-
101 SET
I1. n1) комплект, набір; колекція6) вставні зуби; вставна щелепа2) сервіз3) гарнітур4) прибор, приладдяtoilet (dressing-table) set — туалетний прибор
5) комплект видання (журналу, газети)6) серія, ряд; система; сукупність7) група, компанія, коло, склад (команди)8) набір, склад (студентів тощо)9) банда, ватага; зграя10) театр. декорація11) кін. знімальний майданчик12) прилад, апарат; установка; агрегат13) радіоприймач, радіоапарат14) ряд музичних творів, які становлять одно ціле15) збірн. церковні дзвони16) умебльована квартира17) упряжка18) брущатка20) розстановка гравців21) гірн. оклад кріплення22) мат. множина23) друк. гарнітура шрифту24) друк. набір25) тк. sing лінія, загальні контури26) будова, конфігурація, статура27) напрям (вітру, ріки)28) спрямованість; тенденція29) нахил, відхилення31) нора борсука32) затримка, зупинка33) молодий пагонець; зав'язь34) садивний матеріал37) тех. залишкова деформація38) тех. обтискачto make a dead set at smb. — а) нападати на когось; критикувати когось; б) нав'язувати комусь свою прихильність
2. adj1) нерухомий, закляклий2) певний; постійний; визначений3) незмінний, непорушний; постійнийset programme — незмінна (постійна) програма
4) установлений (законом); що відповідає певній формі, офіційний5) заздалегідь обумовлений6) упертий, наполегливий, настирливий7) умисний, навмисний8) готовий, ладний (зробити щось)9) вбудований, прикріпленийset fair — а) гарний, ясний (про погоду); б) що має хороші перспективи
set onion — бот. цибуля-сіянка
set screw — тех. установочний гвинт
to be sharp set — бути голодним, зголодніти
to get set — товстіти, гладшати
IIv (past і p.p. set)1) ставити; класти; поміщати, розташовувати, розміщуватиto set one's hand on smb.'s shoulder — покласти руку на чиєсь плече
to set an ambush — військ. влаштувати засідку
to set a crown on smb.'s head — покласти корону на чиюсь голову
to set smb. at naught — зневажати когось
2) звич. pass. розташовуватися; знаходитисяa little town set south of Paris — маленьке містечко, розташоване на південь від Парижа
3) садовити4) уставляти, вправляти5) повертати, спрямовувати6) готувати, підготовляти; споряджатиset! — спорт. увага!, приготуватися!
7) установлювати, визначати, призначатиto set the course — спорт. визначити (виміряти) дистанцію
8) пасувати, личити, бути до лиця9) здавати в оренду10) перевозити, доставляти11) робити ставку; віддавати в заставу12) сидіти (за столом)14) установлювати, регулювати15) мор. пеленгувати16) робити кладку, мурувати17) сідати, заходити (про сонце)18) ставити (годинник тощо)I want you to set your watch by mine — я хочу, щоб ви поставили свій годинник за моїм
19) ставити (завдання, мету)21) ставити (запитання)to set one's teeth — а) зціпити зуби; б) прийняти тверде рішення
25) стискуватися, зціплятися26) ставати нерухомим, застигати27) тверднути, тужавіти (про цемент тощо)28) згущуватися, скипатися, зсідатися29) сформуватися34) зростатися (про кістки)35) вставляти в оправуto set one's hair — робити зачіску; укладати волосся
38) покласти (слова на музику)39) аранжувати42) виставляти (вартових)43) висаджувати (на берег)45) накладати (штраф тощо)48) прийматися (про дерева)49) утворювати зав'язь50) складати, розробляти, перевіряти51) текти, дути, іти (про напрям течії, вітру тощо)52) примушувати рухатися (в певному напрямі)53) робити стійку (про мисливського собаку)55) підкладати (яйця під квочку)57) установлюватися (про погоду)62) збивати (заклепку)set afloat — а) спускати на воду; б) надавати руху (чомусь)
set apart — а) відкладати (гроші); б) віддаляти; в) розділяти; г) не брати до уваги
set aside — а) відкидати, зневажати; б) відкладати (гроші); в) не зважати (на щось); г) відхиляти (пропозицію); д) анулювати
set back — а) класти (ставити) на (попереднє) місце; б) відсувати; в) повернути назад, надати зворотного руху; г) перешкоджати, затримувати; д) коштувати
set by — а) відкладати (гроші); б) шанувати, цінувати
set down — а) класти, ставити; б) записувати; в) висаджувати (пасажирів); г) ставити (когось) на своє місце, давати відсіч; д) розташовувати; є) вважати
set forth — а) вирушати; б) виставляти (напоказ); в) висловлювати, формулювати; г) видавати, друкувати; д) прикрашати; є) розгортати війська
set forward — а) вирушати в дорогу; рухатися уперед; б) викладати (думку), роз'яснювати; в) висувати (пропозицію), пропонувати; г) захищати, просувати
set in — а) наставати, починатися; б) рухатися (в певному напрямі); в) саджати (рослини); г) братися до роботи
set off — а) вирушати; б) висаджувати в повітря; в) запускати (ракету); г) починати; д) спонукати (до чогось); є) вирізняти; є) відділяти; ж) компенсувати; з) прикрашати, оздоблювати; і) хвалити
set on — а) просуватися, рухатися уперед; б) надавати руху; в) іти в атаку; г) зазнати нападу
set out — а) ставити, виставляти (за двері тощо); б) розкладати, розставляти; в) накривати (стіл); г) заставляти (стіл чимсь); д) висаджувати (рослини); є) виходити, вирушати; є) мати намір (щось робити); ж) викладати (думку); ж) прикрашати; з) споряджати; і) виступати в похід; й) обнародувати
set over — а) перевозити на інший берег; б) передавати
set to — а) енергійно братися (до чогось); починати (щось); б) устрявати в бійку; в) ставити підпис (печатку)
set up — а) ставити, класти, розміщати; б) піднімати; в) вивішувати; г) споруджувати, зводити; д) засновувати, формувати; є) встановлювати (нові порядки); є) пропонувати; ж) викладати (думку), формулювати; з) підготовляти; і) зчиняти (галас); й) постачати, забезпечувати; к) відновлювати (сили); л) тренувати, загартовувати; м) спричинювати, завдавати; н) прославляти, вихваляти; о) зупинятися (в готелі); п) складати, монтувати; р) друк. набирати
to set about smth. — братися за щось; починати робити щось
to set smb. at (on, against) smb. — нацьковувати когось на когось
to set smth. against smth. — протиставити щось чомусь
to set smb. down for smb. — приймати когось за когось
to set free — звільнити, визволити
to set smb. wrong — вводити когось в оману
to set at ready — військ. приводити в готовність
to set going — а) запускати (машину тощо); б) починати діяти
to set sail — вирушити у плавання, почати подорож
to set smb.'s back up — роздратовувати когось
to set one's cap at smb. — заманювати когось, намагатися женити на собі
to set things to rights — а) покінчити з усім поганим; б) дати усьому лад
* * *I (скор. від search for extraterrestrial intelligence) -
102 ♦ cover
♦ cover /ˈkʌvə(r)/n.1 coperchio; cappuccio, calotta ( di protezione): manhole [typewriter] cover, coperchio di tombino [di macchina da scrivere]2 rivestimento; copertura; fodera ( di poltrona, ecc.); fodero ( di ombrello, ecc.); copri-: seat cover, rivestimento di sedile; loose cover, fodera staccabile; dust cover, telo ( per proteggere dalla polvere); duvet cover, copripiumone3 strato (ricoprente); copertura; manto: a thick cover of snow, uno spesso strato di neve; ground cover, strato di vegetazione4 copertina ( di libro, rivista, CD): front cover, copertina; ( editoria) prima di copertina; back cover, retrocopertina; ( editoria) quarta di copertina; on the cover, sulla copertina; in copertina; I read it from cover to cover, l'ho letto da cima a fondo (o dalla prima all'ultima pagina); cover photo, foto di copertina7 [u] riparo; protezione; ( di selvaggina) nascondiglio ( tra la vegetazione): to provide cover, offrire riparo; to run for cover, correre in cerca di riparo; to take cover, mettersi al riparo; trovare riparo; ripararsi; rifugiarsi; ( di selvaggina) nascondersi; to take cover under a tree, mettersi al (o trovare) riparo sotto un albero; to dive for cover, gettarsi a terra in cerca di riparo9 [u] (attività, identità di) copertura: The bookshop is a cover for illicit traffic, la libreria è una copertura per traffici illegali; to work under cover, lavorare sotto copertura; to blow sb. 's cover, svelare l'identità di q. ( un agente segreto, ecc.); to blow one's cover, rivelare ( accidentalmente) la propria identità; farsi scoprire10 copertura; facciata; apparenza; schermo, pretesto: under cover of doing st., col pretesto di fare qc.; facendo finta di fare qc.12 sostituto; sostituzione; DIALOGO → - Signing on with an agency- Make sure you are available in the mornings as we often get calls from employers for emergency cover, faccia in modo da essere rintracciabile di mattina perché spesso riceviamo chiamate dai datori di lavoro per delle sostituzioni d'emergenza13 [u] (leg.) garanzia14 [u] (ass.) copertura: insurance cover, copertura assicurativa; to take out cover, coprirsi ( da un rischio)15 [u] (fin.) copertura: with cover, con copertura; al coperto; without cover, senza copertura; allo scoperto20 (= cover version) riedizione ( di una canzone, un brano musicale di successo); nuova registrazione● ( banca) cover for the day, fabbisogno di cassa □ cover girl, cover girl; ragazza copertina □ cover glass, vetrino ( da microscopio) □ ( USA) cover letter, lettera di accompagnamento □ cover name, pseudonimo □ (ass., GB) cover note, polizza provvisoria □ cover slip = cover glass ► sopra □ ( di rivista) cover story, articolo in copertina ( di una rivista) □ ( di preda, uomo braccato, ecc.) to break cover, uscire allo scoperto □ under ( the) cover of darkness (o of the night), col favore delle tenebre □ under plain cover, ( di busta, pacco) senza indirizzo del mittente □ under separate cover, in plico a parte.♦ (to) cover /ˈkʌvə(r)/v. t.1 coprire ( anche fig.); ricoprire; rivestire: Cover your head!, copriti il capo!; to cover a cake with icing, ricoprire una torta di glassa; to be covered in (o with) dust [blood], essere coperto di polvere [di sangue]; He covered me with ridicule, mi ha coperto di ridicolo2 coprire; nascondere; mascherare: I tried to cover my embarrassment with a laugh, ho cercato di nascondere il mio imbarazzo con una risata5 trattare; prendere in esame; occuparsi di; riferirsi a; comprendere; includere: His lectures cover the whole subject, le sue lezioni trattano l'intero argomento; The first chapter covers the years 1815-1830, il primo capitolo si occupa degli anni 1815-18307 ( di somma) coprire; bastare per: to cover the expenses, coprire le spese; I think $150 should cover it, credo che 150 dollari basteranno8 (giorn.) seguire ( un avvenimento); fare un servizio su; occuparsi di: The reporter covered the riots, l'inviato fece un servizio sui tumulti; Mark covers the crime news, Mark si occupa della cronaca nera9 (TV) trasmettere (in diretta); fare un servizio su: The BBC covered the ceremony, la BBC ha trasmesso la cerimonia in diretta10 coprire; proteggere; coprire le spalle a: (mil.) to cover sb. 's retreat, coprire la ritirata di q.11 tenere sotto (il) tiro; tenere nel mirino: Our artillery covered every approach, la nostra artiglieria teneva sotto il tiro ogni via d'accesso; No tricks, I've got you covered!, niente scherzi, ti tengo sotto tiro12 ( sport) giocare in appoggio a; marcare, coprire ( un avversario); ( baseball) difendere ( una base, ecc.)13 (ass.) coprire; fornire copertura; assicurare: I am covered by insurance, sono coperto da assicurazione; sono assicurato; to cover against theft, fornire copertura contro il furto; to get oneself covered, assicurarsi● (volg. USA) to cover one's ass, pararsi il culo □ ( Borsa) to cover forward, coprirsi con operazioni a termine □ to cover a multitude of sins, coprire molte magagne □ to cover oneself, coprirsi: to cover oneself with a blanket, coprirsi con una coperta; (fig.) to cover oneself with glory, coprirsi di gloria; (fig.) coprirsi; proteggersi: He said that to cover himself, l'ha detto per coprirsi; to cover oneself against st., proteggersi contro qc. (o dal rischio di qc.); coprirsi il capo; mettersi il cappello; (ass., Borsa, fin.) coprirsi □ (comm.) to cover a small order, evadere un piccolo ordinativo □ to cover one's tracks, nascondere le proprie tracce □ (fam.) to cover the waterfront, coprire tutti gli aspetti; fare un resoconto completo. -
103 ♦ set
♦ set (1) /sɛt/n.1 assortimento; collezione; raccolta; complesso; insieme ( di cose affini); serie; servizio ( di piatti, ecc.); set; coordinato: a set of medical instruments, un assortimento di strumenti medicali; a set of rare books, una collezione di libri rari; a carpentry set, un complesso di arnesi da falegname; a set of lectures, una serie di conferenze; a china set, un servizio di porcellana; a tea set, un servizio da tè2 gruppo ( di persone); consorteria; cricca; squadra; ambiente, mondo (fig.): a set of politicians, una consorteria di politicanti; a set of smugglers, una cricca di contrabbandieri; the political set, gli ambienti politici; the racing set, l'ambiente delle corse ippiche; the literary set, gli ambienti letterari; the smart set, il bel mondo3 ( radio, TV) apparecchio; radio; televisore: a radio set, un apparecchio radio; a television set, un televisore4 (solo al sing.) conformazione; portamento; positura, postura: (geogr.) the set of the hills, la conformazione delle colline; the set of one's head, il modo di tenere la testa ( alta, china, ecc.); the set of one's shoulders, la positura delle spalle5 (solo al sing.) direzione; corso; moto; tendenza; inclinazione; propensione: the set of the current, la direzione della corrente6 (teatr.) set; scenario; allestimento scenico; (cinem.) set: The actors are now on ( the) set, adesso gli attori sono sul set10 [u] (edil., mecc.) deformazione permanente22 (poet.) tramonto; occaso (poet.)● (cinem.) set decorator (o set designer), scenografo □ (comput.) set of characters, insieme di caratteri □ a set of diamonds, una parure di diamanti □ (mat.) a set of equations, un sistema di equazioni □ (comm., fin.) set of exchange, prima, seconda e terza di cambio □ a set of horses, un tiro (a due, a quattro) □ the set of a jacket, il taglio d'una giacca; il modo in cui cade una giacca □ a set of pearls, un vezzo di perle □ (leg.) a set of rules, un regolamento; una normativa □ (naut.) a set of sails, una muta (o un corredo) di vele □ (comm.) set of samples, campionario □ a set of ( false o artificial) teeth, una dentiera □ a set of ( natural) teeth, una dentatura □ (autom.) a set of tyres, un treno di gomme □ ( slang USA) a set of wheels, un'automobile □ ( tennis, pallavolo) set point, punto che decide un set; set point; palla set □ (TV) set-top box, set-top box; decodificatore ( di segnali di cavo o satellite) □ to change the set of a thermostat, regolare un termostato in modo diverso □ (fig.) to make a dead set at sb., fare una corte accanita a ( una donna, ecc.) □ a toilet set, un set da bagno ( pettine, specchietto, ecc.).set (2) /sɛt/a.1 posto; collocato; situato: The cottage is set back from the road, la villetta è in posizione arretrata rispetto alla strada; The village is set on a hill, il paese è situato su una collina2 fisso; fermo; saldo; reciso: set rules, regole fisse; a set stare, uno sguardo fisso; set wages, salario fisso; a set purpose, un saldo proposito; a man of set opinions, un uomo dalle idee ferme (o recise); un testardo3 fisso; fissato; stabilito; prestabilito: at set hours, a ore fisse; at the set time, all'ora stabilita; (comm.) set terms, condizioni fisse; termini precisi ( di un accordo)4 preparato; studiato, stereotipato; fatto: a set speech, un discorso preparato; a set smile, un sorriso studiato (o stereotipato); set phrases, frasi fatte; luoghi comuni5 deciso; risoluto; determinato: He is set on leaving the country, è deciso a emigrare; He's dead set on marrying her, è fermamente deciso a sposarla; His mother is dead set against his marriage, sua madre è decisamente contraria al suo matrimonio9 destinato; probabile: The bill is [looks] set to cause controversy, il progetto di legge è [sembra] destinato a creare polemiche; The weather is set to change for the worse, è probabile che il tempo peggiori10 (fam.; anche all set) pronto: Everything was set for the picnic, tutto era pronto per il picnic; DIALOGO → - Paying for petrol- All set?, tutto pronto?; I'm all set!, sono pronto!● ( pallavolo) set ball, alzata □ (mil.) a set battle, una battaglia campale □ set books, libri da portare per l'esame; testi prescritti □ ( del tempo) set fair, messo al bello; bello stabile □ set hammer, martello piano; butteruola □ to be set in one's ways, avere abitudini radicate □ set lunch, menù turistico □ set piece, ( arte, letter.) lavoro convenzionale; ( anche fig.) pezzo forte (o di bravura); (teatr.) scena fissa; fuochi d'artificio fissi; (mil.) operazione preparata a tavolino; ( sport) manovra studiata, schema: ( calcio) set-piece specialist, specialista nei tiri da fermo □ ( sport) set play, gioco basato su schemi fissi □ ( basket) set-play offence, attacco contro zona □ ( rugby) set scrum, mischia chiusa (o comandata) □ (teatr.) set scene, scenario □ ( sport) set shot, ( basket) tiro da fermo; ( pallamano) tiro a giavellotto □ ( disegno) set square, squadra a triangolo □ ( del cielo) set with stars, trapunto di stelle □ ( sport: nelle corse) «Get set! – go!», «pronti! – via!».♦ (to) set /sɛt/(pass. e p. p. set)A v. t.1 mettere; porre; posare; disporre; collocare; preparare: She set the bowl of milk before the kitten, ha messo la ciotola di latte davanti al gattino; He set his hand on my shoulder, mi ha posato la mano sulla spalla; to set a trap, collocare (o preparare) una trappola; to set a wheel on the axle, collocare una ruota sull'asse; Set your mind at ease, mettiti l'animo in pace; He set the men to dig a ditch, ha messo gli uomini a scavare un fossato; The barons set the pretender on the throne, i baroni misero sul trono il pretendente; We set pickets around the factory, mettemmo picchetti intorno alla fabbrica; They set a price on his head ( o on his life), hanno messo una taglia sulla sua testa2 conficcare; piantare: I set the tent pole in the ground, ho piantato (o ho conficcato) il palo della tenda nel terreno; to set potatoes, piantar patate3 fissare; rendere fisso; assicurare4 fissare; stabilire: The price was set at 5,000 pounds, il prezzo è stato fissato in cinquemila sterline; The time of the meeting has not yet been set, l'ora della riunione non è stata ancora stabilita5 (mecc.) regolare; registrare; tarare, mettere a punto; sistemare; inserire, attaccare: to set a clock (o a watch) regolare un orologio; rimettere un orologio (all'ora giusta); to set an alarm clock, regolare (o mettere) una sveglia; to set a burglar alarm, inserire un antifurto6 assegnare; dare; proporre: The teacher set us five exercises, l'insegnante ci ha assegnato cinque esercizi7 fare rapprendere; rendere solido; seccare; solidificare; rassodare: to set varnish, seccare la vernice13 (tipogr.) comporre: to set close [wide], comporre con poca [con molta] spaziatura15 (letter., cinem., teatr., ecc.) ambientare ( una storia, un racconto, ecc.): The ( action of the) film is set in Venice, il film è ambientato a Venezia; l'azione del film si svolge a Venezia16 (med.) aggiustare, mettere a posto ( un osso rotto, ecc.): to set a ( broken) leg, aggiustare una gamba rotta18 accostare; avvicinare; applicare19 ( anche sport) stabilire: to set new rules, stabilire regole nuove; to set a record, stabilire un primato22 (naut.: del vento, ecc.) portare, spingere ( una nave): The tide set us towards the island, la corrente della marea ci spinse verso l'isola23 (naut.) dirigere, volgere ( un'imbarcazione): They set the trawler for shore, diressero il peschereccio a riva25 (comput.) impostareB v. i.1 ( di un astro o pianeta) tramontare; calare: The sun sets in the west, il sole tramonta a occidente; The moon is setting, sta calando la luna2 (fig.) tramontare; essere in declino3 indurirsi; (edil.) fare presa; solidificare; rassodarsi; rapprendersi; coagularsi: The mortar hasn't set yet, la malta non ha ancora fatto presa; This jam has set at last, questa marmellata s'è finalmente rassodata; The milk has set, il latte s'è rappreso (o s'è coagulato)4 (fig.) indurirsi; irrigidirsi; assumere un'espressione dura: His face set and he hit back, la faccia gli s'indurì ed egli colpì a sua volta5 muoversi, fluire, scorrere; (cominciare a) spirare ( in una data direzione): The Gulf Stream sets eastwards, la Corrente del Golfo fluisce verso est6 volgersi (o voltarsi, orientarsi) verso; prendere posizione (fig.): Public opinion has set hard against him, l'opinione pubblica gli è nettamente avversa● to set one's affairs in order, mettere in ordine i propri affari □ to set st. [the law] at defiance, sfidare qc. [la legge] □ to set sb. at ( his) ease, mettere q. a suo agio □ (form.) to set (sb., st.) at naught, non fare alcun conto di, non stimare affatto (q., qc.) □ (fig.) to set one's cap at ( USA: for) sb., ( di donna) mettere gli occhi addosso a q.; cercar d'accalappiare q. □ to set the ball rolling, mettere le cose in moto; ( sport) mettere in gioco la palla □ to set eggs, far covare le uova □ to set one's face homeward, prendere la via del ritorno □ to set the fashion, fare (o lanciare) la moda □ to set sb. free, mettere q. in libertà; lasciar libero, liberare q.; (leg.) rilasciare ( un detenuto); ( sport) smarcare ( un compagno) □ (mecc.) to set going, mettere in moto; avviare □ to set sb. 's heart (o mind) at rest, tranquillizzare q. □ (fig.) to set one's house in order, fare ordine nella propria vita □ (topogr.) to set a map, orientare una carta □ to set sb. laughing, far ridere q. □ to set the pace, fare il passo; ( sport) fare l'andatura; (fig.) fare da esempio, servir da modello □ ( a scuola) to set the papers, preparare (o proporre) i temi d'esame □ to set pen to paper, metter mano alla penna; cominciare a scrivere □ to set right, accomodare, aggiustare ( un apparecchio, ecc.); mettere a posto, correggere ( un errore, un conto, ecc.); rimettere a posto (o in sesto); rinvigorire: A short holiday will set you right, una breve vacanza ti rimetterà in sesto □ (naut.) to set sail, far vela; salpare □ to set seed, piantar semi; seminare □ to set st. straight, raddrizzare qc.; chiarire, spiegare qc. □ to set sb. straight, spiegare a q. come stanno le cose □ ( canottaggio) to set the stroke, battere il tempo della voga; stabilire la vogata □ to set the table, apparecchiare (la tavola) □ to set one's teeth, serrare (o stringere) i denti; (fig.) tener duro □ to set sb. 's teeth on edge, ( di suono) far rabbrividire q.; ( di cibo) allegare i denti a q.; (fig.) irritare q., dare ai nervi a q. □ to set sb. thinking, fare pensare (o fare riflettere) q.; dare da pensare a q. □ to set things going, dare l'avvio; mettere le cose in moto; ( sport) movimentare il gioco □ to set the tone of st., dare il tono a qc. □ (mil.) to set a watch, piazzare le sentinelle □ His eyes set, ha sbarrato gli occhi ( per uno svenimento o in punto di morte). -
104 arrange
[ə'reɪndʒ]v1) устраивать, приводить в порядок, упорядочивать, расставлять, классифицировать, систематизироватьIt was arranged that we would come early. — Договорились, что мы придем рано.
Everything is arranged for our holiday. — Все готово к отпуску.
- arrange a concert- arrange books in an alphabetical order
- arrange flowers
- arrange one's hair
- arrange one's tie2) договариваться, сговариваться, уславливатьсяWe arranged for a number of lectures. — Мы договорились, что будет прочитан ряд лекций.
I arranged for him to stay here a few days. — Я договорился о том, что он здесь пробудет несколько дней.
We arranged to meet/for an appointment. — Мы договорились о встрече.
They arranged to leave early. — Они договорились выехать рано.
It is arranged that she will look after the children. — Есть договоренность, что она присмотрит за детьми
- arrange for smth- arrange with smb about smth -
105 term
[təːm]n1) срок, период, время, продолжительность- long-term agreementHis term of imprisonment runs out in two month. — Его срок заключения истекает через два месяца.
- life prison term
- term of office
- term of a loan
- extend the terms of payment
- be elected for a term of five years
- serve a short prison term2) семестр, учебная четверть, судебная сессия- three months termWe'll have no lectures next (this, for another) term. — У нас не будет лекций в следующем (в этом, еще в одном) семестре.
- six months term
- spring term
- first week of the term3) (только pl) условияWe cannot buy on terms mentioned. — Мы не можем купить на указанных условиях.
- exceptional termsIf I agree to sell it will be on my own terms. — Если я соглашусь продать это, то только на моих условиях.
- easy terms
- suitable terms
- acceptable terms
- unacceptable terms
- unfavorable terms
- usual terms
- reasonable terms
- moderate terms
- peace terms
- surrender terms
- credit terms
- payment terms
- discount terms
- terms of contract
- terms of repayment of credit
- on favourable terms
- on smb's terms
- according to the terms of the agreement
- on acceptable terms
- on easy terms
- sell smth at reasonable terms
- accept the terms of an agreement
- dictate one's own terms
- agree to President's terms
- study the terms offered closely
- clarify the terms
- come to terms with smb
- make terms with smb
- bring smb to terms
- offer better terms
- make better terms4) (только pl) отношенияWe're on calling (visiting) terms. — Мы в приятельских отношениях. /Мы бываем друг у друга дома.
We're on nodding terms. — У нас шапочное знакомство.
5) термин, выражение, названиеIt is not a fortunate term for smth — Это неудачное обозначение/название для чего-либо.
He knows all medical terms. — Он знает все медицинские термины.
- scientific term- bookish term
- every day term
- vulgar terms
- in terms of science
- in terms of our experience
- speak in general terms
- speak in vague terms
- speak of smb, smth in very flattering terms
- speak of smb in terms of respect
- express smth in terms of lines•USAGE: -
106 on
on❢ When on is used as a straightforward preposition expressing position ( on the beach, on the table) it is generally translated by sur: sur la plage, sur la table ; on it is translated by dessus: there's a table over there, put the key on it = il y a une table là-bas, mets la clé dessus.on is often used in verb combinations in English ( depend on, rely on, cotton on etc). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (depend, rely, cotton etc).If you have doubts about how to translate a phrase or expression beginning with on ( on demand, on impulse, on top etc) consult the appropriate noun or other entry (demand, impulse, top etc).This dictionary contains usage notes on such topics as dates, islands, rivers etc. Many of these use the preposition on.For examples of the above and further uses of on, see the entry below.A prep1 ( position) sur ; on the table/the pavement sur la table/le trottoir ; on the coast/the lake sur la côte/le lac ; on top of the piano sur le piano ; on the wall/ceiling/blackboard au mur/plafond/tableau noir ; on the floor par terre ; there's a stain on it il y a une tache dessus ; to live on Park Avenue habiter Park Avenue ; it's on Carson Road c'est sur Carson Road ; on the M4 motorway sur l'autoroute M4 ; a studio on Avenue Montaigne un studio Avenue Montaigne ; the paintings on the wall les tableaux qui sont au mur ; accidents on and off the piste des accidents sur la piste et en dehors ; to climb/leap on to sth grimper/sauter sur qch ; ⇒ get, hang, jump, pin, sew, tie ;2 (indicating attachment, contact) to hang sth on a nail accrocher qch à un clou ; on a string au bout d'une or attaché à une ficelle ; to put a hand on sb's shoulder mettre la main sur l'épaule de qn ; to punch sb on the nose/on the chin donner un coup dans le nez/sur le menton de qn ; ⇒ hit, pat, slap ;3 ( on or about one's person) I've got no small change on me je n'ai pas de monnaie sur moi ; have you got the keys on you? est-ce que tu as les clés (sur toi)? ; to have a ring on one's finger avoir une bague au doigt ; the finger with the ring on it le doigt qui porte la bague ; a girl with sandals on her feet une fille avec des sandales aux pieds ; to have a smile/to have a frown on one's face sourire/froncer les sourcils ;4 (about, on the subject of) sur ; a book/a programme on Africa un livre/une émission sur l'Afrique ; information on the new tax des renseignements sur le nouvel impôt ; to read Freud on dreams lire ce que Freud a écrit sur les rêves ; have you heard him on electoral reform? est-ce que tu l'as entendu parler de la réforme électorale? ; we're on fractions in maths en maths, nous en sommes aux fractions ;5 (employed, active) to be on faire partie de [team] ; être membre de [board, committee, council] ; to be on the Gazette travailler pour la Gazette ; a job on the railways un travail dans les chemins de fer ; there's a bouncer on the door il y a un videur à la porte ; there are 20 staff on this project il y a 20 personnes qui travaillent sur ce projet ;6 ( in expressions of time) on 22 February le 22 février ; on Friday vendredi ; on Saturdays le samedi ; on the night of 15 May la nuit du 15 mai ; on or about the 23rd vers le 23 ; on sunny days quand il fait beau ; on Christmas Day le jour de Noël ; on your birthday le jour de ton anniversaire ; ⇒ dot, hour ;7 ( immediately after) on his arrival à son arrivée ; on the death of his wife à la mort de sa femme ; on hearing the truth she… quand elle a appris la vérité, elle… ; on reaching London he… quand il est arrivé à Londres, il… ;8 (taking, using) to be on tablets/steroids/heroin prendre des médicaments/des stéroïdes/de l'héroïne ; to be on drugs se droguer ; to be on 40 (cigarettes) a day fumer 40 cigarettes par jour ; to be on a bottle of whisky a day boire une bouteille de whisky par jour ; ⇒ antibiotic, pill, tranquillizer ;9 ( powered by) to work ou run on batteries marcher à piles, fonctionner sur piles ; to run on electricity être électrique ;10 ( indicating support) sur ; to stand on one leg se tenir sur un pied ; to lie on one's back s'allonger sur le dos ; put it on its side pose-le sur le côté ;11 ( indicating a medium) on TV/the radio à la télé/radio ; I heard it on the news j'ai entendu ça au journal ; on video/cassette en vidéo/cassette ; on disk/computer sur disquette/ordinateur ; on channel four sur la quatrième chaîne ; to play sth on the piano jouer qch au piano ; with Lou Luciano on drums avec Lou Luciano à la batterie ;12 (income, amount of money) to be on £20,000 a year gagner 20 000 livres sterling par an ; to be on a salary ou income of £15,000 gagner 15 000 livres sterling ; he's on more than me il gagne plus que moi ; to be on a low income avoir un bas salaire ; ⇒ dole, grant, live, overtime ;13 (paid for by, at the expense of) this round is on me c'est ma tournée ; have a beer on me je te paye une bière ; ⇒ credit, expenses, house ;14 ( repeated events) disaster on disaster désastre sur désastre ; defeat on defeat défaite sur défaite ;15 ( in scoring) to be on 25 points avoir 25 points ; Martin is the winner on 50 points Martin est le gagnant avec 50 points ;16 Turf he's got £10 on Easy Rider il a parié 10 livres sterling sur Easy Rider ; I'll have 50 dollars on Rapido je parie 50 dollars sur Rapido ; ⇒ odds ;17 Transp to travel on the bus/train voyager en bus/train ; to be on the plane/the train être dans l'avion/le train ; to be on the yacht être sur le yacht ; to be on one's bike être à vélo ; to leave on the first train/flight prendre le premier train/avion ; ⇒ foot, horseback.B adj1 (taking place, happening) to be on [event] avoir lieu ; is the match still on? est-ce que le match aura lieu? ; the engagement is back on again ils sont à nouveau fiancés ; while the meeting is on pendant la réunion ; there's a war/recession on il y a une guerre/récession ; I've got nothing on tonight je n'ai rien de prévu pour ce soir ; to have something on avoir quelque chose de prévu ; I've got a lot on je suis très occupé ;2 (being broadcast, performed, displayed) Euro-express is on tonight il y a Euro-express à la télé ce soir ; the news is on in 10 minutes le journal est dans 10 minutes ; it's on at the Rex ça passe au Rex ; there's an exhibition on at the Town Hall il y a une exposition à la mairie ; what's on? ( on TV) qu'est-ce qu'il y a à la télé? ; ( at the cinema) qu'est-ce qui passe au cinéma? ; ( at the theatre) qu'est-ce qu'il y a à l'affiche or au théâtre? ; there's nothing on il n'y a rien de bien ; Hamlet is still on Hamlet est toujours à l'affiche ;3 (functional, live) to be on [TV, oven, heating, light] être allumé ; [handbrake] être serré ; [dishwasher, radio, washing machine] marcher ; [hot tap, gas tap] être ouvert ; the power is on il y a du courant ; the power is back on le courant est rétabli ; the switch is in the ‘on’ position l'interrupteur est en position ‘allumé’ ; ⇒ switch on (switch), turn on (turn) ;4 GB ( permissible) it's just ou simply not on ( out of the question) c'est hors de question ; ( not the done thing) ça ne se fait pas ; ( unacceptable) c'est inadmissible ; it's simply not on to expect me to do that c'est inadmissible de penser que je vais faire ça ;5 (attached, in place) to be on [lid, top, cap] être mis ; the cap isn't properly on le couvercle est mal mis ; once the roof is on une fois le toit construit ; ⇒ put, screw.C adv1 ( on or about one's person) to have a hat/coat on porter un chapeau/manteau ; to have one's glasses on porter ses lunettes ; he's got his suit on il est en costume ; to have nothing on être nu, ne rien avoir sur le dos ; on with your coats! allez, mettez vos manteaux! ; to have make-up on être maquillé ; with sandals/slippers on en sandales/pantoufles ; ⇒ put, try ;2 ( ahead in time) 20 years on he was still the same 20 ans plus tard, il n'avait pas changé ; a few years on from now dans quelques années ; from that day on à partir de ce jour-là ; to be well on in years ne plus être tout jeune ; the party lasted well on into the night la soirée s'est prolongée tard dans la nuit ; ⇒ later, now ;3 ( further) to walk on continuer à marcher ; to walk on another 2 km faire encore 2 km ; to go on to Newcastle continuer jusqu'à Newcastle ; to go to Paris then on to Marseilles aller à Paris et de là à Marseille ; to play/work on continuer à jouer/travailler ; a little further on un peu plus loin ; ⇒ carry, go, move, press, read ;4 ( on stage) I'm on after the juggler je passe juste après le jongleur ; he's not on until Act II il n'entre en scène qu'au deuxième acte ; you're on! en scène!D on and off adv phr ( also off and on) to see sb on and off voir qn de temps en temps ; she's been working at the novel on and off for years ça fait des années que son roman est en chantier ; he lives there on and off il y habite de temps en temps ; to flash on and off clignoter.E on and on adv phr to go on and on [speaker] parler pendant des heures ; [lectures, speech] durer des heures ; he went ou talked on and on about the war il n'a pas arrêté de parler de la guerre ; the list goes on and on la liste n'en finit pas.you're on d'accord ; are you still on for tomorrow's party? c'est toujours d'accord pour la soirée de demain? ; to be always on at sb être toujours sur le dos de qn ; she's always on at me to get my hair cut elle est toujours sur mon dos pour que je me fasse couper les cheveux ; what's he on about? GB qu'est-ce qu'il raconte? ; I don't know what you're on about je ne sais pas de quoi tu parles ; he's been on to me about the lost files GB il m'a contacté à propos des dossiers perdus. ⇒ get, go, put. -
107 spread
1. [spred] n1. 1) распространение; рост, увеличениеthe spread of disease [of knowledge, of science] - распространение болезни [знаний, науки]
2) шутл. прибавка в весеmiddle-age spread - ≅ не от котлет, а от лет
2. протяжённость, протяжение; широта, размахthe birds' wings have a spread of three feet - крылья этих птиц имеют размах в три фута
3. разг.1) накрытый стол2) пиршество, обильное угощениеto give a royal spread to smb. - угостить /принять/ кого-л. по-царски
3) роскошь напоказ4. амер. паста, пастообразный продукт; масло, джем, паштет и т. п.5. покрывало; скатерть; простыня6. 1) разворот (книги, газеты)2) газетный, журнальный и т. п. материал, данный на развороте7. амер. ком. разница, разрыв (между ценами, курсами и т. п.)8. спец.1) рассеивание2) диапазон отклонений; разбросhand spread - радио растягивание диапазона
2. [spred] v (spread)♢
spread worker - сл. рыночный торговец снадобьями, шарлатан1. распространять ( по поверхности); расстилать (тж. spread out)a meadow spread with daisies - луг, усеянный маргаритками
a blanket was spread on the sofa, the sofa was spread with a blanket - диван был покрыт одеялом
2. 1) раскладывать (тж. spread out)2) развёртывать, раскрыватьto spread a banner [a newspaper] - развернуть знамя [газету]
3. 1) мазать, намазыватьto spread butter on bread, to spread bread with butter - намазывать масло на хлеб, мазать хлеб маслом
2) мазаться, намазываться3) распределять, укладывать бетонную смесь (тж. to spread concrete)4. простирать, протягивать5. распространяться, простиратьсяthe rash is spreading all over his body - сыпь распространяется у него по всему телу
6. 1) разносить, распространятьflowers spreading their fragrance - цветы, льющие аромат
the news is already spread all over the town - это известие уже разнесли по всему городу
2) распространяться, получать распространениеthis news will spread like wildfire - эта новость моментально разнесётся повсюду
the fire [the panic] spread quickly - пожар [паника] быстро распространился [-лась]
the strike is spreading to other groups of industrial workers - забастовка постепенно охватывает и другие группы промышленных рабочих
7. давать рассрочку; отсрочить (платёж и т. п.; тж. spread over)to spread the cost of medical care - платить в рассрочку за медицинское обслуживание
to spread the payments over a six-month period - растянуть платежи на шесть месяцев
repayments can be spread over for two years - выплата долга может быть рассрочена на два года
8. 1) накрывать (на стол)2) амер. подавать, сервировать9. 1) растягивать, тянутьto spread work [a course of study] - растягивать работу [курс обучения]
2) затягиваться, растягиватьсяthe grammar lectures spread over into the next term - лекции по грамматике продолжались и в следующем семестре
3) спец. растягивать работу путём сокращения рабочих дней и часов ( для борьбы с безработицей)10. тех. растягивать, расширять; вытягивать, расплющивать, расклёпывать, разводить ( шплинт)11. разводить, раздвигать (рельсы и т. п.)♢
to spread oneself - а) стараться понравиться; «выставляться»; лезть вон из кожи; б) сл. оказывать хороший приём; угощать на славу; they spread themselves to entertain their guests - они ничего не пожалели для приёма гостей; в) ораторствовать, распространятьсяto spread oneself thin - разбрасываться, не сосредоточиваться на чём-л. одном; браться за всё и ничего не доводить до конца
to spread the opponent defence - спорт. рассредоточить защиту противника
to spread one's net for smb. - расставить сети кому-л.
to spread it on thick - преувеличивать; хватить через край
to take a hammer to spread a plaster - ≅ браться за дело с неподходящими средствами
-
108 set
§ (set, set) რიგი; კომპლექტი; ხელსაწყო, set out გამგზავრება; set up მოწყობა, შექმნა§1 გაყინული, გაქვავებული●●set phrase სამეტყველო კლიშე2 დადგენილი, დაწესებული, დანიშნულიset rules / time დადგენილი წესები / დანიშნული დრო●●set books წასაკითხავად სავალდებულო წიგნები3 მტკიცე4 მზადwe're set to begin მზად ვართ, დავიწყოთI was all set to leave when… მზად ვიყავით წასასვლელად, როცა...5 კომპლექტი, ნაკრებიa set of textbooks for the 6th form სახელმძღვანელოების კომპლექტი მეექვსე კლასისათვისa set of furniture / of china / of lectures ავეჯის გარნიტური / ფაიფურის სერვიზი / ლექციების ციკლი●●a radio set რადიომიმღები6 საზოგადოება, წრე7 (sets) დეკორაციები8 (set) დადება (დადებს), დაყენება, დადგმა, დასმა (დასვამს), მოთავსება9 (set) ჩასვლა (მზისა, მთვარისა)10 (set) გამაგრება (გამაგრდება), შესქელება (შესქელდება)the cement / porridge has set ცემენტი გამაგრდა // ფაფა შესქელდა●●to set the ax to sth რისიმე ნგრევის დაწყებაto set fire / a match to sth // to set sth on fire რაიმესთვის ცეცხლის წაკიდებაto set smb. at his ease თავისუფლად აგრძნობინებს თავსto set smb. on his feet ფეხზე დაყენება (ცხოვრებაში)to set smb. free განთავისუფლება (გაანთავისუფლებს)to set sth in order რისიმე მოგვარება / მოწესრიგებაbefore criticizing others set your own house in order გირჩევ, სხვისი კრიტიკის ნაცვლად საკუთარ თავს მიხედოto set smb's mind / doubts / fears at ease (at rest) ვისიმე დაწყნარება, დამშვიდება, დაშოშმინებაhe is set on climbing that mountain იმ მთაზე ასვლა მტკიცედ აქვს გადაწყვეტილიto set smb. a good example კარგი მაგალითის ჩვენებაto set the new fashion ახალი მოდის შემოტანა / დამკვიდრება (დაამკვიდრებს)I've set myself to finish this job by the end of May ამ საქმის დასრულება მაისის ბოლოსთვის მაქვს მიზნად დასახულიto set eyes on smb. დანახვაhe has set his face against our getting married ჩვენი დაქორწინების დიდი წინააღმდეგიაto set one's heart / mind on sth დიდი სურვილის ქონაshe set her mind on becoming a movie star დიდი სურვილი აქვს კინოვარსკვლავი გახდესto set a price on smb's head კაცის დაჭერისათვის / დაპატიმრებისათვის ჯილდოს დაწესებაto set a clock / an alarm clock საათის გასწორება // მაღვიძარა საათის დაყენება●●he will never set the Thames on fire ვერასოდეს და ვერაფრით თავს ვერ გამოიჩენს / მისგან არაფერი გამოვაto set one's seal to sth // to set one's seal on sth 1 დასტურის მიცემა / მიღება // ნების დართვაto set one's seal to sth // to set one's seal on sth 2 დაღის დასმაto set / create a precedent პრეცედენტის შექმნაthe school sets its stamp on its pupils ეს სკოლა მოსწავლეებს თავის დაღს ასვამს●●to set sail ზღვით გამგზავრებაto put / set in motion ამოძრავებაto set a trap მახის / ხაფანგის დაგება●●to set / lay the table სუფრის გაშლაlet's get / set to work საქმეს შევუდგეთto set smb.. free ვისიმე განთავისუფლება (გაათავისუფლებს)to set smb. a good example კარგი მაგალითის მიცემა -
109 print
1. IIprint in some manner this film prints well (poorly, etc.) с этой пленки хорошо и т.д. печатать; this negative will print clearly с этого негатива получится четкий снимок; the photograph has printed well эта фотография вышла хорошо2. IIIprint smth.1) print books (newspapers, a manuscript, a dictionary, etc.) печатать книги и т.д.; how many copies of this book have they printed? каким тиражом вышла эта книга?; print chintz (calico', cotton cloth, etc.) набивать ситец и т.д.; print the negative (this plate, the film, etc.) печатать с негатива и т.д.; print an etching печатать гравюру; will you print this roll of films? вы можете отпечатать эту пленку?2) print one's notes (smb.'s essays, a poet's works, etc.) опубликовать /напечатать/ свои заметки и т.д.; do you intend to print your lectures? вы собираетесь издать свои лекции?3) print one's name (an address, a message, etc.) (надписать свое имя и т.д. печатными буквами; please print your name instead of writing it пожалуйста, напишите свое имя печатными буквами3. IVprint smth. in some manner print smth. handsomely (well, poorly, anonymously, surreptitiously, etc.) прекрасно и т.д. печатать /издавать/ что-л.4. XI1) be printed how many copies of the book were printed? какой был тираж этой книги?; be printed somewhere the news was printed in the newspaper эта новость была напечатана в газете; this dictionary was printed in the USA (at Clarendon Press, etc.) этот словарь напечатан /издан/ в Соединенных Штатах и т.д.; be printed in some manner the book is well (beautifully) printed книга хорошо (прекрасно) издана2) be printed on smth. the name was printed on her heart это имя глубоко запечатлелось у нее в сердце; incidents that were indelibly printed on the memory /on the mind/ события, которые навсегда остаются /запечатлеваются/ в памяти5. XIIget (have) smth. printed where did you get (have) this printed? где вам это напечатали?6. XXI11) print smth. in smth. print smth. in italics (in large type, in a type especially founded for the series, etc.) печатать что-л. курсивом и т.д.; print smth. in colour напечатать что-л. в цвете; print smth. from smth. print smth. from a negative (from a film, from blocks, from an engraved plate, etc.) печатать что-л. с негатива и т.д.; print smth. on smth. print a design (a figure, flowers, etc.) on a cloth набивать узор и т.д. на ткани; print smth. on one side (on good paper) печатать что-л. на одной стороне [листа] (на хорошей бумаге)2) print smth. in some language print smth. in English издавать что-л. на английском языке; print smth. for smb., smth. print cards for club members печатать [визитные] карточки для членов клуба; print pamphlets (circulars, posters, etc.) for this firm выпускать брошюры и т.д. для этой фирмы3) print smth. (up)on /in/ smth. print one's footsteps on/in/ the sand оставлять следы [ног] на песке; print a seal upon wax поставить сургучную печать; print a kiss upon smb.'s cheek запечатлеть поцелуй на чьей-л. щеке; print a face (a scene, adventures, etc.) on the mind /on the memory/ запечатлеть в памяти чье-л. лицо и т.д. -
110 Pasteur, Louis
[br]b. 27 December 1822 Dole, Franced. 28 September 1895 Paris, France[br]French chemist, founder of stereochemistry, developer of microbiology and immunology, and exponent of the germ theory of disease.[br]Sustained by the family tanning business in Dole, near the Swiss border, Pasteur's school career was undistinguished, sufficing to gain him entry into the teacher-training college in Paris, the Ecole Normale, There the chemical lectures by the great organic chemist J.B.A.Dumas (1800–84) fired Pasteur's enthusiasm for chemistry which never left him. Pasteur's first research, carried out at the Ecole, was into tartaric acid and resulted in the discovery of its two optically active forms resulting from dissymmetrical forms of their molecules. This led to the development of stereochemistry. Next, an interest in alcoholic fermentation, first as Professor of Chemistry at Lille University in 1854 and then back at the Ecole from 1857, led him to deny the possibility of spontaneous generation of animal life. Doubt had previously been cast on this, but it was Pasteur's classic research that finally established that the putrefaction of broth or the fermentation of sugar could not occur spontaneously in sterile conditions, and could only be caused by airborne micro-organisms. As a result, he introduced pasteurization or brief, moderate heating to kill pathogens in milk, wine and other foods. The suppuration of wounds was regarded as a similar process, leading Lister to apply Pasteur's principles to revolutionize surgery. In 1860, Pasteur himself decided to turn to medical research. His first study again had important industrial implications, for the silk industry was badly affected by diseases of the silkworm. After prolonged and careful investigation, Pasteur found ways of dealing with the two main infections. In 1868, however, he had a stroke, which prevented him from active carrying out experimentation and restricted him to directing research, which actually was more congenial to him. Success with disease in larger animals came slowly. In 1879 he observed that a chicken treated with a weakened culture of chicken-cholera bacillus would not develop symptoms of the disease when treated with an active culture. He compared this result with Jenner's vaccination against smallpox and decided to search for a vaccine against the cattle disease anthrax. In May 1881 he staged a demonstration which clearly showed the success of his new vaccine. Pasteur's next success, finding a vaccine which could protect against and treat rabies, made him world famous, especially after a person was cured in 1885. In recognition of his work, the Pasteur Institute was set up in Paris by public subscription and opened in 1888. Pasteur's genius transcended the boundaries between science, medicine and technology, and his achievements have had significant consequences for all three fields.[br]BibliographyPasteur published over 500 books, monographs and scientific papers, reproduced in the magnificent Oeuvres de Pasteur, 1922–39, ed. Pasteur Vallery-Radot, 7 vols, Paris.Further ReadingP.Vallery-Radot, 1900, La vie de Louis Pasteur, Paris: Hachette; 1958, Louis Pasteur. A Great Life in Brief, English trans., New York (the standard biography).E.Duclaux, 1896, Pasteur: Histoire d ' un esprit, Paris; 1920, English trans., Philadelphia (perceptive on the development of Pasteur's thought in relation to contemporary science).R.Dobos, 1950, Louis Pasteur, Free Lance of Science, Boston, Mass.; 1955, French trans.LRD -
111 Percy, John
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 23 March 1817 Nottingham, Englandd. 19 June 1889 London, England[br]English metallurgist, first Professor of Metallurgy at the School of Mines, London.[br]After a private education, Percy went to Paris in 1834 to study medicine and to attend lectures on chemistry by Gay-Lussac and Thenard. After 1838 he studied medicine at Edinburgh, obtaining his MD in 1839. In that year he was appointed Professor of Chemistry at Queen's College, Birmingham, moving to Queen's Hospital at Birmingham in 1843. During his time at Birmingham, Percy became well known for his analysis of blast furnace slags, and was involved in the manufacture of optical glass. On 7 June 1851 Percy was appointed Metallurgical Professor and Teacher at the Museum of Practical Geology established in Jermyn Street, London, and opened in May 1851. In November of 1851, when the Museum became the Government (later Royal) School of Mines, Percy was appointed Lecturer in Metallurgy. In addition to his work at Jermyn Street, Percy lectured on metallurgy to the Advanced Class of Artillery at Woolwich from 1864 until his death, and from 1866 he was Superintendent of Ventilation at the Houses of Parliament. He served from 1861 to 1864 on the Special Committee on Iron set up to examine the performance of armour-plate in relation to its purity, composition and structure.Percy is best known for his metallurgical text books, published by John Murray. Volume I of Metallurgy, published in 1861, dealt with fuels, fireclays, copper, zinc and brass; Volume II, in 1864, dealt with iron and steel; a volume on lead appeared in 1870, followed by one on fuels and refractories in 1875, and the first volume on gold and silver in 1880. Further projected volumes on iron and steel, noble metals, and on copper, did not materialize. In 1879 Percy resigned from his School of Mines appointment in protest at the proposed move from Jermyn Street to South Kensington. The rapid growth of Percy's metallurgical collection, started in 1839, eventually forced him to move to a larger house. After his death, the collection was bought by the South Kensington (later Science) Museum. Now comprising 3,709 items, it provides a comprehensive if unselective record of nineteenth-century metallurgy, the most interesting specimens being those of the first sodium-reduced aluminium made in Britain and some of the first steel produced by Bessemer in Baxter House. Metallurgy for Percy was a technique of chemical extraction, and he has been criticized for basing his system of metallurgical instruction on this assumption. He stood strangely aloof from new processes of steel making such as that of Gilchrist and Thomas, and tended to neglect early developments in physical metallurgy, but he was the first in Britain to teach metallurgy as a discipline in its own right.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1847. President, Iron and Steel Institute 1885, 1886.Bibliography1861–80, Metallurgy, 5 vols, London: John Murray.Further ReadingS.J.Cackett, 1989, "Dr Percy and his metallurgical collection", Journal of the Hist. Met. Society 23(2):92–8.RLH -
112 Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson
[br]b. 31 October 1828 Sunderland, Englandd. 27 May 1914 Warlingham, Surrey, England[br]English chemist, inventor in Britain of the incandescent electric lamp and of photographic processes.[br]At the age of 14 Swan was apprenticed to a Sunderland firm of druggists, later joining John Mawson who had opened a pharmacy in Newcastle. While in Sunderland Swan attended lectures at the Athenaeum, at one of which W.E. Staite exhibited electric-arc and incandescent lighting. The impression made on Swan prompted him to conduct experiments that led to his demonstration of a practical working lamp in 1879. As early as 1848 he was experimenting with carbon as a lamp filament, and by 1869 he had mounted a strip of carbon in a vessel exhausted of air as completely as was then possible; however, because of residual air, the filament quickly failed.Discouraged by the cost of current from primary batteries and the difficulty of achieving a good vacuum, Swan began to devote much of his attention to photography. With Mawson's support the pharmacy was expanded to include a photographic business. Swan's interest in making permanent photographic records led him to patent the carbon process in 1864 and he discovered how to make a sensitive dry plate in place of the inconvenient wet collodian process hitherto in use. He followed this success with the invention of bromide paper, the subject of a British patent in 1879.Swan resumed his interest in electric lighting. Sprengel's invention of the mercury pump in 1865 provided Swan with the means of obtaining the high vacuum he needed to produce a satisfactory lamp. Swan adopted a technique which was to become an essential feature in vacuum physics: continuing to heat the filament during the exhaustion process allowed the removal of absorbed gases. The inventions of Gramme, Siemens and Brush provided the source of electrical power at reasonable cost needed to make the incandescent lamp of practical service. Swan exhibited his lamp at a meeting in December 1878 of the Newcastle Chemical Society and again the following year before an audience of 700 at the Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society. Swan's failure to patent his invention immediately was a tactical error as in November 1879 Edison was granted a British patent for his original lamp, which, however, did not go into production. Parchmentized thread was used in Swan's first commercial lamps, a material soon superseded by the regenerated cellulose filament that he developed. The cellulose filament was made by extruding a solution of nitro-cellulose in acetic acid through a die under pressure into a coagulating fluid, and was used until the ultimate obsolescence of the carbon-filament lamp. Regenerated cellulose became the first synthetic fibre, the further development and exploitation of which he left to others, the patent rights for the process being sold to Courtaulds.Swan also devised a modification of Planté's secondary battery in which the active material was compressed into a cellular lead plate. This has remained the central principle of all improvements in secondary cells, greatly increasing the storage capacity for a given weight.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1904. FRS 1894. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1898. First President, Faraday Society 1904. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1904. Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881.Bibliography2 January 1880, British patent no. 18 (incandescent electric lamp).24 May 1881, British patent no. 2,272 (improved plates for the Planté cell).1898, "The rise and progress of the electrochemical industries", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 27:8–33 (Swan's Presidential Address to the Institution of Electrical Engineers).Further ReadingM.E.Swan and K.R.Swan, 1968, Sir Joseph Wilson Swan F.R.S., Newcastle upon Tyne (a detailed account).R.C.Chirnside, 1979, "Sir Joseph Swan and the invention of the electric lamp", IEEElectronics and Power 25:96–100 (a short, authoritative biography).GWBiographical history of technology > Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson
-
113 Tesla, Nikola
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 9 July 1856 Smiljan, Croatiad. 7 January 1943 New York, USA[br]Serbian (naturalized American) engineer and inventor of polyphase electrical power systems.[br]While at the technical institute in Graz, Austria, Tesla's attention was drawn to the desirability of constructing a motor without a commutator. He considered the sparking between the commutator and brushes of the Gramme machine when run as a motor a serious defect. In 1881 he went to Budapest to work on the telegraph system and while there conceived the principle of the rotating magnetic field, upon which all polyphase induction motors are based. In 1882 Tesla moved to Paris and joined the Continental Edison Company. After building a prototype of his motor he emigrated to the United States in 1884, becoming an American citizen in 1889. He left Edison and founded an independent concern, the Tesla Electric Company, to develop his inventions.The importance of Tesla's first patents, granted in 1888 for alternating-current machines, cannot be over-emphasized. They covered a complete polyphase system including an alternator and induction motor. Other patents included the polyphase transformer, synchronous motor and the star connection of three-phase machines. These were to become the basis of the whole of the modern electric power industry. The Westinghouse company purchased the patents and marketed Tesla motors, obtaining in 1893 the contract for the Niagara Falls two-phase alternators driven by 5,000 hp (3,700 kW) water turbines.After a short period with Westinghouse, Tesla resigned to continue his research into high-frequency and high-voltage phenomena using the Tesla coil, an air-cored transformer. He lectured in America and Europe on his high-frequency devices, enjoying a considerable international reputation. The name "tesla" has been given to the SI unit of magnetic-flux density. The induction motor became one of the greatest advances in the industrial application of electricity. A claim for priority of invention of the induction motor was made by protagonists of Galileo Ferraris (1847–1897), whose discovery of rotating magnetic fields produced by alternating currents was made independently of Tesla's. Ferraris demonstrated the phenomenon but neglected its exploitation to produce a practical motor. Tesla himself failed to reap more than a small return on his work and later became more interested in scientific achievement than commercial success, with his patents being infringed on a wide scale.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAmerican Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1917. Tesla received doctorates from fourteen universities.Bibliography1 May 1888, American patent no. 381,968 (initial patent for the three-phase induction motor).1956, Nikola Tesla, 1856–1943, Lectures, Patents, Articles, ed. L.I.Anderson, Belgrade (selected works, in English).1977, My Inventions, repub. Zagreb (autobiography).Further ReadingM.Cheney, 1981, Tesla: Man Out of Time, New Jersey (a full biography). C.Mackechnie Jarvis, 1969, in IEE Electronics and Power 15:436–40 (a brief treatment).T.C.Martin, 1894, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla, New York (covers his early work on polyphase systems).GW -
114 intending
adj. \/ɪnˈtendɪŋ\/1) vordende, in spe2) ny -
115 down
( towards sb) herunter, herab;the baby falls \down constantly das Baby fällt ständig hin;get \down off that table! komm sofort von diesem Tisch herunter!;the leaflet slipped \down behind the wardrobe die Broschüre ist hinter dem Kleiderschrank hinuntergerutscht;you'll have to come further \down [the steps] du musst noch ein Stück treppab gehen;“\down!” ( to dog) „Platz!“;to put \down sth etw hinstellenthings are much more expensive \down [in the] south unten im Süden ist alles viel teurer;how often do you come \down to Cornwall? wie oft kommen Sie nach Cornwall runter? ( fam)my parents live \down in Worcestershire, but they come up to London occasionally meine Eltern leben außerhalb in Worcestershire, aber sie kommen gelegentlich nach London;he has a house \down by the harbour er hat ein Haus draußen am Hafen;\down our way hier in unserem Viertel [o unserer Gegend];she's certainly come \down in the world! da muss es mit ihr ganz schön bergab gegangen sein! ( fam)to be \down on one's luck eine Pechsträhne haben;she's been \down on her luck recently in letzter Zeit ist sie vom Pech verfolgt;to be \down to sth nur noch etw haben;to be \down with sth an etw dat erkrankt sein;she's \down with flu sie liegt mit einer Grippe im Bett;5) sports im Rückstand;Milan were three goals \down at half-time zur Halbzeit lag Mailand [um] drei Tore zurück;he quit the poker game when he was only $50 \down er hörte mit dem Pokerspiel auf, als er erst 50 Dollar verloren hatte6) ( in time)Joan of Arc's fame has echoed \down [through] the centuries Jean d'Arcs Ruhm hat die Jahrhunderte überdauert;\down to the last century bis ins vorige Jahrhundert [hinein];to come \down myths überliefert werden;the pay offer is \down 2% from last year das Lohnangebot liegt 2 % unter dem vom Vorjahr;the number of students has gone \down die Zahl der Studierenden ist gesunken;to get the price \down den Preis drücken [o herunterhandeln];let the fire burn \down lass das Feuer herunterbrennen;settle \down, you two gebt mal ein bisschen Ruhe ihr zwei;to water a drink \down ein Getränk verwässern9) ( including) bis einschließlich;the entire administration has come under suspicion, from the mayor \down das gesamte Verwaltungspersonal, angefangen beim Bürgermeister, ist in Verdacht geratendo you have it \down in writing or was it just a verbal agreement? haben Sie das schwarz auf weiß oder war es nur eine mündliche Vereinbarung? ( fam)to copy sth \down etw niederschreiben [o zu Papier bringen];we've got you \down for five tickets wir haben fünf Karten für Sie vorbestellt;to put sth \down etw aufschreiben [o niederschreiben];to write sth \down etw niederschreiben [o schriftlich niederlegen];to get sth \down etw [hinunter]schlucken;she couldn't get the pill \down sie brachte die Tablette nicht hinunter ( fam)you'll feel better once you've got some hot soup \down du wirst dich besser fühlen, wenn du ein bisschen heiße Suppe gegessen hast;12) ( thoroughly) gründlich;to nail sth \down etw festnageln;to wash/wipe sth \down etw von oben bis unten waschen/wischen;he washed the car \down with soapy water er wusch den Wagen gründlich mit Seifenlauge13) ( already finished) vorbei;two lectures \down, eight to go zwei Vorlesungen haben wir schon besucht, es bleiben also noch acht14) ( as initial payment) als Anzahlung;15) ( attributable)to be \down to sth auf etw akk zurückzuführen sein;the problem is \down to her inexperience, not any lack of intelligence es liegt an ihrer Unerfahrenheit, nicht an mangelnder Intelligenz;it's all \down to you now to make it work nun ist es an Ihnen, die Sache in Gang zu bringento come \down to sth auf etw akk hinauslaufen;what the problem comes \down to is this:... die entscheidende Frage ist:...;well, if I bring it \down to its simplest level,... also, stark vereinfacht könnte man sagen,...17) ( in crossword puzzles) senkrechtPHRASES:\down to the ground völlig, ganz und gar, total ( fam)that suits me \down to the ground das ist genau das Richtige für mich prep1) ( in a downward direction)\down sth etw hinunter [o herunter];my uncle's in hospital after falling \down some stairs mein Onkel ist im Krankenhaus, nachdem er die Treppe heruntergefallen ist;up and \down the stairs die Treppe rauf und runter;she poured the liquid \down the sink sie schüttete die Flüssigkeit in den Abfluss2) ( downhill) hinunter, hinab;to go \down the hill/ mountain den Hügel/Berg hinuntergehen;I walked \down the hill ich ging den Hügel hinab3) ( along)\down sth etw hinunter [o entlang];go \down the street towards the river gehen Sie die Straße entlang zum Fluss;her office is \down the corridor on the right ihr Büro ist weiter den Gang entlang auf der rechten Seite;we drove \down the motorway as far as Bristol wir fuhren die Schnellstraße hinunter bis nach Bristol;they sailed the boat \down the river sie segelten mit dem Boot flussabwärts;I ran my finger \down the list of ingredients ich ging mit dem Finger die Zutatenliste durch;her long red hair reached most of the way \down her back ihre langen roten Haare bedeckten fast ihren ganzen Rücken;\down town stadteinwärts;I went \down town ich fuhr in die Stadt hinein;\down one's way in jds Gegend;they speak with a peculiar accent \down his way in seiner Ecke haben die Leute einen besonderen Akzent;up and \down sb/ sth bei jdm/etw auf und ab4) ( through time)\down sth durch etw hindurch, über etw hinweg;\down the generations über Generationen hinweg;\down the centuries durch die Jahrhunderte hindurch;\down the ages von Generation zu Generation;5) (Brit, Aus) (fam: to)I went \down the pub with my mates ich ging mit meinen Freunden in die Kneipe;to go \down the shops einkaufen gehensth \down sb etw in jdm;you'll feel better once you've got some hot soup \down you du fühlst dich gleich besser, wenn du ein bisschen heiße Suppe gegessen hastPHRASES:to go \down the drain [or toilet] [or tube[s]] [or plughole] [or (Brit a.) pan] [or ( Aus) gurgler] für die Katz sein;we don't want all their hard work to go \down the drain ich möchte nicht, dass ihre harte Arbeit ganz umsonst ist adj <more \down, most \down>the \down escalator die Rolltreppe nach untenI've been feeling a bit \down this week diese Woche bin ich nicht so gut drauf ( fam)to be \down on sb jdn auf dem Kieker haben ( fam)the computer will be \down for an hour der Computer wird für eine Stunde abgeschaltet;I'm afraid the [telephone] lines are \down ich fürchte, die Telefonleitungen sind tot\down platform Bahnsteig m für stadtauswärts fahrende Züge6) ( sunk to a low level) niedrig;2) ( shoot down)3) ( esp Brit)to \down tools ( cease work) mit der Arbeit aufhören;( have a break) die Arbeit unterbrechen;( during strike) die Arbeit niederlegen;the printers are threatening to \down tools die Drucker drohen mit Arbeitsniederlegungen5) (swallow [quickly])to \down sth food etw verschlingen [o herunterschlingen]; drink etw hinunterschlucken [o ( fam) hinunterkippen] [o ( fam) runterschütten];ups and \downs Auf und Ab nt;well, we've had our ups and \downs wir haben schon Höhen und Tiefen durchgemachtto have a \down on sb jdn auf dem Kieker haben ( fam)why do you have a \down on him? was hast du gegen ihn?it's second \down and seven yards to go es ist der zweite Versuch, und es sind noch sieben Yards interj\down with taxes! weg mit den Steuern!;\down with the dictator! nieder mit dem Diktator!modifier Daunen-;( esp Brit) Hügelland nt, [baumloser] Höhenzug; -
116 close
1. Ithe child's eyes close глаза ребенка закрываются; her tired eyelids closed ее усталые веки сомкнулись; the window (the door, th2. II1) close in some manner usually in the negative the door (the box, etc.) doesn't close properly / well/ (easily, etc.) дверь и т. д. как следует и т. д. не закрывается /плохо и т. д. закрывается/; close at fame time many flowers close at night многие цветы закрываются на ночь2) close at some time the theatre (the museum, the library, etc.) closes on Monday (for the summer, etc.) театр и т. д. закрывается /не работает/ по понедельникам и т. д.3. IIIclose smth.1) close a box (a door, windows, shutters, a gate, and, etc.) закрывать /захлопывать/ ящик и т. д.; cold closes the pores поры от холода закрываются; close a knife сложить нож; close the blinds опустить шторы; close one's hand сжать руку в кулак; close one's lips сомкнуть, сжать губы; close one's eyes а) закрыть глаза; б) уснуть навеки, скончаться; close one's father's eyes закрыть глаза отцу, присутствовать при кончине [своего] отца; close one's mouth а) закрыть рот; б) придержать язык, держать язык за зубами, помалкивать2) close a theatre (one's business, a newspaper, etc.) закрывать театр и т. д.; close a road (a street, a bridge, etc.) перекрывать движение по дороге и т. д.3) close a gap заполнить пробел; close a hole засыпать яму; заделать дыру; close a wound закрыть / зашить/ рану; close a circuit замкнуть цепь; close the ranks сомкнуть ряды4) close one's speech (one's address, one's course of lectures, one's career, etc.) заканчивать свое выступление /речь/ и т. д.; before closing my letter I should like to say... заканчивая письмо, я хотел бы сказать...; close a discussion (a debate, a dispute, etc.) прекращать обсуждение и т. д.; close the subscription list закрыть подписной лист; close one's account закрыть [ свой] счет в банке; close the procession (the motorcade, etc.) замыкать процессию и т. д.5) close a deal /а bargain/ заключать сделку, прийти к соглашению4. IVclose smth. in some manner1) close smth. tightly (securely, abruptly, unexpectedly, etc.) плотно и т. д. закрыть /захлопнуть/ что-л.2) close a discussion (a debate, etc.) reluctantly (unexpectedly, etc.) без особого желания и т. д. прекращать обсуждение и т. д.5. XIbe closed road closed! проезд закрыт!; be closed at some time the shop (the museum, the exhibition, etc.) is closed on Sundays no воскресеньям магазин и т. д. закрыт /не работает/; navigation in the river is now closed навигация на реке закрыта /уже закончилась/; be closed in some manner the season is virtually closed сезон, no существу, окончился; be closed to smb. the station is closed to civilians станция закрыта для гражданского населения; be closed for smth. the bridge is closed for repairs мост закрыт на ремонт; be closed at some time the deal was closed this morning сделка была заключена сегодня утром6. XVI1) close with smth. he closed (let me close) with the following words... он закончил (разрешите мне закончить) следующими словами..., в заключение он сказал (разрешите мне сказать) следующее...2) close with smth. close with a dance (with a moral, with a song, etc.) заканчиваться танцами и т. д.; the meeting closed with a speech by the president собрание закончилось речью президента close on a note of sadness закончиться на грустной ноте /пессимистически/3) close about /round/ (over) smb., smth. darkness closed about him тьма поглотила /окутала/ его; the mists closed about us нас окутал туман; the crowd closed Гоши him толпа сомкнулась вокруг него; the water closed over the ship корабль погрузился в воду4) close with smth. close with your terms (with a bargains with the offer made to him, etc.) соглашаться на /принимать/ виши условия и т. д.', close with smb. close with the company (with the people, with the firm, etc.) прийти It соглашению с этой компанией и т. д.5) close with smb. close with the enemy сближаться с противником7. XVIIclose with /by/ doing smth. he closed with advising me not to go there в конце [нашей беседы] он сказал, что ходить туда мне не стоит; close by signing the contract (with telling me that story, with the singing of our favourite song, etc.) заканчиваться подписанием контракта и т. д.8. XXI11) closesmth. after /behind/ (against) smb. close the door (the gates) after the visitors закрывать дверь (калитку) за посетителями; close the door behind oneself закрывать за собой дверь; close the door against /on/ smb. a) закрыть двери перед кем-л.; б) закрыть / заказать/ кому-л. путь (куда-д.)2) close smth. against smth. close the river against net fishing (the churchyard against all further internment, etc.) запретить сетевой лов рыбы в реке и т. д., close smth. to smth., smb. close the bridge to traffic (the harbour to navigation, the grounds to the public, the exhibition to the public view, etc.) закрыть мост для движения транспорта и т. д.', close the country to foreigners запретить иностранцам въезд в страну close one's eyes to smth. закрыть глаза на что-л., смотреть на что-л. сквозь пальцы; close one's ears to smth. пропускать мимо ушей /игнорировать/ что-л.3) close smth. with smth. close a speech with promises to the voters (the proceedings with the startling news, a lecture with a few witty allusions, a meeting with a song, etc.) заканчивать речь обещаниями избирателям и т. д.4) close smth. with smth. close a wound with stitches зашить рану, наложить на рану швы -
117 hear
1. I1) sometimes old people do not hear иногда старики не слышат2) he didn't hear он не (услышал /не расслышал/; you mustn't believe everything you hear нельзя верить всему, что слышишь2. IIhear in some manner1) hear well (tolerably well, badly, etc.) хорошо и т. д. слышать; hear insufficiently иметь пониженный слух; she doesn't (can't) hear very well она плохо слышит2) hear distinctly ясно /отчетливо/ услышать; hear wrong coll. ослышаться; so I heard так я слышал /слыхал/, так мне говорили3. III1) hear smth., smb. hear a noise (a voice, a groan, the sound of laughter, the murmuring of a brook, the firing of artillery, her singing, etc.) (услышать шум и т. д., I hear you я вас слышу; speak louder, I can't hear you говорите громче, мне вас не слышно2) hear smb., smth. hear the speaker (an ambassador, a messenger, a witness, the expert, a speech, the evidence, a person's explanations, etc.) слушать /выслушивать/ докладчика и т. д., hear a concert (a recital, a play, a musical performance, Kreisler, a famous singer, etc.) слушать концерт и т. д.; hear a course of lectures прослушать курс лекций3) hear smth. hear news (a piece of news, an interesting story, etc.) узнать /услышать/ новости и т. д.4) hear smth. hear a law case разбирать судебное дело; the judge hears different kinds of cases судья разбирает различные дела4. IV1) hear smb., smth. in some manner hear smb., smth. distinctly (indistinctly, vaguely, confusedly, faintly, accidentally, unconsciously, etc.) ясно и т. д. слышать кого-л., что-л.2) hear smb., smth. in some manner hear smb., smth. eagerly (keenly, occasionally, etc.) жадно и т. д. слушать /выслушивать/ кого-л., что-л.; hear smb., smth. at some time I never heard such nonsense я никогда не слышал такого вздора /такой чуши/!; last night we heard a new violinist (his lecture, a broadcast, etc.) вчера мы слушали нового скрипача и т. д.5. VIIhear smb., smth. do smth. hear him speak (him go out, him groan, a dog bark, a bird sing, a lark warble, a clock strike, the wind roar, etc.) (у)слышать, как он разговаривает и т. д.; did you hear him sing? вы слышали, как он поет?; I just heard the telephone ring я только что слышал телефонный звонок; he likes to hear himself talk он любит слушать самого себя; I heard him say something about it я слышал, как /что/ он что-то говорил об этом6. VIIIhear smb., smth. doing smth. hear someone laughing (him calling for help, him speaking, the clock striking, a watch ticking, a lark warbling in the sky, the wind roaring in the forest, etc.) (услышать, как кто-л. смеется и т. д.7. IXhear smth., smb. done I heard my name mentioned я слышал, что упоминали мое имя; I have heard her desribed as a beauty я слышал, что ее называют красавицей; I have often heard it said that... я часто слыхал [как говорят], что...8. XI1) be heard there was nothing to be heard but the dry rustle of the leaves ничего не было слышно, кроме шороха сухих листьев; make oneself heard I could hardly make myself heard они почта не слышали /было почти невозможно услышать/, что я говорю; be heard to do smth. he was heard to speak (to groan, to call for help, etc.) слышно было, как он говорит и т. д., be heard doing smth. he could be heard singing (snoring, speaking to himself, etc.) слышно было, как он пел и т. д.; be heard in some place the firing of a gun was heard in the distance вдали слышалась орудийная стрельба; such an expression is never heard here это выражение здесь /у нас/ не употребляют2) be heard of she hasn't (since) been heard of о ней (с тех пор) так и не слышали3) be heard at some time the case will be heard in January дело будет слушаться в январе; be heard in some place the case was heard in open court дело слушалось при открытых дверях /на открытом заседании/9. XVI1) hear at (from) some place can you hear at the back? там сзади хорошо слышно?; we could not hear from our seats (from the last row, from here, etc.) с наших мест и т. д. было не слышно; what do you hear from home? что вам пишут из дому? hear about /of/ smb., smth. hear about her father (about him, about the robbery, of his sudden death, of smb.'s misfortune, etc.) услышать об ее отце и т. д. hear of one's friends (of his arrival, of the event, etc.) слышать /узнавать, получать известия/ о своих друзьях и т. д.; be sure and let me hear of your safe arrival обязательно дайте мне знать /сообщите мне/ о своем благополучном прибытии; I only heard of it yesterday я только вчера услыхал /узнал/ об этом; I never heard of such a thing мне ничего подобного не приходилось слышать!; I hear of nothing else мне все уши прожужжали об этом; this is the first I have heard of it в первый раз об этом слышу; you shall hear of /about/ it тебе еще достанется, я с тобой еще поговорю [так и знай]; hear from smb. how often do you hear from your sister? как часто вы получаете весточки от сестры?, как часто вам пишет сестра?2) hear of smth. he would not hear of reconciliation он и слышать не хотел о примирении; they offered to put me up for the night, but I wouldn't hear of it они предложили мне переночевать у них, но я и слышать об этом не хотел10. XVIIhear of doing smth. who ever heard of going to bed at ten? где это слыхано, чтобы ложиться спать в десять часов?; I will not hear of your going я о вашем отъезде и слушать не хочу11. XXI11) hear smth. from smb., smth. I've heard nothing from him он мне ни строчки не написал, он мне ничего не сообщил; I heard it from his own lips я узнал /услыхал/ об этом от него самого2) hear smth. from (on, etc.) smth. hear a song from the house (a melody on the air, such an expression on British lips, etc.) слышать песню [доносящуюся] из дома и т. д.; hear smb., smth. with smth. hear smb., smth. with surprise (with astonishment, with fright, with terror; with stupor, etc.) слушать / выслушивать/ кого-л., что-л. с удивлением и т. д., hear smb. after smth. he will hear you after classes он выслушает вас после занятий; hear smb. to smth. hear me to the end выслушайте меня до конца12. XXV1) hear what... hear what is said слышать, что говорят; I can't hear what he is saying я не расслышал его слов2) hear what... hear what one has to say слушать /выслушивать/ кого-л.3) hear [that] hear [that] the play was a success (he has been ill, he was engaged, that there were no empty rooms available, etc.) (услышать / узнать/, что пьеса имела большой успех и т. д.; I'm sorry to hear you've been having flu in the family я с огорчением узнал, что ваша семья переболела гриппом; hear how... let me hear how you get on напишите мне, как у вас идут дела -
118 arrange
[ə'reɪnʤ]гл.1) приводить в порядок; расставлятьSyn:2) классифицировать, систематизировать; располагать в определённом порядке, последовательности3) устраивать, организовывать, подготавливатьEverything has been arranged as you wished. — Все было устроено, как вы хотели.
We arranged for him to give a concert. — Мы организовали его концерт.
Syn:4) договариваться, сговариваться, уславливатьсяto arrange with smb. about smth. — договориться с кем-л. о чем-л.
They arranged to leave early. — Они условились выехать рано.
I arranged that they should be seated next to each other. — Я договорился, что их посадят рядом.
It is arranged that she will look after the children. — Есть договоренность, что она присмотрит за детьми.
5) улаживать, урегулировать (спор, разногласия, дела)to arrange one's affairs — уладить, урегулировать чьи-л. дела
6) переделывать, перекладывать7) муз. аранжировать (для какого-л. инструмента)8) монтировать9) выстраивать войска (на парад, к сражению или на плацу) -
119 attended
Синонимический ряд:1. accompanied (verb) accompanied; bore/borne; chaperoned; companioned; conducted; consorted with; convoyed; escorted2. heard (verb) harked; heard; hearkened; heeded; listened; pay attention3. minded (verb) care for; cared for; look after; minded; minister to; see to; tended; watched4. ministered (verb) do for; ministered; served; wait on -
120 Kegel, Karl
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 19 May 1876 Magdeburg, Germanyd. 5 March 1959 Freiberg, Saxony, Germany[br]German professor of mining who established the mining of lignite as a discipline in the science of mining.[br]Within the long tradition of celebrated teachers at the Mining Academy in Freiberg, Kegel can be considered as probably the last professor teaching the science of mining who was able to cover all the different disciplines. As was the case with a number of his predecessors, he was able to combine theoretical research work with the teaching of students and to support his theories with the practical experience of industry. He has apprenticed at the Mansfeld copper mines, went to the School of Mines at Eisleben (1896–8), worked as an engineer with various mining companies and thereafter became a scholar of the Berlin Mining Academy (1901–4). For twelve years he taught at the Bochum School of Mining until, in 1918, he was appointed Professor of Mining at Freiberg. There, one year later, as a new approach, he introduced lectures on brown-coal mining and mineral economics. He remained Professor at Freiberg until his first retirement in 1941, although he was active again between 1945 and 1951.In 1924 Kegel took over a department at the State Research Institute for Brown Coal in Freiberg which he extended into the Institute for Briquetting. In this field his main achievement lies in the initially questioned theory that producing briquettes from lignite is a molecular process rather than the result of bituminous factors. This perception, among others, led Rammler to produce coke from lignite in 1951. Kegel's merits result from having established all the aspects of mining and using lignite as an independent subdiscipline of mining science, based on substantial theories and an innovative understanding of applied technologies.[br]Bibliography1912, Bergmännische Wasserwirtschaft, Halle (Saale). 1931, Lehrbuch der Bergwirtschaft, Berlin.1941, Bergmännische Gebirgsmechanik, Halle (Saale). 1948, Brikettierung der Braunkohle, Halle (Saale).1953, Lehrbuch des Braunkohlentagebaus, Halle (Saale).Further ReadingE.Kroker, "Karl Kegel", Neue deutsche Biographie, Vol. XI, p. 394 (a reliable short account).Bergakademie Freiberg (ed.), 1976, Karl Kegel 1876–1959. Festschrift aus Anlaß seines100. Geburtstages, Leipzig (contains substantial biographical information).WK
См. также в других словарях:
Lectures on the Philosophy of History — Lectures on the Philosophy of History, also translated as Lectures on the Philosophy of World History ( German: Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der Weltgeschichte ).cite book last=Hegel first= Georg Wilhelm Friedrich title= Lectures on the… … Wikipedia
Lectures on History and General Policy — (1788) is the published version of a set of lectures on history and government given by the eighteenth century British polymath Joseph Priestley to the students of Warrington Academy.The Lectures cover an array of topics forms of government, the… … Wikipedia
Lectures on Faith — The document Lectures on Faith is a set of seven lectures on the doctrine and theology of the Latter Day Saint movement, first published as the doctrine portion of the 1835 edition of the canonical Doctrine and Covenants , but later removed from… … Wikipedia
Lectures Massey — Conférences Massey Les conférences Massey sont un événement littéraire prestigieux tenu annuellement au collège Massey de l Université de Toronto. Des personnalités de première importance sont invitées à la plus grande université du Canada pour… … Wikipédia en Français
Lectures littérales — Quatre sens de l Écriture En herméneutique judaïque et chrétienne (école scolastique), la doctrine des quatre sens de l Écriture désigne les quatre sens selon lesquels on peut interpréter les Écritures : Peshat, Remez, Drash, Sod (dans la… … Wikipédia en Français
The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts — – home of the California Hall of Fame – is housed in the State Archives Building in Sacramento, one block from the State Capitol. The building has more than convert|20000|sqft|m2 of exhibit space, and facilities for lectures, performances,… … Wikipedia
Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape — The Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape (PECSRL) is an international network of landscape researchers whose interest focus on the past, present and future of European landscapes; and serves as an international… … Wikipedia
Massey Lectures — For the William E. Massey, Sr., Lectures at Harvard University, see Massey Lectures (Harvard University). The Massey Lectures are an annual week long series of lectures on a political, cultural or philosophical topic given in Canada by a noted… … Wikipedia
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea — For the ICES civil engineering software package see COGO. The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) (Conseil International de l Exploration de la Mer (CIEM) in French) is the world’s oldest intergovernmental science… … Wikipedia
Coming Up for Air — For other uses, see Coming Up for Air (disambiguation). Coming Up for Air … Wikipedia
Council for International Exchange of Scholars — For over 60 years, the Council for International Exchange of Scholars (CIES) has helped administer the Fulbright Scholar Program, the U.S. government s flagship academic exchange effort, on behalf of the United States Department of State, Bureau… … Wikipedia