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1 WORLD
Ambar (earth), THE WIDE WORLD Palurin. (LT2 gives irmin "the world, all the regions inhabited by Men"; this is probably not a valid word in LotR-style Quenya.) OF THE WORLD marda (an adjective, *"wordly"); THE ENDING OF THE WORLD Ambar-metta, ambarmetta; "WORLD-ARTIFICER" Martamo (a title of Aulë) REDEEMER OF THE WORLD Mardorunando (it is not clear whether the initial element \#mardo means "world" or "of the world"; cf. marda above. It may be that mardo is the genitive of mar, mard-, translated "earth" in Fíriel's Song.) –LotR:1003 cf. MBAR, VT44:36, LT1:251, 264, LT2:343, LT1:266, VT44:17 -
2 EARTH
cemen (soil). (Note: at the time Tolkien wrote Etym, he thought of cemen as the genitive of cén, but later cemen evidently became the nominative form, as it had been in earlier writings [LT1:257]. In Silm:433, it is said that cemen [kemen] refers to "the Earth as a flat floor beneath menel, the heavens". LT1:257, reproducing early material, also has cemi "earth, soil, land" and Kémi "Mother Earth".) Locative cemendë "on earth" in VT43:17. HEAVEN AND EARTH Menel Cemenyë (VT47:11). EARTH-QUEEN Kementári (Yavanna's title); EARTHEN, OF EARTH cemna. (LR:363 gves "kemina", but according to VT45:19, this is a misreading for "kemna" in Tolkien's manuscript.) EARTH (= world) Ambar (world) (Tolkien equated Ambar with Oikoumene, a Greek word denoting "world" considered as "the inhabited world of Men". But ambar also seems to mean "doom", q.v. MR:337 (cf. WJ:419) has Imbar instead of Ambar; the literal meaning of both words is said to be "habitation") EARTH-DWELLERS –LT2:343 gives indi, rendered "earthdwellers" and said to be another word for "men", but this is hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya. –KEM/Silm:433/LT1:257/VT44:34, MBAR cf. Letters:283 or SD:409 -
3 DWELLING
(noun) mar (mard-) (home), also már; DWELLING (adj) \#farnë (a pl form? Sg farna? Only attested in the compound orofarnë "mountain-dwelling". Note: farnë is also the pa.t. of farya- "suffice", as well as a noun "foliage"); DWELLING-PLACE nórë (land, region where certain people live, nation, native land, family); DWELLING UNDERGROUND hróta (artificial cave, rockhewn hall). The word ambar, usually translated "world", is also associated with "home, dwelling" in one source. –VT45:33, 46:13, cf. LT1:251, LotR:505 cf. Letters:224, VT47:6, NDOR, PM:365, VT46:13 -
4 END
(noun) metta, mentë, tyel (stem tyeld- as in the pl. tyeldi, misread as "tyelde" in the printed Etymologies; see VT45:25), tyelma, telu; THE ENDING OF THE WORLD Ambar-metta, ambarmetta; END (vb) tele- (intransitive) (finish – so in WJ:411; LT1:267 gives telu-), tyel- (cease), PUT AN END TO metya-, HAVE SOME END IN VIEW mína- (desire to go in some direction, wish to go to a place, make for it) –LotR:1003/VT44:36, MET, LT1:267, WJ:411, KYEL/VT45:25, VT39:11 -
5 HOME
már (also used of the "home" or native land of peoples). The stem mar- occurs in the phrase hon-maren, q.v. in the Quenya-English wordlist. VT45:33 and VT46:13 give mar "home, dwelling" with stem mard-, but in Fíriel's Song, this is used = "earth" instead (i-mar "the earth", ablative mardello). Short form mar as the final element of compounds: Eldamar "Elvenhome"; the vowel is also short in Mar-nu-falmar, "the Land [lit. Home] under the Waves". – The word ambar, usually translated "world", is also associated with "home, dwelling" in one source. –Silm:408, 428, VT46:13 -
6 MIDDLE-EARTH
Endórë, Endor (defined as "centre of the world" under ÉNED; allative form Endorenna is attested in LotR. Other names are also glossed "Middle-earth": Ambarenya, Endamar; see also EAST) –LotR:1003, ÉNED, MBAR -
7 REALM
arda (region). This word means "any more or less bounded or defined place, a region" (WJ:402) or "a particular land or region" (WJ:413). Arda (with a capital A) was "the name given to our world or earth...within the immensity of Eä". –3AR, Letters:283 -
8 REDEEMER
\#runando (isolated from Mardorunando, "Redeemer of the World") –VT45:17 -
9 SMITH
tano (craftsman), SMITH OF THE WORLD Talca Marwa (a title of Aulë) –TAN, LT1:266 -
10 THEY, THEM
(3rd person pl. and dual forms): As the pronominal ending for “they”, Tolkien hesitated between -ltë and -ntë. For instance, a verb like “they do” is attested both as cariltë and carintë (VT49:16, 17). In one text, the ending -ltë is marked as archaic or poetic (VT49:17), but in other paradigms no such qualification occurs (VT49:51). The alternative form -nte- occurs in UT:317, with a second pronominal marker (-s “it”, denoting the object) following: Tiruvantes "they will keep it". General considerations of euphony may favour -ltë rather than -ntë (e.g. *quenteltë rather than *quententë for “they spoke” – in the past tense, many verbs end in -ntë even before any pronominal endings are supplied, like quentë “spoke” in this example). The ending -ltë (unlike -ntë) would also conform with the general system that the plural pronominal endings include the plural marker l (VT48:11). – In Tolkien’s early material, the ending -ltë appears as -lto instead (e.g. tulielto “they have come”, LT1:270). – A simple plural verb (with ending -r) can have “they” as its implied subject, as in the example quetir en “they still say” (PE17:167). – In the independent pronouns, distinct forms of may be used depending on whether “they, them” refers to living beings (persons, animals or even plants) or to non-living things or abstracts. The “personal” independent pronoun is te, which may have a long vowel when stressed (té, VT49:51). It is also attested in object position (laita te “bless them”, LotR:989 cf. Letters:308, VT43:20). It can receive case endings, e.g. dative ten (VT49:14; variant forms téna and tien, VT49:14, VT43:12, 21). As the “impersonal” they, them referring to non-living things, Tolkien in some sources used ta (VT43:20; 8, 9), but this apparently caused dissatisfaction because he also wanted ta to be the singular pronoun “that, it”. According to VT49:32, the form tai was introduced as the word for impersonal or inanimate “they, them” (in some places changed to te, apparently suggesting that Tolkien considered using te for both personal and impersonal “they/them”, abandoning the distinction). Another source (VT49:51) lists sa as the pl. impersonal form, but all other published sources use this pronoun for singular impersonal “it”, not pl. “they”. – The object “them” can also be expressed by the ending -t following another pronominal suffix (laituvalmet, “we shall bless [or praise] them", LotR:989 cf Letters:308). Presumably this ending -t makes no distinction between personal and impersonal forms. – Quenya also possesses special dual forms of “they, them”, used where only two persons or things are referred to (none of these pronouns distinguish between personal and impersonal forms). In VT49:16, the old ending for dual “they” is given as -stë (marked as archaic or poetic), but this would clash with the corresponding 2nd person ending. According to VT49:51, this ending was changed (also within the imaginary world) from -stë to -ttë, which seems the better alternative (*carittë, “the two of them do”). The independent dual pronoun is given as tú (ibid.) However, it may also be permissible to use te for “they, them” even where only two persons are involved (te is seemingly used with reference to Frodo and Sam in one of the examples above, laita te “bless them”). – Genitive forms, see THEIR; reflexive pronoun, see THEMSELVES. -
11 WIDE
yonda (roomy, extensive), palla, landa; FAR AND WIDE palan (or "wide, over a wide space, to a distance", VT45:21); THE WIDE WORLD Palurin –PE17:43, PAL, LAD, Silm:435, LT1:264
См. также в других словарях:
world — [ wɜrld ] noun *** 1. ) singular society in general, in all countries: We want to guarantee our children a safer world. all over the world/throughout the world: The same problems are faced by children throughout the world. the whole world: Since… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
World — World, n. [OE. world, werld, weorld, weoreld, AS. weorold, worold; akin to OS. werold, D. wereld, OHG. weralt, worolt, werolt, werlt, G. welt, Icel. ver[ o]ld, Sw. verld, Dan. verden; properly, the age of man, lifetime, humanity; AS. wer a man +… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
world — ► NOUN 1) (the world) the earth with all its countries and peoples. 2) a region or group of countries: the English speaking world. 3) all that belongs to a particular period or sphere of activity: the theatre world. 4) (one s world) a person s… … English terms dictionary
world — [wʉrld] n. [ME < OE werold, world, humanity, long time, akin to OHG weralt < early WGmc comp. < * wera , man (see WEREWOLF) + * alth , an age, mankind (for IE base see OLD): basic sense “the age of man”] 1. a) the planet earth b) the… … English World dictionary
world — O.E. woruld, worold human existence, the affairs of life, also the human race, mankind, a word peculiar to Germanic languages (Cf. O.S. werold, O.Fris. warld, Du. wereld, O.N. verold, O.H.G. weralt, Ger. Welt), with a literal sense of age of man … Etymology dictionary
world — UK US /wɜːld/ noun [C, usually singular] ► a particular area of activity: »Our world of work is changing rapidly. »the world of advertising/the internet »the business/corporate world … Financial and business terms
world — [n1] planet, globe cosmos, creation, earth, heavenly body, macrocosm, microcosm, nature, sphere, star, terrene, universe; concepts 511,770 world [n2] class of existing beings class, division, everybody, everyone, group, humanity, humankind, human … New thesaurus
world|ly — «WURLD lee», adjective, li|er, li|est, adverb. –adj. 1. of this world; not of heaven: »worldly wealth, worldly knowledge, worldly ambition. SYNONYM(S): mundane. See syn. under earthly. (Cf. ↑ … Useful english dictionary
world — universe, *earth, cosmos, macrocosm … New Dictionary of Synonyms
world — world1 W1S1 [wə:ld US wə:rld] n ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(our planet/everyone on it)¦ 2 in the world 3¦(the society we live in)¦ 4¦(group of countries )¦ 5¦(time in history)¦ 6¦(somebody s life and experiences)¦ 7¦(area of activity/work)¦… … Dictionary of contemporary English
world — /werrld/, n. 1. the earth or globe, considered as a planet. 2. (often cap.) a particular division of the earth: the Western world. 3. the earth or a part of it, with its inhabitants, affairs, etc., during a particular period: the ancient world. 4 … Universalium
