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  • 61 Animal Intelligence

       We can... distinguish sharply between the kind of behavior which from the very beginning arises out of a consideration of the structure of a situation, and one that does not. Only in the former case do we speak of insight, and only that behavior of animals definitely appears to us intelligent which takes account from the beginning of the lay of the land, and proceeds to deal with it in a single, continuous, and definite course. Hence follows this criterion of insight: the appearance of a complete solution with reference to the whole lay- out of the field. (KoЁhler, 1927, pp. 169-170)
       Signs, in [Edward] Tolman's theory, occasion in the rat realization, or cognition, or judgment, or hypotheses, or abstraction, but they do not occasion action. In his concern with what goes on in the rat's mind, Tolman has neglected to predict what the rat will do. So far as the theory is concerned the rat is left buried in thought: if he gets to the food-box at the end that is his concern, not the concern of the theory. (Guthrie, 1972, p. 172)
       3) A New Insight Consists of a Recombination of Pre-existent Mediating Properties
       The insightful act is an excellent example of something that is not learned, but still depends on learning. It is not learned, since it can be adequately performed on its first occurrence; it is not perfected through practice in the first place, but appears all at once in recognizable form (further practice, however, may still improve it). On the other hand, the situation must not be completely strange; the animal must have had prior experience with the component parts of the situation, or with other situations that have some similarity to it.... All our evidence thus points to the conclusion that a new insight consists of a recombination of pre existent mediating processes, not the sudden appearance of a wholly new process. (Hebb, 1958, pp. 204-205)
       In Morgan's own words, the principle is, "In no case may we interpret an action as the outcome of the exercise of a higher psychical faculty, if it can be interpreted as the outcome of the exercise of one which stands lower in the psychological scale." Behaviorists universally adopted this idea as their own, interpreting it as meaning that crediting consciousness to animals can't be justified if the animal's behavior can be explained in any other way, because consciousness is certainly a "higher psychical faculty." Actually, their interpretation is wrong, since Morgan was perfectly happy with the idea of animal consciousness: he even gives examples of it directly taken from dog behavior. Thus in The Limits of Animal Intelligence, he describes a dog returning from a walk "tired" and "hungry" and going down into the kitchen and "looking up wistfully" at the cook. Says Morgan about this, "I, for one, would not feel disposed to question that he has in his mind's eye a more or less definite idea of a bone."
       Morgan's Canon really applies to situations where the level of intelligence credited to an animal's behavior goes well beyond what is really needed for simple and sensible explanation. Thus application of Morgan's Canon would prevent us from presuming that, when a dog finds its way home after being lost for a day, it must have the ability to read a map, or that, if a dog always begins to act hungry and pace around the kitchen at 6 P.M. and is always fed at 6:30 P.M., this must indicate that it has learned how to tell time. These conclusions involve levels of intelligence that are simply not needed to explain the behaviors. (Coren, 1994, pp. 72-73)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Animal Intelligence

  • 62 schwinden

    v/i; schwindet, schwand, ist geschwunden; Einfluss, Macht: dwindle, diminish; Vorräte, Geld: dwindle, run low; Kräfte: (begin to) fail ( oder dwindle, seep away); Farben, Schönheit, Hoffnung, Radiosender: fade; Interesse: dwindle, drop off; Misstrauen: disappear; TECH. fachspr., Werkstück: shrink; aus dem Gedächtnis schwinden fade from one’s memory; mein Interesse schwand I lost interest; sein Lächeln schwand aus seinem Gesicht his face dropped; ihm schwand der Mut / das Vertrauen / die Hoffnung he lost courage / confidence / hope, his courage / confidence / hope failed him; ihr schwanden die Sinne she fainted ( oder passed out)
    * * *
    das Schwinden
    evanescence
    * * *
    schwịn|den ['ʃvɪndn] pret schwa\#nd [ʃvant] ptp geschwu\#nden [gə'ʃvʊndn]
    vi aux sein
    1) (= abnehmen) to dwindle; (Schönheit) to fade, to wane; (= allmählich verschwinden) (Hoffnung) to fade away, to dwindle; (Erinnerung, Angst, Chance, Zeit) to fade away; (Kräfte) to fade, to fail

    im Schwinden begriffen sein — to be dwindling; (Schönheit) to be on the wane

    ihm schwand der Mut, sein Mut schwand — his courage failed him

    aus der Erinnerung/dem Bewusstsein schwinden — to fade from (one's) memory/one's consciousness

    2) (=verblassen Farben) to fade; (= leiser werden Ton) to fade (away); (= sich auflösen Dunkelheit) to fade away, to retreat (liter)
    3) (TECH Holz, Metall, Ton) to shrink, to contract
    * * *
    1) (to grow less: His money dwindled away.) dwindle
    2) (to become less in number: The crowd began to fall away.) fall away
    * * *
    schwin·den
    <schwand, geschwunden>
    [ˈʃvɪndn̩]
    vi Hilfsverb: sein
    1. (geh: abnehmen) to run out, to dwindle
    im S\schwinden begriffen sein to be running out [or dwindling
    ▪ etw schwindet sth is fading away; Effekt, [schmerzstillende] Wirkung to be wearing off; Erinnerung, Hoffnung to be fading [away]; Interesse to be flagging [or waning]; Kräfte to be fading [away] [or failing]; Lebensmut, Mut, Zuversicht to be failing
    die Sinne \schwinden jdm sb feels faint
    3. (geh: dahingehen) Jahre to pass
    4. (fachspr) to contract, to shrink, to decrease; ELEK to fade
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein fade; <supplies, money> run out, dwindle; < effect> wear off; < interest> fade, wane, fall off; <fear, mistrust> lessen, diminish; <powers, influence> wane, decline; <courage, strength> fail
    * * *
    schwinden v/i; schwindet, schwand, ist geschwunden; Einfluss, Macht: dwindle, diminish; Vorräte, Geld: dwindle, run low; Kräfte: (begin to) fail ( oder dwindle, seep away); Farben, Schönheit, Hoffnung, Radiosender: fade; Interesse: dwindle, drop off; Misstrauen: disappear; TECH fachspr, Werkstück: shrink;
    aus dem Gedächtnis schwinden fade from one’s memory;
    mein Interesse schwand I lost interest;
    ihm schwand der Mut/das Vertrauen/die Hoffnung he lost courage/confidence/hope, his courage/confidence/hope failed him;
    ihr schwanden die Sinne she fainted ( oder passed out)
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein fade; <supplies, money> run out, dwindle; < effect> wear off; < interest> fade, wane, fall off; <fear, mistrust> lessen, diminish; <powers, influence> wane, decline; <courage, strength> fail
    * * *
    n.
    evanescence n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > schwinden

  • 63 чувство

    1. (вълнение) feeling, sentiment, emotion
    (на съжаление, гордост) feeling (of)
    лоши чувства ill-will, bad blood
    с добри чувства kindly disposed ( към to)
    човек на чувствата an emotional character
    2. (усет, сетиво) sense (за of)
    чувство за виновност a sense of guilt, a guilty feeling
    чувство за добро и лошо/морално чувство a moral sense
    чувство за дълг/отговорност a sense of duty/responsibility
    чувство за красивото a sense of beauty, a feeling for the beautiful
    чувство за мярка a sense of proportion
    чувство за малоценност/превъзходство an inferiority/a superiority complex
    чувство за хумор a sense of humour
    изгубил съм всяко чувство за be lost to all sense of
    3. (усещане) sensation
    имам чувството,че I have the feeling that
    * * *
    чу̀вство,
    ср., -а 1. ( вълнение) feeling, sentiment, emotion; (на съжаление, гордост) feeling (of); имам добри \чувствоа към feel kindly towards; лоши \чувствоа ill/bad/hard feelings, ill-will, bad blood; grudge; не умея да прикривам \чувствоата си wear o.’s heart on o.’s sleeve; не храня лоши \чувствоа bear no grudge; постъпвам без лошо \чувствоо act without bitterness; с добри \чувствоа kindly disposed ( към to); с \чувствоо emotively, emotionally, feelingly; храня лоши \чувствоа bear/have/nurse a grudge (against); човек на \чувствоата emotional character;
    2. ( усет, сетиво) sense (за of); изгубил съм всяко \чувствоо за be lost to all sense of; \чувствоо за виновност sense of guilt, guilty feeling; \чувствоо за добро и лошо/морално \чувствоо moral sense; \чувствоо за красивото a sense of beauty, a feeling for the beautiful; \чувствоо за малоценност/превъзходство an inferiority/a superiority complex; \чувствоо за мярка a sense of proportion;
    3. ( усещане) sensation; физиология на \чувствоата aestho-physiology;
    4. ( впечатление) feeling.
    * * *
    feeling: I have the чувство that - имам чувството, че, hurt s.o's чувствоs - наранявам нечии чувства; sentiment: feel an чувство - изпитвам чувство; consciousness (усет, сетиво): a чувство of humour - чувство за хумор, a чувство of duty - чувство за дълг; sensation (усещане)
    * * *
    1. (впечатление) feeling 2. (вълнение) feeling, sentiment, emotion 3. (на съжаление, гордост) feeling (of) 4. (усет, сетиво) sense (за of) 5. (усещане) sensation 6. c добри чувства kindly disposed (към to) 7. ЧУВСТВО за виновност a sense of guilt, a guilty feeling 8. ЧУВСТВО за добро и лошо/морално ЧУВСТВО a moral sense 9. ЧУВСТВО за дълг/отговорност а sense of duty/responsibility 10. ЧУВСТВО за красивото a sense of beauty, a feeling for the beautiful 11. ЧУВСТВО за малоценност/превъзходство an inferiority/a superiority complex 12. ЧУВСТВО за мярка a sense of proportion 13. ЧУВСТВО за хумор a sense of humour 14. изгубил съм всяко ЧУВСТВО за be lost to all sense of 15. изпитвам ЧУВСТВО feel an emotion 16. имам ЧУВСТВОто,че I have the feeling that 17. имам добри чувства към feel kindly towards 18. лоши чувства ill-will, bad blood 19. не умея да прикривам чувствата си wear o.'s heart on o.'s sleeve 20. постъпвам без лошо ЧУВСТВО act without bitterness 21. физиология на чувствата aestho-physiology 22. човек на чувствата an emotional character

    Български-английски речник > чувство

  • 64 sinn

    m; -(e)s, -e
    1. (Wahrnehmungssinn) sense; Sinne (sexuelle Begierde) desires; (Bewusstsein) senses, consciousness Sg.; im Rausch oder Taumel der Sinne in a sensual frenzy; die fünf Sinne the five senses; sechster Sinn sixth sense; seine fünf Sinne beisammenhaben have one’s wits about one; bist du von Sinnen? have you taken leave of your senses?, are you out of your mind?
    2. nur Sg.; (Denken, Gemüt) mind; im Sinn haben have in mind; im Sinn haben zu (+ Inf.) plan ( oder intend) to (+Inf.) etw. im Sinn behalten keep ( oder bear) s.th. in mind; es kam mir in den Sinn it occurred to me; es kam mir nie in den Sinn auch it never entered my head; es will mir nicht aus dem Sinn I can’t get it out of my mind; das will mir nicht in den Sinn I just can’t understand it; aus den Augen, aus dem Sinn out of sight, out of mind
    3. nur Sg.; (Verständnis, Empfänglichkeit) sense ( für of), feeling (for); mit jemandem eines Sinnes sein be of one mind with s.o., see eye to eye with s.o.; Sinn haben für (be able to) appreciate; sie hat keinen Sinn dafür she has no appreciation for that kind of thing; dafür habe ich keinen Sinn it doesn’t mean anything to me (do anything for me umg.), it’s not really my thing (Brit. auch my cup of tea) umg.; Sinn für Musik an ear for music; er hat keinen Sinn für Musik auch he’s completely unmusical; nur Sinn für Geld haben only be interested in money; Sinn für das Schöne an eye for beauty, a sense of beauty; Sinn für das Ästhetische an (a)esthetic sense, (a)esthetic sensitivity; Sinn für Humor haben have a sense of humo(u)r; das ist so recht nach seinem Sinn that’s exactly what he likes; mir steht der Sinn nicht danach I don’t feel like it; sich im gleichen Sinne äußern express o.s. along the same lines, say more or less the same (thing); ganz in meinem Sinn (ist mir recht) that suits me fine; (hätte ich auch gemacht) just as I would have done; in diesem Sinne with this in mind, in this spirit; beim Abschied: on this note; das ist nicht im Sinne des Erfinders umg. that wasn’t the object of the exercise, that’s not really what was intended
    4. nur Sg.; (Bedeutung) sense, meaning; (Grundgedanke, eigentlicher Sinn) (basic) idea; der Sinn des Lebens the meaning of life; im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes in the true sense of the word, (buchstäblich) literally; im engeren / weiteren Sinne in the narrower / wider sense; das gibt keinen Sinn that doesn’t make sense; ich kann keinen Sinn darin sehen zu (+ Inf.) I don’t see the point of ( oder in) (+ Ger.)
    5. (Zweck) purpose; Sinn und Zweck the (whole) object oder purpose; ohne Sinn und Verstand without rhyme or reason; im Sinne des Gesetzes etc.: for the purposes of, as defined by; das hat keinen Sinn (ist zwecklos) it’s no use; es hat keinen Sinn zu (+ Inf.) there’s no point in (+ Ger.) was hat es für einen Sinn zu (+ Inf.) what’s the point of ( oder in) (+ Ger.) das ist der Sinn der Sache that’s the whole point; das ist nicht der Sinn der Sache that’s not the object of the exercise; schlagen I, schwinden
    * * *
    der Sinn
    (Bedeutung) meaning; signification; purport; sense;
    (Gemüt) mind;
    * * *
    Sịnn [zɪn]
    m -(e)s, -e
    1) (= Wahrnehmungsfähigkeit) sense
    See:
    → fünf, sechste(r, s), siebte(r, s)
    2) pl (= Bewusstsein) senses pl, consciousness

    er war von Sinnen, er war nicht bei Sinnen — he was out of his senses or mind

    3) (= Gedanken, Denkweise) mind

    jdn/etw aus dem Sinn schlagen — to put (all idea of) sb/sth out of one's mind, to forget all about sb/sth

    4) (= Wunsch) inclination

    gerichtet (geh) — her inclination is for...

    5) (= Verständnis, Empfänglichkeit) feeling

    Sinn für Proportionen/Gerechtigkeit etc haben — to have a sense of proportion/justice etc

    Sinn für Kunst/Literatur/das Höhere haben — to appreciate art/literature/higher things

    6) (= Geist) spirit

    das ist nicht in meinem/seinem Sinne — that is not what I myself/he himself would have wished

    7) (= Zweck) point

    das ist nicht der Sinn der Sache — that is not the point, that is not the object of the exercise

    Sinn und Unsinn dieser Maßnahmen/des Geschichtsunterrichts — reasoning or lack of it behind these measures/behind history teaching

    was hat denn das für einen Sinn? — what's the point of or in that?, what's the sense in that?

    8) (= Bedeutung) meaning; (von Wort, Ausdruck) sense, meaning

    im übertragenen/weiteren Sinn — in the figurative/broader sense

    das macht keinen/wenig Sinn — that makes no/little sense

    See:
    * * *
    der
    1) (one of the five powers (hearing, taste, sight, smell, touch) by which a person or animal feels or notices.) sense
    2) (an awareness of (something): a well-developed musical sense; She has no sense of humour.) sense
    3) (a meaning (of a word).) sense
    4) (something which is meaningful: Can you make sense of her letter?) sense
    * * *
    <-[e]s, -e>
    [zɪn]
    m
    die fünf \Sinne the five senses
    seine fünf \Sinne nicht beisammenhaben (fam) to not have [all] one's wits about one, to be not all there fam
    der sechste \Sinn the sixth sense
    einen sechsten \Sinn für etw akk haben to have a sixth sense for sth
    2. pl (Bewusstsein) senses pl
    bist du noch bei \Sinnen? (geh) have you taken leave of your senses?, are you out of your mind?
    ihr schwanden die \Sinn she fainted
    von [o nicht mehr bei] \Sinnen sein (geh) to be out of one's [ fam tiny] mind [or one's senses]
    wie von \Sinnen sein (geh) to behave as if one were demented
    3. kein pl (Bedeutung) meaning; (von Wort a.) sense
    sein Sohn äußerte sich im gleichen \Sinn his son said more or less the same thing
    im besten/wahrsten \Sinne des Wortes in the best/true sense of the word
    in diesem \Sinne with this in mind
    im eigentlichen \Sinne in the real [or literal] sense, literally
    im engeren/weiteren \Sinne in a narrower/wider [or broader] sense
    im \Sinne des Gesetzes within the meaning of the act
    in gewissem \Sinne in a way [or certain sense]
    der tiefere/verborgene \Sinn the deeper/hidden sense
    im übertragenen \Sinne in the figurative sense, figuratively
    keinen \Sinn [er]geben not to make [any] [or to make no] sense
    \Sinn machen to make sense
    4. kein pl (Zweck) purpose
    es hat keinen \Sinn[, etw zu tun] there's no point [in doing sth]
    der \Sinn des Lebens the meaning of life
    ohne \Sinn und Verstand sein to make no sense at all, to be pointless
    etw ohne \Sinn und Verstand tun to do something without rhyme or reason
    \Sinn und Zweck einer S. gen the [aim and] object of sth
    5. kein pl (Interesse) interest
    in [o nach] jds \Sinn sein to be what sb would have wished
    das ist ganz in seinem \Sinn that suits him fine
    das ist nicht im \Sinn unseres Klienten that's not in the interest[s] of our client
    das war nicht im \Sinn des Erfinders that wasn't the object of the exercise
    in jds \Sinn handeln to act according to sb's wishes [or as sb would have wished
    6. kein pl (Verständnis)
    \Sinn für etw akk haben to appreciate sth
    er hat nur \Sinn für Autos he's only interested in cars
    \Sinn für Humor haben to have a sense of humor
    \Sinn Kunst/Literatur haben to appreciate art/literature
    \Sinn für Musik haben to have an ear for music
    keinen \Sinn für etw akk haben to have no appreciation of sth, to fail to appreciate sth
    7. kein pl (Gedanke) mind
    anderen \Sinnes sein (geh) to have changed one's mind
    seinen \Sinn ändern (geh) to change one's mind
    eines \Sinnes sein (geh) to be of one mind form
    mit jdm eines \Sinnes sein (geh) to be of the same mind as sb form
    etw im \Sinn behalten to bear sth in mind
    etw geht [o will] jdm nicht aus dem \Sinn sb can't get sth out of his mind
    jdn im \Sinn haben to have sb in mind
    etw [mit jdm/etw] im \Sinn haben to have sth in mind [with sb/sth]
    sie hat irgendetwas im \Sinn she's up to something
    jdm in den \Sinn kommen to come [or occur] to sb
    sich dat etw aus dem \Sinn schlagen to put [all idea of] sth out of one's mind, to forget all about sth
    es will jdm nicht in den \Sinn, dass jd etw tut sb doesn't even think about sb's doing sth
    so etwas will mir nicht in den \Sinn! I won't even think about such a thing!
    8. kein pl (geh: Denkart) mind
    * * *
    der; Sinn[e]s, Sinne

    den od. einen sechsten Sinn [für etwas] haben — have a sixth sense [for something]

    seine fünf Sinne nicht beisammen haben — (ugs.) be not quite right in the head

    2) Plural (geh.): (Bewusstsein) senses; mind sing.

    wie von Sinnen — as if he/she had gone out of his/her mind

    3) o. Pl. (Gefühl, Verständnis) feeling

    einen Sinn für Gerechtigkeit/Humor usw. haben — have a sense of justice/humour etc.

    4) o. Pl. (geh.): (Gedanken, Denken) mind

    mir steht der Sinn [nicht] danach/nach etwas — I [don't] feel like it/something

    sich (Dat.) etwas aus dem Sinn schlagen — put [all thoughts of] something out of one's mind

    5) o. Pl. (Sinngehalt, Bedeutung) meaning

    im strengen/wörtlichen Sinn — in the strict/literal sense

    6) (Ziel u. Zweck) point
    * * *
    …sinn m im subst
    Gesichtssinn (sense of) sight;
    Schmerzsinn sense of pain
    Gemeinschaftssinn sense of community;
    Gerechtigkeitssinn sense of justice;
    Kunstsinn appreciation of ( oder feeling for) art
    Nebensinn secondary meaning
    * * *
    der; Sinn[e]s, Sinne

    den od. einen sechsten Sinn [für etwas] haben — have a sixth sense [for something]

    seine fünf Sinne nicht beisammen haben — (ugs.) be not quite right in the head

    2) Plural (geh.): (Bewusstsein) senses; mind sing.

    wie von Sinnen — as if he/she had gone out of his/her mind

    3) o. Pl. (Gefühl, Verständnis) feeling

    einen Sinn für Gerechtigkeit/Humor usw. haben — have a sense of justice/humour etc.

    4) o. Pl. (geh.): (Gedanken, Denken) mind

    mir steht der Sinn [nicht] danach/nach etwas — I [don't] feel like it/something

    sich (Dat.) etwas aus dem Sinn schlagen — put [all thoughts of] something out of one's mind

    5) o. Pl. (Sinngehalt, Bedeutung) meaning

    im strengen/wörtlichen Sinn — in the strict/literal sense

    6) (Ziel u. Zweck) point
    * * *
    -e m.
    acceptation n.
    meaning n.
    mind n.
    sense n.
    signification n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > sinn

  • 65 VIT

    I)
    n.
    1) consciousness; hafa v. sitt, vita vits síns, to be in one’s senses, be conscious;
    2) intelligence, cognizance; á. fárra (allra) manna viti, within few (all) men’s knowledge;
    3) wit, understanding, reason; vel viti borinn, with a good understanding; ganga af vitinu, to go out of one’s wits, go mad (hann varð svá hræddr, at hann gekk náliga af vitinu); þat er mitt v., at, it is my opinion that;
    4) sense, organ of sense (ekki v. manns heyrirnema eyru);
    5) pl., a place where a thing is kept, receptacle (varðveita e-t í vitum sínum);
    6) visiting, searching; fór M. jarl vestr um haf á v. ríkis sins, M. returned to his kingdom; ríða á v. sín, to look after one’s own affairs.
    pers. pron. dual, we two.
    * * *
    n. [from vita; A. S. ge-wit; Engl. wit; Germ. witz; Dan. vid]:—consciousness, sense; vera í viti sínu, to be in one’s senses, to be conscious, of a wounded person, N. G. L. i. 306; ef hón mælir eigi í viti, 340; vitandi vits, Hm., Fb. ii. 76; ú-vit, insensibility; öng-vit, a swoon: inn fyrsti gaf önd ok líf, annarr vit ok hræring, þriði mál ok heyrn, Edda.
    2. intelligence, cognisance (= vitorð); var þetta fyrst á fárra manna viti, Nj. 229; ok var þat á fárra manna viti, 258, Mar. 656 A. 18; þat er eigi var á allra manna viti, within all men’s knowledge, Sturl. iii. 5; er þat eigi á váru viti, Stj. 216.
    3. wit, understanding, reason; þá mælti Austmaðr at Sighvatr skyldi fyrst eta höfuðit af fiskinum, kvað þar vit hvers kvikendis í fólgit, Fms. iv. 89; ganga af vitinu, to go out of one’s wits, go mad, Fas. i. 92, Karl. 468; hann var fyrir reiði sakir mjök svá af vitinu, Barl. 102; vit heitir speki, Edda 110; minni, vit, skilning, Skálda; engi er hans maki at viti, Nj. 36; ágætr fyrir vits sakir, Fms. ii. 44; spakr at viti, wise, i. 58; þar ferr vit eptir vænleik, Ld. 198; manna vænstr til vits, Fms. ix. 480; em ek svá viti borinn, Fær. 200; vel viti borinn, with a good understanding, Fb. ii. 109; mann-vit, ú-vit, verks-vit, hug-vit; the allit. phrase, með vitum (= vitnum) ok váttum, with wit and witness, N. G. L. i. 180; þat er mitt vit ( my opinion), at …, Sturl. i. 45.
    II. plur. in spec. usages, a place where a thing is kept or hoarded, a case (Dan. gjemmer); fannsk engi hlutr í vitum hans, Fms. ii. 57; hann varðveitti í vitum sínum annars manns fingr-gull, Bs. i. 197; þú hefir í vitum þínum lík barns, … láta rannsaka vit sín, Clem. 134; ek ætla annat heldr at þú munir hafa hann í vitum þínum, Vápn. 9; rannsökum vit Simonar ok vitum hvat vér finnum þar, … Simon vill eigi láta rannzaka vit sín, Clem. 134.
    2. a dual (?), the nostrils, including the mouth, i. e. the ‘cases’ of breath and life; blóð rann ákaft af munni hans ok vitum, Fas. iii. 437 (a paper MS.); hélt hann þeim (the hands) fyrir vitin á sér, ellegar hefði hann öndina misst í ógna hver, he held his hands before his nostrils and mouth, or he would have lost his breath in that dreadful cauldron, Stef. Ól.; rann mikill sjór af vitum hans = ἂν στόμα τε δινάς θ, Od. v. 456: hence later, esp. in eccl. usage, one’s wits, the five senses; fimm líkams vitum várum, Greg. 23, MS. 625. 177; öllum vitum ens ytra manns ok ens iðra, Hom. 53; gæta fimm líkams vita várra, Hom. (St.); also skilningar-vit = ‘wit-cases’, i. e. the five senses.
    B. vit [vita A. IV], in the adverbial phrase, á vit e-m or e-s, ‘towards a person,’ calling on, visiting; koma e-m á vit e-s, to bring one towards, Ýt.; jarl sneri þá þangat á vit þeirra, turned towards them, Fms. ix. 310; Englands á vit, towards England, Ód.; for Magnúss jarl vestr um haf á vit ríkis síns, M. returned to his kingdom, Orkn. 158; nú kaupir hann skip, ok ætlar at fara útan á vit fjárins, Bjarn. 13; jarl átti festarmey þar á Englandi ok fór hann þess ráðs á vit, Ó. H. 192; ríða á vit sín, to look after one’s own affairs, Ld. 150 (see ríða); lyfja þeim sitt ofbeldi, nema þeir riði skjótt á vit sín, Al. 10.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > VIT

  • 66 Memory

       To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)
       [Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)
       The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)
       4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of Psychology
       If a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)
       We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)
       The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)
       7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat Discouraging
       The results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)
       A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)
       Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....
       Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)
       When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....
       However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)
       Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)
       Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)
       The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory

  • 67 Unconscious

       Prior to Descartes and his sharp definition of the dualism there was no cause to contemplate the possible existence of unconscious mentality as part of a separate realm of mind. Many religious and speculative thinkers had taken for granted factors lying outside but influencing immediate awareness.... Until an attempt had been made (with apparent success) to choose awareness as the defining characteristic of mind, there was no occasion to invent the idea of unconscious mind.... It is only after Descartes that we find, first the idea and then the term "unconscious mind" entering European thought. (Whyte, 1962, p. 25)
       If there are two realms, physical and mental, awareness cannot be taken as the criterion of mentality [because] the springs of human nature lie in the unconscious... as the realm which links the moments of human awareness with the background of organic processes within which they emerge. (Whyte, 1962, p. 63)
       he unconscious was no more invented by Freud than evolution was invented by Darwin, and has an equally impressive pedigree, reaching back to antiquity.... At the dawn of Christian Europe the dominant influence were the Neoplatonists; foremost among them Plotinus, who took it for granted that "feelings can be present without awareness of them," that "the absence of a conscious perception is no proof of the absence of mental activity," and who talked confidently of a "mirror" in the mind which, when correctly aimed, reflects the processes going on inside it, when aimed in another direction, fails to do so-but the process goes on all the same. Augustine marvelled at man's immense store of unconscious memories-"a spreading, limitless room within me-who can reach its limitless depth?"
       The knowledge of unconscious mentation had always been there, as can be shown by quotations from theologians like St. Thomas Aquinas, mystics like Jacob Boehme, physicians like Paracelsus, astronomers like Kepler, writers and poets as far apart as Dante, Cervantes, Shakespeare, and Montaigne. This in itself is in no way remarkable; what is remarkable is that this knowledge was lost during the scientific revolution, more particularly under the impact of its most influential philosopher, Rene Descartes. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       4) The Constructive Nature of Automatic Cognitive Functioning Argues for the Existence of Unconscious Activity
       The constructive nature of the automatic functioning argues the existence of an activity analogous to consciousness though hidden from observation, and we have therefore termed it unconscious. The negative prefix suggests an opposition, but it is no more than verbal, not any sort of hostility or incompatibility being implied by it, but simply the absence of consciousness. Yet a real opposition between the conscious and the unconscious activity does subsist in the limitations which the former tends to impose on the latter. (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 7)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Unconscious

  • 68 К-382

    СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ КРЕСТ VP subj: human or collect usu. this WO
    1. - на ком, на кого having become disillusioned with s.o., to cease hoping for anything good from him
    X поставил крест на Y-e = X gave up on Y (as hopeless)
    X gave Y up as hopeless X wrote Y off.
    Всякий раз его сознание, описав фантастический логический круг, взмыв спиралью, обернувшись, находило объяснение любому человеческому поступку с гуманистической точки зрения, когда ещё не все потеряно, рано ставить крест и т. д. (Битов 2). His consciousness would travel a fantastic logical circle, spiraling up and back, to find an explanation for any man's deed from the humanistic viewpoint - when all was not lost, it was still too early to give the man up as hopeless, and so forth (2a).
    2. - на чём, на что having become convinced that sth. is worthless, some undertaking is sure to fail etc, to stop thinking about it, stop investing time, energy etc into it
    X поставил крест на Y-e - X gave Y up as hopeless (lost, a waste of time etc)
    X kissed Y good-bye (goodbye) X wrote Y off X called it quits with Y.
    ...Михаил решил: немедля, сегодня же ехать за сеном на Среднюю Синельгу. Сена на Средней Синельге оставалось возов пятнадцать, и, если не вывезти его сейчас, в эти два-три дня, пока еще не поплыла дорога, ставь крест на сене (Абрамов 1)..Mikhail resolved to go to Middle Sinelga immediately and fetch the hay. There were about fifteen cartloads of hay left there, and unless it was picked up in the next two or three days, before the road was awash, you could kiss the whole lot goodbye (1a).
    Кириллов - самый опасный из всех бесов Достоевского. Он не случайно поселился в одном доме с Шатовым. Они заключат союз, и тогда можно будет на всём поставить крест (Мандельштам 2). ( context transl) Kirillov is the most dangerous of all Dostoevski's "possessed," and not for nothing does he go to live in the same house as Shatov. One day the two could form an alliance - and then it will be the end of everything (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > К-382

  • 69 поставить крест

    • СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ КРЕСТ
    [VP; subj: human or collect; usu. this WO]
    =====
    1. поставить крест на ком, на кого having become disillusioned with s.o., to cease hoping for anything good from him:
    - X поставил крест на Y-e ≈ X gave up on Y (as hopeless);
    - X wrote Y off.
         ♦ Всякий раз его сознание, описав фантастический логический круг, взмыв спиралью, обернувшись, находило объяснение любому человеческому поступку с гуманистической точки зрения, когда ещё не все потеряно, рано ставить крест и т. д. (Битов 2). His consciousness would travel a fantastic logical circle, spiraling up and back, to find an explanation for any man's deed from the humanistic viewpoint - when all was not lost, it was still too early to give the man up as hopeless, and so forth (2a).
    2. поставить крест на чём, на что having become convinced that sth. is worthless, some undertaking is sure to fail etc, to stop thinking about it, stop investing time, energy etc into it:
    - X поставил крест на Y-e ≈ X gave Y up as hopeless <lost, a waste of time etc>;
    - X called it quits with Y.
         ♦...Михаил решил: немедля, сегодня же ехать за сеном на Среднюю Синельгу. Сена на Средней Синельге оставалось возов пятнадцать, и, если не вывезти его сейчас, в эти два-три дня, пока еще не поплыла дорога, ставь крест на сене (Абрамов 1)...Mikhail resolved to go to Middle Sinelga immediately and fetch the hay. There were about fifteen cartloads of hay left there, and unless it was picked up in the next two or three days, before the road was awash, you could kiss the whole lot goodbye (1a).
         ♦ Кириллов - самый опасный из всех бесов Достоевского. Он не случайно поселился в одном доме с Шатовым. Они заключат союз, и тогда можно будет на всём поставить крест (Мандельштам 2). [context transl] Kirillov is the most dangerous of all Dostoevski's "possessed," and not for nothing does he go to live in the same house as Shatov. One day the two could form an alliance - and then it will be the end of everything (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > поставить крест

  • 70 ставить крест

    • СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ КРЕСТ
    [VP; subj: human or collect; usu. this WO]
    =====
    1. ставить крест на ком, на кого having become disillusioned with s.o., to cease hoping for anything good from him:
    - X поставил крест на Y-e ≈ X gave up on Y (as hopeless);
    - X wrote Y off.
         ♦ Всякий раз его сознание, описав фантастический логический круг, взмыв спиралью, обернувшись, находило объяснение любому человеческому поступку с гуманистической точки зрения, когда ещё не все потеряно, рано ставить крест и т. д. (Битов 2). His consciousness would travel a fantastic logical circle, spiraling up and back, to find an explanation for any man's deed from the humanistic viewpoint - when all was not lost, it was still too early to give the man up as hopeless, and so forth (2a).
    2. ставить крест на чём, на что having become convinced that sth. is worthless, some undertaking is sure to fail etc, to stop thinking about it, stop investing time, energy etc into it:
    - X поставил крест на Y-e ≈ X gave Y up as hopeless <lost, a waste of time etc>;
    - X called it quits with Y.
         ♦...Михаил решил: немедля, сегодня же ехать за сеном на Среднюю Синельгу. Сена на Средней Синельге оставалось возов пятнадцать, и, если не вывезти его сейчас, в эти два-три дня, пока еще не поплыла дорога, ставь крест на сене (Абрамов 1)...Mikhail resolved to go to Middle Sinelga immediately and fetch the hay. There were about fifteen cartloads of hay left there, and unless it was picked up in the next two or three days, before the road was awash, you could kiss the whole lot goodbye (1a).
         ♦ Кириллов - самый опасный из всех бесов Достоевского. Он не случайно поселился в одном доме с Шатовым. Они заключат союз, и тогда можно будет на всём поставить крест (Мандельштам 2). [context transl] Kirillov is the most dangerous of all Dostoevski's "possessed," and not for nothing does he go to live in the same house as Shatov. One day the two could form an alliance - and then it will be the end of everything (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > ставить крест

  • 71 Schwinden

    v/i; schwindet, schwand, ist geschwunden; Einfluss, Macht: dwindle, diminish; Vorräte, Geld: dwindle, run low; Kräfte: (begin to) fail ( oder dwindle, seep away); Farben, Schönheit, Hoffnung, Radiosender: fade; Interesse: dwindle, drop off; Misstrauen: disappear; TECH. fachspr., Werkstück: shrink; aus dem Gedächtnis schwinden fade from one’s memory; mein Interesse schwand I lost interest; sein Lächeln schwand aus seinem Gesicht his face dropped; ihm schwand der Mut / das Vertrauen / die Hoffnung he lost courage / confidence / hope, his courage / confidence / hope failed him; ihr schwanden die Sinne she fainted ( oder passed out)
    * * *
    das Schwinden
    evanescence
    * * *
    schwịn|den ['ʃvɪndn] pret schwa\#nd [ʃvant] ptp geschwu\#nden [gə'ʃvʊndn]
    vi aux sein
    1) (= abnehmen) to dwindle; (Schönheit) to fade, to wane; (= allmählich verschwinden) (Hoffnung) to fade away, to dwindle; (Erinnerung, Angst, Chance, Zeit) to fade away; (Kräfte) to fade, to fail

    im Schwinden begriffen sein — to be dwindling; (Schönheit) to be on the wane

    ihm schwand der Mut, sein Mut schwand — his courage failed him

    aus der Erinnerung/dem Bewusstsein schwinden — to fade from (one's) memory/one's consciousness

    2) (=verblassen Farben) to fade; (= leiser werden Ton) to fade (away); (= sich auflösen Dunkelheit) to fade away, to retreat (liter)
    3) (TECH Holz, Metall, Ton) to shrink, to contract
    * * *
    1) (to grow less: His money dwindled away.) dwindle
    2) (to become less in number: The crowd began to fall away.) fall away
    * * *
    schwin·den
    <schwand, geschwunden>
    [ˈʃvɪndn̩]
    vi Hilfsverb: sein
    1. (geh: abnehmen) to run out, to dwindle
    im S\schwinden begriffen sein to be running out [or dwindling
    ▪ etw schwindet sth is fading away; Effekt, [schmerzstillende] Wirkung to be wearing off; Erinnerung, Hoffnung to be fading [away]; Interesse to be flagging [or waning]; Kräfte to be fading [away] [or failing]; Lebensmut, Mut, Zuversicht to be failing
    die Sinne \schwinden jdm sb feels faint
    3. (geh: dahingehen) Jahre to pass
    4. (fachspr) to contract, to shrink, to decrease; ELEK to fade
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein fade; <supplies, money> run out, dwindle; < effect> wear off; < interest> fade, wane, fall off; <fear, mistrust> lessen, diminish; <powers, influence> wane, decline; <courage, strength> fail
    * * *
    Schwinden n; -s, kein pl dwindling etc; → A;
    das Schwinden der Hoffnung etc the fading of hope etc;
    im Schwinden begriffen dwindling; Macht etc: on the wane
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein fade; <supplies, money> run out, dwindle; < effect> wear off; < interest> fade, wane, fall off; <fear, mistrust> lessen, diminish; <powers, influence> wane, decline; <courage, strength> fail
    * * *
    n.
    evanescence n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Schwinden

  • 72 sein

    n; -s, kein Pl. being; (Dasein) auch existence; Sein und Schein appearance and reality; mit allen Fasern seines Seins with every fib|re (Am. -er) of his being; Sein oder Nichtsein... to be or not to be...; es geht um Sein oder Nichtsein it is a question of survival ( oder a matter of life and death); das Sein bestimmt das Bewusstsein life determines consciousness
    * * *
    das Sein
    existence; being
    * * *
    [zain]
    nt -s, no pl
    being no art; (PHILOS) (= Existenz, Dasein auch) existence no art; (= Wesen, Sosein) essence, suchness

    Séín und Schein — appearance and reality

    Séín oder Nichtsein — to be or not to be

    * * *
    das
    1) (existence: When did the Roman Empire come into being?) being
    2) (used with a present participle to form the progressive or continuous tenses: I'm reading; I am being followed; What were you saying?.) be
    3) (used in giving or asking for information about something or someone: I am Mr Smith; Is he alive?; She wants to be an actress; The money will be ours; They are being silly.) be
    4) (belonging to a male person already spoken about: John says it's his book; He says the book is his; No, his is on the table.) his
    5) (belonging to it: The bird has hurt its wing.) its
    6) (used instead of his, his or her etc where a person of unknown sex or people of both sexes are referred to: Everyone should buy his own ticket.) their
    * * *
    <-s>
    [zain]
    nt kein pl PHILOS existence
    \Sein und Schein appearance and reality
    * * *
    das; Seins (Philos.) being; (Dasein) existence
    * * *
    sein1; ist, war, ist gewesen
    A. v/i
    1. allg be;
    sind Sie es? is that you?;
    am Apparat? who’s speaking ( oder calling)?;
    ist da jemand? is anybody there?;
    ach, Sie sind es! oh, it’s you;
    ich bin’s it’s me;
    hallo, ich bin der Holger hullo, I’m Holger;
    wer ist das (überhaupt)? who’s that?
    2. von Beruf, Nationalität, Herkunft, Religion etc: be;
    was ist dein Vater eigentlich (von Beruf)? what does your father actually do (for a living)?;
    ich bin Lektor von Beruf I’m an editor (by trade);
    von Beruf bin ich eigentlich Lehrer, aber ich arbeite als Autor I’m really a teacher (by profession), but I work as a writer;
    er ist Christ/Moslem/Buddhist he’s a Christian/Muslim/Buddhist;
    Engländerin? are you English?;
    er ist aus Mexiko he’s ( oder he comes) from Mexico;
    er ist wer umg he’s really somebody
    3. (existieren) be (alive);
    unser Vater ist nicht mehr form our father is no longer alive;
    ich denke, also bin ich I think therefore I am;
    wenn du nicht gewesen wärst if it hadn’t been for you
    4. vor adj etc, in best. Zustand, bei best. Tätigkeit: be;
    wir sind seit 1987/16 Jahren verheiratet we have been married since 1987/for 16 years;
    er ist schon lange tot he has been dead for a long time;
    sei(d) nicht so laut! don’t be so noisy, stop making such a noise;
    sei nicht so frech! don’t be so cheeky;
    sei so gut und … do me a favo(u)r and …, would you be so good as to …?;
    sei er auch noch so reich no matter how rich he is, however rich he may be;
    wie teuer es auch (immer) sein mag however expensive it may be;
    er ist beim Lesen he’s reading;
    sie ist am Putzen umg she’s doing the cleaning;
    die Garage ist im Bau the garage is being built;
    sie ist schon ein paar Mal im Fernsehen gewesen auch she’s made a few appearances on TV ( oder a few TV appearances);
    sie ist jetzt 15 Jahre she’s 15 now;
    es ist ein Jahr (her), seit it’s a year since, it was a year ago that;
    ich bin ja nicht so umg I’m not like that;
    sei doch nicht so! umg don’t be like that;
    du bist wohl! umg you must be crazy!;
    sei es, wie es sei be that as it may;
    wenn dem so ist umg if that’s the case, in that case
    5. (sich befinden, aufhalten) be;
    es ist niemand zu Hause there’s nobody at home;
    sie ist in Urlaub/zur Kur she’s on holiday/taking a cure;
    warst du mal in London? have you ever been to London?
    wie ist das Wetter bei euch? how’s the weather ( oder what’s the weather like) with you?;
    wie ist der Wein? how’s the wine?, what’s the wine like?;
    wie ist er so als Chef? what’s he like as a boss?;
    der Film/die Party war nichts umg the film (US auch movie)/party was a dead loss (US a washout)
    7. geeignet, bestimmt:
    Alkohol ist nichts für Kinder alcohol isn’t for children, children shouldn’t touch alcohol;
    das ist nichts für mich that’s not my cup of tea; (bin an Kauf etc nicht interessiert) that’s not for me;
    dies ist gegen die Schmerzen this is for the pain
    mir ist, als kenne ich ihn schon I have a feeling I know him;
    es ist, als ob … it’s as though …
    9. mit dat (sich fühlen):
    mir ist kalt I’m cold, I feel cold;
    mir ist schlecht I feel ill (besonders US sick);
    mir ist nicht nach Arbeiten umg I don’t feel like working, I’m not in the mood for work
    10. verantwortlich, schuldig etc:
    wer war das? (wer hat das getan?) who did that?;
    keiner will es gewesen sein nobody will admit they did it, nobody’s owning up;
    du bist es! beim Fangenspielen: you’re it
    11. mit zu (+inf):
    die Waren sind zu senden an … the goods are to be sent to …;
    das Spiel ist nicht mehr zu gewinnen the game can no longer be won, we can no longer win (the game);
    da ist nichts (mehr) zu machen umg there’s nothing to be done ( oder one can do);
    er ist nicht mehr zu retten he’s past saving; umg, fig he’s a lost cause, he’s beyond help;
    es ist nun an dir zu (+inf) it’s up to you to … now;
    es ist nicht an uns zu urteilen form it’s not for us to judge
    12. MATH etc:
    5 und 2 ist 7 five and two are ( oder is, make[s]) seven;
    3 mal 7 ist 21 three times seven is ( oder are, make[s]) twenty-one;
    x sei … let x be …
    13. meist unbestimmt, oft in umg Wendungen:
    ist was? umg is anything ( oder something) wrong?; auch provozierend: what’s the problem?;
    was ist mit dir? umg what’s the matter ( oder what’s wrong) with you?;
    so ist das nun mal umg that’s the way it is;
    nun, wie ist’s? umg well, what about it (then)?;
    wie ist es mit dir? umg what about you?;
    mit dem Urlaub war nichts umg the holiday didn’t work out, the holiday fell through;
    Nachtisch/Fernsehen ist heute nicht, Kinder umg there’s no sweet (US dessert)/television for you today, children;
    was nicht ist, kann ja noch werden umg there’s plenty of time yet;
    das war’s umg that’s it, that’s the lot;
    war das alles? is that all ( oder the lot)?;
    das wär’s für heute! umg that’s all for today
    etwas sein lassen (nicht tun) not do sth; (aufhören) stop doing sth;
    lass es sein stop it; (rühr es nicht an) leave it alone; (kümmere dich nicht drum) don’t bother;
    ich an deiner Stelle würde das sein lassen if I were you I wouldn’t have anything to do with it;
    am besten lassen wir es ganz sein we’d better forget all about it;
    muss das sein? do you have to?;
    was sein muss, muss sein whatever will be, will be;
    was soll das sein? what’s that supposed to be?;
    das kann sein, kann oder
    mag sein umg it’s possible, it could be;
    das kann nicht sein that’s impossible, it can’t be
    es sei denn(, dass) unless;
    sei es, dass … oder dass … whether … or …;
    wie wär’s mit einer Partie Schach? how ( oder what) about a game of chess?;
    na, wie wär’s mit uns beiden? umg how about the two of us getting together?;
    und das wäre? umg and what might that be?
    B. v/aux have;
    ich bin ihm schon begegnet I’ve met him before;
    die Sonne ist untergegangen the sun has set ( oder gone down);
    er ist nach Berlin gegangen he has gone to Berlin;
    ich bin bei meinem Anwalt gewesen I’ve been to see my lawyer;
    als die Polizei kam, war er schon verschwunden when the police arrived he had disappeared;
    er ist in Paris gesehen worden he has been seen in Paris;
    ich bin in Böhmen/1972 geboren I was born in Bohemia/in 1972;
    die Arbeiten sind beendet the jobs are finished;
    der neue Kanzler ist gewählt the new Chancellor has been elected
    sein2
    A. poss pr
    1. adjektivisch: his; Mädchen: her; Sache: its; Tier: meist its; Haustier: his, weiblich: her; Schiff, Staat: oft her; unbestimmt: one’s;
    sein Glück machen make one’s fortune;
    all sein bisschen Geld what little money he has ( oder had);
    Seine Majestät His Majesty;
    es kostet (gut) seine tausend Dollar it costs a good thousand dollars
    seiner, seine, sein(e)s, der (die, das) sein(ig)e his; Mädchen: hers;
    jedem das Seine to each his own;
    das Sein(ig)e tun do one’s share (bit umg); (sein Möglichstes tun) do one’s best
    B. pers pr (gen von er und es) of him; Mädchen: of her;
    er war seiner nicht mehr mächtig he had lost control of himself completely
    * * *
    das; Seins (Philos.) being; (Dasein) existence
    * * *
    nur sing. (Dasein) n.
    existence n. nur sing. n.
    being n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > sein

  • 73 imaginario

    adj.
    imaginary, fancied, imaginative, utopian.
    m.
    imaginary number, imaginary, pure imaginary number.
    * * *
    1 imaginary
    * * *
    (f. - imaginaria)
    adj.
    * * *
    1.
    2. SM
    1) (Literat) imagery
    2) (=imaginación) imagination
    * * *
    - ria adjetivo imaginary
    * * *
    = imaginary, imagined, fictitious, fictionalised [fictionalized, -USA], fictional, hallucinatory, make-believe, fictious, fantastic, fantastical.
    Ex. Like Theseus in the Labyrinth we need to be able to follow well trodden pathways through hypermedia materials and re-track our journey along an imaginary thread when we get lost.
    Ex. In recent years, then, there has been much less scaremongering about the imagined horrors of drowning in a sea of paper.
    Ex. Certainly there are very serious novels which, by means of a fictitious story, have a great deal to say about human relationships and social structures.
    Ex. This is a humourous and cautionary fictionalised account of a disastrous author visit to a public library to do a reading for children.
    Ex. No one, in this purely hypothetical example, has thought that the reader might be happy with a factual account of an Atlantic convoy as well as, or in place of, a purely fictional account.
    Ex. Subject-matter, portrayed with hallucinatory realism, is largely autobiographical -- mainly people connected with the artist and places associated with them.
    Ex. This book illustrates and describes the features of a monster and reinsures the children not to be frightened of make-believe monsters.
    Ex. Many of them are fictious, but there are also real artists and scientists, who play parts in the book, in one way or another.
    Ex. He builds up a picture of human anguish in the face of the mysteries of existence that is both dreamlike and concrete, fantastic and real at the same time.
    Ex. Filled with allegory and allusion, his paintings portray a fantastical universe inhabited by mysterious and fanciful creatures.
    ----
    * pasado imaginario = imaginary past.
    * * *
    - ria adjetivo imaginary
    * * *
    = imaginary, imagined, fictitious, fictionalised [fictionalized, -USA], fictional, hallucinatory, make-believe, fictious, fantastic, fantastical.

    Ex: Like Theseus in the Labyrinth we need to be able to follow well trodden pathways through hypermedia materials and re-track our journey along an imaginary thread when we get lost.

    Ex: In recent years, then, there has been much less scaremongering about the imagined horrors of drowning in a sea of paper.
    Ex: Certainly there are very serious novels which, by means of a fictitious story, have a great deal to say about human relationships and social structures.
    Ex: This is a humourous and cautionary fictionalised account of a disastrous author visit to a public library to do a reading for children.
    Ex: No one, in this purely hypothetical example, has thought that the reader might be happy with a factual account of an Atlantic convoy as well as, or in place of, a purely fictional account.
    Ex: Subject-matter, portrayed with hallucinatory realism, is largely autobiographical -- mainly people connected with the artist and places associated with them.
    Ex: This book illustrates and describes the features of a monster and reinsures the children not to be frightened of make-believe monsters.
    Ex: Many of them are fictious, but there are also real artists and scientists, who play parts in the book, in one way or another.
    Ex: He builds up a picture of human anguish in the face of the mysteries of existence that is both dreamlike and concrete, fantastic and real at the same time.
    Ex: Filled with allegory and allusion, his paintings portray a fantastical universe inhabited by mysterious and fanciful creatures.
    * pasado imaginario = imaginary past.

    * * *
    imaginary
    * * *

    imaginario
    ◊ - ria adjetivo

    imaginary
    imaginario,-a adjetivo imaginary
    número imaginario, imaginary number

    ' imaginario' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    imaginaria
    - unicornio
    English:
    imaginary
    - never-never land
    - shadow-box
    - shadow-boxing
    - fictitious
    * * *
    imaginario, -a
    ♦ adj
    imaginary
    ♦ nm
    [conjunto de imágenes] imagery;
    el imaginario colectivo the collective consciousness
    * * *
    adj imaginary
    * * *
    imaginario, - ria adj
    : imaginary
    * * *
    imaginario adj imaginary

    Spanish-English dictionary > imaginario

  • 74 privado

    adj.
    1 private, confidential, personal, privy.
    Este es un asunto privado This is private business.
    2 private, restricted, restricted-access.
    3 reserved.
    4 unconscious, fainted.
    5 sound asleep, asleep, sleeping, fast asleep.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: privar.
    * * *
    1→ link=privar privar
    1 private
    \
    en privado in private
    * * *
    (f. - privada)
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [club, colegio, avión] private
    2) LAm (=alocado) mad, senseless
    3) Caribe (=débil) weak, faint
    2. SM
    1)

    en privado — privately, in private

    2) (Pol) (=favorito) favourite, favorite (EEUU), protégé; ( Hist) royal favourite, chief minister
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    a) <reunión/vida> private
    b) (Col, Méx) ( desmayado) unconscious
    c) (Méx) <teléfono/número> unlisted (AmE), ex-directory (BrE)
    * * *
    = personal, private, confidential, privately run.
    Ex. Cards will remain useful for small local and personal indexes but other options, in the form of microcomputers and their software are beginning to compete in this application.
    Ex. SWALCAP supports a network arrangement of remote terminals and minicomputers linked to the central computer via private lines.
    Ex. There is also a large amount of information that is kept secret: not merely cloak-and-dagger state secrets, but vast quantities of confidential technical and commercial data.
    Ex. It is a project that has been incubating since he lost the space for his privately run museum in Gloucester docks two years ago.
    ----
    * ámbito privado, el = private sector, the.
    * archivo privado = private archives.
    * biblioteca privada = private library.
    * ceremonia privada = private ceremony.
    * detective privado = private eye.
    * empresa privada = private firm.
    * en privado = privately, a word in + Posesivo + ear, in private, behind closed doors.
    * entidad privada = private institution.
    * espacio privado = personal space, territorial space, personal space territory.
    * financiado con fondos privados = privately supported [privately-supported], privately funded, privately financed.
    * finca privada = private estate.
    * información privada = private information.
    * investigador privado = private eye, private detective.
    * invitación a inauguración privada = private view card (PVC).
    * mantener en privado = be out of the public eye.
    * no tener vida privada = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.
    * Posesivo + partes privadas = Posesivo + crown jewels, Posesivo + family jewels, Posesivo + privates.
    * propiedad privada = private estate.
    * red privada = peer-to-peer network.
    * red privada virtual (VPN) = virtual private network (VPN).
    * sector privado, el = private sector, the, profit sector, the.
    * sociedad privada = private society.
    * universidad privada = private university.
    * urbanización privada = private estate.
    * vida privada = private life.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    a) <reunión/vida> private
    b) (Col, Méx) ( desmayado) unconscious
    c) (Méx) <teléfono/número> unlisted (AmE), ex-directory (BrE)
    * * *
    = personal, private, confidential, privately run.

    Ex: Cards will remain useful for small local and personal indexes but other options, in the form of microcomputers and their software are beginning to compete in this application.

    Ex: SWALCAP supports a network arrangement of remote terminals and minicomputers linked to the central computer via private lines.
    Ex: There is also a large amount of information that is kept secret: not merely cloak-and-dagger state secrets, but vast quantities of confidential technical and commercial data.
    Ex: It is a project that has been incubating since he lost the space for his privately run museum in Gloucester docks two years ago.
    * ámbito privado, el = private sector, the.
    * archivo privado = private archives.
    * biblioteca privada = private library.
    * ceremonia privada = private ceremony.
    * detective privado = private eye.
    * empresa privada = private firm.
    * en privado = privately, a word in + Posesivo + ear, in private, behind closed doors.
    * entidad privada = private institution.
    * espacio privado = personal space, territorial space, personal space territory.
    * financiado con fondos privados = privately supported [privately-supported], privately funded, privately financed.
    * finca privada = private estate.
    * información privada = private information.
    * investigador privado = private eye, private detective.
    * invitación a inauguración privada = private view card (PVC).
    * mantener en privado = be out of the public eye.
    * no tener vida privada = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.
    * Posesivo + partes privadas = Posesivo + crown jewels, Posesivo + family jewels, Posesivo + privates.
    * propiedad privada = private estate.
    * red privada = peer-to-peer network.
    * red privada virtual (VPN) = virtual private network (VPN).
    * sector privado, el = private sector, the, profit sector, the.
    * sociedad privada = private society.
    * universidad privada = private university.
    * urbanización privada = private estate.
    * vida privada = private life.

    * * *
    privado -da
    1 ‹reunión/fiesta› private
    vida privada private life
    en privado in private
    2 (Col, Méx) (desmayado) unconscious
    3 ( Méx) ‹teléfono/número› unlisted ( AmE), ex-directory ( BrE)
    * * *

    Del verbo privar: ( conjugate privar)

    privado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    privado    
    privar
    privado
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    a) ‹reunión/vida› private;


    b) (Col, Méx) ( desmayado) unconscious

    c) (Méx) ‹teléfono/número› unlisted (AmE), ex-directory (BrE)

    privar ( conjugate privar) verbo transitivo
    1 privado a algn DE algo ‹de derecho/libertad› to deprive sb of sth
    2 (Col, Méx) ( dejar inconsciente) to knock … unconscious
    privarse verbo pronominal
    1 privadose DE algo ‹de lujos/placeres› to deprive oneself of sth
    2 (Col, Méx) ( desmayarse) to lose consciousness, pass out
    privado,-a adj (personal) private: siempre está metiéndose en la vida privada de los demás, he's always sticking his nose into the private lives of others
    (secreto, reservado) private, confidential
    (no público) una clínica privada, a private clinic
    ♦ Locuciones: en privado, in private: los problemas familiares se discuten en privado, family issues should be discussed in private
    privar
    I vt
    1 (despojar) to deprive [de, of]
    2 fam (gustar mucho) me priva la fruta, I love fruit
    II vi argot (beber) to booze
    ' privado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    colegio
    - coto
    - detective
    - particular
    - privada
    - rincón
    - sabueso
    - sector
    - estudiar
    - intimidad
    English:
    celebrate
    - clinic
    - in
    - personal
    - prep school
    - private
    - privately
    - Pte.
    - public school
    - enterprise
    - ex-directory
    - finishing
    - investigator
    - preparatory
    - public
    * * *
    privado, -a
    ♦ adj
    private;
    en privado in private
    ♦ nm
    Am [despacho] private office
    * * *
    I part → privar
    II adj private;
    en privado in private
    * * *
    privado, -da adj
    : private
    ♦ privadamente adv
    * * *
    privado adj private

    Spanish-English dictionary > privado

  • 75 priver

    priver [pʀive]
    ➭ TABLE 1
    1. transitive verb
    2. reflexive verb
       b. ( = se passer de) se priver de to forego
    * * *
    pʀive
    1.

    priver quelqu'un/quelque chose de — to deprive somebody/something of


    2.
    se priver verbe pronominal

    se priver de quelque chose/de faire — to go ou do without something/doing

    c'est gratuit, j'aurais tort de m'en priver! — it's free, I'd be a fool not to take it!

    se priver de — to do without [personne]; to dispense with [services]

    * * *
    pʀive vt

    Le prisonnier a été privé de nourriture. — The prisoner was deprived of food.

    * * *
    priver verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 ( déposséder) priver qn de to deprive sb of; sa mort nous prive d'un grand homme his death deprives us of a great man; son attaque l'a privée de la parole/de l'usage d'un bras she lost the power of speech/the use of an arm after her stroke;
    2 ( interdire à) priver qn de to deprive sb of; priver qn de nourriture to deprive sb of food; priver qn de télévision/de sorties to forbid sb to watch TV/to go out;
    3 ( faire manquer) la seule chose qui me prive the only thing I miss; cela me prive de ne pas (pouvoir) faire I miss being able to do; cela me priverait beaucoup de ne plus aller au théâtre I would really miss going to the theatreGB; elle a arrêté de fumer, mais ça ne la prive pas she has given up GB ou quit US smoking, but she doesn't miss it; priver qn/qch de to deprive sb/sth of; priver qn du plaisir de faire to deprive sb of the pleasure of doing; priver une région d'eau to deprive an area of water; l'orage nous a privés d'électricité we had no electricity because of the thunderstorm; ça ne te prive pas beaucoup de ne pas pouvoir te laver! hum it's no hardship for you, not being able to wash!; si ça ne vous prive pas, pourriez-vous me prêter votre voiture? could you lend me your car if you don't need it?; tu peux prendre ces revues, cela ne me privera pas you can take these magazines, I don't need them.
    B se priver vpr
    1 ( s'abstenir) se priver pour ses enfants to go without for the sake of one's children; pourquoi se priver? why stint ourselves?; se priver de qch/de faire to go ou do without sth/doing; se priver de cinéma to do without visits to the cinema GB ou movies US; c'est gratuit, j'aurais tort de m'en priver! it's free, I'd be a fool not to take it!; elle ne se privera pas du plaisir de le raconter à tout le monde she won't be able to resist telling everyone about it; eh bien, tu ne te prives de rien! hum you certainly don't believe in stinting yourself!;
    2 (se refuser, perdre) se priver de to lose, to give up; en faisant cela, ils se privent d'un moyen de contrôle by doing this, they're losing ou they are giving up one means of control;
    3 ( se défaire) se priver de to do without [personne]; to dispense with [services];
    4 ( se retenir) se priver de faire to hesitate to do; elle ne s'est pas privée de leur dire les choses en face she didn't hesitate to tell them a few home truths; il y avait beaucoup à critiquer dans ce projet, et il ne s'en est pas privé there was a lot to criticize in that project, and criticize it he did.
    [prive] verbe transitif
    1. [démunir] to deprive
    être privé de to be deprived of, to have no
    privé d'eau/d'air/de sommeil deprived of water/air/sleep
    privé de connaissance (littéraire) unconscious, bereft of consciousness (littéraire)
    2. [comme sanction] to deprive
    tu seras privé de dessert/télévision no dessert/television for you
    ————————
    se priver de verbe pronominal plus préposition
    il se prive d'alcool he cuts out drink, he goes without drink
    un jour de congé supplémentaire, il ne se prive pas! another day off, he certainly looks after himself!
    2. [se gêner pour]

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > priver

  • 76 cirage

      a To be 'in the dark about something', to be unaware of what is happening.
      b To be in a state of semi-consciousness (as a result of a blow, excessive drink, drugs, etc.). Trois bouteilles de roteux et on était tous dans le cirage: Three bottles of champers and we were just about out for the count.
      c To feel 'down in the dumps', to be overcome by depression. Il est dans le cirage depuis que sa femme l'a quitté: Since his wife left him, he's lost the will to live (also: broyer du noir).
      d To be in the financial doldrums, to have lost everything.

    Dictionary of Modern Colloquial French > cirage

  • 77 терять

    1) (сов. потеря́ть, затеря́ть) (вн.; лишаться по забывчивости, невнимательности и т.п.) lose (d)

    потеря́ть ключи́ — lose one's keys

    2) (сов. потеря́ть) (вн.; утрачивать) lose (d); (листья; зубы, волосы тж.) shed (d)

    проти́вник потеря́л три корабля́ в морско́м сраже́нии — the enemy lost three ships in the naval battle

    не теря́ть му́жества — not lose heart, take heart

    я не теря́ю наде́жды — I don't lose hope, I am not unhopeful

    теря́ть терпе́ние — lose patience

    теря́ть авторите́т — lose prestige [-'tiːʒ]

    теря́ть созна́ние — lose consciousness, become unconscious

    он от э́того ничего́ не теря́ет — he loses nothing by it; he is none the worse for it

    вы ничего́ не потеря́ли — you have missed nothing

    3) (сов. потеря́ть) (вн.; упускать из виду, утрачивать контакт) lose (d)

    теря́ть друг дру́га в толпе́ — lose one another in the crowd

    4) (вн.; снижать, изменять характеристики положения, движения) lose (d)

    теря́ть ско́рость (об автомобиле и т.п.) — slow down

    теря́ть высоту́ (о самолёте) — lose height, go down

    теря́ть равнове́сие — lose one's balance

    теря́ть ориента́цию — lose one's bearings

    5) (сов. потеря́ть) (вн.; расходовать попусту) lose (d), waste (d)

    теря́ть вре́мя на что-л — waste time on smth

    нельзя́ бы́ло теря́ть ни мину́ты — there wasn't a moment to lose

    6) (сов. потеря́ть) (на пр.; в пр.; нести ущерб) lose (on)

    теря́ть в деньга́х — lose money, incur a loss

    на э́том контра́кте вы потеря́ете — you will lose on this contract

    7) (сов. потеря́ть) (проигрывать, производить худшее впечатление) be at a disadvantage; look less impressive / appealing

    в э́том пла́тье она́ си́льно теря́ет — she looks a lot less attractive in this dress

    поэ́ма о́чень теря́ет в перево́де — the poem has lost much of its appeal / quality in translation

    ••

    теря́ть го́лову — lose one's head

    не теря́ть головы́ — keep one's head

    теря́ть в чьём-л мне́нии [в чьих-л глаза́х] — ≈ sink in smb's estimation

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > терять

  • 78 Computers

       The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)
       It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....
       The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)
       The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)
       In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)
       A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.
       In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....
       It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)
       [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)
       he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)
       t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.
       Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)
       According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)
       What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.
       What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.
       In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers

  • 79 dalmak

    "1. /a/ to dive, plunge (into). 2. to become abstracted, become lost in thought; to lose oneself in thought. 3. /a/ to be engrossed in, be absorbed in; to give oneself over to. 4. /a/ to enter (a place) suddenly, plunge into. 5. to fall asleep; /a/ to drop off to (sleep). 6. (for a sick person) to lose consciousness. 7. Turkish wrestling to dive for one´s opponent´s legs. dalıp çıkmak 1. to duck, dive down and then reappear above the surface of the water at short intervals. 2. to take a quick dip, take a short swim. 3. /a/ to frequent (lots of places). dalıp (dalıp) gitmek to be lost in thought."

    Saja Türkçe - İngilizce Sözlük > dalmak

  • 80 М-268

    МОЧА В ГОЛОВУ УДАРИЛА кому highly coll, derog VP4Ubj this form only the verb may take the initial position, otherwise fixed WO
    s.o. 's behavior, actions etc are foolishly illogical or abnormal: X-y моча в голову ударила - X is (must be) crazy (off his rocker, off his nut, out of his mind)
    X must have lost his wits (his marbles).
    Как? возмущался Марлен Михайлович. Даже без всякого классового сознания, без ненависти к победоносным массам, а только лишь из чистого любопытства гнусный аристокра-тишка отвернул исторический процесс, просто моча ему в голову ударила (Аксёнов 7). How could it be? the young Marlen Mikhailovich would ask himself, bewildered. Without a drop of class consciousness, without a trace of hatred for the victorious masses, with no more than a morbid sense of curiosity, this ratty little aristocrat changed the course of world history. He must have been crazy, out of his mind (7a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > М-268

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См. также в других словарях:

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  • consciousness — noun 1 being able to see/hear/feel things ADJECTIVE ▪ full ▪ higher ▪ to aspire to a higher consciousness ▪ cosmic, divine ▪ …   Collocations dictionary

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  • consciousness — con|scious|ness [ kanʃəsnəs ] noun ** 1. ) uncount the state of being awake and able to hear, see, and think: He lay there, drifting in and out of consciousness. lose consciousness: The pain was so bad that I lost consciousness. regain/recover… …   Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

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  • consciousness — con|scious|ness W3 [ˈkɔnʃəsnıs US ˈka:n ] n 1.) [U] the condition of being awake and able to understand what is happening around you ▪ David lost consciousness (=went into a deep sleep) at eight o clock and died a few hours later. ▪ She could… …   Dictionary of contemporary English

  • consciousness — noun 1 (U) the condition of being awake and able to understand what is happening around you: lose consciousness (=go into a deep sleep): David lost consciousness at eight o clock and died a few hours later. | regain consciousness (=wake up): She… …   Longman dictionary of contemporary English

  • consciousness — n. 1 the state of being conscious (lost consciousness during the fight). 2 a awareness, perception (had no consciousness of being ridiculed). b (in comb.) awareness of (class consciousness). 3 the totality of a person s thoughts and feelings, or… …   Useful english dictionary

  • consciousness — [ˈkɒnʃəsnəs] noun 1) [U] the state of being awake and able to see, hear, and think The pain was so bad that I lost consciousness.[/ex] 2) [singular/U] the knowledge or understanding that something exists or is important We want to increase… …   Dictionary for writing and speaking English

  • Consciousness-based healthcare — (CBH), an emerging field of complementary and alternative medicine, is the application of consciousness based interventions to achieve tangible, beneficial outcomes across a wide range of health concerns including physical and emotional issues.… …   Wikipedia

  • Lost in Translation (poem) — Lost in Translation is a narrative poem by James Merrill (1926 1995), one of the most studied and celebrated of his shorter works. It was originally published in The New Yorker magazine on April 8, 1974, and published in book form in 1976 in… …   Wikipedia

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