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81 Hipp, Matthäus
[br]b. 25 October 1813 Blaubeuren, Germanyd. 3 May 1893 Zurich, Switzerland[br]German inventor and entrepreneur who produced the first reliable electric clock.[br]After serving an apprenticeship with a clock-maker in Blaubeuren, Hipp worked for various clockmakers before setting up his own workshop in Reutlingen in 1840. In 1842 he made his first electric clock with an ingenious toggle mechanism for switching the current, although he claimed that the idea had occurred to him eight years earlier. The switching mechanism was the Achilles' heel of early electric clocks. It was usually operated by the pendulum and it presented the designer with a dilemma: if the switch made a firm contact it adversely affected the timekeeping, but if the contact was lightened it sometimes failed to operate due to dirt or corrosion on the contacts. The Hipp toggle switch overcame this problem by operating only when the amplitude of the pendulum dropped below a certain value. As this occurred infrequently, the contact pressure could be increased to provide reliable switching without adversely affecting the timekeeping. It is an indication of the effectiveness of the Hipp toggle that it was used in clocks for over one hundred years and was adopted by many other makers in addition to Hipp and his successor Favag. It was generally preferred for its reliability rather than its precision, although a regulator made in 1881 for the observatory at Neuchâtel performed creditably. This regulator was enclosed in an airtight case at low pressure, eliminating errors due to changes in barometric pressure. This practice later became standard for observatory regulators such as those of Riefler and Shortt. The ability of the Hipp toggle to provide more power when the clock was subjected to an increased load made it particularly suitable for use in turret clocks, whose hands were exposed to the vagaries of the weather. Hipp also improved the operation of slave dials, which were advanced periodically by an electrical impulse from a master clock. If the electrical contacts "chattered" and produced several impulses instead of a single sharp impulse, the slave dials would not indicate the correct time. Hipp solved this problem by producing master clocks which delivered impulses that alternated in polarity, and slave dials which only advanced when the polarity was changed in this way. Polarized impulses delivered every minute became the standard practice for slave dials used on the European continent. Hipp also improved Wheatstone's chronoscope, an instrument that was used for measuring very short intervals of time (such as those involved in ballistics).[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary doctorate, University of Zurich 1875.Further ReadingNeue deutsche Biographie, 1972, Vol. 9, Berlin, pp. 199–200."Hipp's sich selbst conrolirende Uhr", Dinglers polytechnisches Journal (1843), 88:258– 64 (the first description of the Hipp toggle).F.Hope-Jones, 1949, Electrical Timekeeping, 2nd edn, London, pp. 62–6, 97–8 (a modern description in English of the Hipp toggle and the slave dial).C.A.Aked, 1983, "Electrical precision", Antiquarian Horology 14:172–81 (describes the observatory clock at Neuchâtel).DV -
82 Piccard, Auguste
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 28 January 1884 Basel, Switzerlandd. 24 March 1962 Lausanne, Switzerland[br]Swiss physicist who developed balloons to explore the upper atmosphere.[br]Auguste Piccard and his twin brother, Jean-Félix, studied together in Zurich and qualified as a physicist and a chemist, respectively. In 1913 they made a sixteen-hour balloon flight together, and in 1915 they joined the balloon section of the Swiss Army. Auguste moved to Brussels as Professor of Applied Physics in 1922 and he carried out research into cosmic radiation. He realized that he needed to ascend into the rarefied air of the stratosphere in order to study these cosmic rays. His target was 16,000 m (52,500 ft), but no one had ever ventured to this height before.Not surprisingly, Auguste Piccard turned to a balloon for his experiments, and during 1930 he designed a hydrogen balloon with a spherical gondola to house the crew. This gondola was sealed and pressurized with air, just as a modern airliner has a pressurized cabin. With Belgian finance, Piccard was able to build his balloon, and on 27 May 1931 he and his colleague Paul Kipfer reached a height of 15,781 m (51,775 ft). Although this was a world record and created great public interest, Piccard was a scientist rather than a record breaker, and as he needed further information he prepared for another ascent. His new gondola was equipped with radio and improved scientific equipment. On 18 August 1932 it ascended from Zurich and reached a height of 16,201 m (53,152 ft).Jean-Félix was also interested in high-altitude balloon flights and in 1934, together with his wife, he ascended through a clouded sky and reached 17,550m (57,579ft). Jean- Félix also tested a gondola lifted by ninety-eight small balloons, and he developed frost-resistant windows. Other balloonists followed with record-breaking high-altitude flights, but Auguste Piccard, aided by his son Jacques, turned his attention to exploration of the depths of the ocean.[br]Bibliography1950, Between Earth and Sky, London. 1956, In Balloon and Bathyscaph, London.Further ReadingD.H.de Vorkin, 1990, Race to the Stratosphere, Berlin (the first chapters describe the work of the Piccard twins).Pierre de Latil and Jean Rivoire, 1962, Le Professeur Auguste Piccard, France.JDS -
83 Wirth, Niklaus
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]fl. late 1960s Zurich, Switzerland[br]Swiss computer engineer noted for his development of the high-level computer language PASCAL.[br]For many years Wirth was Professor of Computing Science at Zurich Federal Polytechnic School. In 1969, seeking a high-level computer language suitable for teaching programming as a systematic activity, he invented PASCAL, which is now widely used with personal computers (PCs). Unlike BASIC, which is checked and run a line at a time, PASCAL programs are compiled (i.e. they are fully checked for consistency) before they are actually run.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Emanuel R.Piore Award 1983.Bibliography1971, "The programming language PASCAL", Acta Informatica 1:35.Further ReadingR.L.Wexelblat (ed.), 1981, History of Programming Languages, London: Academic Press.KF -
84 Цюрих
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85 gnome
Ⅰgnome [ˊnəυmi:] nафори́змⅡgnome [nəυm] n1) гном, ка́рлик2) pl разг. кру́пные банки́ры, фина́нсовые вороти́лы (тж. the gnomes of Zurich) -
86 Swiss Market Index
сокр. SMI бирж. Свисс Маркет Индекс ( сводный индекс Цюрихской фондовой биржи)See: -
87 IVPT
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88 Swiss federal institute of technology
Космонавтика: (Zurich) Швейцарский федеральный технологический институт в ЦюрихеУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Swiss federal institute of technology
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89 TMZ
1) Спорт: Team Minus Zero, Testosterone Management Zone2) Шутливое выражение: Task Monkey Zero3) Аэропорты: Aotearoa Airport, Thames, New Zealand4) НАСА: Turbidity Maximum Zone5) Музеи: Tram- Museum Zurich -
90 Z.
Сокращение: Zurich -
91 ZIP
1) Компьютерная техника: Zone Information Protocol2) Геология: Zero Injection Pressure3) Авиация: Zonal Inspection Program4) Американизм: Zone Indication Protocol5) Техника: zodiacal infrared program6) Шутливое выражение: Zero Intelligence Plus7) Сокращение: Zigzag In-Line Package (RAM chip), Zinc Impurity Photodetector, Zone Improvement Plan (USPS Trademark), Zone Improvement Plan, Zone Improvement Program (USPS Trademark), Zoning Improvement Plan (USPS Trademark)8) Вычислительная техника: zigzag-in-line package, Zone Information Protocol (AppleTalk), Zigzag Inline Package (VRAM), zoning improvement plan9) Иммунология: Zinc, Iron, and Protein10) Пищевая промышленность: Zesty Iron Potatoes11) Фирменный знак: Zacchaeus Internet Promotions, Zurich Information Processing12) Экология: Zone Improvement Project13) Сетевые технологии: плоский корпус со штырьковыми выводами, расположенными зигзагообразно, формат уплотнённых файлов ZIP14) Расширение файла: Back4Win Backup Archive, Zigzag In-Line Package, Compressed file archive (InfoZIP - PKZip - WinZip), Archive format (PKZIP/PKUNZIP), Zone Improvement Plan (ZIPcode)15) Фантастика Zinns Infernal Pile16) Печатные платы: zigzag inline package17) ООН: Zope Internationalization Project18) Должность: Zeal, Intensity, Perseverance -
92 ZKI
Фирменный знак: Zurich Kemper Investments, Inc. -
93 ZPRSN
Сокращение: Zurich Provisional Relative Sunspot Number -
94 ZRL
Фирменный знак: IBM Zurich Research Laboratory -
95 ZURRY
НАСДАК: Zurich Insurance Company -
96 for all his / her / its ...
Общая лексика: при всем своём... (often as a criticism: For all its gorgeous architecture, it is hard to see why why Riga should be pricier than Saltzburg or Zurich. (The Economist))Универсальный англо-русский словарь > for all his / her / its ...
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97 zip
1) Компьютерная техника: Zone Information Protocol2) Геология: Zero Injection Pressure3) Авиация: Zonal Inspection Program4) Американизм: Zone Indication Protocol5) Техника: zodiacal infrared program6) Шутливое выражение: Zero Intelligence Plus7) Сокращение: Zigzag In-Line Package (RAM chip), Zinc Impurity Photodetector, Zone Improvement Plan (USPS Trademark), Zone Improvement Plan, Zone Improvement Program (USPS Trademark), Zoning Improvement Plan (USPS Trademark)8) Вычислительная техника: zigzag-in-line package, Zone Information Protocol (AppleTalk), Zigzag Inline Package (VRAM), zoning improvement plan9) Иммунология: Zinc, Iron, and Protein10) Пищевая промышленность: Zesty Iron Potatoes11) Фирменный знак: Zacchaeus Internet Promotions, Zurich Information Processing12) Экология: Zone Improvement Project13) Сетевые технологии: плоский корпус со штырьковыми выводами, расположенными зигзагообразно, формат уплотнённых файлов ZIP14) Расширение файла: Back4Win Backup Archive, Zigzag In-Line Package, Compressed file archive (InfoZIP - PKZip - WinZip), Archive format (PKZIP/PKUNZIP), Zone Improvement Plan (ZIPcode)15) Фантастика Zinns Infernal Pile16) Печатные платы: zigzag inline package17) ООН: Zope Internationalization Project18) Должность: Zeal, Intensity, Perseverance -
98 Kappel Wars
Религия: (1529 and 1531, two conflicts of the Swiss Reformation when five Roman Catholic member states of the Swiss confederacy formed the Christian Union to prevent Zurich from spreading Protestantism) Каппельские войны -
99 gnome
gnome n gnomotr[nəʊm]1 gnomognome ['no:m] n: gnomo mn.• enano s.m.• gnomo s.m.nəʊmgarden gnome — enanito m
[nǝʊm]N gnomo mthe Gnomes of Zurich — hum los banqueros suizos
* * *[nəʊm]garden gnome — enanito m
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100 gnome
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