victa+est+causa+la

rēs, rei (rēi with e long; gen., Lucr. 2, 112; 548; 6, 918; dat., id. 1, 688; 2, 236; rei, gen., monosyl. at the end of the verse, Lucr. 3, 918;

and in the middle of the verse,

id. 4, 885, and Poët. ap. Lact. 6, 6), f. [ etym. dub.; perh. root ra- of reor, ratus; cf. Germ. Ding; Engl. thing, from denken, to think; prop., that which is thought of; cf. also logos, Lid. and Scott, 9], a thing, object, being; a matter, affair, event, fact, circumstance, occurrence, deed, condition, case, etc.; and sometimes merely = something (cf.: causa, ratio, negotium).

In gen.:

unde initum primum capiat res quaeque movendi,

Lucr. 1, 383; cf. id. 1, 536:

in partes res quaeque minutas Distrahitur,

id. 2, 826: summe Sol, qui omnes res inspicis, Enn. ap. Prob. Verg. E. 6, 31 (Trag. v. 321 Vahl.):

versus, quos ego de Rerum Naturā pangere conor,

Lucr. 1, 25; cf. id. 1, 126; 5, 54:

rerum natura creatrix,

id. 2, 1117:

divinarum humanarumque rerum, tum initiorum causarumque cujusque rei cognitio,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7 (v. divinus):

haeret haec res,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 182:

profecto, ut loquor, ita res est,

id. ib. 2, 1, 19:

haud mentior, resque uti facta dico,

id. ib. 2, 1, 23:

de Alcumenā ut rem teneatis rectius,

id. ib. prol. 110:

in tantis rebus (sc. in re publicā defendendā),

Cic. Rep. 1, 3, 4 et saep.:

quo Averna vocantur nomine, id ab re Impositum est, quia sunt avibus contraria cunctis,

from the nature of the thing, Lucr. 6, 740; cf. id. 6, 424; Liv. 1, 17:

si res postulabit,

the condition of the case, Cic. Lael. 13, 44: scaena rei totius haec, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 11, 3:

fugam in se nemo convertitur Nec recedit loco, quin statim rem gerat,

does his duty, stands his ground, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 84; so, res gerere, v. gero; hence, too, rerum scriptor, for a historian, v. scriptor, and cf. II. H. infra.—

With adj. of quality, to express condition, etc.:

illic homo a me sibi malam rem arcessit,

is bringing a bad business on himself, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 171; so,

res mala,

a wretched condition, Sall. C. 20, 13; and more freq. in plur.:

bonis tuis rebus meas res irrides malas,

circumstances, condition, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 45; id. Rud. 3, 3, 12:

res secundae,

good fortune, Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 30; cf. Liv. 3, 9:

res prosperae,

Nep. Dion, 6, 1; id. Eum. 5, 1:

in secundissimis rebus,

Cic. Off. 1, 26, 91:

adversae res,

id. ib. 1, 26, 90; Hor. S. 2, 2, 136; 2, 8, 73:

res belli adversae,

Liv. 10, 6:

res dubiae,

Sall. C. 10, 2; 39, 3; Liv. 2, 50; 7, 30;

v. bonus, florens, salvus, adversus, dubius, novus, arduus, etc.— Freq. in curses, etc.: in malam rem,

go to the bad, Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 37; id. And. 2, 1, 17:

malam rem hinc ibis?

id. Eun. 3, 3, 30.—

With an adj. in a periphrasis:

abhorrens ab re uxoriā,

matrimony, Ter. And. 5, 1, 10:

in arbitrio rei uxoriae,

dowry, Cic. Off. 1, 15, 61:

rem divinam nisi compitalibus... ne faciat,

a religious act, act of worship, a sacrifice, Cato, R. R. 5, 4:

bellicam rem administrari majores nostri nisi auspicato noluerunt,

Cic. Div. 2, 36, 76; Hor. C. 4, 3, 6:

erat ei pecuaria res ampla et rustica,

Cic. Quint. 3, 12: res rustica, agriculture:

rei rusticae libro primo,

Col. 11, 1, 2; id. 1, praef. §

19: liber, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi,

Cic. Sen. 15, 54:

navalis rei certamina,

naval battles, Amm. 26, 3, 5:

res militaris,

Cic. Rab. Post. 1, 2:

rei militaris gloria,

id. Mur. 9, 22; Nep. Milt. 8, 4:

res frumentaria,

forage, Caes. B. C. 3, 16; id. B. G. 1, 23; 4, 7:

armatae rei scientissimus,

Amm. 25, 4, 7:

peritus aquariae rei,

id. 28, 2, 2:

res judicaria,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 12, § 31:

res ludicra,

play, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 180:

uti rebus veneriis,

Cic. Sen. 14, 47; Nep. Alc. 11, 4:

res Veneris,

Lucr. 2, 173; Ov. R. Am. 431; v. also familiaris, judiciaria, militaris, navalis, etc., and cf. II. G. infra. —

With pronouns or adjectives, as an emphatic periphrase for the neutr.:

ibi me inclamat Alcumena: jam ea res me horrore afficit,

this now, Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 16; cf.: De. Estne hoc, ut dico? Li. Rectam instas viam:

Ea res est,

it is even so, id. As. 1, 1, 40:

de fratre confido ita esse ut semper volui. Multa signa sunt ejus rei,

of it, Cic. Att. 1, 10, 5: quos (melittônas) alii melittotropheia appellant, eandem rem quidam mellaria. Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 12:

sunt ex te quae scitari volo, Quarum rerum, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 13; cf. Caes. B. G. 3, 4:

quibus de rebus quoniam nobis contigit ut aliquid essemus consecuti,

Cic. Rep. 1, 8, 13:

quā super re interfectum esse Hippotem dixisti? Pac. ap. Fest. s. v. superescit, p. 244: resciscet Amphitruo rem omnem,

every thing, all, Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 30:

nulla res tam delirantes homines concinat cito,

nothing, id. Am. 2, 2, 96; cf.:

neque est ulla res, in quā, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12; 1, 5, 9; cf.

also: sumptu ne parcas ullā in re, quod ad valetudinem opus sit,

id. Fam. 16, 4, 2:

magna res principio statim bello,

a great thing, a great advantage, Liv. 31, 23 fin.:

nil admirari prope res est una Solaque, quae, etc.,

the only thing, only means, Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 1 et saep. — Emphatically with sup.:

scilicet rerum facta est pulcherrima Roma,

the most beautiful thing in the world, Verg. G. 2, 534; Quint. 1, 12, 16 Spald. p. 81. —

Of persons, etc.: est genus hominum, qui esse primos se omnium rerum volunt,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17:

maxime rerum,

Ov. H. 9, 107; cf.:

maxima rerum Roma,

Verg. A. 7, 602; Ov. M. 13, 508:

fortissima rerum animalia,

id. ib. 12, 502:

pulcherrime rerum,

id. H. 4, 125; id. A. A. 1, 213; id. M. 8, 49:

dulcissime rerum,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 4.—

In adverb. phrases:

e re natā melius fieri haud potuit,

after what has happened, Ter. Ad. 3, 1, 8:

pro re natā,

according to circumstances, Cic. Att. 7, 8, 2; 14, 6, 1:

pro tempore et pro re,

Caes. B. G. 5, 8:

factis benignus pro re,

according to circumstances, Liv. 7, 33, 3; Sall. J. 50, 2:

pro re pauca loquar,

Verg. A. 4, 337; Lucr. 6, 1280:

ex re et ex tempore,

Cic. Fam. 12, 19, 3:

e re respondi,

Cat. 10, 8.

In partic.

Pregn., an actual thing, the thing itself, reality, truth, fact; opposed to appearance, mere talk, the mere name of a thing:

ecastor, re experior, quanti facias uxorem tuam,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 10:

desiste dictis nunc jam miseram me consolari: Nisi quid re praesidium apparas, etc.,

id. Rud. 3, 3, 21: rem ipsam loqui. Ter. And. 1, 2, 31:

rem fabulari,

Plaut. Trin 2, 4, 87:

nihil est aliud in re,

in fact, Liv. 10, 8, 11 Weissenb. ad loc.:

se ipsa res aperit,

Nep. Paus. 3, 7:

ex re decerpere fructus,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 79;

opp. verbum, vox, opinio, spes, nomen, etc.: rem opinor spectari oportere, non verba,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32; cf.: te rogo, ut rem potiorem oratione ducas, Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 5:

non modo res omnes, sed etiam rumores cognoscamus,

Cic. Att. 5, 5, 1:

qui hos deos non re, sed opinione esse dicunt,

id. N. D. 3, 21, 53:

Peripateticos et Academicos nominibus differentes, re congruentes,

id. Ac. 2, 5, 15:

quod nos honestum, illi vanum... verbis quam re probabilius vocant,

Quint. 3, 8, 22; Sen. Ep. 120, 9:

eum, tametsi verbo non audeat, tamen re ipsā de maleficio suo confiteri,

id. Rosc. Am. 42, 123; cf. Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 15:

vides quantum distet argumentatio tua ab re ipsā atque a veritate,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 44. — Hence, abl. sing., often strengthened by verā (sometimes as one word, reverā), in fact, really, in truth, indeed, in reality:

haec ille, si verbis non audet, re quidem verā palam loquitur,

Cic. Quint. 17, 56; so,

re quidem verā,

id. Clu. 19, 54; id. Sest. 7, 15:

re autem verā,

id. Fam. 1, 4, 2;

and simply re verā,

id. Quint. 2, 7; id. Div. 2, 54, 110; id. Balb. 3, 7:

re verāque,

Lucr. 2, 48; cf.:

et re verā,

indeed, in fact, Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 1; Liv. 33, 11, 3; 35, 31, 12; 36, 6, 1; Nep. Ages. 2, 3; id. Phoc. 3, 3; Curt. 3, 13, 5; 4, 16, 19; Val. Max. 9, 13, ext. 1; Just. 5, 1, 8; 12, 13, 10; Plin. Ep. 6, 33, 1.—

Effects, substance, property, possessions:

mihi Chrysalus Perdidit filium, me atque rem omnem Meam,

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 1, 26; cf.: Ph. Habuitne rem? Ly. Habuit. Ph. Qui eam perdidit... Mercaturamne an venales habuit, ubi rem perdidit? id. Trin. 2, 2, 49 sq.:

quibus et re salvā et perditā profueram,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 27:

rem talentum decem,

id. Phorm. 2, 3, 46; Juv. 3, 16:

avidior ad rem,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 51:

rem facere,

to make money, Cic. Att. 2, 2, 12:

res eos jampridem, fides deficere nuper coepit,

id. Cat. 2, 5, [p. 1576] 10:

qui duo patrimonia accepisset remque praeterea bonis et honestis rationibus auxisset,

id. Rab. Post. 14, 38:

libertino natum patre et in tenui re,

in narrow circumstances, Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 20 et saep.; v. also familiaris.— In plur.: quantis opibus, quibus de rebus, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 396 Vahl.):

privatae res,

Cic. Att. 9, 7, 5.—

Hence, law t. t., whatever may be the subject of a right, whether corporeal or incorporeal (v. Sandars, Introd. to Just. Inst. p. 42 sqq.):

res corporales,

Just. Inst. 2, 2, 1 sq.; Gai. Inst. 2, 12; Dig. 1, 8, 1:

res in patrimonio, res extra patrimonium,

Just. Inst. 2, 1 pr.; Gai. Inst. 2, 1:

res sanctae,

Just. Inst. 2, 1, 10; v. also mancipium, privatus, etc.—

Benefit, profit, advantage, interest, weal:

res magis quaeritur, quam, etc.,

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 6:

melius illi consulas quam rei tuae,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 98:

haec tuā re feceris,

to your advantage, id. Capt. 2, 2, 46.— Most freq. with the prepositions in, ex, ob, ab, etc.:

quasi istic minor mea res agatur quam tua,

is interested, affected, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 113 (v. ago):

si in rem tuam esse videatur,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 2:

vide si hoc in rem deputas,

id. ib. 3, 3, 19:

quod in rem recte conducat tuam,

id. Capt. 2, 3, 26:

si in remst utrique,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 14:

quid mihi melius est, quid magis in rem est, quam? etc.,

useful, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 1:

tamen in rem fore credens universos adpellare,

Sall. C. 20, 1:

omnia quae in rem videbantur esse,

Curt. 6, 2, 21:

ad conparanda ea quae in rem erant,

Liv. 30, 4, 6:

imperat quae in rem sunt,

id. 26, 44, 7; 22, 3, 2:

ex tuā re non est, ut ego emoriar,

for your advantage, Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 102: An. Non pudet Vanitatis? Do. Minime, dum ob rem, to the purpose, with advantage, Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 41: ob rem facere, usefully, with advantage or profit, Sall. J. 31, 5: subdole blanditur, ab re Consulit blandiloquentulus, contrary to his interest, i. e. to his injury, Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12 Brix ad loc.:

haud id est ab re aucupis,

id. As. 1, 3, 71:

haec haud ab re duxi referre,

Liv. 8, 11, 1:

non ab re esse Quinctio visum est interesse, etc.,

id. 35, 32, 6; Plin. 27, 8, 35, § 57; Suet. Aug. 94; Gell. 18, 4, 6; 1, 26, 4; Macr. S. 1, 4, 19.—

Cause, reason, ground, account; only in the connection eā (hac) re, and eam ob rem, adverb., therefore, on that account:

eā re tot res sunt, ubi bene deicias,

Cato, R. R. 158, 2:

hac re nequeunt ex omnibus omnia gigni, Quod, etc.,

Lucr. 1, 172; cf.:

illud eā re a se esse concessum, quod, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 34, 111:

patrem exoravi, tibi ne noceat, neu quid ob eam rem succenseat,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 39; cf.:

quoi rei?

for what purpose? id. As. 3, 2, 43; id. Poen. 2, 3, 3.—Hence (by uniting into one word) the causal adverbs quare and quamobrem, v. h. vv.—

An affair, matter of business, business:

cum et de societate inter se multa communicarent et de totā illā ratione atque re Gallicanā,

Cic. Quint. 4, 15:

rem cum aliquo transigere,

id. Clu. 13, 39. —

Hence, transf., in gen.: res alicui est cum aliquo,

to have to do with any one, Cic. Rosc. Am. 30, 84; id. Sest. 16, 37; id. Fam. 9, 20, 2; Caes. B. G. 7, 77; cf.:

famigeratori res sit cum damno et malo,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 182 Brix ad loc.— Also without a dat.:

quoniam cum senatore res est,

Cic. Fam. 13, 26, 3;

esp., in mal. part.: rem habere cum aliquo or aliquā,

to have to do with any one, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 35; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 39; 58. —Ellipt.:

jam biennium est, quom mecum rem coepit,

Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 15. —

A case in law, a lawsuit, cause, suit (more gen. than causa):

ubi res prolatae sunt,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 1, 10:

res agi,

id. Men. 4, 2, 19; id. Aul. 3, 4, 13:

quibus res erat in controversiā, ea vocabatur lis,

Varr. L. L. 7, § 93; cf.

(prob. in allusion to this legal form): tot homines... statuere non potuisse, utrum diem tertium an perendinum... rem an litem dici oporteret,

Cic. Mur. 12, 27; cf.

also: quarum rerum litium causarum condixit pater patratus, etc., an ancient formula,

Liv. 1, 32:

de rebus ab aliquo cognitis judicatisque dicere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 48, § 118:

pecunias capere ob rem judicandam,

id. Fin. 2, 16, 54:

si res certabitur olim,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 27; 1, 10, 15; 1, 9, 41; id. Ep. 1, 16, 43:

tractu temporis futurum, ut res pereat,

Dig. 3, 3, 12:

rem differre,

ib. 43, 30, 3: res judicata dicitur, quae finem controversiarum pronuntiatione judicis accipit, ib. 42, 1, 1 et saep.—

An affair, esp. a battle, campaign, military operations; in phrase rem (or res) gerere:

res gesta virtute,

Cic. Fin. 5, 23, 66:

ut res gesta est ordine narrare,

Ter. Ad. 3, 5, 3:

his rebus gestis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 8:

res gerere,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 33:

rem bene gerere,

id. ib. 1, 8, 1; Ter. Ad. 5, 1, 13:

comminus rem gerunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 44:

res gestae,

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 7; 2, 1, 251:

adversus duos simul rem gerere,

Liv. 21, 60:

rem male gerere,

Nep. Them. 3, 3; Hor. S. 2, 3, 74:

in relatione rerum ab Scythis gestarum,

Just. 2, 1, 1; cf.:

rem agere,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 4; id. A. P. 82:

ante rem,

before the battle, Liv. 4, 40:

cum Thebanis sibi rem esse existimant,

Nep. Pel. 1, 3; Cic. Sest. 16, 37.—

Acts, events, as the subject of narration, a story, history:

res in unam sententiam scripta,

Auct. Her. 1, 12, 20:

cui lecta potenter erit res,

Hor. A. P. 40; id. S. 1, 10, 57; id. Ep. 1, 19, 29:

in medias res auditorem rapere,

id. A. P. 148; 310:

agitur res in scaenis,

id. ib. 179; cf.:

numeros animosque secutus, non res,

id. Ep. 1, 19, 25; Phaedr. 5, 1, 12:

sicut in rebus ejus (Neronis) exposuimus,

Plin. 2, 83, 85, § 199:

litterae, quibus non modo res omnis, sed etiam rumores cognoscamus,

Cic. Att. 5, 5, 1:

res populi Romani perscribere, Liv. praef. § 1: res Persicae,

history, Nep. Con. 5, 4; id. Cat. 3, 2.—

Res publica, also as one word, respublica, the common weal, a commonwealth, state, republic (cf. civitas); also, civil affairs, administration, or power, etc.: qui pro republicā, non pro suā obsonat, Cato ap. Ruf. 18, p. 210; cf.:

erat tuae virtutis, in minimis tuas res ponere, de re publicā vehementius laborare,

Cic. Fam. 4, 9, 3:

dummodo ista privata sit calamitas et a rei publicae periculis sejungatur,

id. Cat. 1, 9; cf.:

si re publicā non possis frui, stultum est nolle privatā,

id. Fam. 4, 9, 4:

egestates tot egentissimorum hominum nec privatas posse res nec rem publicam sustinere,

id. Att. 9, 7, 5 (v. publicus); Cato ap. Gell. 10, 14, 3: auguratum est, rem Romanam publicam summam fore, Att. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 22, 45:

quo utiliores rebus suis publicis essent,

Cic. Off. 1, 44, 155:

commutata ratio est rei totius publicae,

id. Att. 1, 8, 4: pro republicā niti, Cato ap. Charis. p. 196 fin.:

merere de republicā,

Plaut. Am. prol. 40:

de re publicā disputatio... dubitationem ad rem publicam adeundi tollere, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

oppugnare rem publicam,

id. Cael. 1, 1; id. Har. Resp. 8, 15; id. Sest. 23, 52:

paene victā re publicā,

id. Fam. 12, 13, 1:

delere rem publicam,

id. Sest. 15, 33; Lact. 6, 18, 28.—Esp. in the phrase e re publicā, for the good of the State, for the public benefit:

senatūs consultis bene et e re publicā factis,

Cic. Phil. 3, 12, 30:

ea si dicam non esse e re publicā dividi,

id. Fam. 13, 8, 2; id. Mil. 5, 14; Liv. 8, 4, 12; 25, 7, 4; 34, 34, 9; Suet. Rhet. 1 init. —Post-class. and rare, also ex republicā, Gell. 6, 3, 47; 11, 9, 1;

but exque is used for euphony (class.): id eum recte atque ordine exque re publicā fecisse,

Cic. Phil. 3, 15, 38; 5, 13, 36; 10, 11, 26.— In plur.:

eae nationes respublicas suas amiserunt, C. Gracch. ap. Fest. s. h. v. p. 286 Müll.: hoc loquor de tribus his generibus rerum publicarum,

Cic. Rep. 1, 28, 44:

circuitus in rebus publicis commutationum,

id. ib. 1, 29, 45 et saep.—

Sometimes simply res, the State (in the poets, and since the Aug. per. in prose): unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 24, 84 (Ann. v. 313 Vahl.):

hic (Marcellus) rem Romanam sistet,

Verg. A. 6, 858; cf.:

nec rem Romanam tam desidem umquam fuisse,

Liv. 21, 16; 1, 28:

parva ista non contemnendo majores nostri maximam hanc rem fecerunt,

id. 6, 41 fin.:

Romana,

Hor. C. S. 66; id. Ep. 1, 12, 25; Ov. M. 14, 809; Sall. C. 6, 3; cf.:

ut paulo ante animum inter Fidenatem Romanamque rem ancipitem gessisti,

Liv. 1, 28 fin.:

Albana,

id. 1, 6.— In plur.:

res Asiae evertere,

Verg. A. 3, 1:

custode rerum Caesare,

Hor. C. 4, 15, 17; cf.:

res sine discordiā translatae,

Tac. H. 1, 29; so (also in Cic.), rerum potiri, v. potior. —

Res novae, political changes, a revolution, etc.; v. novus.

aut, conj. [aut, Osc. auti, Umbr. ote, ute, may be a modification of autem, as at of et, the suffix -t being a relic of the demonstrative -tem, which appears in item, and is the same as -dem in quidem, and -dam in quondam, and of which the demonstrative adverbs, tam and tum, are absolute forms; the first part of these words may be compared with the Gr. au (cf. aute and autar), and with the Sanscr. vā = or, with which again may be compared ve and vel; v. Corss. Ausspr. II. p. 595, and also pp. 130, 223, 411], or; and repeated: aut... aut, either... or; so in Sanscr. vā... vā.

In gen. it puts in the place of a previous assertion another, objectively and absolutely antithetical to it, while vel indicates that the contrast rests upon subjective opinion or choice; i. e. aut is objective, vel subjective, or aut excludes one term, vel makes the two indifferent.

Used singly, or:

omnia bene sunt ei dicenda, qui hoc se posse profitetur aut eloquentiae nomen relinquendum est,

Cic. de Or. 2, 2, 5:

quibusnam manibus aut quibus viribus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 30:

Vinceris aut vincis,

Prop. 2, 8, 10:

cita mors venit aut victoria laeta,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 8:

ruminat herbas aut aliquam in magno sequitur grege,

Verg. E. 6, 55 et persaep. (cf. on the contrary, Tac. G. 8: quae neque confirmare argumentis, neque refellere in animo est: ex ingenio suo quisque demat vel addat fidem).—

Repeated, aut... aut, either... or:

Ubi enim potest illa aetas aut calescere vel apricatione melius vel igni, aut vicissim umbris aquisve refrigerari salubrius?

Cic. Sen. 16, 57:

Nam ejus per unam, ut audio, aut vivam aut moriar sententiam,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 19; id. Heaut. 3,1,11 sq.:

aut, quicquid igitur eodem modo concluditur, probabitis, aut ars ista nulla est,

Cic. Ac. 2, 30, 96:

partem planitiae aut Jovis templum aut oppidum tenet,

Liv. 44, 6, 15:

terra in universum aut silvis horrida aut paludibus foeda,

Tac. G. 5:

hoc bellum quis umquam arbitraretur aut ab omnibus imperatoribus uno anno aut omnibus annis ab uno imperatore confici posse?

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 11,31.—

More than twice repeated:

aut equos Alere aut canes ad venandum, aut ad philosophos, Ter And. 1, 1, 29: Uxor, si cesses, aut te amare cogitat Aut tete amare aut potare atque animo obsequi,

id. Ad. 1, 1, 7 sq.; so four times in Lucr. 4, 935 sq.; five times in Cic. Off. 1, 9, 28; id. N. D. 3, 12, 30; and Prop. 4, 21, 26 sqq.; and six times in Plin. 17, 10, 9, § 58.—

Sometimes double disjunctive phrases with aut... aut are placed together:

Adsentior Crasso, ne aut de C. Laelii soceri mei aut de hujus generi aut arte aut gloriā detraham,

Cic. de Or. 1, 9, 35:

res ipsa et rei publicae tempus aut me ipsum, quod nolim, aut alium quempiam aut invitabit aut dehortabitur,

id. Pis. 39, 94.—

Repeated after negatives:

ne aut ille alserit Aut ceciderit atque aliquid praefregerit,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 11:

ne tanti facinoris immanitas aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur,

Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 14; id. Sull. 43; id. Sest. 37; 39:

neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa post commissa,

id. Cat. 1, 6, 15; id. Off. 1, 20, 66; 1, 11, 36; 1, 20, 68; id. de Or. 2, 45, 189:

nec milites ad scelus missos aut numero validos aut animo promptos,

Tac. A. 14, 58; id. H. 1, 18; id. Or. 12:

nec erit mirabilis illic Aut Stratocles aut cum molli Demetrius Haemo,

Juv. 3, 98 sq.:

neque aut quis esset ante detexit aut gubernatorem cedere adversae tempestati passus est,

Suet. Caes. 58; id. Ner. 34:

Nec aut Persae aut Macedones dubitavere,

Curt. 4, 15, 28: Non sum aut tam inhumanus aut tam alienus a Sardis. Cic. Scaur. 39; id. Cat. 1, 13:

Nihil est tam aut fragile aut flexibile quam etc.,

id. Mil. 36 al. —

In interrogations:

quo modo aut geometres cernere ea potest, quae aut nulla sunt aut internosci a falsis non possunt aut is, qui fidibus utitur, explere numeros et conficere versus?

Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 22; so id. de Or. 1, 9, 37; id. Rosc. Am. 40, 118; id. N. D. 1, 43, 121.—

In comparative clauses:

talis autem simulatio vanitati est conjunctior quam aut liberalitati aut honestati,

Cic. Off. 1, 15, 44.—

Esp.

Placed singly, to connect to something more important that which is less so, or at least.

Absol.:

Incute vim ventis submersasque obrue puppes, Aut age diversos et dissice corpora ponto,

Verg. A. 1, 69 sq. Rib. (furens Juno et irata, quod gravissimum credebat, optavit, deinde quod secundum intulit, Diom. p. 411 P.):

quaero, num injuste aut improbe fecerit,

or at least unfairly, Cic. Off. 3, 13, 54:

a se postulari aut exspectari aliquid suspicantur,

id. ib. 2, 20, 69:

quā re vi aut clam agendum est,

or at least by stealth, id. Att. 10, 12:

profecto cuncti aut magna pars Siccensium fidem mutavissent,

Sall. J. 56, 6:

Audendum est aliquid universis aut omnia singulis patienda,

Liv. 6, 18, 7:

pars a centurionibus aut praetoriarum cohortium militibus caesi,

Tac. A. 1, 30:

potentiā suā numquam aut raro ad impotentiam usus,

Vell. 2, 29.—

With certe, etc., v. infra, F. 2.—

To connect something which must take place, if that which is previously stated does not, or, otherwise, or else, in the contrary case, = alioqui:

Redduc uxorem, aut quam obrem non opus sit cedo,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 76:

id (principium) nec nasci potest nec mori, aut concidat omne caelum etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 23, 54 (Seyffert ad h. l., but preferring ut non; B. and K. and Kühner, vel):

nunc manet insontem gravis exitus: aut ego veri Vana feror,

Verg. A. 10, 630:

effodiuntur bulbi ante ver: aut deteriores fiunt,

Plin. 19, 5, 30, § 96:

Mutatione recreabitur sicut in cibis... Aut dicant iste mihi, quae sit alia ratio discendi,

Quint. 1, 12, 6; 2, 17, 9.—

To restrict or correct an expression which is too general or inaccurate, or, or rather, or more accurately.

Absol.:

de hominum genere, aut omnino de animalium loquor,

Cic. Fin. 5, 11, 33; 5, 20, 57; id. Ac. 2, 8, 23:

Aut scilicet tua libertas disserendi amissa est, aut tu is es, qui in disputando non tuum judicium sequare,

id. Leg. 1, 13, 36: cenaene causā, aut tuae mercedis gratiā Nos nostras aedīs postulas comburere? or rather, etc., Plaut. Aul. 2, 6, 11.—In this signification aut sometimes begins a new clause: Potestne igitur quisquam dicere, inter eum, qui doleat, et inter eum, qui in voluptate sit, nihil interesse? Aut, ita qui sentiet, non apertissime insaniat? or is not rather, etc., Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 20:

Quid est enim temeritate turpius? Aut quid tam temerarium tamque indignum sapientis gravitate atque constantiā, quam, etc.,

id. N. D. 1, 1, 1; id. Fin. 4, 26, 72; Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 3.—

With potius (v. infra, F. 4.).—

Neque... aut sometimes, but chiefly in the poets, takes the place of neque... neque: Neque ego hanc abscondere furto Speravi, ne finge, fugam;

nec conjugis umquam Praetendi taedas aut haec in foedera veni,

Verg. A. 4, 339:

Si neque avaritiam neque sordes aut mala lustra Obiciet vere quisquam mihi,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 68 Bentl., but ac, K. and H.:

Nunc neque te longi remeantem pompa triumphi Excipit aut sacras poscunt Capitolia lauros,

Luc. 1, 287:

Nam neque plebeiam aut dextro sine numine cretam Servo animam,

Stat. S. 1, 4, 66:

Neque enim Tyriis Cynosura carinis Certior aut Grais Helice servanda magistris,

Val. Fl. 1, 17; so also Tacitus: nec litore tenus adcrescere aut resorberi, Agr. 10; G. 7 ter; H. 1, 32; so after non:

Non eo dico, quo mihi veniat in dubium tua fides, aut quo etc.,

Cic. Quinct. 5:

non jure aut legibus cognoscunt,

Tac. Or. 19; id. Agr. 41; id. G. 24; after haud:

Haud alias populus plus occultae vocis aut suspicacis silentii permisit,

id. A. 3, 11; after nihil:

nihil caedis aut praedae,

id. A. 15, 6; 13, 4; id. H. 1, 30.—

The poets connect by aut... vel, vel... aut, instead of aut... aut, or vel... vel: Quotiens te votui Argu [p. 211] rippum Conpellare aut contrectare conloquive aut contui? Plaut. As. 3, 1, 19:

aut appone dapes, Vare, vel aufer opes,

Mart. 4, 78, 6 (this epigram is rejected by Schneid.):

Non ars aut astus belli vel dextera deerat,

Sil. 16, 32.—

In connection with other particles.

Aut etiam, to complete or strengthen an assertion, or also, or even:

quid ergo aut hunc prohibet, aut etiam Xenocratem, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 18, 51:

conjectura in multas aut diversas, aut etiam in contrarias partes,

id. Div. 2, 26, 55; id. Off. 1, 9, 28:

si aut ambigue aut inconstanter aut incredibiliter dicta sunt, aut etiam aliter ab alio dicta,

id. Part. Or. 14, 51:

etsi omnia aut scripta esse a tuis arbitror, aut etiam nuntiis ac rumore perlata,

id. Att. 4, 1.—So with one aut:

quod de illo acceperant, aut etiam suspicabantur,

Cic. Fam. 1, 19, 36; Cels. 4, 18:

si modo sim (orator), aut etiam quicumque sim,

Cic. Or. 3, 12; id. de Or. 1, 17, 76.—

Aut certe, aut modo, aut quidem, or aut sane, to restrict a declaration, or at least (cf. II. A.).

Aut certe:

ac video hanc primam ingressionem meam aut reprehensionis aliquid, aut certe admirationis habituram,

Cic. Or. 3, 11; id. Top. 17, 64:

quo enim uno vincebamur a victā Graeciā, id aut ereptum illis est, aut certe nobis cum illis communicatum,

id. Brut. 73, 254; so Dolabella ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 9, 1; Liv. 2, 1, 4; 40, 46, 2; Cels. 1, 2; 5, 26; Prop. 4, 21, 29.—

Aut modo:

Si umquam posthac aut amasso Casinam, aut obcepso modo,

Plaut. Cas. 5, 4, 22.—

Aut quidem:

Proinde desinant quidam quaerere ultra aut opinari... aut quidem vetustissimā nave impositos jubebo avehi,

Suet. Caes. 66.—

Aut sane:

Afer aut Sardus sane,

Cic. Scaur. 15.—

Aut vero, to connect a more important thought, or indeed, or truly:

Quem tibi aut hominem, aut vero deum, auxilio futurum putas?

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 78:

Quis enim tibi hoc concesserit, aut initio genus hominum se oppidis moenibusque saepsisse? Aut vero etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 9, 36.—

Aut potius, for correction or greater definiteness, or rather (cf. II. C.):

Erravit, aut potius insanivit Apronius?

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 119:

proditores aut potius apertos hostes,

id. Sest. 35:

nemo est injustus, aut incauti potius habendi sunt improbi,

id. Leg. 1, 14, 40:

Quae est ergo ista ratio, aut quae potius ista amentia?

id. Verr. 3, 173.—

Aut ne... quidem:

ego jam aut rem aut ne spem quidem exspecto,

Cic. Att. 3, 22 fin.

1, 3, 18 Lachm.:

justos aut reperire pedes,

id. 2, 5, 112:

Persequar aut studium linguae etc.,

Prop. 4, 21, 27:

Fer pater, inquit, opem! Tellus aut hisce, vel istam, etc.,

Ov. M. 1, 545 (Merk., ait):

Balteus aut fluxos gemmis adstrinxit amictus,

Luc. 2, 362, where some read haud. See more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 525-558.

aestus, ūs (archaic gen. aesti, Pac. 97 Rib.; rare form of nom. plur. aestuus). m. [kind. with aestas and Gr. aithô; v. aestas], an undulating, boiling, waving, tossing; a waving, heaving, billowy motion.

Lit.

Of fire; hence, in gen., fire, glow, heat (orig. in relation to its flashing up; while fervor denotes a glowing, ardor a burning, and calor a warming heat; yet it was early used for warming heat;

v. the following example): nam fretus ipse anni permiscet frigus et aestum,

heat and cold are blended, Lucr. 6, 364 (for which calor, id. 6, 368, 371 al.):

multa aestu victa per agros,

id. 5, 1104:

exsuperant flammae, furit aestus ad auras,

Verg. A. 2, 759:

caniculae,

Hor. C. 1, 17, 18; so id. Ep. 1, 8, 5:

labore et aestu languidus,

Sall. J. 51.—In plur.:

neque frigora neque aestus facile tolerabat,

Suet. Aug. 81.—So of midday heat:

aestibus at mediis umbrosam exquirere vallem,

Verg. G. 3, 331 (cf. Cic. Ac. 2, 22: ille cum aestuaret, umbram secutus est).—And of the heat of disease (of [p. 63] wounds, fever, inflammation, etc.): ulceris aestus, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 7, 19:

homines aegri cum aestu febrique jactantur,

Cic. Cat. 1, 13.—

The undulating, heaving motion of the sea, the swell, surge: fervet aestu pelagus, Pac. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 39; hence, meton. for the sea in agitation, waves, billows:

delphines aestum secabant,

Verg. A. 8, 674:

furit aestus harenis,

id. ib. 1, 107:

aestus totos campos inundaverant,

Curt. 9, 9, 18.—In Verg. once of the boiling up of water in a vessel: exsultant aestu latices, Aen. 7, 464.—

Esp., the periodical flux and reflux or ebb and flow of the sea, the tide (cf. Varr. L. L. 9, 19; Mel. 3, 1:

aestus maris accedere et reciprocare maxime mirum, pluribus quidem modis, sed causa in sole lunāque,

Plin. 2, 97, 99); Plaut. As. 1, 3, 6: quid de fretis aut de marinis aestibus dicam? quorum accessus et recessus ( flow and ebb) lunae motu gubernantur, Cic. Div. 2, 14 fin.:

crescens,

Plin. 2, 100, 97, § 219:

decedens,

id. ib.:

recedens,

id. 2, 98, 101, § 220: secundus, in our favor, Sall. Fragm. ap. Gell. 10, 26, 2: adversus, against us, id. ap. Non. 138, 8.—

Trop.

The passionate ferment or commotion of the mind, the fire, glow, ardor of any ( even a good) passion (cf. aestuo, II. A.):

et belli magnos commovit funditus aestus (genus humanum),

has stirred up from their very bottom the waves of discord, Lucr. 5, 1434:

civilis belli aestus,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 47 (cf. id. C. 2, 7, 15):

repente te quasi quidam aestus ingenii tui procul a terrā abripuit atque in altum abstraxit,

Cic. de Or. 3, 36:

hunc absorbuit aestus quidam gloriae,

id. Brut. 81:

stultorum regum et populorum continet aestus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 8:

perstet et, ut pelagi, sic pectoris adjuvet aestum,

the glow of love, Ov. H. 16, 25.—

A vacillating, irresolute state of mind, doubt, uncertainty, hesitation, trouble, embarrassment, anxiely:

qui tibi aestus, qui error, quae tenebrae,

Cic. Div. in Caecin. 14:

vario fluctuat aestu,

Verg. A. 12, 486:

amor magno irarum fluctuat aestu,

id. ib. 4, 532; cf. id. ib. 8, 19:

aestus curaeque graves,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 110.—

In the Epicurean philos. lang. of Lucretius, the undulatory flow or stream of atoms, atomic efflux, as the cause of perception (cf. affluo, I.):

Perpetuoque fluunt certis ab rebus odores, Frigus ut a fluviis, calor ab sole, aestus ab undis Aequoris, exesor moerorum litora propter, etc.,

Lucr. 6, 926; and in id. 6, 1002 sq., the magnetic fluid is several times designated by aestus lapidis.