with+dynamite

SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Mining and extraction technology, Weapons and armour

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The son of a barber-surgeon who deserted his family to serve in the Swedish army, Nobel showed little interest in academic pursuits as a child and was sent to sea at the age of 16, but jumped ship in Egypt and was eventually employed as an architect by the pasha. Returning to Sweden, he won a scholarship to the Stockholm School of Architecture, where he studied from 1821 to 1825 and was awarded a number of prizes. His interest then leaned towards mechanical matters and he transferred to the Stockholm School of Engineering. Designs for linen-finishing machines won him a prize there, and he also patented a means of transforming rotary into reciprocating movement. He then entered the real-estate business and was successful until a fire in 1833 destroyed his house and everything he owned. By this time he had married and had two sons, with a third, Alfred (of Nobel Prize fame; see Alfred Nobel), on the way. Moving to more modest quarters on the outskirts of Stockholm, Immanuel resumed his inventions, concentrating largely on India rubber, which he applied to surgical instruments and military equipment, including a rubber knapsack.

It was talk of plans to construct a canal at Suez that first excited his interest in explosives. He saw them as a means of making mining more efficient and began to experiment in his backyard. However, this made him unpopular with his neighbours, and the city authorities ordered him to cease his investigations. By this time he was deeply in debt and in 1837 moved to Finland, leaving his family in Stockholm. He hoped to interest the Russians in land and sea mines and, after some four years, succeeded in obtaining financial backing from the Ministry of War, enabling him to set up a foundry and arms factory in St Petersburg and to bring his family over. By 1850 he was clear of debt in Sweden and had begun to acquire a high reputation as an inventor and industrialist. His invention of the horned contact mine was to be the basic pattern of the sea mine for almost the next 100 years, but he also created and manufactured a central-heating system based on hot-water pipes. His three sons, Ludwig, Robert and Alfred, had now joined him in his business, but even so the outbreak of war with Britain and France in the Crimea placed severe pressures on him. The Russians looked to him to convert their navy from sail to steam, even though he had no experience in naval propulsion, but the aftermath of the Crimean War brought financial ruin once more to Immanuel. Amongst the reforms brought in by Tsar Alexander II was a reliance on imports to equip the armed forces, so all domestic arms contracts were abruptly cancelled, including those being undertaken by Nobel. Unable to raise money from the banks, Immanuel was forced to declare himself bankrupt and leave Russia for his native Sweden. Nobel then reverted to his study of explosives, particularly of how to adapt the then highly unstable nitroglycerine, which had first been developed by Ascanio Sobrero in 1847, for blasting and mining. Nobel believed that this could be done by mixing it with gunpowder, but could not establish the right proportions. His son Alfred pursued the matter semi-independently and eventually evolved the principle of the primary charge (and through it created the blasting cap), having taken out a patent for a nitroglycerine product in his own name; the eventual result of this was called dynamite. Father and son eventually fell out over Alfred's independent line, but worse was to follow. In September 1864 Immanuel's youngest son, Oscar, then studying chemistry at Uppsala University, was killed in an explosion in Alfred's laboratory: Immanuel suffered a stroke, but this only temporarily incapacitated him, and he continued to put forward new ideas. These included making timber a more flexible material through gluing crossed veneers under pressure and bending waste timber under steam, a concept which eventually came to fruition in the form of plywood.

In 1868 Immanuel and Alfred were jointly awarded the prestigious Letterstedt Prize for their work on explosives, but Alfred never for-gave his father for retaining the medal without offering it to him.

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SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology

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Having tried in vain to make his living as a currier in Truro, Cornwall, he set up as a leather merchant in Tuckingmill and became aware of the high casualty rates suffered by local tin-miners in shot-firing accidents. He therefore started attempts to discover a safe means of igniting charges, and came up with a form of safety fuse that made the operation of blasting much less hazardous. It was patented in 1831 and consisted of a cable of jute and string containing a thin core of powder; it provided a dependable means for conveying the flame to the charge so that the danger of hang fires was almost eliminated. Its accurate and consistent timing allowed the firing of several holes at a time without the fusing of the last being destroyed by the blast from the first. By 1840, a gutta-percha fuse had been developed which could be used in wet conditions and was an improvement until the use of dynamite for shot-firing.

Accounts of the invention, after it had been described in the Report from the Select Committee on Accidents in Mines (1835, London) were widespread in various foreign mining journals, and in the 1840s factories were set up in different mining areas on the European continent, in America and in Australia. Bickford himself founded a firm at Tuckingmill in the year that he came up with his invention which was later controlled by his descendants until it finally merged with Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) after the First World War.

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building.

edificio inteligente intelligent building

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► nombre masculino

1 building

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1) (Arquit) building, edifice frm

2) [moral] edification

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masculino building

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= building, edifice.

Ex. Some libraries find that it is difficult to convey all the necessary information in a simple manner, merely because the collection is large, or housed in various separate buildings and wings, and the shelving sequence is complex.

Ex. This paper highlights problems with a virtual approach, emphasising the need for libraries to both an edifice and an interface.

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* ala de edificio = wing.

* almacenar en un edificio anexo = outhouse.

* biblioteca como edificio = library building.

* caparazón del edificio = building shell.

* construcción de edificios = building construction.

* construir un edificio = construct + building.

* con varios edificios = multi-site [multisite].

* desprendimientos de edificios = falling debris.

* diseño de edificios = building design.

* edificio alto = high-rise building.

* edificio anexo = outbuilding.

* edificio central = main site.

* edificio civil = civic building.

* edificio comercial = commercial building.

* edificio construido según un plan cúbico = deep building.

* edificio de apartamentos = apartment building, apartment complex.

* edificio de oficinas = office building, office block.

* edificio de pisos = condominium building.

* edificio de valor histórico = heritage-listed building.

* edificio en forma de cubo = cubic building.

* edificio histórico = historic building, historical building.

* edificio lineal = linear building.

* edificio municipal = municipal building.

* edificio protegido = listed building, heritage building, heritage-listed building.

* edificio público = municipal building, public building.

* edificios = bricks and mortar.

* enseñar un edificio a Alguien = show + Nombre + round.

* en todo el edificio = site-wide.

* estructura del edificio = building shell.

* evacuar un edificio = clear + building.

* horizonte dibujado por los edificios = skyline.

* horizonte dibujado por un edificio = roofline.

* método de evaluación de un edificio en uso = post-occupancy evaluation method.

* temperatura ambiental del edificio = room temperature.

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masculino building

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building

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edificio nm

building;

un edificio de oficinas an office building

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m building

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edificio nm

: building, edifice

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edificio n building

SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Mining and extraction technology

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Having been employed in railway construction in Sardinia, Sommeiller was working as an engineer at the University of Turin when, in 1857, he was commissioned to take charge of the French part in the construction of the 13 km (8 mile) tunnel under Mont Cénis between Modane, France, and Bardonècchia, Italy. This was to be the first long-distance tunnel through rock in the Alps driven from two headings with no intervening shafts; it is a landmark in the history of technology thanks to the use of a number of pioneering techniques in its construction.

As steam power was unsuitable because of the difficulties in transmitting power over long distances, Sommeiller developed ideas for the use of compressed-air machinery, first mooted by Daniel Colladon of Geneva in 1855; this also solved the problems of ventilation. He also decided to adapt the principle of his compressed-air ram to supply extra power to locomotives on steep gradients. In 1860 he took out a patent in France for a combined compressor-pump, and in 1861 his first percussion drill, mounted on a carriage, was introduced. Although it was of little use at first, Sommeiller improved his drill through trial and error, including the use of the diamond drill-crowns patented by Georges Auguste Leschot in 1862. The invention of dynamite by Alfred Nobel contributed decisively to the speedy completion of the tunnel by the end of 1870, several years ahead of schedule.

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1) General subject: (преднамеренно) assassinate, blast, blow up, break, cave, cut up (силы, здоровье), depolarize, disease, disrupt (the flood disrupted communication with the town - из-за наводнения связь с городом была нарушена), disturb (доверие), erode, explode, impoverish (здоровье), mine (репутацию и т. п.), overturn, sap (тж. перен.), spring, tear down (репутацию и т.п.), tear up, tunnel, undermine, unfix, wreck, do damage, bring low (здоровье, положение), sabotage

2) Aviation: pull up (вертолёт)

3) Naval: ease off (клапан)

4) Colloquial: upset

5) Literal: cut the ground from under

6) Military: blow (up), carry execute demolitions, carry out demolitions, demolish, dent, set off

7) Engineering: blast (взрывать), destruct (взрывать), dig under (копать), dynamite, explode (взрывать)

8) Agriculture: dig down

9) Rare: infirm (особ. закон, авторитет), subverse

10) Construction: undercut, snub

11) Finances: hurt (взято из отчета RBS по Европ. Рынку ЦБ hurt financial condition - подрывать финансовое положение)

12) Mining: lift (подошву), undermine (копать)

13) Diplomatic term: penalize, shatter (влияние, движение и т.п.), subvert (что-л.)

14) Physics: dipolarize

15) Astronautics: detonate

16) Drilling: raise (породу)

17) Makarov: dilute, fuse, fuze, kill, torpedo, undermine (авторитет и т.п.), undermine (взрывом), wreck (здоровье, карьеру и т.п.), cause damage, dig under, do damage, dig down (копать), cut up (силы здоровье)

to be involved in an undertaking that could have dangerous consequences

X играет в опасную игру « X is playing with fire (dynamite).

no matter how much noise you make (you will not wake s.o. up): (you couldn't wake s.o. up) with a shotgun (a shotgun blast, dynamite).

• ИГРАТЬ В ОПАСНУЮ ИГРУ

[VP; subj: human; the verb may take the final position, otherwise fixed WO]

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⇒ to be involved in an undertaking that could have dangerous consequences:

- X играет в опасную игру≈ X is playing with fire (dynamite).

• ХОТЬ В ТРУБУ (в ТРУБЫ) ТРУБИ coll

[ хоть + VPimper; usu. subord clause; these forms only ; fixed WO]

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⇒ no matter how much noise you make (you will not wake s.o. up):

- (you couldn't wake s.o. up) with a shotgun (a shotgun blast, dynamite).

• ХОТЬ В ТРУБУ (в ТРУБЫ) ТРУБИ coll

[ хоть + VPimper; usu. subord clause; these forms only ; fixed WO]

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⇒ no matter how much noise you make (you will not wake s.o. up):

- (you couldn't wake s.o. up) with a shotgun (a shotgun blast, dynamite).

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1. (= kij do podpierania) walking stick; (ciężka, spacerowa) cane; ( długa) staff; laska pasterza shepherd's crook; laska marszałkowska parl. speaker's staff; złożyć projekt do laski marszałkowskiej parl. present a bill to the speaker; chodzić o lasce walk with (the help of) a cane.

2. (= pałeczka czegoś) stick; laska dynamitu stick of dynamite; laska cynamonu cinnamon stick.

3. bud. mullion.

4. pot. ( o dziewczynie) chick, babe.

5. wulg. (= członek męski) rod, dick; zrobić komuś laskę wulg. give sb head l. a blow job, suck sb off.

1 explosive.

2 occlusive, plosive.

explosive, dynamite.

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► adjetivo

1 explosive

2 LINGÚÍSTICA plosive

► nombre masculino explosivo

1 explosive

► nombre masculino

1 explosive

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ADJ explosive

SM explosive

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- va adjetivo

a) <artefacto/situación/tema> explosive

b) (Ling) plosive

masculino explosive

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- va adjetivo

a) <artefacto/situación/tema> explosive

b) (Ling) plosive

masculino explosive

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explosivo¹

¹ = explosive.

Nota: Nombre.

explosivo²

² = explosive.

Nota: Adjetivo.

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1 ‹artefacto/sustancia› explosive

materiales explosivos explosives

2 ‹situación› explosive; ‹tema› explosive, dangerous

3 ( Ling) plosive

explosive

un explosivo de gran potencia a powerful explosive

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◊ -va adjetivo

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♦ adj

1. [sustancia, artefacto, paquete] explosive;

material explosivo explosive

2. Gram plosive

3. [tema, discurso, situación] explosive;

hizo unas explosivas declaraciones a la prensa she made some explosive statements to the press;

una rubia explosiva a blond bombshell

♦ nm

explosive

explosivo plástico plastic explosive;

explosivo de gran potencia high explosive

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m/adj explosive

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explosivo, -va adj

: explosive

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explosivo n explosive

exploser [εksploze]

➭ TABLE 1 intransitive verb

   a. [bombe, chaudière] to explode

• j'ai cru que ma tête allait exploser I thought my head was going to explode

• exploser en vol (figurative) to come to an abrupt end

• faire exploser [+ bombe] to explode ; [+ bâtiment] to blow up ; [+ monopole, système] to break up

• exploser (de colère) to explode (with anger)

• laisser exploser sa colère to give vent to one's anger

   b. [chômage, demande, production, prix] to rocket ; [marché] to boom

   c. ( = abîmer) (inf) to smash up

• je vais lui exploser la tête ! I'm going to smash his face in! (inf!)

• il s'est exploser le genou he did his knee in (inf)

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verbe intransitif

1) lit [bombe, mine, appareil] to explode; [véhicule, immeuble] to blow up

2) fig [joie] to burst forth

3) ( augmenter) [prix] to soar, to rocket (colloq); [ventes] to boom, to rocket (colloq)

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1) [bombe] to explode, to go off, [engin explosif] to go off, [bâtiment, véhicule] to blow up

2) [joie, colère] to burst out, to explode, [personne] (de colère) to explode, to flare up

3) [ventes, chiffres] to rocket, to explode

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exploser verb table: aimer vi

1 lit [bombe, mine, appareil] to explode; [véhicule, immeuble] to blow up; faire exploser [personne, dispositif] to blow up [avion, voiture]; to explode [bombe, mine]; [gaz, court-circuit] to cause [sth] to blow up [immeuble];

2 fig [colère, jalousie] to explode; [joie] to burst forth; [acclamations] to ring out; laisser exploser sa colère to give vent to one's anger; elle laissa exploser sa joie she could no longer contain her joy; faire exploser qn○ to make sb blow up○; le pays va exploser the country is going to explode;

3 ( augmenter) [prix] to soar, to rocket○; [ventes] to boom, to rocket○; [marché] to boom; [demande] to soar.

[ɛksploze] verbe intransitif

1. [détoner - grenade, mine, maison] to explode, to blow up ; [ - dynamite, gaz] to explode

2. [augmenter - population] to explode ; [ - prix] to shoot up, to soar

3. [se révéler soudain - mécontentement, joie] to explode ; [ - rage] to explode, to burst out ; [ - rires] to burst out ; [ - artiste] to burst onto the scene

4. (familier) [s'emporter] to flare up, to lose one's temper ou cool

- ładunek zboża/węgla/drewna a load of corn/coal/timber

- ładunek na ciężarówce a truckload

- ładunek w pociągu a trainload a. carload US

- statek może zabierać sześć tysięcy ton ładunku the ship can carry six thousand tons of cargo

- ładunek dynamitu a dynamite fuse

- w metrze eksplodował ładunek a bomb went off in the underground, there was an explosion in the underground

- ładunek myśli mental strain

- ładunek emocji a. uczuć an emotional charge, a build-up of emotion(s)

- film/przemówienie o dużym ładunku emocjonalnym a film with a strong emotional charge/an emotionally charged speech

- ładunek dodatni/ujemny a positive/negative charge

- □ ostry ładunek pot. live cartridge a. round

- ślepy ładunek pot. blank (cartridge)