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  • 101 Cousteau, Jacques-Yves

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 11 June 1910 Saint-André-de-Cubzac, France
    [br]
    French marine explorer who invented the aqualung.
    [br]
    He was the son of a country lawyer who became legal advisor and travelling companion to certain rich Americans. At an early age Cousteau acquired a love of travel, of the sea and of cinematography: he made his first film at the age of 13. After an interrupted education he nevertheless passed the difficult entrance examination to the Ecole Navale in Brest, but his naval career was cut short in 1936 by injuries received in a serious motor accident. For his long recuperation he was drafted to Toulon. There he met Philippe Tailliez, a fellow naval officer, and Frédéric Dumas, a champion spearfisher, with whom he formed a long association and began to develop his underwater swimming and photography. He apparently took little part in the Second World War, but under cover he applied his photographic skills to espionage, for which he was awarded the Légion d'honneur after the war.
    Cousteau sought greater freedom of movement underwater and, with Emile Gagnan, who worked in the laboratory of Air Liquide, he began experimenting to improve portable underwater breathing apparatus. As a result, in 1943 they invented the aqualung. Its simple design and robust construction provided a reliable and low-cost unit and revolutionized scientific and recreational diving. Gagnan shunned publicity, but Cousteau revelled in the new freedom to explore and photograph underwater and exploited the publicity potential to the full.
    The Undersea Research Group was set up by the French Navy in 1944 and, based in Toulon, it provided Cousteau with the Opportunity to develop underwater exploration and filming techniques and equipment. Its first aims were minesweeping and exploration, but in 1948 Cousteau pioneered an extension to marine archaeology. In 1950 he raised the funds to acquire a surplus US-built minesweeper, which he fitted out to further his quest for exploration and adventure and named Calypso. Cousteau also sought and achieved public acclaim with the publication in 1953 of The Silent World, an account of his submarine observations, illustrated by his own brilliant photography. The book was an immediate success and was translated into twenty-two languages. In 1955 Calypso sailed through the Red Sea and the western Indian Ocean, and the outcome was a film bearing the same title as the book: it won an Oscar and the Palme d'Or at the Cannes film festival. This was his favoured medium for the expression of his ideas and observations, and a stream of films on the same theme kept his name before the public.
    Cousteau's fame earned him appointment by Prince Rainier as Director of the Oceanographie Institute in Monaco in 1957, a post he held until 1988. With its museum and research centre, it offered Cousteau a useful base for his worldwide activities.
    In the 1980s Cousteau turned again to technological development. Like others before him, he was concerned to reduce ships' fuel consumption by harnessing wind power. True to form, he raised grants from various sources to fund research and enlisted technical help, namely Lucien Malavard, Professor of Aerodynamics at the Sorbonne. Malavard designed a 44 ft (13.4 m) high non-rotating cylinder, which was fitted onto a catamaran hull, christened Moulin à vent. It was intended that its maiden Atlantic crossing in 1983 should herald a new age in ship propulsion, with large royalties to Cousteau. Unfortunately the vessel was damaged in a storm and limped to the USA under diesel power. A more robust vessel, the Alcyone, was fitted with two "Turbosails" in 1985 and proved successful, with a 40 per cent reduction in fuel consumption. However, oil prices fell, removing the incentive to fit the new device; the lucrative sales did not materialize and Alcyone remained the only vessel with Turbosails, sharing with Calypso Cousteau's voyages of adventure and exploration. In September 1995, Cousteau was among the critics of the decision by the French President Jacques Chirac to resume testing of nuclear explosive devices under the Mururoa atoll in the South Pacific.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Légion d'honneur. Croix de Guerre with Palm. Officier du Mérite Maritime and numerous scientific and artistic awards listed in such directories as Who's Who.
    Bibliography
    Further Reading
    R.Munson, 1991, Cousteau, the Captain and His World, London: Robert Hale (published in the USA 1989).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Cousteau, Jacques-Yves

  • 102 KASTA

    * * *
    (að), v.
    1) to cast, throw, with dat. (Egill kastaði þegar niðr horninu);
    kasta akkerum, to cast anchor;
    kasta verplum, teningum, to throw with dice;
    kasta orðum á e-n, to address one;
    refl., kastast orðum á, to exchange words;
    kasta kalls-yrðum at e-m, to throw taunts at one;
    kasta eign sinni á e-t, to seize upon, take possession of;
    kasta á sik sótt, to feign illness;
    2) to cast off (er H. heyrði þetta, kastaði hann skikkjunni);
    kasta trú, to cast off one’s faith;
    3) impers., e-u kastar, is thrown, flung;
    tóku þeir gneista þá, er kastat hafði ór Múspellsheimi, they took the sparks that had been cast out from M.;
    skipinu hafði kastat, had capsized;
    henni var kastat skinni at beini, the skin was, as it were, thrown over her bones (from leanness);
    4) with ‘um’;
    kasta um hesti, to turn, wheel, a horse right round;
    kasta um sínum hug, to alter one’s (own) disposition; absol. to turn round, wheel about.
    * * *
    að, [a Scandin. word; Dan.-Swed. kaste, not found in Saxon and Germ., so that Engl. cast must be of Dan. origin]:—to cast, throw, with dat. of the thing ( to throw with a thing), but also absol.; Egill kastaði þegar niðr horninu, E. flung the horn away, Eg. 215; smala-maðr kastar höfðinu niðr, Nj. 71; en er skjöldr Atla var únýttr, þá kastaði hann honum, Eg. 507; hann kastar aptr öllu ok vill ekki þiggja, Man.; kasta brynju, Hkv. 2. 42; kasta akkerum, to cast anchor, Eg. 128; k. farmi, to throw the cargo overboard, 656 C. 21, Sks. 231 B; kasta verplum, to cast with the dice, Grág. ii. 198; Suðrmenn tveir köstuðu um silfr ( gambled); Magn. 528; hana kastaði, ok kómu upp tvau sex, Ó. H. 90: to throw, toss, ef griðungr kastar manni, Grág. ii. 122; k. e-m inn, to cast into prison, Fms. ix. 245.
    II. with prepp.; kasta um hesti, to turn a horse at full gallop; ven þú hest þinn góðan um at kasta á hlaupanda skrefi, Sks. 374; Jóns-synir köstuðu um hestum sínum, Sturl. ii. 75: metaph., biskupi þótti hann hafa kastað sér um til mótstöðu-manna kirkjunnar, that he had turned round to the enemies of the church, Bs. i. 722; k. um hug sínum, to change one’s mind, Stj. 285: k. til e-s, to cast at one, pelt one, Grág. ii. 7: ef hvarrgi kastar fyrir annan, lay snares for another, Gþl. 426.
    III. to cast off; kasta trú, to cast off one’s faith, be a renegade, Nj. 166, 272; kasta Kristni, to apostatize, Fms. i. 108, vii. 151.
    IV. phrases, kasta orðum á e-n, to address one, Ölk. 37; k. kallz-yrðum at e-m, to throw taunts at one, Fms. vi. 194, Fb. i. 214 (at-kast); kasta reiði á e-n, Fms. vii. 228; k. á sik sótt, to feign illness, Nj. 14: k. fram kviðlingi, vísu, stöku, to extemporise, cast abroad, a ditty, Fms. ii. 207; kasta sinni eign á e-t, to seize upon: k. niðr, to cast down, Eg. 730: k. e-u til, to insinuate, Fb. ii. 148; k. móti e-m, to cast in one’s teeth, Stj. 173: kasta upp, to forward, bring forth, Nj. 88.
    V. impers., of being cast, thrown, flung, esp. by wind, waves, etc.; varð svá mikill eldsgangrinn, at logbröndunum kastaði upp í borgina, Fms. x. 29; er hann frétti at skipinu hafði kastað, capsized, Bs. i. 389; þær síur ok gneista, er kastað hafði ór Múspells-heimi, Edda 5; köldum draug kastar upp á búnka, Skald H. 4. 19; kastaði þú fram seglinu á akkeris-fleininn, Fms. ix. 387; menn dasask, skips-farmi kastar, Sks. 231; enda kasti hvölum eða viði yfir malar-kamb, Grág. ii. 354; þat fé er kastar á land, 388; þá kastar þegar vindi á eptir þeim, it blew up to a breeze, Bs. i. 461; nú kastar á vindi innan eptir firðinum, Fms. ii. 72; henni var kastað skinni at beini, the skin was as it were thrown over her bones, of leanness, Bárð. 176.
    VI. reflex. or recipr., kastask í móti, to cast against one another, Gþl. 426; kastask orðum á, to exchange words, Eg. 547, Þorst. St. 52.
    2. pass. to be thrown, Fms. ix. 245, x. 49.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > KASTA

  • 103 zakrę|cić

    pf — zakrę|cać impf Ⅰ vt 1. (zamknąć dopływ) to turn [sth] off [kran, gaz, wodę]
    - śruba była mocno zakręcona the screw was firmly tightened
    2. (założyć nakrętkę) to screw [sth] on [zakrętkę]
    - zakręcić słoik to screw the lid on a jar
    - słoik był mocno zakręcony the lid was firmly on
    3. Kosmet. to curl [włosy]
    - zakręcić włosy na wałkach to put one’s hair in curlers
    4. (zawinąć) to wrap [linę]
    - zakręcić sznurek wokół czegoś to wrap a rope around sth
    Ⅱ vi 1. (obrócić) zakręcić korbą to wind a crank
    - zakręcić gałką to twist a knob
    - zakręcić partnerką w tańcu to spin one’s partner around ⇒ kręcić
    2. (zmienić kierunek) [osoba, pojazd, droga] to turn
    - zakręcić w prawo/lewo to turn right/left
    - zakręcić w boczną drogę to turn into a side road
    - samochód zakręcił gwałtownie the car swerved abruptly
    - rzeka zakręca na północ/południe the river turns north/south
    - droga zakręcała łagodnym łukiem w prawo the road curved gently to the right
    3. pot. (zatelefonować) zakręcić do kogoś to call sb up ⇒ kręcić Ⅲ zakręcić się 1. (obrócić się) [tancerz] to spin
    - zakręcił się na pięcie i wyszedł he turned on his heel and left
    - łzy zakręciły jej się w oczach tears came to her eyes
    - zakręciło mu się w głowie he felt dizzy ⇒ kręcić się
    2. pot. (zakrzątnąć się) zakręcić się wokół czegoś to see to sth
    - zakręcił się koło jakiejś młodej wdówki he found himself a young widow

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > zakrę|cić

  • 104 itxi

    iz.
    1. ( leku itxia) keep, jail; Elgoibarren zeuden \itxian karlista batzuk in Elgoibar there were some Carlists in jail; \itxi batean betiko sartu zuten they threw him into prison for ever
    2. begi \itxi-ireki batean in a wink of an eye
    3. ( presoa) captive, prisoner, felon io.
    1.
    a. ( atea, gela) shut
    b. ( autoa) locked, locked up
    2.
    a. ( denda) shut, closed
    b. ( lantokia) shut down, closed down
    3. (H. Jak.)
    a. ( bokala) close(d)
    b. ( silaba) closed
    4. ( alkandora) fastened [ izenen aurrean ], done up [ izenen aurrean ]
    5. ( lekua, esparrua) closed-up
    6. ( angelua) closed
    7.
    a. ( giroa, elkartea) select, exclusive
    b. ( taldea) closed
    8.
    a. ( p.) uncommunicative
    b. ( izaera) impassive, uncommunicative
    c. ( aurpegia) inscrutable, impassive
    9. ( pentsamoldea) narrow-minded, close-minded du/ad. [ itxi, ixten ]
    a. ( oro.) to close, shut
    b. ( atea) to close, shut, shut to; itxaron, atea \itxita dago wait, the door's locked; atea indarka \itxi zuen he slammed the door
    c. ( leihoa) to close, shut
    d. ( gortinak) to draw
    2.
    a. ( gela) to lock, lock up; giltzaz \itxi to lock up
    b. ( aterkia) to close up, put down; aterkia \itxi ezinik unable to close the umbrella up
    c. ( altzaria, kutxa) to close
    d. ( ahoa, begiak) to shut, close; \itxi ahoa! shut your mouth!; begiak \itxi zituen she {shut || closed} her eyes; gau guztia begiak \itxi gabe igaro zen he didn't get any shuteye the whole night | he spent the whole night without sleeping a wink
    e. ( ganibeta) to to close, shut
    f. (irud.) begiak miseriari \itxi zikzion she shut her eyes to the misery; belarriarik \itxi zizkion esandakoari he closed his ears to what was said
    3.
    a. ( ura) to turn off; iturria \itxita dago the water's (turned) off
    b. ( elektrizitatea, irratia) to turn off, switch off, put off
    a. ( eskua) to close
    b. ( hegoak) to fold
    c. ( eskutitza) to seal, close
    d. ( liburua) to close
    e. ( mapa) to fold, fold up
    f. ( ohea) to turn up
    g. ( zauria) to close up
    5. ( irekidura bat bete, estali, e.a.)
    a. ( zuloa) to close up, stop up
    b. ( irekigunea) to close
    6. ( bidea, sarbideari d.)
    a. ( bidea) to close; ihesbidea \itxi nahi zieten presoei they wanted to close the prisoners' escape route
    b. ( muga) to close
    7. ( bezeroak hartzen dituen etxe, eskola, e.a.)
    a. ( egunerako) to close; zortzietan ixten dugu we close at eight; astean behin ixten dugu we are closed one day a week
    b. ( oporretarako, betirako) to close down, shut down; abuztuan ixten dute they close it down in August; lantokia \itxi behar zuten arazo ekonomikoengatik they closed the factory down on account of economic problems
    a. ( kontua) to close
    b. ( elkarrizketa) to close, wind up
    c. ( batzarrea, jardunaldia, asanblada) to close, conclude
    d. ( parentesia) to close
    9. hitz hauetan \itxita dago bikaintasuna perfection is contained in these words da/ad.
    1. ( leihoa, atea, kutxa) to shut, close
    2. ( denda, lantokia)
    a. ( egunerakoa) to close, shut; zazpi t'erdietan ixten da it closes at half past seven
    b. ( oporretarako, betirako) to close down, shut down; lantokia 1979an \itxi zen the factory closed down in 1979
    3. ( jantzia) to do up, fasten; atzetik ixten da it does up in the back
    4.
    a. ( lorea) to close up
    b. ( zauria) to close up, heal over
    c. ( begia) to shut, close
    5. ( p.) to clam up; zer edo zer galdetuz gero, \itxi egiten da if you ask him anything, he clams up

    Euskara Ingelesa hiztegiaren > itxi

  • 105 halakatu

    du/ad. to convert... into such a thing; hori ez zen holakoa baina etsaiek \halakatu egin zuten he wasn't like what his enemies made him out to be; aita ohoina zen eta semea ere \halakatu zuen the father was a thief and he turned his son into one too da/ad. to wind up as such, end up in such a way

    Euskara Ingelesa hiztegiaren > halakatu

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