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81 Fizeau, Armand Hippolyte Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 23 September 1819 Paris, Franced. 18 September 1896 Nanteuil-le-Haudouin, France[br]French physicist who introduced early improvements to the daguerreotype process.[br]Fizeau's interest in photography was comparatively brief, but during this period he was at the forefront of French attempts to explore and exploit the potential of the recently announced daguerreotype process (see Daguerre). Fizeau is best remembered for his introduction in August 1840 of the practice of gold-toning daguerreotypes. This improvement not only helped protect the delicate surface of the plate from abrasion and tarnishing, but also enhanced the quality of the image. The technique was not patented and was immediately adopted by all daguerreotypists. Between 1839 and 1841, in association with Alfred Donné, Fizeau conducted experiments with the aim of converting daguerreotypes into printing plates. Prints from two of his plates were published in 1842, but the technique was never widely practised. In association with J.B.Léon Foucault, Fizeau discovered the reciprocity failure of daguerreotypes, and the same partnership produced what were probably the first daguerreotypes of the sun. Fizeau is best known in physics for making the first accurate determination of the speed of light, in 1849.[br]Further ReadingW.H.Thornthwaite, 1843, Photographic Manipulation, London (provides details of Fizeau's gold-toning process).H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London (a more general account of Fizeau's contributions to photography).JWBiographical history of technology > Fizeau, Armand Hippolyte Louis
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82 Gilbert, Joseph Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1 August 1817 Hull, Englandd. 23 December 1901 England[br]English chemist who co-established the reputation of Rothampsted Experimental Station as at the forefront of agricultural research.[br]Joseph Gilbert was the son of a congregational minister. His schooling was interrupted by the loss of an eye as the result of a shooting accident, but despite this setback he entered Glasgow University to study analytical chemistry, and then went to University College, London, where he was a fellow student of John Bennet Lawes. During his studies he visited Giessen, Germany, and worked in the laboratory of Justus von Liebig. In 1843, at the age of 26, he was hired as an assistant by Lawes, who was 29 at that time; an unbroken friendship and collaboration existed between the two until Lawes died in 1900. They began a series of experiments on grain production and grew plots under different applications of nitrogen, with control plots that received none at all. Much of the work at Rothampsted was on the nitrogen requirements of plants and how this element became available to them. The grain grown in these experiments was analyzed to determine whether nitrogen input affected grain quality. Gilbert was a methodical worker who by the time of his death had collected together some 50,000 carefully stored and recorded samples.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1893. FRS 1860. Fellow of the Chemistry Society 1841, President 1882–3. President, Chemical Section of the British Association 1880. Sibthorpian Professor of Rural Economy, Oxford University, 1884. Honorary Professor of the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Honorary member of the Royal Agricultural Society of England 1883. Royal Society Royal Medal 1867 (jointly with Lawes). Society of Arts Albert Gold Medal 1894 (jointly with Lawes). Liebig Foundation of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Science Silver Medal 1893 (jointly with Lawes).AP -
83 σπείρω
σπείρω fut. σπερῶ LXX; 1 aor. ἔσπειρα; pf. 2 sg. ἔσπαρκας. Pass.: fut. 3 sg. σπαρήσεται LXX; 2 aor. ἐσπάρην; pf. ptc. ἐσπαρμένος (Hes., Hdt.+).① sow seedⓐ lit.α. abs., opp. θερίζω Mt 6:26; Lk 12:24.—Mt 13:3b, 4; Mk 4:3b, 4; Lk 8:5c. ὁ σπείρων a sower Mt 13:3a (cp. Cicero, Tusc. Disp. 2, 5 [13]); Mk 4:3a; Lk 8:5a; 2 Cor 9:10 (Is 55:10); 1 Cl 24:5. Also ὁ σπείρας Mt 13:18. On the sower in the parable: UHolzmeister, Verb. Dom. 22, ’42, 8–12; KGrayston, ET 55, ’44, 138f; SFinlayson, ibid. 306f; DHaugg, TQ 127, ’47, 60–81; 166–204.β. w. acc. of what is sown (X., Oec. 14, 5) 1 Cor 15:36, 37ab; (τὸ) καλὸν σπέρμα Mt 13:24, 27, 37. τὸν σπόρον Lk 8:5b. ζιζάνια Mt 13:39. Pass. Mk 4:32.γ. w. indication of the place in which or on which someth. is sown (Pla., Leg. 8, 7, 838e εἰς πέτρας κ. λίθους σπ.) εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας Mt 13:22; Mk 4:18. Also ἐπὶ τὰς ἀκ. 4:18 v.l. ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ sow in the field Mt 13:24, 31. ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς Mk 4:31 (ApcSed 3:4). ἐπὶ τὰ πετρώδη 4:16; Mt 13:20. ἐπὶ τὴν καλὴν γῆν vs. 23; cp. Mk 4:20 (opp. w. acc. Did., Gen. 218, 4; on the problem of identity s. PPayne, NTS 26, 564–68). παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν Mt 13:19b (GDalman, Viererlei Acker: PJ 22, 1926, 120–32; gener. Dalman, Arbeit II: D. Ackerbau ’32). But in these passages the lit. usage is already passing over into the metaphorical yet w. the idea of sowing at the forefront.ⓑ in imagery and metaph.α. in proverbial expressions based on the contrast θερίζειν … σπείρειν (cp. θερίζω 2a and ἐπί 5) of appropriating the fruits of another’s labor, without doing any work θερίζων ὅπου οὐκ ἔσπειρας Mt 25:24, 26. Cp. Lk 19:21f. ἄλλος ἐστὶν ὁ σπείρων καὶ ἄλλος ὁ θερίζων J 4:37. The harvest corresponds to what is sown (Hes., Fgm. 174 Rz.; εἰ κακὰ σπείραις, κακὰ κέρδεά κʼ ἀμήσαιο; TestLevi 13:6; Gr Bar 15:2 οἱ γὰρ καλῶς σπείραντες καὶ καλῶ ἐπισυνάγουσιν) ὸ̔ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει Gal 6:7; cp. vs. 8ab (here the ‘field’ is given w. εἰς τὴν σάρκα or τὸ πνεῦμα); 2 Cor 9:6ab.β. The word of God, the gospel et al. are sown (Herm. Wr. 1, 29 ἔσπειρα αὐτοῖς τοὺς τῆς σοφίας λόγους) ὁ σπείρων τὸν λόγον σπείρει Mk 4:14; cp. (Orig., C. Cels. 4, 9, 6) vs. 15ab; Mt 13:19a; J 4:36. τὰ πνευματικά 1 Cor 9:11. The κακὴ διδαχή of the false teachers IEph 9:1ab (cp. AscIs 2:4 τῇ ἀνομίᾳ ἥτις ἐσπάρη ἐν Ἱερουσαλήμ).γ. μὴ σπείρητε ἐπʼ ἀκάνθαις B 9:5 (Jer 4:3). καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης ἐν εἰρήνῃ σπείρεται τοῖς ποιοῦσιν εἰρήνην Js 3:18 (σπ. καρπόν as Antiphanes 228, 4; Paus. 1, 14, 2).δ. The body after burial is compared to a seed-grain, for in the resurrection it comes forth fr. the earth. This is the background of the contrast σπείρειν … ἐγείρειν 1 Cor 15:42–44.② scatter, disperse (Hdt. et al.; also AscIs 2:4 [s. 1bβ]) ἔσπαρται κατὰ πάντων τῶν τοῦ σώματος μελῶν ἡ ψυχή the soul is spread throughout all the members of the body Dg 6:2.—B. 505.—DELG. M-M. TW. -
84 перший
1) числ. порядковий firstперший в таблиці спорт. — at the top of the table, top-scorer
2) прикм. ( який передує всім наступним) firstперший внесок ек. — first call
3) прикм. ( із вищезгаданих) the former4) прикм. ( найкращий) first, bestбути першим — to be ( the) first; ( y класі) to lead, to be top
займати перше місце — to occupy ( to take) the first place; ( у змаганні) to take the premier place
той, хто займає перше місце — ( first and) foremost
5) прикм. ( головний) chief, main6)на перший погляд, з першого погляду — at first sight
з перших рук — first-hand, at first hand
за першої можливості — at one's earliest convenience, as soon as possible
перший палець (передньої кінцівки) анат. — pollex
перший палець ноги зоол. — hallux
перший шлунок анат. — ingluvies
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85 ориентироваться
to orient не очень частотное слово; по возможности заменять на высокочастотный контекстуальный эквивалентРадикал-либеральная модель ориентируется на ельцинскую «автократию олигархов» с соблюдением демократического декорума. — The radical liberal model would actually preserve Yeltsin-style "autocracy of the oligarchs" with some democratic decorum.
Какая реклама, кроме пива, ориентирована сугубо на мужчин? («Известия») — Is there any advertising, except of beer, that targets only men (или men only)?
Ориентироваться только на линию партии - это большевизм (интервью в «Общей газете»). — То be guided only by/to have in mind only the party line is tantamount to Bolshevism.
Если ориентироваться только на такую узкую базу, то можно вообще в Думу не попасть. — If we go after such a small constituency/narrow base of support, we might fail to be elected to the Duma altogether.
Украина вынуждена будет в этом случае ориентироваться на устаревшие технологии (russ.ru). — Ukraine would be saddled with obsolete technologies.
В этой ситуации Украина может рассчитывать только на экстенсивный путь развития, ориентируясь на рынки слаборазвитых стран и РФ. — Ukraine would then face the prospect of extensive (rather than intensive) development, looking to/targeting the markets of under-developed countries and Russia.
Он хорошо ориентируется в этих вопросах. — Не is familiar with/well versed in/knows all about these issues.
сориентироваться (в прямом и переносном смысле) — to get one's bearings, assess the situation
Российский президент сразу сориентировался, был доволен тем, что я не стал делать скандал главной темой (из интервью Э.Шеварднадзе «Московским новостям»). — The President of Russia immediately appreciated the fact that I did not put the scandal at the forefront of the discussion.
сориентировать кого-либо — to give someone an idea of something/to bring someone up to speed ( очень разговорное)
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86 Abney, William de Wiveleslie
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 24 July 1843 Englandd. 2 December 1920 England[br]English photographic scientist, inventor and author.[br]Abney began his career as an officer in the Army and was an instructor in chemistry in the Royal Engineers at Chatham, where he made substantial use of photography as a working tool. He retired from the Army in 1877 and joined the Science and Art Department at South Kensington. It was at Abney's suggestion that a collection of photographic equipment and processes was established in the South Kensington Museum (later to become the Science Museum Photography Collection).Abney undertook significant researches into the nature of gelatine silver halide emulsions at a time when they were being widely adopted by photographers. Perhaps his most important practical innovations were the introduction of hydroquinone as a developing agent in 1880 and silver gelatine citrochloride emulsions for printing-out paper (POP) in 1882. However, Abney was at the forefront of many aspects of photographic research during a period of great innovation and change in photography. He devised new techniques of photomechanical printing and conducted significant researches in the fields of photochemistry and spectral analysis. Abney published throughout his career for both the specialist scientist and the more general photographic practitioner.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKCB 1900. FRS 1877. Served at different times as President of the Royal Astronomical, Royal Photographic and Physical Societies. Chairman, Royal Society of Arts.Further ReadingObituary, 1921, Proceedings of the Royal Society (Series A) 99. J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E.Epstein, New York.JWBiographical history of technology > Abney, William de Wiveleslie
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87 передовой
1) General subject: advance, advanced (advanced ideas - передовые идеи), ahead of one's time, ahead of one's times, ahead of the time, ahead of the times, before (one's) time, edgy (Innovative, or at the cutting edge, with the concomitant qualities of intensity and excitement - Collins; at the forefront of a trend; cutting-edge - Oxford), foremost, forward, front, front rank, front-rank, head, headmost, innovative, leading, liberal (о взглядах), new, outasight, progressive, up front, with it, flagship (a flagship conservative paper), sophisticated, forward-minded, cutting-edge, in vanguard2) Geology: foredeep, heading, heading face3) Medicine: frontline4) American: outasite5) Military: vanward6) Automobile industry: fore8) Information technology: front-line9) Geophysics: leading-edge, state-of-the-art -
88 czele
n; patrz czoło* * *n.na czele t. przen. in l. at the forefront; in the vanguard ( czegoś of sth); na czele pochodu heading the procession; na czele grupy ( o przywódcy) at the head of the group; stać na czele czegoś be the head of sth; head sth.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > czele
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89 linia
-i; -e; gen pl; -i; fiść (pójść perf) po linii najmniejszego oporu — to take the line of least resistance
* * *f.Gen. -ii1. geom. line; linia prosta (straight) line; linia krzywa curve; linia kropkowana dotted line; linia przerywana dashed line, broken line; w jednej linii in a line; w linii prostej in a straight line, as the crow flies; linia demarkacyjna line of demarcation; linie papilarne anat. papillary lines; linia brzegowa geogr. coastline; linia autowa sport touch line; linia bramkowa sport goal line; papier w linie lined paper.2. (= szereg, rząd) row, rank.3. wojsk. line; (= front) the front (line); walczyć w pierwszej linii be in the forefront of the fighting line; zwycięstwo/klęska na całej linii t. przen. sweeping victory/defeat.5. (= kontur) contour; dbać o linię watch one's weight.6. (= kierunek działania) line; iść po linii najmniejszego oporu take the line of least resistance.7. (= ród) lineage; przodek/potomek w linii prostej ancestor/descendant in a direct line, lineal ancestor/descendant.8. (= liniał) ruler.9. miern. straight-edge.10. (= wiersz w tekście) line.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > linia
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90 положение
ср.1) position, location, whereaboutsрабочее положение — operative/working position
занимать промежуточное положение — ( между) to be intermediate (between)
положение вне чего-л. — exteriority
2) position, attitude, postureположение "на плечо" — carry воен.
3) situation; state, condition; standing, statusнаходиться в отчаянном положении — to be in desperate straits/condition
считать положение/вопрос очень серьезным — to take a grave view of the matter
по( занимаемому) положению — by one's position; ex officio
занимать положение — to hold a position, to take up/occupy a position
исправлять положение — to rectify the situation, to remedy the condition/situation
- безнадежное положениемеждународное положение — international situation, world situation
- благоприятное положение
- внутриполитическое положение
- выигрышное положение
- затруднительное положение
- зыбкое положение
- критическое положение
- ложное положение
- материальное положение
- осадное положение
- официальное положение
- пиковое положение
- семейное положение
- социальное положение
- трудное положение
- угрожающее положение
- чрезвычайное положение
- шаткое положение
- щекотливое положение
- щекотливость положения4) thesis мн. ч. theses; clause; provisions мн. ч. (соглашения)5) ( свод правил) regulations мн. ч.; statute•••быть на высоте положения — to be up to the mark, to be on top of the situation
войти в чье-л. положение — to understand smb.'s position; to sympathize with smb.
- быть в интересном положении- быть в положении
- выход из положения
- выходить из положения
- господин положения
- положение вещей
- положение дел - хозяин положения
- человек с положением -
91 ὅμιλος
A any assembled crowd, throng of people, for a feast, Od.1.225 ; for a spectacle, Il.18.603,23.651, cf. Pi.P.9.123, al., A.Pers. 123, al., E.Cyc. 100, al., Hdt. (v. infr.): rare in [dialect] Att. Com. and Prose, as Cratin.323, Th.2.65, 4.112 ; esp. the mass of the people, the crowd, opp. the chiefs,προπάροιθεν ὁμίλου Il.3.22
; ὅ. Δαναῶν, Τρώων, etc., 19.402,4.86, al. ;ἵππων καὶ ἀνδρῶν ὅ. 10.338
; τὸν ψιλὸν ὅ. the crowd of irregulars, opp. ὁπλῖται, Th.4.125 ; mob,διδασκάλῳ χρείωνται ὁμίλῳ Heraclit.104
;ὁ πολλὸς ὅ. Hdt.1.88
, cf. 3.81 ;τυφλὸν δ' ἔχει ἦτορ ὅ. ἀνδρῶν ὁ πλεῖστος Pi.N.7.24
; but also ὅ. πολλὸς μὲν Ἕλλην περιοικέει a large Hellenic population, Hdt.5.23.b of inanimate objects,[σῆμα] οὔ τι μεμιγμένον ἐστὶν ὁμίλῳ Od.8.196
.2 throng of battle,τὴν ἔξαγ' ὁμίλου Il.5.353
, cf. 4.516, etc. ; πρώτῳ ἐν ὁ. in the forefront of battle, 17.471 : generally, tumult, confusion,βοῇ καὶ ὁμίλῳ Hdt.9.59
;σοφίῃ καὶ μὴ βίῃ καὶ ὁ. Id.3.127
.—The word seems not to be used in pl. -
92 возглавлять
возглавить (вн.)1. ( становиться во главе) place oneself at the head (of)делегацию возглавляет такой-то — the delegation is led / headed by so-and-so
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93 a sta în frunte
1. to be / to stand at the topto stand first.2. fig. to rank first / foremost / highto be in the lead / the van / the forefront\a sta în frunte fruntea... to be at the head of... -
94 возглавлять
(вн.)1) (сов. возгла́вить) ( брать на себя руководство) place oneself at the head (of); become leader (of)возглавля́ть движе́ние за незави́симость — be in the forefront of the independence movement
2) ( быть во главе) head (d), be at the head (of); lead (d)делега́цию возглавля́ет г-н Н. — the delegation is led / headed by Mr. N.
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95 في المقدمة
في المُقَدِّمَةat the head, ahead, in (the) front, in the forefront, in the lead; on top (of), at the top (of); leading, foremost, headmost, ahead, advance(d) -
96 gelid
2 [meervoud, groep] rank♦voorbeelden:in de voorste gelederen • in the front ranks/the forefrontde gelederen sluiten • close the ranksin het gelid staan • stand in linein het gelid blijven • keep rank/ranks -
97 militarista
adj.militarist.f. & m.militarist, man of war, warmonger.* * *► adjetivo1 militarist1 militarist* * *1.ADJ militaristic2.SMF militarist* * *adjetivo/masculino y femenino militarist* * *= militaristic.Ex. He began by gloomily reflecting that 'the only version of national pride encouraged by American popular culture is a smipleminded militaristic chauvinism'.* * *adjetivo/masculino y femenino militarist* * *= militaristic.Ex: He began by gloomily reflecting that 'the only version of national pride encouraged by American popular culture is a smipleminded militaristic chauvinism'.
* * *adj/mfmilitarist* * *
militarista adjetivo militarist: se ha notado la creciente influencia de los círculos militaristas en aquel país, the growing influence of militarist groups in those countries is coming to the forefront
' militarista' also found in these entries:
English:
warmonger
* * *♦ adjmilitarist♦ nmfmilitarist* * *I adj militaristicII m/f militarist -
98 în rândul întâi
in the front / the first rowşi fig. in the forefront / the foreground. -
99 awangar|da
f 1. (grupa ludzi) avant-garde U, vanguard U- należeć do awangardy literackiej to be a member of the literary avant-garde2. sgt Literat., Muz., Szt. (kierunek, zjawiska) the avant-garde 3. Wojsk. vanguardThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > awangar|da
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100 في الطليعة
في الطّلِيعَةat the head, ahead, in (the) front, in the forefront, in the lead; leading, foremost, headmost, ahead, advance(d); on top (of)
См. также в других словарях:
the forefront — UK US noun [S] ► the most noticeable or important position in a particular market, activity, or group: at/in the forefront of (doing) sth »The company is at the forefront of developing new technology to address CO2 emissions. come/move to the… … Financial and business terms
(the) forefront — the forefront UK [ˈfɔː(r)ˌfrʌnt] US [ˈfɔrˌfrʌnt] noun a leading or important position at/in the forefront (of): We are at the forefront of efforts to tackle inequality. bring something to the forefront: Recent events had brought European issues… … Useful english dictionary
the forefront — UK [ˈfɔː(r)ˌfrʌnt] / US [ˈfɔrˌfrʌnt] noun a leading or important position at/in the forefront (of): We are at the forefront of efforts to tackle inequality. bring something to the forefront: Recent events had brought European issues to the… … English dictionary
at the forefront (of something) — at/in/to the ˈforefront (of sth) idiom in or into an important or leading position in a particular group or activity • Women have always been at the forefront of the Green movement. • The new product took the company to the forefront of the… … Useful english dictionary
in the forefront (of something) — at/in/to the ˈforefront (of sth) idiom in or into an important or leading position in a particular group or activity • Women have always been at the forefront of the Green movement. • The new product took the company to the forefront of the… … Useful english dictionary
to the forefront (of something) — at/in/to the ˈforefront (of sth) idiom in or into an important or leading position in a particular group or activity • Women have always been at the forefront of the Green movement. • The new product took the company to the forefront of the… … Useful english dictionary
Forefront — Fore front , n. Foremost part or place. [1913 Webster] Set ye Uriah in the forefront of the hottest battle. 2 Sam. xi. 15. [1913 Webster] Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, standing in the forefront for all time, the masters of those who know. J. C.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
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