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101 Borsig, Johann Carl Friedrich August
[br]b. 25 June 1804 Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland)d. 7 July 1854 Berlin, Germany[br]German pioneer manufacturer of locomotives and rails.[br]Borsig established a small works at Berlin in 1837 that ten years later had expanded sufficiently to employ 1,200 people. In that year it produced sixty-seven locomotives. Borsig copied the long-boiler type then popular in Britain and which had been exported to Germany by British manufacturers: it became the standard goods engine in Germany for many years, and the name Borsig became one of the famous names of locomotive building. In 1847 Borsig established an iron-works near Berlin that from 1851 started to produce good-quality rails; German railways previously had to import these from Britain.[br]Further ReadingJ.Marshall, 1978, A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.PJGRBiographical history of technology > Borsig, Johann Carl Friedrich August
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102 Clegg, Samuel
[br]b. 2 March 1781 Manchester, Englandd. 8 January 1861 Haverstock Hill, Hampstead, London, England[br]English inventor and gas engineer.[br]Clegg received scientific instruction from John Dalton, the founder of the atomic theory, and was apprenticed to Boulton \& Watt. While at their Soho factory in Birmingham, he assisted William Murdock with his experiments on coal gas. He left the firm in 1804 and set up as a gas engineer on his own account. He designed and installed gas plant and lighting in a number of factories, including Henry Lodge's cotton mill at Sowerby Bridge and in 1811 the Jesuit College at Stoneyhurst in Lancashire, the first non-industrial establishment to be equipped with gas lighting.Clegg moved to London in 1813 and successfully installed gas lighting at the premises of Rudolf Ackermann in the Strand. His success in the manufacture of gas had earned him the Royal Society of Arts Silver Medal in 1808 for furthering "the art of gas production", and in 1813 it brought him the appointment of Chief Engineer to the first gas company, the Chartered Gas, Light \& Coke Company. He left in 1817, but remained in demand to set up gas works and advise on the formation of gas companies. Throughout this time there flowed from Clegg a series of inventions of fundamental importance in the gas industry. While at Lodge's mill he had begun purifying gas by adding lime to the gas holder, and at Stoneyhurst this had become a separate lime purifier. In 1815, and again in 1818, Clegg patented the wet-meter which proved to be the basis for future devices for measuring gas. He invented the gas governor and, favouring the horizontal retort, developed the form which was to become standard for the next forty years. But after all this, Clegg joined a concern in Liverpool which failed, taking all his possessions with it. He made a fresh start in Lisbon, where he undertook various engineering works for the Portuguese government. He returned to England to find railway construction gathering pace, but he again backed a loser by engaging in the ill-fated atmospheric-rail way project. He was finally discouraged from taking part in further enterprises, but he received a government appointment as Surveying Officer to conduct enquiries in connection with the various Bills on gas that were presented to Parliament. Clegg also contributed to his son's massive treatise on the manufacture of coal gas.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society of Arts Silver Medal 1808.Further ReadingMinutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers (1862) 21:552–4.S.Everard, 1949, The History of the Gas light and Coke Company, London: Ernest Benn.LRD -
103 Donkin, Bryan I
[br]b. 22 March 1768 Sandoe, Northumberland, Englandd. 27 February 1855 London, England[br]English mechanical engineer and inventor.[br]It was intended that Bryan Donkin should follow his father's profession of surveyor and land agent, so he spent a year or so in that occupation before he was apprenticed to John Hall, millwright of Dartford, Kent. Donkin remained with the firm after completing his apprenticeship, and when the Fourdrinier brothers in 1802 introduced from France an invention for making paper in continuous lengths they turned to John Hall for help in developing the machine: Donkin was chosen to undertake the work. In 1803 the Fourdriniers established their own works in Bermondsey, with Bryan Donkin in charge. By 1808 Donkin had acquired the works, but he continued to manufacture paper-making machines, paying a royalty to the patentees. He also undertook other engineering work including water-wheels for driving paper and other mills. He was also involved in the development of printing machinery and the preservation of food in airtight containers. Some of these improvements were patented, and he also obtained patents relating to gearing, steel pens, paper-making and railway wheels. Other inventions of Bryan Donkin that were not patented concerned revolution counters and improvements in accurate screw threads for use in graduating mathematical scales. Donkin was elected a member of the Society of Arts in 1803 and was later Chairman of the Society's Committee of Mechanics and a Vice-President of the society. He was also a member of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1818 a group of eight young men founded the Institution of Civil Engineers; two of them were apprentices of Bryan Donkin and he encouraged their enterprise. After a change in the rules permitted the election of members over the age of 35, he himself became a member in 1821. He served on the Council and became a Vice- President, but he resigned from the Institution in 1848.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1838. Vice-President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1826–32, 1835–45. Member, Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers 1835; President 1843. Society of Arts Gold Medal 1810, 1819.Further ReadingS.B.Donkin, 1949–51, "Bryan Donkin, FRS, MICE 1768–1855", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 27:85–95.RTS -
104 Hadfield, Sir Robert Abbott
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 28 November 1858 Attercliffe, Sheffield, Yorkshire, Englandd. 30 September 1940 Kingston Hill, Surrey, England[br]English metallurgist and pioneer in alloy steels.[br]Hadfield's father, Robert, set up a steelworks in Sheffield in 1872, one of the earliest to specialize in steel castings. After his education in Sheffield, during which he showed an interest in chemistry, Hadfield entered his father's works. His first act was to set up a laboratory, where he began systematically experimenting with alloy steels in order to improve the quality of the products of the family firm. In 1883 Hadfield found that by increasing the manganese content to 12.5 per cent, with a carbon content of 1.4 per cent, the resulting alloy showed extraordinary resistance to abrasive wear even though it was quite soft. It was soon applied in railway points and crossings, crushing and grinding machinery, and wherever great resistance to wear is required. Its lack of brittleness led to its use in steel helmets during the First World War. Hadfield's manganese steel was also non-magnetic, which was later of importance in the electrical industry. Hadfield's other great invention was that of silicon steel. Again after careful and systematic laboratory work, Hadfield found that a steel containing 3–4 per cent silicon and as little as possible of other elements was highly magnetic, which was to prove important in the electrical industry (e.g. reducing the weight and bulk of electrical transformers). Hadfield took over the firm on the death of his father in 1888, but he continued to lay great stress on the need for laboratory research to improve the quality and range of products. The steel-casting side of the business led to a flourishing armaments industry, and this, together with their expertise in alloy steels, made Hadfield's one of the great names in Sheffield and British steel until, sadly, it succumbed along with so many other illustrious names during the British economic recession of 1983. Hadfield had a keen interest in metallurgical history, particularly in his characteristically thorough examination of the alloys of iron prepared by Faraday at the Royal Institution. Hadfield was an enlightened employer and was one of the first to introduce the eight-hour day.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1908. Baronet 1917. FRS 1909.BibliographyA list of Hadfield's published papers and other works is published with a biographical account in Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society (1940) 10.LRDBiographical history of technology > Hadfield, Sir Robert Abbott
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105 Riley, James
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1840 Halifax, Englandd. 15 July 1910 Harrogate, England[br]English steelmaker who promoted the manufacture of low-carbon bulk steel by the open-hearth process for tin plate and shipbuilding; pioneer of nickel steels.[br]After working as a millwright in Halifax, Riley found employment at the Ormesby Ironworks in Middlesbrough until, in 1869, he became manager of the Askam Ironworks in Cumberland. Three years later, in 1872, he was appointed Blast-furnace Manager at the pioneering Siemens Steel Company's works at Landore, near Swansea in South Wales. Using Spanish ore, he produced the manganese-rich iron (spiegeleisen) required as an additive to make satisfactory steel. Riley was promoted in 1874 to be General Manager at Landore, and he worked with William Siemens to develop the use of the latter's regenerative furnace for the production of open-hearth steel. He persuaded Welsh makers of tin plate to use sheets rolled from lowcarbon (mild) steel instead of from charcoal iron and, partly by publishing some test results, he was instrumental in influencing the Admiralty to build two naval vessels of mild steel, the Mercury and the Iris.In 1878 Riley moved north on his appointment as General Manager of the Steel Company of Scotland, a firm closely associated with Charles Tennant that was formed in 1872 to make steel by the Siemens process. Already by 1878, fourteen Siemens melting furnaces had been erected, and in that year 42,000 long tons of ingots were produced at the company's Hallside (Newton) Works, situated 8 km (5 miles) south-east of Glasgow. Under Riley's leadership, steelmaking in open-hearth furnaces was initiated at a second plant situated at Blochairn. Plates and sections for all aspects of shipbuilding, including boilers, formed the main products; the company also supplied the greater part of the steel for the Forth (Railway) Bridge. Riley was associated with technical modifications which improved the performance of steelmaking furnaces using Siemens's principles. He built a gasfired cupola for melting pig-iron, and constructed the first British "universal" plate mill using three-high rolls (Lauth mill).At the request of French interests, Riley investigated the properties of steels containing various proportions of nickel; the report that he read before the Iron and Steel Institute in 1889 successfully brought to the notice of potential users the greatly enhanced strength that nickel could impart and its ability to yield alloys possessing substantially lower corrodibility.The Steel Company of Scotland paid dividends in the years to 1890, but then came a lean period. In 1895, at the age of 54, Riley moved once more to another employer, becoming General Manager of the Glasgow Iron and Steel Company, which had just laid out a new steelmaking plant at Wishaw, 25 km (15 miles) south-east of Glasgow, where it already had blast furnaces. Still the technical innovator, in 1900 Riley presented an account of his experiences in introducing molten blast-furnace metal as feed for the open-hearth steel furnaces. In the early 1890s it was largely through Riley's efforts that a West of Scotland Board of Conciliation and Arbitration for the Manufactured Steel Trade came into being; he was its first Chairman and then its President.In 1899 James Riley resigned from his Scottish employment to move back to his native Yorkshire, where he became his own master by acquiring the small Richmond Ironworks situated at Stockton-on-Tees. Although Riley's 1900 account to the Iron and Steel Institute was the last of the many of which he was author, he continued to contribute to the discussion of papers written by others.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, West of Scotland Iron and Steel Institute 1893–5. Vice-President, Iron and Steel Institute, 1893–1910. Iron and Steel Institute (London) Bessemer Gold Medal 1887.Bibliography1876, "On steel for shipbuilding as supplied to the Royal Navy", Transactions of the Institute of Naval Architects 17:135–55.1884, "On recent improvements in the method of manufacture of open-hearth steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 2:43–52 plus plates 27–31.1887, "Some investigations as to the effects of different methods of treatment of mild steel in the manufacture of plates", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:121–30 (plus sheets II and III and plates XI and XII).27 February 1888, "Improvements in basichearth steel making furnaces", British patent no. 2,896.27 February 1888, "Improvements in regenerative furnaces for steel-making and analogous operations", British patent no. 2,899.1889, "Alloys of nickel and steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:45–55.Further ReadingA.Slaven, 1986, "James Riley", in Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography 1860–1960, Volume 1: The Staple Industries (ed. A.Slaven and S. Checkland), Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 136–8."Men you know", The Bailie (Glasgow) 23 January 1884, series no. 588 (a brief biography, with portrait).J.C.Carr and W.Taplin, 1962, History of the British Steel Industry, Harvard University Press (contains an excellent summary of salient events).JKA -
106 Sickels, Frederick Ellsworth
[br]b. 20 September 1819 Gloucester County, New Jersey, USAd. 8 March 1895 Kansas City, Missouri, USA[br]American inventor of a steam-inlet cut-off valve mechanism for engines and steam steering apparatus for ships.[br]Sickels was educated in New York City, where his father was a practising physician. As he showed mechanical aptitude, at the age of 16 he joined the Harlem Railroad as a rod man, and a year later became a machinist in the Allaire Works in New York, studying physics and mechanics in his spare time. He perfected his cut-off mechanism for drop valves in 1841 and patented it the following year. The liberating mechanism allowed the valve to fall quickly onto its seat and so eliminated "wire-drawing" of the steam, and Sickels arranged a dashpot to prevent the valve hitting the seat violently. Through further improvements patented in 1843 and 1845, he gained a considerable fortune, but he subsequently lost it through fighting patent infringements because his valve gear was copied extensively.In 1846 he turned his attention to using a steam engine to assist the steering in ships. He filed a patent application in 1849 and completed a machine in 1854, but he could not find any ship owner willing to try it until 1858, when it was fitted to the August. A patent was granted in 1860, but as no American ship owners showed interest Sickels went to England, where he obtained three British patents; once again, however, he found no interest. He returned to the United States in 1867 and continued his fruitless efforts until he was financially ruined. He patented improved compound engines in 1875 and also contributed improvements in sinking pneumatic piles. He turned to civil engineering and engaged in railway and bridge construction in the west. In about 1890 he was made Consulting Engineer to the National Water Works Company of New York and in 1891 became Chief Engineer of its operations at Kansas City.[br]Further ReadingDictionary of American Biography, 1935, Vol. XVII, New York: C.Scribner's Sons. C.T.Porter, 1908, Engineering Reminiscences, reprinted 1985, Bradley, Ill.: Lindsay Publications (comments on his cut-off valve gear).H.G.Conway, 1955–6, "Some notes on the origins of mechanical servo systems", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 29 (comments on his steam steering apparatus).RLHBiographical history of technology > Sickels, Frederick Ellsworth
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107 Telford, Thomas
[br]b. 9 August 1757 Glendinning, Dumfriesshire, Scotlandd. 2 September 1834 London, England.[br]Scottish civil engineer.[br]Telford was the son of a shepherd, who died when the boy was in his first year. Brought up by his mother, Janet Jackson, he attended the parish school at Westerkirk. He was apprenticed to a stonemason in Lochmaben and to another in Langholm. In 1780 he walked from Eskdale to Edinburgh and in 1872 rode to London on a horse that he was to deliver there. He worked for Sir William Chambers as a mason on Somerset House, then on the Eskdale house of Sir James Johnstone. In 1783–4 he worked on the new Commissioner's House and other buildings at Portsmouth dockyard.In late 1786 Telford was appointed County Surveyor for Shropshire and moved to Shrewsbury Castle, with work initially on the new infirmary and County Gaol. He designed the church of St Mary Magdalene, Bridgnorth, and also the church at Madley. Telford built his first bridge in 1790–2 at Montford; between 1790 and 1796 he built forty-five road bridges in Shropshire, including Buildwas Bridge. In September 1793 he was appointed general agent, engineer and architect to the Ellesmere Canal, which was to connect the Mersey and Dee rivers with the Severn at Shrewsbury; William Jessop was Principal Engineer. This work included the Pont Cysyllte aqueduct, a 1,000 ft (305 m) long cast-iron trough 127 ft (39 m) above ground level, which entailed an on-site ironworks and took ten years to complete; the aqueduct is still in use today. In 1800 Telford put forward a plan for a new London Bridge with a single cast-iron arch with a span of 600 ft (183 m) but this was not built.In 1801 Telford was appointed engineer to the British Fisheries Society "to report on Highland Communications" in Scotland where, over the following eighteen years, 920 miles (1,480 km) of new roads were built, 280 miles (450 km) of the old military roads were realigned and rebuilt, over 1,000 bridges were constructed and much harbour work done, all under Telford's direction. A further 180 miles (290 km) of new roads were also constructed in the Lowlands of Scotland. From 1804 to 1822 he was also engaged on the construction of the Caledonian Canal: 119 miles (191 km) in all, 58 miles (93 km) being sea loch, 38 miles (61 km) being Lochs Lochy, Oich and Ness, 23 miles (37 km) having to be cut.In 1808 he was invited by King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden to assist Count Baltzar von Platen in the survey and construction of a canal between the North Sea and the Baltic. Telford surveyed the 114 mile (183 km) route in six weeks; 53 miles (85 km) of new canal were to be cut. Soon after the plans for the canal were completed, the King of Sweden created him a Knight of the Order of Vasa, an honour that he would have liked to have declined. At one time some 60,000 soldiers and seamen were engaged on the work, Telford supplying supervisors, machinery—including an 8 hp steam dredger from the Donkin works and machinery for two small paddle boats—and ironwork for some of the locks. Under his direction an ironworks was set up at Motala, the foundation of an important Swedish industrial concern which is still flourishing today. The Gotha Canal was opened in September 1832.In 1811 Telford was asked to make recommendations for the improvement of the Shrewsbury to Holyhead section of the London-Holyhead road, and in 1815 he was asked to survey the whole route from London for a Parliamentary Committee. Construction of his new road took fifteen years, apart from the bridges at Conway and over the Menai Straits, both suspension bridges by Telford and opened in 1826. The Menai bridge had a span of 579 ft (176 m), the roadway being 153 ft (47 m) above the water level.In 1817 Telford was appointed Engineer to the Exchequer Loan Commission, a body set up to make capital loans for deserving projects in the hard times that followed after the peace of Waterloo. In 1820 he became the first President of the Engineers Institute, which gained its Royal Charter in 1828 to become the Institution of Civil Engineers. He was appointed Engineer to the St Katharine's Dock Company during its construction from 1825 to 1828, and was consulted on several early railway projects including the Liverpool and Manchester as well as a number of canal works in the Midlands including the new Harecastle tunnel, 3,000 ft (914 m) long.Telford led a largely itinerant life, living in hotels and lodgings, acquiring his own house for the first time in 1821, 24 Abingdon Street, Westminster, which was partly used as a school for young civil engineers. He died there in 1834, after suffering in his later years from the isolation of deafness. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRSE 1803. Knight of the Order of Vasa, Sweden 1808. FRS 1827. First President, Engineers Insitute 1820.Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1979, Thomas Telford, London: Penguin.C.Hadfield, 1993, Thomas Telford's Temptation, London: M. \& M.Baldwin.IMcN -
108 عمل
عَمَلٌ \ act: a deed; sth. done: Men judge us by our acts, not by our words. action: doing things: We want more action and less talk. activity: sth. one does; a form of work or play: Music and swimming are among our school activities. affair: a happening; event; action: The meeting was a noisy affair. appointment: the position for which sb. is chosen: I hope to get a government appointment. business: one’s work: My business is writing books. career: one’s job in life: What career shall I follow on leaving school? A business career?. deed: sth. done; an act: an evil deed. doing: (an) action: This damage was not my doing. Tell me about your doings in London. employment: work; activity: I am growing lazy for lack of employment. function: special work or duty: The function of an ear is to hear. job: regular employment: He has an office job. They lost their jobs when the factory closed, a piece of work I have several jobs to do in my garden. labour: hard work (esp. work with the hands; digging, lifting, carrying, etc.): Heavy labour is very tiring. occupation: employment; job: What is your occupation? Are you a teacher?. operation: the working of a machine or plan: The law is not yet in operation - it comes into operation next year. performance: (an act of) performing: Our team’s performance has been very good this year. There were seven performances of the play. post: a job with particular duties; an official position: He held the post of headmaster for ten years. profession: (used loosely, in a general sense) any work or job. thing: an action: You did the wrong thing. undertaking: a job that has been undertaken: a dangerous undertaking. work: doing or making sth.; sth. that needs doing; the opposite of rest and play: school work; office work; work in the home; a brain always at work (always busy), employment; a paid job He has left school and started work. I’m out of work (unemployed). Jane is at work (at her place of work), sth. sb. has made or done Writers have to sell their work. This crime was the work of a madman.. A work of art: the works of Shakespeare (his plays and poems; to be busy (for some good purpose) \ See Also نشاط (نَشاطٌ)، وظيفة (وَظيفَة) \ أَعمال \ works. \ See Also عمل (عَمَل) \ أَعْمال الخَشَب (في مَبْنى) \ woodwork: the wooden parts of a structure; the art of making things with wood. \ أَعْمال منزليّة \ housework: work done in taking care of a house, esp. cleaning. \ عَمَلٌ أَحْمَق \ folly: foolishness; an example of this; youthful follies. \ عَمَلٌ بارِع \ trick: a skilful act that is done for amusement: Animals can be taught to perform tricks. \ عَمَلٌ تافِه \ trash: worthless writing, painting, etc.. \ عَمَلٌ تِجاريّ \ business: to trade in general: Social disorder is bad for business. Business is quiet today. \ عَمَلٌ تَخريبيّ \ sabotage: serious damage that is done secretly by an enemy, so as to make sth. useless (esp. a machine, a factory, a ship, a railway, etc.). \ عَمَلٌ رَتيب \ chore: a piece of uninteresting or disliked work: It’s such a chore to do the shopping every day. \ عَمَلٌ رتيب مُتكرِّر \ routine: a usual and regular way of doing things: Her morning routine is to wash, dress, feed the cats, sweep the floor and prepare breakfast. \ عَمَلٌ سَهْل \ child’s play: sth. that is very easy to do: Climbing hills is child’s play for a mountaineer. \ عَمَلٌ شاقّ \ task: a piece of work (usu. hard work) that has to be done: I was given the task of preparing the sports field for the races. toil: old use hard work. \ عَمَلٌ طائش \ escapade: a wild or slightly dangerous act, usu. against the rules. \ عَمَلُ القِسّيس \ ministry: the work of a Christian priest. \ عَمَلٌ مُتّصِل \ application: continual hard work: You need application to learn a foreign language. \ عَمَلٌ مُثير لا فائدة مِنْه \ stunt: a clever, sometimes dangerous, but useless act, esp. one which aims to draw public attention. \ عَمَلٌ مَجيد \ exploit: a bold and exciting deed: The lion-hunter described his exploits. \ عَمَلٌ مُخْزٍ \ outrage: a shameful or violent act that shocks public opinion. \ عَمَلٌ مزيَّف \ fake: (often attrib.) sth. that is not what it pretends or seems to be: This ring isn’t real gold, it’s a fake. \ عَمَلٌ وَحْشيّ \ atrocity: a very cruel action. \ عَمَلٌ وِدِّيّ \ a good turn: a helpful action: You did me a good turn. \ عَمَلٌ يَدَويّ \ handiwork: sth. done or made by a certain person: These pictures are all my own handiwork. -
109 балластировка пути
1) General subject: road metalling2) Railway term: bedding of line, packing a line3) Road works: road-metalling4) Forestry: bedding track, packing the lineУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > балластировка пути
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110 балластный слой
1) General subject: bed2) Geology: bottoming3) Engineering: ballast, ballast layer, bed of ballast, body of ballast4) Railway term: ballast bed, ballast covering, ballast depth, layer of ballast, tie-bed, track bed5) Road works: road bed -
111 бетоноотделочная машина
1) Engineering: concrete finisher, concrete surface finisher, pavement-finishing machine2) Construction: finishing machine, screeding machine (для бетонных полов), strikeoff machine3) Railway term: concrete finishing machine, finisher4) Road works: road finisher, road finishing machineУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > бетоноотделочная машина
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112 большой подъём
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113 бригадир
1) General subject: brigadier general, foreman, gang leader (рабочих и т. п.), tasker, taskmaster, team, tindal, overman, forewoman (о женщине)2) Geology: gang boss4) Military: brigadier, brigadier (в армии Великобритании)5) Engineering: gaffer, gang foreman, ganger, headman, job foreman, leading hand, team leader, team manager, teamster6) Professional term: brigade-leader7) Rare: workmaster8) Construction: big bull, big savage, ganger (рабочей бригады), main squeeze, onsite foreman, walking boss10) Law: brigade leader11) Economy: group leader12) Australian slang: brigadier (в армии Австралии чин перед генерал-майором)13) Mining: charge hand, chargehand, chargeman, gangsman, lead man, leading miner, over-man14) Forestry: bullbuck, crew foreman, gang man, leadhand, top man15) Jargon: straw boss, super16) Information technology: supervisor17) Oil: crew chief (бригады по ремонту скважин)18) Business: works foreman19) SAP. team head20) Production: team-leader21) Makarov: bullbuck (лесосечной бригады) -
114 веха
1) General subject: benchmark, buoy, directing mark, dool (столб или камень), ground light, guidepost, landmark, mark, marker, milestone, perch, pole, post, spar buoy, survey stake (мерная), waymark, element (истории)2) Geology: peg, surveyor's stake3) Naval: pillar beacon, pole beacon, spar4) Engineering: boundary mark, hub, range pole, staff, stake, survey stake, surveyor's pole, surveyors stake, milestone event5) Construction: range polarized, surveyor's polarized6) Railway term: levelling pole7) Accounting: milestone (важное событие в системе ПЕРТ)8) Geodesy: range rod, ranging rod, rod, surveying rod9) Mining: marker post, survey stake10) Road works: guide-post, way-mark11) Forestry: lining peg, surveying pole12) Astronautics: milepost13) Cartography: auxiliary point, bearing picket, field rod, pin, skewer, staking pin, survey peg, surveying peg14) Ecology: beacon15) Advertising: signpost16) Drilling: land mark17) Robots: milestone (на трассе мобильного робота)18) Makarov: buoy (плавучая) -
115 внешний
1) General subject: ambient, cosmetic, cosmetical, (в сложных словах имеет значение) ecto (с греч. корнями), environmental, (в сложных словах-терминах имеет значение) exo (с греч. корнями), exterior, external, extraneous, extrinsic, female (о поверхности), foreign, formal, lip deep, lip-deep, out, out of door, outdoor, outside, outward, over, superficial, surface, the outer world, outer, oversea3) Medicine: allochthonic, allochthonous4) Engineering: ext, foreign (напр. о торговле), outboard (напр. мотор), outdoor (на открытом воздухе), outer (напр. слой), overall (о размере), walk-around5) Bookish: extrinsical8) Railway term: superposed9) Law: ex situ10) Economy: exogenous (о факторах, определяющих динамику макроэкономических величин), external (о торговле), outer (напр. о факторе), overseas11) Road works: surface (поверхностный)13) Jargon: slick14) Information technology: front-end, peripheral, room-temperature (по отношению к криостату)16) Astronautics: off-base17) Ecology: choronomic (о воздействии географических или региональный условий), circumambient, off-site18) Business: independent19) Drilling: female20) Programming: allied21) Cables: outer (слой, поверхность)22) General subject: off-board (не расположенный в кабине)23) Makarov: applied, exposed, exterior (о виде), external (о виде), external (о давлении), female (о ПВ), impressed, outer (о слое, о поверхности), outlying, outside (о силе), perimeter24) Logistics: outage -
116 водопровод
1) General subject: aqueduct, plumbery, plumbing, water pipe2) Naval: water piping, water-conduit, watercourse3) Latin: aqueductus (NA)4) Engineering: water duct, water main, water pipeline, water supply (система), water supply system (система)5) Construction: water course, water installation, water supply system, water-supply, pipe network, lead6) Anatomy: iter7) Railway term: water delivery, water system8) Mining: water line (шахтный)9) Oil: water line, water supply line, water-supply line10) Ecology: water conduit11) Oilfield: water pipe water line12) Polymers: running water13) Plastics: conduit14) Makarov: public water supply, running water (домовый), water conduit (устройство для подачи воды), water pipe-line (устройство для подачи воды), water service, water supply (водоснабжение), water works15) General subject: plombing, water conduct -
117 водопропускная труба
1) General subject: culvert2) Engineering: culvert aqueduct (под насыпью)3) Railway term: pipe-culvert (под насыпью)4) Road works: conduit pipe, pipe culvert, sag pipe5) Sakhalin energy glossary: flume pipe (для защиты водотоков при строительстве переходов через реки)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > водопропускная труба
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118 выдаваться вперёд
1) General subject: protuberate, push out2) Zoology: porrect (о части тела)3) Railway term: bulge4) Road works: edge5) Astronautics: project -
119 дренажный колодец
1) General subject: dumb well2) Engineering: drain pit, drain sump, drain well, drainage pit, drainage shaft, drainage sump3) Construction: bleeder well, drain shaft, dry well, gravity well, gulley, gutter inlet, oozing well, recharge well, relief well, soakaway4) Railway term: blind catch basin5) Road works: gully6) Ecology: drainage well8) Makarov: culet well, dead well, entrance well9) Gold mining: drain tank -
120 дышло
3) Obsolete: limber5) Engineering: connecting rod, draught bar, drawbar assembly, towing handle6) Agriculture: draft tongue, hitch tongue, lift link, thill7) Railway term: driving rod, swinging shaft8) Automobile industry: draft pole (напр. прицепа), draw tongue, pull tongue, towbar, towbar (прицепа), towing beam, trail (лафета), trail extension (напр. лафета)9) Road works: tow bar10) Forestry: carriage beam, gooseneck (между автомобилем и прицепом, между двумя лесовозными тележками и т.п.), reach pole, tongue (повозки)11) Set phrase: wagon-tongue (напр. http://www.jstor.org/pss/2495122)13) Makarov: draft link, drawbar, graft bar
См. также в других словарях:
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