. I 333–47. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

σταυρός, οῦ, ὁ (Hom. et al. in the sense ‘upright, pointed stake’ or ‘pale’; s. Iren. 1, 2, 4 cj. [Harv. I, 18, 4]; as name of an aeon Hippol., Ref. 6, 31, 6)

① a pole to be placed in the ground and used for capital punishment, cross (Diod S 2, 18, 1; Plut. et al.; Epict. 2, 2, 20; Diog. L. 6, 45; ApcEsdr 7:1 p. 32, 8 Tdf.; AscIs 3:18; Philo, In Flacc. 84; Jos., Ant. 11, 261; 266f.; Just.; s. also CSchneider, TW III 414, 4 and JCollins, The Archeology of the Crucifixion, CBQ 1, ’39, 154–59; JBlinzler, Der Prozess Jesu³, ’60, 278–81; EDinkler, Signum Crucis ’67; JFitzmyer, CBQ 40, ’78, 493–513), a stake sunk into the earth in an upright position; a cross-piece was oft. attached to its upper part (Artem. 2, 53), so that it was shaped like a T or thus: †—MHengel, Crucifixion ’77. Lit., w. other means of execution (Diogenes, Ep. 28, 3) IRo 5:3; Hv 3, 2, 1. Used in the case of Jesus Mt 27:40, 42; Mk 15:30, 32; J 19:25, 31; Phil 2:8 (Just., D. 134, 5); GPt 4:11; 10:39, 42. ὑπομένειν σταυρόν submit to the cross Hb 12:2. The condemned carried their crosses to the place of execution (Plut., Mor. 554a ἕκαστος κακούργων ἐκφέρει τὸν αὐτοῦ σταυρόν; Chariton 4, 2, 7 ἕκαστος τ. σταυρὸν ἔφερε; Artem. 2, 56.—Pauly-W. IV 1731) J 19:17; in the synoptics Simon of Cyrene was made to carry the cross for Jesus (Σίμων 4) Mt 27:32; Mk 15:21; Lk 23:26. An inscription on the cross indicated the reason for the execution J 19:19 (s. τίτλος).—WMichaelis, Zeichen, Siegel, Kreuz, TZ 12, ’56, 505–25. B seeks to show in several passages that acc. to the scriptures it was necessary for the Messiah to die on the cross: 8:1 (the ξύλον that plays a part in connection w. the red heifer, Num 19:6, is ὁ τύπος ὁ τοῦ σταυροῦ); 9:8 (in the case of the 318 servants of Abraham Gen 14:14 the number 300 [=Τ ´] points to the cross; cp. Lucian, Jud. Voc. 12: the letter tau has the form of the σταυρός); 11:1, 8a (the ξύλον of Ps 1:3); 12:1 (scripture quot. of uncertain origin), 2.

② the cross, with focus on the fate of Jesus Christ, the cross. The cross of Christ is one of the most important elements in Christian cult and proclamation: w. death and resurrection IPhld 8:2 and other details of his life PtK 4 p. 15, 33. For Judeans a σκάνδαλον Gal 5:11 (cp. Dt 21:23); cp. IEph 18:1. Hence an occasion for persecution Gal 6:12 (τῷ σταυρῷ because of the cross; dat. of cause, s. ἀπιστία 1). But it was for Paul his only reason for boasting vs. 14. ὁ λόγος ὁ τοῦ σταυροῦ the message of the cross 1 Cor 1:18, w. its mysterious, paradoxical character, is necessarily foolishness to unbelievers. For this reason any attempt to present this message in the form of worldly wisdom would rob the σταυρὸς τοῦ Χριστοῦ of its true content vs. 17. τὸ μαρτύριον τοῦ σταυροῦ is the testimony rendered by the Passion to the fact of Christ’s bodily existence Pol 7:1 (cp. Just., D. 40, 3 πάθος τοῦ σταυροῦ).—Christ’s death on the cross brings salvation Eph 2:16; Col 2:14. εἰρηνοποιεῖν διὰ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ σταυροῦ αὐτοῦ make peace through the shedding of his blood on the cross 1:20 (s. W-S. §30, 12c; Rob. 226). Hence we may ἐπὶ τὸν σταυρὸν ἐλπίζειν B 11:8b. Paul knows of baptized Christians whom he feels constrained to call ἐχθροὶ τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ because of their manner of life Phil 3:18. On the other hand Ign. speaks of blameless Christians ὥσπερ καθηλωμένους ἐν τῷ σταυρῷ τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χρ. σαρκί τε καὶ πνεύματι as if nailed to the cross of the Lord Jesus Christ both in the flesh and in the spirit ISm 1:1 (cp. MartAndr Prius 1, 14 [Aa II/1, 54–55]). In the imagery of Ign. the cross is called ἡ μηχανὴ Ἰησοῦ Χρ. IEph 9:1 (s. HSchlier, Relgesch. Untersuchungen zu d. Ign.-briefen 1929, 110–24), and the orthodox believers are the κλάδοι τοῦ σταυροῦ branches of the cross ITr 11:2. Such passages provide a link with the transf. sense

③ the suffering/death which believers endure in following the crucified Lord, cross λαμβάνειν τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ Mt 10:38. ἆραι τὸν στ. αὐτοῦ 16:24; Mk 8:34; 10:21 t.r.; Lk 9:23. βαστάζειν τὸν στ. ἑαυτοῦ 14:27 (s. on these parallel passages AFridrichsen, Festskrift for Lyder Brun 1922, 17–34.—EDinkler, Jesu Wort v. Kreuztragen: Bultmann Festschr. ’54, 110–29).—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

τέλος, ους, τό (Hom.+)

① a point of time marking the end of a duration, end, termination, cessation (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 130 §139 Jac. τέλος τ. Βίου Καίσαρος; TestAbr A 1 p. 78, 5 [Stone p. 4] τῆς ζωῆς; Maximus Tyr. 13, 9d ἀπιστίας) τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἔσται τέλος Lk 1:33. μήτε ἀρχὴν ἡμερῶν μήτε ζωῆς τέλος ἔχων Hb 7:3. τὸ τέλος τοῦ καταργουμένου the end of the fading (splendor) 2 Cor 3:13. τέλος νόμου Χριστός Ro 10:4 (perh. 3 below). πάντων τὸ τέλος ἤγγικεν the end of all things is near 1 Pt 4:7. τὸ τ. Ἰερουσαλήμ GPt 7:25. τὸ τέλος κυρίου Js 5:11 is oft. (fr. Augustine to ABischoff, ZNW 7, 1906, 274–79) incorrectly taken to mean the end=the death (this is what τέλος means e.g. TestAbr A 4, p. 81, 14 [Stone p. 10]; Appian, Syr. 64 §342, Bell. Civ. 1, 107 §501; 3, 98 §408; Arrian, Anab. 3, 22, 2; 7, 24, 1) of the Lord Jesus (s. 3 below). τ̣ὸ̣ [τέλο]ς (or τ̣ε̣[λο]ς) τῶν φαινο[με]νων (Till’s rdg. of Ox 1081, 29f after the Coptic SJCh 90, 6, in place of τ̣ὸ̣ [φῶ]ς τῶν φαινο[μέ]νων) the end of the things that are apparent. τέλος ἔχειν have an end, be at an end (X., An. 6, 5, 2; Pla., Phdr. 241d, Rep. 3, 392c; Diod S 14, 18, 8; 16, 91, 2) Mk 3:26 (opp. στῆναι). The possibility of repenting ἔχει τέλος is at an end Hv 2, 2, 5. Of the consummation that comes to prophecies when they are fulfilled (Xenophon Eph. 5, 1, 13; Jos., Ant. 2, 73; 4, 125; 10, 35; SibOr 3, 211): revelations Hv 3, 3, 2. So perh. τὸ περὶ ἐμοῦ τέλος ἔχει the references (in the Scriptures) to me are being fulfilled Lk 22:37; also prob. is my life’s work is at an end (cp. Diod S 20, 95, 1 τέλος ἔχειν of siege-machines, the construction of which entailed a great deal of hard work: be completed; Plut., Mor. 615e; Jos., Vi. 154).

② the last part of a process, close, conclusion, esp. of the last things, the final act in the cosmic drama (Sb 8422, 10 [7 B.C.] τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι τέλος; TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 19 [Stone p. 32] τῆς κρίσεως ἐκείνης τὸ τέλος; ApcEsdr 3:13 ἐγγύς ἐστιν τὸ τέλος; Iren., 1, 10, 3 [Harv. I 96, 8] περὶ τοῦ τ. καὶ τῶν μέλλόντων)

ⓐ Mt 24:6, 14; Mk 13:7; Lk 21:9; PtK 2 p. 13, 22. Perh. 1 Cor 15:24, if ἔσται is to be supplied w. εἶτα τὸ τέλος then the end will come (so JHéring, RHPR 12, ’33, 300–320; s. below, bα and 4). ἔχει τέλος the end is here Hv 3, 8, 9. On τὰ τέλη τῶν αἰώνων 1 Cor 10:11 s. αἰών 2b and 5 below; also MBogle, ET 67, ’56, 246f: τ.=‘mystery’.—PVolz, D. Eschatologie d. jüd. Gemeinde im ntl. Zeitalter ’34; Bousset, Rel.³ 202–301; EHaupt, Die eschatol. Aussagen Jesu in den synopt. Evangelien 1895; HSharman, The Teaching of Jesus about the Future acc. to the Synopt. Gospels 1909; FSpitta, Die grosse eschatol. Rede Jesu: StKr 82, 1909, 348–401; EvDobschütz, The Eschatology of the Gospels 1910, Zur Eschatol. der Ev.: StKr 84, 1911, 1–20; PCorssen, Das apokalypt. Flugblatt in der synopt. überl.: Wochenschr. für klass. Philol. 32, 1915, nos. 30f; 33f; DVölter, Die eschat. Rede Jesu: SchTZ 32, 1915, 180–202; KWeiss (s. τελέω 1); JWeiss, Das Urchristent. 1917, 60–98; JJeremias, Jesus als Weltvollender 1930; WKümmel, Die Eschatologie der Ev.: ThBl 15, ’36, 225–41, Verheissg. u. Erfüllg. ’45; CCadoux, The Historic Mission of Jesus ’41 (eschat. of the synoptics); HPreisker, Das Ethos des Urchristentums ’49; AStrobel, Untersuchungen zum eschat. Verzögerungsproblem, ’61. Billerb. IV 799–976. S. also ἀνάστασις 2b, end.—In contrast to ἀρχή: B 1:6ab; IEph 14:1ab; IMg 13:1. Of God Rv 1:8 v.l.; 21:6; 22:13 (Ar. 4, 2; Just., D. 7, 2; Mel., P. 105, 113f; s. also ἀρχή 2).

ⓑ adverbial expressions

α. adv. acc. τὸ τέλος finally (Pla. et al.; BGU 1024 VII, 23; B-D-F §160; s. Rob. 486–88; Theoph. Ant. 1, 14 [p. 92, 8].—The customary use in this case is τέλος without the art.: ViAm 1 [p. 81, 11 Sch.]) 1 Pt 3:8. εἶτα τὸ τέλος 1 Cor 15:24 is classed here by Hofmann²; FBurkitt, JTS 17, 1916, 384f; KBarth, Die Auferstehung der Toten² 1926, 96 (s. 2a above and 4 below).

β. to the end, to the last: ἄχρι τέλους Hb 6:11; Rv 2:26; ἕως τέλους (Da 6:27 Theod.; JosAs 12:3) 1 Cor 1:8; 2 Cor 1:13 (here, too, it means to the end=until the parousia [Windisch, Sickenberger, NRSV] rather than ‘fully’ [Ltzm., Hdb.; RSV ’46]); Hs 9, 27, 3; μέχρι τέλους (Phocylides [VI B.C.] 17 Diehl³ ἐξ ἀρχῆς μέχρι τέλους; Chariton 4, 7, 8; Appian, Mithrid. 112 §550; Polyaenus 4, 6, 11; POxy 416, 3; PTebt 420, 18; Wsd 16:5; 19:1; Jos., Vi. 406) Hb 3:6 v.l., 14; Dg 10:7. S. also εἰς τέλος (γ below).

γ. εἰς τέλος in the end, finally (Hdt. 3, 40 et al.; PTebt 38, 11 [113 B.C.]; 49, 12; Gen 46:4; GrBar 13:2; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 18, 2) Lk 18:5. σωθῆναι 2 Cl 19:3.—To the end, until the end (Epict. 1, 7, 17; Jos., Ant. 19, 96; JosAs 23:5) Mt 10:22; 24:13; Mk 13:13; IEph 14:2; IRo 10:3.—Forever, through all eternity (Dionys. Hal. 13, 88, 3; Ps 9:19; 76:9; 1 Ch 28:9; Da 3:34) ἔφθασεν ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς ἡ ὀργὴ εἰς τέλος 1 Th 2:16 (s. also below and cp. TestLevi 6:11, concerning which there is a variety of opinion). εἰς τέλος ἀπολέσαι τὴν ζωήν lose one’s life forever Hs 8, 8, 5b.—Decisively, extremely, fully, altogether (Polyb. 1, 20, 7; 10; 12, 27, 3 and oft.; Diod S 18, 57, 1 ταπεινωθέντες εἰς τ.=ruined utterly; Lucian, Philop. 14; Appian, Bell. Mithr. 44 §174; OGI 90, 12 [II B.C.]; PTebt 38, 11 [II B.C.]; 49, 11; 793 [s. οὖς 1]; Josh 8:24; 2 Ch 12:12; Ps 73:1; Job 6:9; PsSol 1:1; TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 23 [Stone p. 32]; ApcMos 19; Jos., Vi. 24; Just., A I, 44, 12; Diodorus on Ps 51:7: MPG 33, 1589b εἰς τέλος τουτέστι παντελῶς) 1 Th 2:16 ( forever is also prob.; s. above); B 4:7; 10:5; 19:11. ἱλαρὰ εἰς τέλος ἦν she was quite cheerful Hv 3, 10, 5. Cp. 3, 7, 2; m 12, 2, 3; Hs 6, 2, 3; 8, 6, 4; 8, 8, 2; 5a; 8, 9, 3; 9, 14, 2.—For εἰς τέλος ἠγάπησεν αὐτούς J 13:1 s. εἰς 3.

δ. ἐν τέλει at the end (opp. πρὸ αἰώνων) IMg 6:1.

③ the goal toward which a movement is being directed, end, goal, outcome (Dio Chrys. 67 [17], 3; Epict. 1, 30, 4; 3, 24, 7; Maximus Tyr. 20, 3b; Jos., Ant. 9, 73; TestAsh 1:3; ἡ θεία παίδευσις καὶ εἰσαγωγὴν ἔχει καὶ προκοπὴν καὶ τ. Did., Gen. 69, 9) Mt 26:58. τὸ τέλος κυρίου the outcome which the Lord brought about in the case of Job’s trials Js 5:11 (Diod S 20, 13, 3 τὸ δαιμόνιον τοῖς ὑπερηφάνως διαλογιζομένοις τὸ τέλος τῶν κατελπισθέντων εἰς τοὐναντίον μετατίθησιν=the divinity, in the case of the arrogant, turns the outcome of what they hoped for to the opposite.—On Js 5:11 s. 1 above). τὸ τέλος τῆς παραγγελίας ἐστὶν ἀγάπη the instruction has love as its aim 1 Ti 1:5 (Ἐπίκουρος … λέγων τὸ τ. τῆς σοφίας εἶναι ἡδονήν Hippol., Ref. 1, 22, 4. τ.=‘goal’ or ‘purpose’: Epict. 1, 20, 15; 4, 8, 12; Diog. L. 2, 87; Just., D. 2, 6). Perh. this is the place for Ro 10:4, in the sense that Christ is the goal and the termination of the law at the same time, somewhat in the sense of Gal 3:24f (schol. on Pla., Leg. 625d τέλος τῶν νόμων=goal of the laws; Plut., Mor. 780e δίκη … νόμου τέλος ἐστί; FFlückiger, TZ 11, ’55, 153–57; difft. RJewett, Int 39, ’85, 341–56, Christ as goal but without repudiation of the law; cp. SBechtler, CBQ 56, ’94, 288–308); s. 1.—Esp. also of the final goal toward which pers. and things are striving, of the outcome or destiny which awaits them in accordance w. their nature (TestAsh 6:4; Philo, Exs. 162, Virt. 182; Just., A II, 3, 7; Ath., R. 24 p. 77, 19; Aelian, VH 3, 43; Alciphron 4, 7, 8; Procop. Soph., Ep. 154; τὸ τ. ὁρόμου Orig., C. Cels. 7, 52, 6) τὸ τέλος ἐκείνων θάνατος … τὸ τέλος ζωὴν αἰώνιον Ro 6:21f. Cp. 2 Cor 11:15; Phil 3:19 (HKoester, NTS 8, ’61/62, 325f): perh. a play on a mystery term; 1 Pt 4:17 (cp. 2 Macc 7:30–38); Hb 6:8. κομιζόμενοι τὸ τέλος τῆς πίστεως 1 Pt 1:9. τέλος τὰ πράγματα ἔχει all things have a goal or final destiny (i.e. death or life) IMg 5:1 (τέλος ἔχειν as Plut., Mor. 382e; Polyaenus 4, 2, 11 τέλος οὐκ ἔσχεν ἡ πρᾶξις=did not reach its goal; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 181, Ant. 17, 185.—Ael. Aristid. 52 p. 597 D.: τὸ τέλος πάντων πραγμάτων). εἰς τέλος εἶναι be at = reach the goal IRo 1:1 (εἰς for ἐν; s. εἰς 1aδ).

④ last in a series, rest, remainder (Aristot. De Gen. Anim. 1, 18 p. 725b, 8; Is 19:15. Of a military formation Arrian, Tact. 10, 5; 18, 4), if τὸ τέλος 1 Cor 15:24 is to be taken, w. JWeiss and Ltzm., of a third and last group (τάγμα 1b; s. 2a and 2bα above).

⑤ revenue obligation, (indirect) tax, toll-tax, customs duties (X., Pla. et al.; ins, pap; 1 Macc 10:31; 11:35; Jos., Ant. 12, 141) ἀποδιδόναι τὸ τέλος Ro 13:7b; cp. a (w. φόρος as Appian, Sicil. 2, 6, Bell. Civ. 2, 13 §47; Vi. Aesopi W 92; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 10, 22. Pl. w. εἰσφοραί Theoph. Ant. 1, 10 [p. 80, 19]). λαμβάνειν τέλη ἀπό τινος Mt 17:25 (w. κῆνσος; Just., A I, 27, 2).—τὰ τέλη τ. αἰώνων 1 Cor 10:11 is transl. the (spiritual) revenues of the ages by ASouter (Pocket Lex. of the NT 1916, s.v. τέλος) and PMacpherson, ET 55, ’43/44, 222 (s. 2a above).—GDelling, TW VIII, 50–88: τέλος and related words, also ZNW 55, ’64, 26–42=Studien zum NT, ’70, 17–31.—B. 802; 979. Schmidt, Syn. IV 496–523. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.