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  • 1 Systemic Financial Stress

    General subject: SFS

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Systemic Financial Stress

  • 2 incidir

    v.
    1 to affect.
    2 to fall again.
    Incidió en el mismo error He fell again into the same mistake.
    3 to have an effect on.
    Nos incidió el alza del combustible The fuel increase had an effect on us.
    4 to incise, to make an incision.
    * * *
    1 (repercutir en) to have an effect on, affect
    2 (incurrir en) to fall into
    3 (tratar) to touch upon; (insistir en) to stress
    4 (luz, rayo) to fall on
    5 MEDICINA to incise in, incise into
    \
    incidir en un error to make a mistake
    * * *
    1. VI
    1)

    incidir en — (=afectar) to influence, affect; (=recaer sobre) to have a bearing on

    el impuesto incide más en ellos — the tax affects them most, the tax hits them hardest

    2) (=hacer hincapié)
    2.
    VT (Med) to incise
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo (frml)
    1) ( influir)

    eso no incidió en nuestra decisión — that did not affect our decision, that had no bearing on our decision

    2) (period) ( insistir)

    incidió en la necesidad de... — he stressed the need to...

    3) (frml) ( incurrir)

    incidir en algo — en error to fall into something (frml)

    * * *
    ----
    * incidir en = have + a bearing on/upon, impinge on/upon, operate on.
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo (frml)
    1) ( influir)

    eso no incidió en nuestra decisión — that did not affect our decision, that had no bearing on our decision

    2) (period) ( insistir)

    incidió en la necesidad de... — he stressed the need to...

    3) (frml) ( incurrir)

    incidir en algo — en error to fall into something (frml)

    * * *
    * incidir en = have + a bearing on/upon, impinge on/upon, operate on.
    * * *
    incidir [I1 ]
    vi
    ( frml)
    A (influir) incidir EN algo to have a bearing ON sth
    eso no incidió en nuestra decisión that did not influence o affect our decision, that did not have any bearing on our decision
    la pobreza incide en la salud de estos jóvenes poverty affects o has an effect on the health of these young people
    los factores que inciden en los accidentes de este tipo the factors which contribute to o have a bearing on accidents of this kind
    B ( period) (insistir) incidir EN algo to stress sth
    incidió en la necesidad de reducir la plantilla he stressed the need to reduce the workforce
    C (incurrir) incidir EN algo:
    generación tras generación incidimos en el mismo error we make the same mistake generation after generation, generation after generation we fall into the same error ( frml)
    D
    1 ( Fís, Mat) incidir EN or SOBRE algo «luz/rayos» to fall ON sth, strike sth; «línea» to meet o intersect sth
    2 (cortar) to incise
    * * *

     

    incidir verbo intransitivo
    1 (incurrir) to fall [en, into]: procuraremos no incidir en los mismos fallos, we'll try not to make the same mistakes
    2 (hacer hincapié) to insist [en, on]: el autor incide en la importancia de Godoy, the author insists on the importance of Godoy
    3 (tener efecto) to affect, influence: su error no incidió en el resultado final, his mistake didn't affect the outcome
    4 (chocar sobre una superficie) to come into contact with
    ' incidir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    repercutir
    * * *
    1.
    incidir en [incurrir en] to fall into, to lapse into;
    volví a incidir en los mismos errores I made the same mistakes again
    2.
    incidir en [insistir en] to emphasize;
    el conferenciante incidió en la importancia de una alimentación sana the lecturer emphasized the importance of a healthy diet
    3.
    incidir en [influir en] to have an impact on, to affect;
    el frío incide en el consumo energético cold weather affects energy consumption
    4.
    incidir en o [m5] sobre [luz, ondas, proyectil] to hit, to fall on
    * * *
    I v/i
    :
    incidir en ( afectar) have an effect on, affect; ( recalcar) stress;
    incidir en un error make a mistake
    II v/t incise
    * * *
    1)
    incidir en : to fall into, to enter into
    incidimos en el mismo error: we fell into the same mistake
    2)
    incidir en : to affect, to influence, to have a bearing on

    Spanish-English dictionary > incidir

  • 3 Wöhler, August

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 22 June 1819 Soltau, Germany
    d. 21 June 1914 Hannover, Germany
    [br]
    German railway engineer who first established the fatigue fracture of metals.
    [br]
    Wöhler, the son of a schoolteacher, was born at Soltau on the Luneburg Heath and received his early education at his father's school, where his mathematical abilities soon became apparent. He completed his studies at the Technical High School, Hannover.
    In 1840 he obtained a position at the Borsig Engineering Works in Berlin and acquired there much valuable experience in railway technology. He trained as an engine driver in Belgium and in 1843 was appointed as an engineer to the first Hannoverian Railway, then being constructed between Hannover and Lehrte. In 1847 he became Chief Superintendent of rolling stock on the Lower Silesian-Brandenhurg Railway, where his technical abilities influenced the Prussian Minister of Commerce to appoint him to a commission set up to investigate the reasons for the unusually high incidence of axle failures then being encountered on the railways. This was in 1852, and by 1854, when the Brandenburg line had been nationalized, Wöhler had already embarked on the long, systematic programme of mechanical testing which eventually provided him with a clear insight into the process of what is now referred to as "fatigue failure". He concentrated initially on the behaviour of machined iron and steel specimens subjected to fluctuating direct, bending and torsional stresses that were imposed by testing machines of his own design.
    Although Wöhler was not the first investigator in this area, he was the first to recognize the state of "fatigue" induced in metals by the repeated application of cycles of stress at levels well below those that would cause immediate failure. His method of plotting the fatigue stress amplitude "S" against the number of stress cycles necessary to cause failure "N" yielded the well-known S-N curve which described very precisely the susceptibility to fatigue failure of the material concerned. Engineers were thus provided with an invaluable testing technique that is still widely used in the 1990s.
    Between 1851 and 1898 Wöhler published forty-two papers in German technical journals, although the importance of his work was not initially fully appreciated in other countries. A display of some of his fracture fatigue specimens at the Paris Exposition in 1867, however, stimulated a short review of his work in Engineering in London. Four years later, in 1871, Engineering published a series of nine articles which described Wöhler's findings in considerable detail and brought them to the attention of engineers. Wöhler became a member of the newly created management board of the Imperial German Railways in 1874, an appointment that he retained until 1889. He is also remembered for his derivation in 1855 of a formula for calculating the deflections under load of lattice girders, plate girders, and other continuous beams resting on more than two supports. This "Three Moments" theorem appeared two years before Clapeyron independently advanced the same expression. Wöhler's other major contribution to bridge design was to use rollers at one end to allow for thermal expansion and contraction.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1855, "Theorie rechteckiger eiserner Brückenbalken", Zeitschrift für Bauwesen 5:122–66. 1870, "Über die Festigkeitversuche mit Eisen und Stahl", Zeitschrift für Bauwesen 20:73– 106.
    Wöhler's experiments on the fatigue of metals were reported in Engineering (1867) 2:160; (1871) 11:199–200, 222, 243–4, 261, 299–300, 326–7, 349–50, 397, 439–41.
    Further Reading
    R.Blaum, 1918, "August Wöhler", Beiträge zur Geschichte der Technik und Industrie 8:35–55.
    ——1925, "August Wöhler", Deutsches biographisches Jahrbuch, Vol. I, Stuttgart, pp. 103–7.
    K.Pearson, 1890, "On Wöhler's experiments on alternating stress", Messeng. Math.
    20:21–37.
    J.Gilchrist, 1900, "On Wöhler's Laws", Engineer 90:203–4.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Wöhler, August

  • 4 Guest, James John

    [br]
    b. 24 July 1866 Handsworth, Birmingham, England
    d. 11 June 1956 Virginia Water, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer, engineering teacher and researcher.
    [br]
    James John Guest was educated at Marlborough in 1880–4 and at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating as fifth wrangler in 1888. He received practical training in several workshops and spent two years in postgraduate work at the Engineering Department of Cambridge University. After working as a draughtsman in the machine-tool, hydraulic and crane departments of Tangyes Ltd at Birmingham, he was appointed in 1896 Assistant Professor of Engineering at McGill University in Canada. After a short time he moved to the Polytechnic Institute at Worcester, Massachusetts, where he was for three years Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Head of the Engineering Department. In 1899 he returned to Britain and set up as a consulting engineer in Birmingham, being a partner in James J.Guest \& Co. For the next fifteen years he combined this work with research on grinding phenomena. He also developed a theory of grinding which he first published in a paper at the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1914 and elaborated in a paper to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and in his book Grinding Machinery (1915). During the First World War, in 1916–17, he was in charge of inspection in the Staffordshire and Shropshire Area, Ministry of Munitions. In 1917 he returned to teaching as Reader in Graphics and Structural Engineering at University College London. His final appointment was about 1923 as Professor of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Artillery College, Woolwich, which later became the Military College of Science.
    He carried out research on the strength of materials and contributed many articles on the subject to the technical press. He originated Guest's Law for a criterion of failure of materials under combined stresses, first published in 1900. He was a Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1900–6 and from 1919 and contributed to their proceedings in many discussions and two major papers.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Of many publications by Guest, the most important are: 1900, "Ductile materials under combined stress", Proceedings of the Physical Society 17:202.
    1915, Grinding Machinery, London.
    1915, "Theory of grinding, with reference to the selection of speeds in plain and internal work", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 89:543.
    1917. "Torsional hysteresis of mild steel", Proceedings of the Royal Society A93:313.
    1918. with F.C.Lea, "Curved beams", Proceedings of the Royal Society A95:1. 1930, "Effects of rapidly acting stress", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical
    Engineers 119:1,273.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Guest, James John

  • 5 Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 31 December 1888 Thizy, Rhône, France
    d. 15 August 1960 Fontenoy-aux-Roses, France
    [br]
    French metallurgist, inventor of the alloys Elinvar and Platinite and of the method of strengthening nickel-chromium alloys by a precipitate ofNi3Al which provided the basis of all later super-alloy development.
    [br]
    Soon after graduating from the Ecole des Mines at St-Etienne in 1910, Chevenard joined the Société de Commentry Fourchambault et Decazeville at their steelworks at Imphy, where he remained for the whole of his career. Imphy had for some years specialized in the production of nickel steels. From this venture emerged the first austenitic nickel-chromium steel, containing 6 per cent chromium and 22–4 per cent nickel and produced commercially in 1895. Most of the alloys required by Guillaume in his search for the low-expansion alloy Invar were made at Imphy. At the Imphy Research Laboratory, established in 1911, Chevenard conducted research into the development of specialized nickel-based alloys. His first success followed from an observation that some of the ferro-nickels were free from the low-temperature brittleness exhibited by conventional steels. To satisfy the technical requirements of Georges Claude, the French cryogenic pioneer, Chevenard was then able in 1912 to develop an alloy containing 55–60 per cent nickel, 1–3 per cent manganese and 0.2–0.4 per cent carbon. This was ductile down to −190°C, at which temperature carbon steel was very brittle.
    By 1916 Elinvar, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with an elastic modulus that did not vary appreciably with changes in ambient temperature, had been identified. This found extensive use in horology and instrument manufacture, and even for the production of high-quality tuning forks. Another very popular alloy was Platinite, which had the same coefficient of thermal expansion as platinum and soda glass. It was used in considerable quantities by incandescent-lamp manufacturers for lead-in wires. Other materials developed by Chevenard at this stage to satisfy the requirements of the electrical industry included resistance alloys, base-metal thermocouple combinations, magnetically soft high-permeability alloys, and nickel-aluminium permanent magnet steels of very high coercivity which greatly improved the power and reliability of car magnetos. Thermostatic bimetals of all varieties soon became an important branch of manufacture at Imphy.
    During the remainder of his career at Imphy, Chevenard brilliantly elaborated the work on nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys to make stronger pressure vessels for the Haber and other chemical processes. Another famous alloy that he developed, ATV, contained 35 per cent nickel and 11 per cent chromium and was free from the problem of stress-induced cracking in steam that had hitherto inhibited the development of high-power steam turbines. Between 1912 and 1917, Chevenard recognized the harmful effects of traces of carbon on this type of alloy, and in the immediate postwar years he found efficient methods of scavenging the residual carbon by controlled additions of reactive metals. This led to the development of a range of stabilized austenitic stainless steels which were free from the problems of intercrystalline corrosion and weld decay that then caused so much difficulty to the manufacturers of chemical plant.
    Chevenard soon concluded that only the nickel-chromium system could provide a satisfactory basis for the subsequent development of high-temperature alloys. The first published reference to the strengthening of such materials by additions of aluminium and/or titanium occurs in his UK patent of 1929. This strengthening approach was adopted in the later wartime development in Britain of the Nimonic series of alloys, all of which depended for their high-temperature strength upon the precipitated compound Ni3Al.
    In 1936 he was studying the effect of what is now known as "thermal fatigue", which contributes to the eventual failure of both gas and steam turbines. He then published details of equipment for assessing the susceptibility of nickel-chromium alloys to this type of breakdown by a process of repeated quenching. Around this time he began to make systematic use of the thermo-gravimetrie balance for high-temperature oxidation studies.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Société de Physique. Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur.
    Bibliography
    1929, Analyse dilatométrique des matériaux, with a preface be C.E.Guillaume, Paris: Dunod (still regarded as the definitive work on this subject).
    The Dictionary of Scientific Biography lists around thirty of his more important publications between 1914 and 1943.
    Further Reading
    "Chevenard, a great French metallurgist", 1960, Acier Fins (Spec.) 36:92–100.
    L.Valluz, 1961, "Notice sur les travaux de Pierre Chevenard, 1888–1960", Paris: Institut de France, Académie des Sciences.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre

  • 6 подвергать материал переменным нагрузкам

    Русско-английский физический словарь > подвергать материал переменным нагрузкам

  • 7 Brown, Charles Eugene Lancelot

    [br]
    b. 17 June 1863 Winterthur, Switzerland
    d. 2 May 1924 Montagnola, Italy
    [br]
    English engineer who developed polyphase electrical generation and transmission plant.
    [br]
    After attending the Technical College in Winterthur, Brown served with Emile Burgin in Basle before entering the Oerlikon engineering works near Zurich. Two years later he became Director of the electrical department of Oerlikon and from that time was involved in the development of electrical equipment for the generation and distribution of power. The Lauffen-Frankfurt 110-mile (177 km) transmission line of 1891 demonstrated the commercial feasibility of transmitting electrical power over great distances with three-phase alternating current. For this he designed a generator and early examples of oil-cooled transformers, and the scheme gave an impetus to the development of electric-power transmission throughout Europe. In 1891, in association with Walter Boveri, Brown founded the works of Brown Boveri \& Co. at Baden, Switzerland, and until his retirement in 1911 he devoted his energies to the design of polyphase alternating-current machinery. Important installations included the Frankfurt electricity works (1894), the Paderno-Milan transmission line, and the Lugano tramway of 1894, the first system in Europe to use three-phase traction motors. This tramway was followed by many other polyphase and mountain railways. The acquisition by Brown Boveri \& Co. in 1900 of the manufacturing rights of the Parsons steam turbine directed Brown's attention to problems associated with high-speed machines. Recognizing the high centrifugal stress involved, he began to employ solid cylindrical generator rotors with slots for the excitation winding, a method that has come to be universally adopted in large alternators.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    3 December 1901, British patent no. 24,632 (slotted rotor for alternators).
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1924, The Engineer 137:543.
    Ake T.Vrenthem, 1980, Jonas Wenstrom and the Three Phase System, Stockholm, pp. 26–8 (obituary).
    75 Years of Brown Boveri, 1966, Baden, Switzerland (for a company history).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Brown, Charles Eugene Lancelot

  • 8 Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi

    [br]
    b. 1 June 1796 Paris, France
    d. 24 August 1831 Paris, France
    [br]
    French laid the foundations for modern thermodynamics through his book Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu when he stated that the efficiency of an engine depended on the working substance and the temperature drop between the incoming and outgoing steam.
    [br]
    Sadi was the eldest son of Lazare Carnot, who was prominent as one of Napoleon's military and civil advisers. Sadi was born in the Palais du Petit Luxembourg and grew up during the Napoleonic wars. He was tutored by his father until in 1812, at the minimum age of 16, he entered the Ecole Polytechnique to study stress analysis, mechanics, descriptive geometry and chemistry. He organized the students to fight against the allies at Vincennes in 1814. He left the Polytechnique that October and went to the Ecole du Génie at Metz as a student second lieutenant. While there, he wrote several scientific papers, but on the Restoration in 1815 he was regarded with suspicion because of the support his father had given Napoleon. In 1816, on completion of his studies, Sadi became a second lieutenant in the Metz engineering regiment and spent his time in garrison duty, drawing up plans of fortifications. He seized the chance to escape from this dull routine in 1819 through an appointment to the army general staff corps in Paris, where he took leave of absence on half pay and began further courses of study at the Sorbonne, Collège de France, Ecole des Mines and the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. He was inter-ested in industrial development, political economy, tax reform and the fine arts.
    It was not until 1821 that he began to concentrate on the steam-engine, and he soon proposed his early form of the Carnot cycle. He sought to find a general solution to cover all types of steam-engine, and reduced their operation to three basic stages: an isothermal expansion as the steam entered the cylinder; an adiabatic expansion; and an isothermal compression in the condenser. In 1824 he published his Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu, which was well received at the time but quickly forgotten. In it he accepted the caloric theory of heat but pointed out the impossibility of perpetual motion. His main contribution to a correct understanding of a heat engine, however, lay in his suggestion that power can be produced only where there exists a temperature difference due "not to an actual consumption of caloric but to its transportation from a warm body to a cold body". He used the analogy of a water-wheel with the water falling around its circumference. He proposed the true Carnot cycle with the addition of a final adiabatic compression in which motive power was con sumed to heat the gas to its original incoming temperature and so closed the cycle. He realized the importance of beginning with the temperature of the fire and not the steam in the boiler. These ideas were not taken up in the study of thermodynartiics until after Sadi's death when B.P.E.Clapeyron discovered his book in 1834.
    In 1824 Sadi was recalled to military service as a staff captain, but he resigned in 1828 to devote his time to physics and economics. He continued his work on steam-engines and began to develop a kinetic theory of heat. In 1831 he was investigating the physical properties of gases and vapours, especially the relationship between temperature and pressure. In June 1832 he contracted scarlet fever, which was followed by "brain fever". He made a partial recovery, but that August he fell victim to a cholera epidemic to which he quickly succumbed.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1824, Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu; pub. 1960, trans. R.H.Thurston, New York: Dover Publications; pub. 1978, trans. Robert Fox, Paris (full biographical accounts are provided in the introductions of the translated editions).
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1971, Vol. III, New York: C.Scribner's Sons. T.I.Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C.
    Black.
    Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.
    D.S.L.Cardwell, 1971, from Watt to Clausius. The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann (discusses Carnot's theories of heat).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi

  • 9 Hadfield, Sir Robert Abbott

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 28 November 1858 Attercliffe, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England
    d. 30 September 1940 Kingston Hill, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English metallurgist and pioneer in alloy steels.
    [br]
    Hadfield's father, Robert, set up a steelworks in Sheffield in 1872, one of the earliest to specialize in steel castings. After his education in Sheffield, during which he showed an interest in chemistry, Hadfield entered his father's works. His first act was to set up a laboratory, where he began systematically experimenting with alloy steels in order to improve the quality of the products of the family firm. In 1883 Hadfield found that by increasing the manganese content to 12.5 per cent, with a carbon content of 1.4 per cent, the resulting alloy showed extraordinary resistance to abrasive wear even though it was quite soft. It was soon applied in railway points and crossings, crushing and grinding machinery, and wherever great resistance to wear is required. Its lack of brittleness led to its use in steel helmets during the First World War. Hadfield's manganese steel was also non-magnetic, which was later of importance in the electrical industry. Hadfield's other great invention was that of silicon steel. Again after careful and systematic laboratory work, Hadfield found that a steel containing 3–4 per cent silicon and as little as possible of other elements was highly magnetic, which was to prove important in the electrical industry (e.g. reducing the weight and bulk of electrical transformers). Hadfield took over the firm on the death of his father in 1888, but he continued to lay great stress on the need for laboratory research to improve the quality and range of products. The steel-casting side of the business led to a flourishing armaments industry, and this, together with their expertise in alloy steels, made Hadfield's one of the great names in Sheffield and British steel until, sadly, it succumbed along with so many other illustrious names during the British economic recession of 1983. Hadfield had a keen interest in metallurgical history, particularly in his characteristically thorough examination of the alloys of iron prepared by Faraday at the Royal Institution. Hadfield was an enlightened employer and was one of the first to introduce the eight-hour day.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1908. Baronet 1917. FRS 1909.
    Bibliography
    A list of Hadfield's published papers and other works is published with a biographical account in Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society (1940) 10.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Hadfield, Sir Robert Abbott

  • 10 Ilgner, Karl

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 27 July 1862 Neisse, Upper Silesia (now Nysa, Poland)
    d. 18 January 1921 Berthelsdorf, Silesia
    [br]
    German electrical engineer, inventor of a transformer for electromotors.
    [br]
    Ilgner graduated from the Gewerbeakademie (the forerunner of the Technical University) in Berlin. As the representative of an electric manufacturing company in Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland) from 1897, he was confronted with the fact that there were no appropriate drives for hoisting-engines or rolling-plants in steelworks. Two problems prevented the use of high-capacity electric motors in the mining as well as in the iron and steel industry: the reactions of the motors on the circuit at the peak point of stress concentration; and the complicated handling of the control system which raised the risks regarding safety. Having previously been head of the department of electrical power transmission in Hannover, he was concerned with the development of low-speed direct-current motors powered by gas engines.
    It was Harry Ward Leonard's switchgear for direct-current motors (USA, 1891) that permitted sudden and exact changes in the speed and direction of rotation without causing power loss, as demonstrated in the driving of a rolling sidewalk at the Paris World Fair of 1900. Ilgner connected this switchgear to a large and heavy flywheel which accumulated the kinetic energy from the circuit in order to compensate shock loads. With this combination, electric motors did not need special circuits, which were still weak, because they were working continuously and were regulated individually, so that they could be used for driving hoisting-engines in mines, rolling-plants in steelworks or machinery for producing tools and paper. Ilgner thus made a notable advance in the general progress of electrification.
    His transformer for hoisting-engines was patented in 1901 and was commercially used inter alia by Siemens \& Halske of Berlin. Their first electrical hoisting-engine for the Zollern II/IV mine in Dortmund gained international reputation at the Düsseldorf exhibition of 1902, and is still preserved in situ in the original machine hall of the mine, which is now a national monument in Germany. Ilgner thereafter worked with several companies to pursue his conception, became a consulting engineer in Vienna and Breslau and had a government post after the First World War in Brussels and Berlin until he retired for health reasons in 1919.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1901, DRP no. 138, 387 1903, "Der elektrische Antrieb von Reversier-Walzenstraßen", Stahl und Eisen 23:769– 71.
    Further Reading
    W.Kroker, "Karl Ilgner", Neue Deutsche Biographie, Vol. X, pp. 134–5. W.Philippi, 1924, Elektrizität im Bergbau, Leipzig (a general account).
    K.Warmbold, 1925, "Der Ilgner-Umformer in Förderanlagen", Kohle und Erz 22:1031–36 (a detailed description).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Ilgner, Karl

  • 11 McNaught, William

    [br]
    b. 27 May 1813 Sneddon, Paisley, Scotland
    d. 8 January 1881 Manchester, England
    [br]
    Scottish patentee of a very successful form of compounding beam engine with a high-pressure cylinder between the fulcrum of the beam and the connecting rod.
    [br]
    Although born in Paisley, McNaught was educated in Glasgow where his parents had moved in 1820. He followed in his father's footsteps and became an engineer through an apprenticeship with Robert Napier at the Vulcan Works, Washington Street, Glasgow. He also attended science classes at the Andersonian University in the evenings and showed such competence that at the age of 19 he was offered the position of being in charge of the Fort-Gloster Mills on the Hoogly river in India. He remained there for four years until 1836, when he returned to Scotland because the climate was affecting his health.
    His father had added the revolving cylinder to the steam engine indicator, and this greatly simplified and extended its use. In 1838 William joined him in the business of manufacturing these indicators at Robertson Street, Glasgow. While advising textile manufacturers on the use of the indicator, he realized the need for more powerful, smoother-running and economical steam engines. He provided the answer by placing a high-pressure cylinder midway between the fulcrum of the beam and the connecting rod on an ordinary beam engine. The original cylinder was retained to act as the low-pressure cylinder of what became a compound engine. This layout not only reduced the pressures on the bearing surfaces and gave a smoother-running engine, which was one of McNaught's aims, but he probably did not anticipate just how much more economical his engines would be; they often gave a saving of fuel up to 40 per cent. This was because the steam pipe connecting the two cylinders acted as a receiver, something lacking in the Woolf compound, which enabled the steam to be expanded properly in both cylinders. McNaught took out his patent in 1845, and in 1849 he had to move to Manchester because his orders in Lancashire were so numerous and the scope was much greater there than in Glasgow. He took out further patents for equalizing the stress on the working parts, but none was as important as his original one, which was claimed to have been one of the greatest improvements since the steam engine left the hands of James Watt. He was one of the original promoters of the Boiler Insurance and Steam Power Company and was elected Chairman in 1865, a position he retained until a short time before his death.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1845, British patent no. 11,001 (compounding beam engine).
    Further Reading
    Obituary, Engineer 51.
    Obituary, Engineering 31.
    R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (the fullest account of McNaught's proposals for compounding).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > McNaught, William

  • 12 Sullivan, Louis Henry

    [br]
    b. 3 September 1856 Boston, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 14 April 1924 Chicago, Illinois, USA
    [br]
    American architect whose work came to be known as the "Chicago School of Architecture" and who created a new style of architecture suited specifically to steel-frame, high-rise structures.
    [br]
    Sullivan, a Bostonian, studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Soon he joined his parents, who had moved to Chicago, and worked for a while in the office of William Le Baron Jenney, the pioneer of steel-frame construction. After spending some time studying at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, in 1875 Sullivan returned to Chicago, where he later met and worked for the Danish architect Dankmar Adler, who was practising there. In 1881 the two architects became partners, and during the succeeding fifteen years they produced their finest work and the buildings for which Sullivan is especially known.
    During the early 1880s in Chicago, load-bearing, metal-framework structures that made lofty skyscrapers possible had been developed (see Jenney and Holabird). Louis H.Sullivan initiated building design to stress and complement the metal structure rather than hide it. Moving onwards from H.H.Richardson's treatment of his Marshall Field Wholesale Store in Chicago, Sullivan took the concept several stages further. His first outstanding work, built with Adler in 1886–9, was the Auditorium Building in Chicago. The exterior, in particular, was derived largely from Richardson's Field Store, and the building—now restored—is of bold but simple design, massively built in granite and stone, its form stressing the structure beneath. The architects' reputation was established with this building.
    The firm of Sullivan \& Adler established itself during the early 1890s, when they built their most famous skyscrapers. Adler was largely responsible for the structure, the acoustics and function, while Sullivan was responsible for the architectural design, concerning himself particularly with the limitation and careful handling of ornament. In 1892 he published his ideas in Ornament in Architecture, where he preached restraint in its quality and disposition. He established himself as a master of design in the building itself, producing a rhythmic simplicity of form, closely related to the structural shape beneath. The two great examples of this successful approach were the Wainwright Building in St Louis, Missouri (1890–1) and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York (1894–5). The Wainwright Building was a ten-storeyed structure built in stone and brick and decorated with terracotta. The vertical line was stressed throughout but especially at the corners, where pilasters were wider. These rose unbroken to an Art Nouveau type of decorative frieze and a deeply projecting cornice above. The thirteen-storeyed Guaranty Building is Sullivan's masterpiece, a simple, bold, finely proportioned and essentially modern structure. The pilaster verticals are even more boldly stressed and decoration is at a minimum. In the twentieth century the almost free-standing supporting pillars on the ground floor have come to be called pilotis. As late as the 1920s, particularly in New York, the architectural style and decoration of skyscrapers remained traditionally eclectic, based chiefly upon Gothic or classical forms; in view of this, Sullivan's Guaranty Building was far ahead of its time.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Article by Louis H.Sullivan. Address delivered to architectural students June 1899, published in Canadian Architecture Vol. 18(7):52–3.
    Further Reading
    Hugh Morrison, 1962, Louis Sullivan: Prophet of Modern Architecture.
    Willard Connely, 1961, Louis Sullivan as He Lived, New York: Horizon Press.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Sullivan, Louis Henry

  • 13 importancia

    f.
    importance.
    dar importancia a algo to attach importance to something
    darse importancia to give oneself airs
    de importancia important, of importance
    sin importancia unimportant
    quitar importancia a algo to play something down
    * * *
    1 importance
    \
    dar importancia a algo to take something seriously
    darse importancia to give oneself airs
    de importancia (gen) important 2 (herida, lesión) serious
    no tiene importancia it's nothing, it doesn't matter, it's not important
    quitar importancia a algo, restar importancia a algo to play something down
    sin importancia unimportant
    tener importancia to be important
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *

    ¿y eso qué importancia tiene? — and how is that important o significant?, and what significance does that have?

    no te preocupes, no tiene importancia — don't worry, it's not important

    • carecer de importancia — to be unimportant

    • de cierta importancia — [empresa, asunto] of some importance, important; [herida] serious

    • conceder o dar mucha importancia a algo — to attach great importance to sth

    no quiero darle más importancia de la que tiene, pero... — I don't want to make an issue of this but...

    • darse importancia — to give o.s. airs

    • quitar o restar importancia a algo — to make light of sth, play down the importance of sth

    • sin importancia — [herida, comentario] minor

    * * *
    femenino importance

    detalles sin importancia — minor o insignificant details

    concederle or darle importancia a algo — to attach importance to something

    quitarle or restarle importancia a algo — to play down the importance of something

    ¿y eso qué importancia tiene? — so what?

    darse importancia — to give oneself airs

    * * *
    = importance, merit, notability, pre-eminence [preeminence], prominence, significance, standing, stature, value, distinction, visibility, centrality, meaningfulness, worthwhileness, profile, premium, import, fuse, consequence.
    Ex. This format is becoming common in new thesauri, partly because the recognition of the importance of viewing both relationships and subject terms in one tool.
    Ex. Much will be said later about the merits and drawbacks of the various types of index and approaches to indexing.
    Ex. Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.
    Ex. Despite its pre-eminence, or possibly because of it, DC has its critics.
    Ex. Weights are a quantitative measure of the prominence of various index terms in the description of a subject and may form the basis of an alternative search logic.
    Ex. Whatever viewpoint is taken, it is difficult to dispute the significance of AACR1.
    Ex. Their sheer institutional standing and regard have had a bearing upon the creation of a situation which is a good deal better than it might otherwise have been.
    Ex. Merely having the materials available will not provide the desired boost to the library's stature unless the collection is exceptional.
    Ex. This stop list is input to the computer before indexing can commence, and is a list of the words which appear in text which have no value as access words in an index.
    Ex. Mystery and detective stories, love and romance fiction, adventure and western stories, recent novels widely publicized but of little literary distinction, popularizations of current affairs characterized by sensationalism and easy dogmatism rather than by dispassionate and qualified analysis -- these and similar books are widely circulated by the public library.
    Ex. The new director considers that there is need for recruitment of librarians from all backgrounds into the profession and that librarianship needs higher visibility within society.
    Ex. Gilman advocated the academic library's centrality to research.
    Ex. The author challenges the meaningfulness of precision and recall values as a measure of performance of a retrieval system.
    Ex. But it always assumes the importance, the worthwhileness, of human experience even when -- as in tragedy -- it finds much in that experience evil.
    Ex. There is also a further dilemma concerning formats such as film and audio which have tended to receive a lower profile in the library world (too awkward, too cluttered with copyright restrictions, too technically instable).
    Ex. To presuppose that clients will continue to travel to defined locations earmarked as libraries in search of information is to deny the premium on time prevalent in today's culture.
    Ex. A new set of conventions has had to be developed, using mathematical symbols mainly, which have international import.
    Ex. Accessibility is the most important factor in determining the level of fuse of an information source.
    Ex. I am looking for guidance on a potential digitization project of some consequence.
    ----
    * adquirir importancia = assume + importance, attain + importance, come up, take on + added weight, gain + significance, move up + the agenda, gain + importance, gain in + importance.
    * adquirir importancia histórica = make + history, go down in + history.
    * asunto de importancia = matter of weight, matter of consequence.
    * asunto sin importancia = matter of no consequence.
    * aumentar de importancia = grow in + importance, grow in + significance.
    * clasificar en orden de importancia = rank + in order of importance.
    * cobrar importancia = assume + importance, take on + added weight, move up + the agenda, gain + importance, be on the agenda.
    * conceder importancia = accord + significance level, attach + importance, place + importance.
    * conceder mucha importancia a = lay + great store on.
    * concienciar a Alguien de la importancia de la información = raise + information awareness.
    * consciente de la importancia de la información = information conscious.
    * crecer en importancia = grow from + strength to strength, increase in + importance.
    * cuestión de importancia = matter of consequence.
    * cuestión sin importancia = matter of no consequence.
    * dar a Algo más importancia de la que tiene = oversell.
    * dar bastante importancia a = place + great store on.
    * dar importancia = attach + importance, give + prominence, stress, give + pre-eminence, give + relevance, place + importance, give + importance.
    * dar importancia a = give + weight to, place + emphasis on, attach + weight to, create + a high profile for, give + a high profile, place + weight on.
    * dar importancia a Algo = put + Algo + on the agenda, be on the agenda.
    * dar mayor importancia a = give + pride of place to.
    * dar mucha importancia = put + a premium on.
    * de capital importancia = momentous, of cardinal importance.
    * de crucial importancia = crucially important.
    * de especial importancia = of particular note.
    * de fundamental importancia = of prime importance, critically important.
    * de importancia = of note, of consequence.
    * de importancia creciente = of growing importance.
    * de importancia crucial = crucially important.
    * de importancia fundamental = critically important.
    * de importancia secundaria = incidental.
    * de mayor o menor importancia = great and small.
    * de menor importancia = fringe subject, of fringe interest.
    * de menor importancia para = on the fringe of.
    * de poca importancia = menial, small-time.
    * de primordial importancia = of prime importance, of paramount importance.
    * de segunda importancia = marginal, back burner, on the back burner, second in importance.
    * de segunda importancia en relación con = secondary to.
    * destacar la importa = underscore + importance.
    * destacar la importancia de = stress + the importance of, emphasise + the importance of, highlight + the importance of.
    * de suma importancia = of the utmost importance, of utmost importance.
    * de suprema importancia = of the highest significance.
    * de tercera importancia = tertiary.
    * de vital importancia = vitally important.
    * disminuir la importancia de = lessen + the importance of.
    * donde el tiempo es de suma importancia = time-critical.
    * en orden de importancia = in rank order, in order.
    * falta de importancia = worthlessness.
    * ganar cada vez más importancia = go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength.
    * ganar importancia = grow in + importance, grow in + strength, gain + prominence, grow in + significance, gain + significance, gain in + importance.
    * gente de poca importancia = small fry, the.
    * importancia cada vez mayor = growing importance, growing significance.
    * importancia histórica = historical significance.
    * importancia primordial = key importance.
    * importancia + radicar = the importance of + Nombre + lie.
    * importancia + residir = the importance of + Nombre + lie.
    * importancia + yacer = the importance of + Nombre + lie.
    * minimizar la importancia = minimise + importance.
    * nada de importancia = nothing in particular.
    * no darle demasiada importancia a Algo = think + little of.
    * no darle demasiada importancia a + Infinitivo = think + nothing of + Gerundio.
    * no darle importancia a = think + very little about/of.
    * no percatarse de la importancia de Algo = have + no feeling for.
    * no poder dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = cannot + give + too much emphasis + to the importance of, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be stressed too strongly.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overemphasised, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overstressed, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overstated.
    * no tener importancia = be of no importance, make + no difference, be of no consequence.
    * no tener la menor importancia = be of no particular concern.
    * ordenar por orden de importancia = rank + in order.
    * orden decreciente de importancia = decreasing order of importance.
    * orden de importancia = significance order of terms, pecking order, significance order.
    * pérdida de importancia = demise, swing away from.
    * poca importancia = unimportance, low profile.
    * poner de relieve la importancia = underscore + importance.
    * prestar importancia a = place + weight on.
    * que le presta gran importancia a la cultura = culture-conscious.
    * quitar importancia = de-emphasise [de-emphasize, -USA], understate, trivialise [trivialize, -USA], minimise + importance, downplay, gloss over, negate, soft-pedal.
    * quitar importancia a un problema = trivialise + trouble.
    * quitarle importancia a las cosas = make + light of things.
    * realzar la importancia = heighten + importance.
    * recalcar la importancia de = stress + the importance of.
    * recibir importancia = enjoy + prominence.
    * remarcar la importancia = underline + importance.
    * resaltar la importancia = underscore + importance.
    * resaltar la importancia de = stress + the importance of, emphasise + the importance of, highlight + the importance of.
    * restar importancia = minimise + importance, downplay, gloss over, negate, soft-pedal.
    * restarle importancia a las cosas = make + light of things.
    * ser de importancia primordial = be of key importance.
    * ser de importancia vital = lie at + the heart of.
    * sin darle importancia = airily.
    * sin importancia = negligible, unimportant, trifling, immaterial, of no consequence.
    * subrayar la importancia = underline + importance, underscore + importance.
    * tema de secundaria importancia = footnote.
    * tener gran importancia = be of high significance.
    * tener importancia = carry + weight, have + high profile, be of consequence.
    * tener la misma importancia = carry + equal weight.
    * * *
    femenino importance

    detalles sin importancia — minor o insignificant details

    concederle or darle importancia a algo — to attach importance to something

    quitarle or restarle importancia a algo — to play down the importance of something

    ¿y eso qué importancia tiene? — so what?

    darse importancia — to give oneself airs

    * * *
    = importance, merit, notability, pre-eminence [preeminence], prominence, significance, standing, stature, value, distinction, visibility, centrality, meaningfulness, worthwhileness, profile, premium, import, fuse, consequence.

    Ex: This format is becoming common in new thesauri, partly because the recognition of the importance of viewing both relationships and subject terms in one tool.

    Ex: Much will be said later about the merits and drawbacks of the various types of index and approaches to indexing.
    Ex: Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.
    Ex: Despite its pre-eminence, or possibly because of it, DC has its critics.
    Ex: Weights are a quantitative measure of the prominence of various index terms in the description of a subject and may form the basis of an alternative search logic.
    Ex: Whatever viewpoint is taken, it is difficult to dispute the significance of AACR1.
    Ex: Their sheer institutional standing and regard have had a bearing upon the creation of a situation which is a good deal better than it might otherwise have been.
    Ex: Merely having the materials available will not provide the desired boost to the library's stature unless the collection is exceptional.
    Ex: This stop list is input to the computer before indexing can commence, and is a list of the words which appear in text which have no value as access words in an index.
    Ex: Mystery and detective stories, love and romance fiction, adventure and western stories, recent novels widely publicized but of little literary distinction, popularizations of current affairs characterized by sensationalism and easy dogmatism rather than by dispassionate and qualified analysis -- these and similar books are widely circulated by the public library.
    Ex: The new director considers that there is need for recruitment of librarians from all backgrounds into the profession and that librarianship needs higher visibility within society.
    Ex: Gilman advocated the academic library's centrality to research.
    Ex: The author challenges the meaningfulness of precision and recall values as a measure of performance of a retrieval system.
    Ex: But it always assumes the importance, the worthwhileness, of human experience even when -- as in tragedy -- it finds much in that experience evil.
    Ex: There is also a further dilemma concerning formats such as film and audio which have tended to receive a lower profile in the library world (too awkward, too cluttered with copyright restrictions, too technically instable).
    Ex: To presuppose that clients will continue to travel to defined locations earmarked as libraries in search of information is to deny the premium on time prevalent in today's culture.
    Ex: A new set of conventions has had to be developed, using mathematical symbols mainly, which have international import.
    Ex: Accessibility is the most important factor in determining the level of fuse of an information source.
    Ex: I am looking for guidance on a potential digitization project of some consequence.
    * adquirir importancia = assume + importance, attain + importance, come up, take on + added weight, gain + significance, move up + the agenda, gain + importance, gain in + importance.
    * adquirir importancia histórica = make + history, go down in + history.
    * asunto de importancia = matter of weight, matter of consequence.
    * asunto sin importancia = matter of no consequence.
    * aumentar de importancia = grow in + importance, grow in + significance.
    * clasificar en orden de importancia = rank + in order of importance.
    * cobrar importancia = assume + importance, take on + added weight, move up + the agenda, gain + importance, be on the agenda.
    * conceder importancia = accord + significance level, attach + importance, place + importance.
    * conceder mucha importancia a = lay + great store on.
    * concienciar a Alguien de la importancia de la información = raise + information awareness.
    * consciente de la importancia de la información = information conscious.
    * crecer en importancia = grow from + strength to strength, increase in + importance.
    * cuestión de importancia = matter of consequence.
    * cuestión sin importancia = matter of no consequence.
    * dar a Algo más importancia de la que tiene = oversell.
    * dar bastante importancia a = place + great store on.
    * dar importancia = attach + importance, give + prominence, stress, give + pre-eminence, give + relevance, place + importance, give + importance.
    * dar importancia a = give + weight to, place + emphasis on, attach + weight to, create + a high profile for, give + a high profile, place + weight on.
    * dar importancia a Algo = put + Algo + on the agenda, be on the agenda.
    * dar mayor importancia a = give + pride of place to.
    * dar mucha importancia = put + a premium on.
    * de capital importancia = momentous, of cardinal importance.
    * de crucial importancia = crucially important.
    * de especial importancia = of particular note.
    * de fundamental importancia = of prime importance, critically important.
    * de importancia = of note, of consequence.
    * de importancia creciente = of growing importance.
    * de importancia crucial = crucially important.
    * de importancia fundamental = critically important.
    * de importancia secundaria = incidental.
    * de mayor o menor importancia = great and small.
    * de menor importancia = fringe subject, of fringe interest.
    * de menor importancia para = on the fringe of.
    * de poca importancia = menial, small-time.
    * de primordial importancia = of prime importance, of paramount importance.
    * de segunda importancia = marginal, back burner, on the back burner, second in importance.
    * de segunda importancia en relación con = secondary to.
    * destacar la importa = underscore + importance.
    * destacar la importancia de = stress + the importance of, emphasise + the importance of, highlight + the importance of.
    * de suma importancia = of the utmost importance, of utmost importance.
    * de suprema importancia = of the highest significance.
    * de tercera importancia = tertiary.
    * de vital importancia = vitally important.
    * disminuir la importancia de = lessen + the importance of.
    * donde el tiempo es de suma importancia = time-critical.
    * en orden de importancia = in rank order, in order.
    * falta de importancia = worthlessness.
    * ganar cada vez más importancia = go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength.
    * ganar importancia = grow in + importance, grow in + strength, gain + prominence, grow in + significance, gain + significance, gain in + importance.
    * gente de poca importancia = small fry, the.
    * importancia cada vez mayor = growing importance, growing significance.
    * importancia histórica = historical significance.
    * importancia primordial = key importance.
    * importancia + radicar = the importance of + Nombre + lie.
    * importancia + residir = the importance of + Nombre + lie.
    * importancia + yacer = the importance of + Nombre + lie.
    * minimizar la importancia = minimise + importance.
    * nada de importancia = nothing in particular.
    * no darle demasiada importancia a Algo = think + little of.
    * no darle demasiada importancia a + Infinitivo = think + nothing of + Gerundio.
    * no darle importancia a = think + very little about/of.
    * no percatarse de la importancia de Algo = have + no feeling for.
    * no poder dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = cannot + give + too much emphasis + to the importance of, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be stressed too strongly.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overemphasised, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overstressed, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overstated.
    * no tener importancia = be of no importance, make + no difference, be of no consequence.
    * no tener la menor importancia = be of no particular concern.
    * ordenar por orden de importancia = rank + in order.
    * orden decreciente de importancia = decreasing order of importance.
    * orden de importancia = significance order of terms, pecking order, significance order.
    * pérdida de importancia = demise, swing away from.
    * poca importancia = unimportance, low profile.
    * poner de relieve la importancia = underscore + importance.
    * prestar importancia a = place + weight on.
    * que le presta gran importancia a la cultura = culture-conscious.
    * quitar importancia = de-emphasise [de-emphasize, -USA], understate, trivialise [trivialize, -USA], minimise + importance, downplay, gloss over, negate, soft-pedal.
    * quitar importancia a un problema = trivialise + trouble.
    * quitarle importancia a las cosas = make + light of things.
    * realzar la importancia = heighten + importance.
    * recalcar la importancia de = stress + the importance of.
    * recibir importancia = enjoy + prominence.
    * remarcar la importancia = underline + importance.
    * resaltar la importancia = underscore + importance.
    * resaltar la importancia de = stress + the importance of, emphasise + the importance of, highlight + the importance of.
    * restar importancia = minimise + importance, downplay, gloss over, negate, soft-pedal.
    * restarle importancia a las cosas = make + light of things.
    * ser de importancia primordial = be of key importance.
    * ser de importancia vital = lie at + the heart of.
    * sin darle importancia = airily.
    * sin importancia = negligible, unimportant, trifling, immaterial, of no consequence.
    * subrayar la importancia = underline + importance, underscore + importance.
    * tema de secundaria importancia = footnote.
    * tener gran importancia = be of high significance.
    * tener importancia = carry + weight, have + high profile, be of consequence.
    * tener la misma importancia = carry + equal weight.

    * * *
    importance
    temas de gran importancia matters of great importance o significance o ( frml) of great import
    ésos son detalles sin importancia those are minor o unimportant o insignificant details
    trató de quitarle or restarle importancia al problema she tried to make light of the problem, she tried to play down the importance of the problem
    no debemos darle tanta importancia a este tema we should not make so much of this matter, we should not attach too much importance to this matter
    siento llegar tarde — no tiene importancia I'm sorry I'm late — it doesn't matter
    ¿y eso qué importancia tiene? so what?
    darse importancia to give oneself airs
    * * *

     

    importancia sustantivo femenino
    importance;

    quitarle importancia a algo to play down the importance of sth;
    detalles sin importancia minor o insignificant details;
    no tiene importancia it doesn't matter;
    darse importancia to give oneself airs
    importancia sustantivo femenino importance, significance: no te preocupes, no tiene importancia, don't worry, it's nothing
    el accidente fue de cierta importancia, the accident was quite serious
    dar importancia a, to attach importance to
    quitarle importancia a algo, to play down the importance of sthg
    sin importancia, unimportant
    ♦ Locuciones: darse importancia, to give oneself airs

    ' importancia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acento
    - acentuar
    - alta
    - alto
    - bagatela
    - calibre
    - cobrar
    - conceder
    - dimensión
    - énfasis
    - entidad
    - envergadura
    - escatológico
    - fallo
    - ignorar
    - incidir
    - insignificancia
    - insistir
    - interés
    - levedad
    - marcar
    - minúscula
    - minúsculo
    - niñería
    - palidecer
    - pequeña
    - pequeño
    - primera
    - primero
    - primordial
    - protagonismo
    - quitar
    - recalcar
    - relativa
    - relativo
    - relieve
    - representar
    - restar
    - revestir
    - subrayar
    - suceso
    - suma
    - sumo
    - talla
    - tontería
    - valor
    - vital
    - vuelo
    - alguno
    - capital
    English:
    account
    - attach
    - count
    - emphasize
    - importance
    - incidental
    - irrelevant
    - issue
    - light
    - little
    - major
    - matter
    - mind
    - minimize
    - minor
    - moment
    - momentous
    - override
    - paramount
    - play down
    - primary
    - prime
    - prominence
    - read
    - ride
    - shrug off
    - significance
    - smooth over
    - store
    - thrust forward
    - unimportant
    - vital
    - vitally
    - all
    - all right
    - consideration
    - descend
    - detail
    - emphasis
    - gloss
    - hot
    - import
    - magistrate
    - menial
    - play
    - small
    - trifling
    - utmost
    * * *
    importance;
    de importancia important, of importance;
    un tratamiento médico reservado a los casos de importancia a treatment reserved for serious cases;
    un arquitecto de importancia an important architect;
    recibió un golpe de cierta importancia he took a fairly heavy knock;
    adquirir o [m5] cobrar importancia to become important, to take on significance;
    dar importancia a algo to attach importance to sth;
    darse importancia to give oneself airs;
    no tiene importancia [no es importante] it's not important;
    [no pasa nada] it doesn't matter;
    sin importancia unimportant;
    ha sido un rasguño sin importancia it's only a little scratch;
    quitar o [m5] restar importancia a algo to play sth down
    * * *
    f importance;
    dar importancia a attach importance to;
    restar importancia a algo make light of sth, play sth down;
    tener importancia be important;
    no tiene importancia it’s not important, it doesn’t matter;
    sin importancia unimportant;
    darse importancia give o.s. airs
    * * *
    : importance
    * * *
    importancia n importance
    darse importancia to give yourself airs [pt. gave; pp. given]
    tener importancia to be important / to matter

    Spanish-English dictionary > importancia

  • 14 recalcar

    v.
    to stress, to emphasize.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 figurado to emphasize, stress, underline
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=subrayar) to stress, emphasize

    recalcar a algn que... — to tell sb emphatically that...

    2) [+ contenido] to press down, squeeze in; [+ recipiente] to cram, stuff (de with)
    2. VI
    1) (Náut) to list, heel
    2) esp LAm (=terminar en) to end up (en at, in)
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to stress, emphasize

    les recalcó que... — she stressed o she emphasized that...

    * * *
    = give + emphasis, reemphasise [re-emphasise] [reemphasize, -USA], stress, underscore, place + stress, accentuate, make + a point of + Gerundio, reinforce.
    Ex. Some are poorly written giving either too much or too little data, and giving undue emphasis to the author's priorities.
    Ex. To sum it up, ISBD stands in sharp contrast to the ideal of concise and clear entries reemphasized in the first phase of the last revision.
    Ex. However, it must be stressed that these problems are still in the future.
    Ex. All I wanted to underscore with these four horror stories is that the judicious, discretionary assignment of added entries can either powerfully inhibit or promote access to the documents.
    Ex. Bowers has always placed great stress of his opinion that analytical bibliography is a subject which can be pursued as an entirely independent area of study for its own sake.
    Ex. However, future trends may tend to accentuate this division.
    Ex. Reference librarians shouldy make a point of constantly reminding themselves that serving these needs is what they are doing.
    Ex. As information-retrieval software becomes available in more user friendly packages, the trend towards local computerized information-retrieval systems is likely to be reinforced.
    ----
    * no poder dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = cannot + give + too much emphasis + to the importance of, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be stressed too strongly.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar el + Nombre + de = the + Nombre + of + Nombre + cannot be overemphasised.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar el + Nombre + of = the + Nombre + of + Nombre + cannot be overstated.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overemphasised, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overstressed, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overstated.
    * recalcar la importancia de = stress + the importance of.
    * recalcar la necesidad = stress + the need.
    * recalcar lo que Uno quiere decir = drive + home + Posesivo + point.
    * recalcar una idea = hammer + point.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to stress, emphasize

    les recalcó que... — she stressed o she emphasized that...

    * * *
    = give + emphasis, reemphasise [re-emphasise] [reemphasize, -USA], stress, underscore, place + stress, accentuate, make + a point of + Gerundio, reinforce.

    Ex: Some are poorly written giving either too much or too little data, and giving undue emphasis to the author's priorities.

    Ex: To sum it up, ISBD stands in sharp contrast to the ideal of concise and clear entries reemphasized in the first phase of the last revision.
    Ex: However, it must be stressed that these problems are still in the future.
    Ex: All I wanted to underscore with these four horror stories is that the judicious, discretionary assignment of added entries can either powerfully inhibit or promote access to the documents.
    Ex: Bowers has always placed great stress of his opinion that analytical bibliography is a subject which can be pursued as an entirely independent area of study for its own sake.
    Ex: However, future trends may tend to accentuate this division.
    Ex: Reference librarians shouldy make a point of constantly reminding themselves that serving these needs is what they are doing.
    Ex: As information-retrieval software becomes available in more user friendly packages, the trend towards local computerized information-retrieval systems is likely to be reinforced.
    * no poder dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = cannot + give + too much emphasis + to the importance of, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be stressed too strongly.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar el + Nombre + de = the + Nombre + of + Nombre + cannot be overemphasised.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar el + Nombre + of = the + Nombre + of + Nombre + cannot be overstated.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overemphasised, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overstressed, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overstated.
    * recalcar la importancia de = stress + the importance of.
    * recalcar la necesidad = stress + the need.
    * recalcar lo que Uno quiere decir = drive + home + Posesivo + point.
    * recalcar una idea = hammer + point.

    * * *
    recalcar [A2 ]
    vt
    to stress, emphasize
    les recalcó que había que llegar a las 8 en punto she impressed on them o she stressed o she emphasized that they should get there punctually for 8 o'clock
    quiero recalcar la importancia de este tratado I want to stress o emphasize the importance of this treaty
    * * *

    recalcar ( conjugate recalcar) verbo transitivo
    to stress, emphasize
    recalcar verbo transitivo to stress: el médico recalcó la importancia de no fumar, the doctor stressed the importance of not smoking
    ' recalcar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    hincapié
    - destacar
    - remachar
    English:
    emphasize
    - hammer
    * * *
    to stress, to emphasize;
    recalcó la importancia del acuerdo he stressed o emphasized the importance of the agreement;
    recalcó que era simplemente una propuesta she stressed o emphasized that it was merely a suggestion
    * * *
    v/t stress, emphasize
    * * *
    recalcar {72} vt
    : to emphasize, to stress
    * * *
    recalcar vb to stress

    Spanish-English dictionary > recalcar

  • 15 dar énfasis

    (v.) = give + emphasis, place + stress, give + stress
    Ex. Some are poorly written giving either too much or too little data, and giving undue emphasis to the author's priorities.
    Ex. Bowers has always placed great stress of his opinion that analytical bibliography is a subject which can be pursued as an entirely independent area of study for its own sake.
    Ex. On the other hand, he has given equal stress to the two chief uses which have normally been made of such analytical work.
    * * *
    (v.) = give + emphasis, place + stress, give + stress

    Ex: Some are poorly written giving either too much or too little data, and giving undue emphasis to the author's priorities.

    Ex: Bowers has always placed great stress of his opinion that analytical bibliography is a subject which can be pursued as an entirely independent area of study for its own sake.
    Ex: On the other hand, he has given equal stress to the two chief uses which have normally been made of such analytical work.

    Spanish-English dictionary > dar énfasis

  • 16 Belastung

    f
    1. TECH. (Last) load, stress; (das Belasten) loading; zulässige Belastung maximum permissible load, safe load; für Aufzug: maximum load
    2. physisch, psychisch etc.: (Anstrengung) strain; (Last) burden ( für on); eines Verhältnisses etc.: strain (on); eine starke Belastung a great ( oder real) strain; wir sind heute anderen Belastungen ausgesetzt als früher we’re subject to different pressures today than in the past
    3. MED. strain ( für on); (das Belasten) straining; beim EKG etc.: exertion; unter oder bei Belastung under exertion; unnötige Belastungen vermeiden avoid unnecessary strain
    4. der Umwelt: pollution, contamination ( für of); (das Belasten) eine geringere Belastung der Umwelt anstreben aim to reduce environmental pollution / bring down pollution levels
    5. ETECH. im Versorgungsnetz: load (+ Gen on); (das Belasten) loading (+ Gen of)
    6. eines Kontos: charge, debit; finanzielle: (financial) burden (+ Gen on)
    8. JUR. incrimination
    * * *
    die Belastung
    (Konto) debit; charge;
    (finanziell) burden;
    (psychisch) strain; encumbrance; stress
    * * *
    Be|lạs|tung [bə'lastʊŋ]
    f -, -en
    1) (= das Belasten) putting weight on; (von Fahrzeug, Fahrstuhl) loading; (= Last, Gewicht) weight; (in Fahrzeug, Fahrstuhl etc) load
    2) (fig) (= das Belasten) (mit Arbeit) loading; (mit Verantwortung etc) burdening; (= Anstrengung) strain; (= Last, Bürde) burden
    3) (= Bedrückung) burden (+gen on)
    4) (= Beeinträchtigung) pressure (+gen on); (von Atmosphäre) pollution (+gen of); (von Kreislauf, Magen) strain (+gen on)
    5) (JUR) incrimination
    6) (FIN) (von Konto) charge (+gen on); (von Etat, steuerlich) burden (+gen on); (mit Hypothek) mortgage (+gen on)
    * * *
    die
    1) (an entry on the side of an account which records what is owed: His debits outnumbered his credits.) debit
    3) (force exerted by (parts of) bodies on each other: Bridge-designers have to know about stress.) stress
    4) (a strain or burden: The continual noise was a tax on her nerves.) tax
    * * *
    Be·las·tung
    <-, -en>
    f
    1. (das Belasten) loading
    2. (Gewicht) weight, load
    die erhöhte \Belastung der Brücke the increased weight [placed] on the bridge
    die maximale \Belastung der Brücke/des Aufzugs the weight limit of the bridge/the maximum load for the lift [or AM elevator
    3. (Anstrengung) burden
    4. (Last) burden
    5. ÖKOL pollution no pl, no indef art
    6. JUR incrimination
    7. (das Beschweren) burden ( durch/ mit + dat of
    8. (leistungsmäßige Beanspruchung) strain ( für/ von + dat on
    9. FIN charge (+ gen on
    10. FIN (Beschwerung mit Hypothek) mortgage; (Hypothek) mortgage
    11. FIN (Schulden a.) encumbrance form; (steuerliche Beanspruchung) burden
    * * *
    die; Belastung, Belastungen
    1) strain; (das Belasten) straining; (durch Gewicht) loading; (Last) load
    2)

    die Belastung der Atmosphäre/Umwelt durch Schadstoffe — the pollution of the atmosphere by harmful substances/the pressure on the environment caused by harmful substances

    3) (Bürde, Sorge) burden

    das stellte eine schwere seelische Belastung für sie dar — it was causing her great strain and distress

    4) (Rechtsw.) incrimination
    * * *
    1. TECH (Last) load, stress; (das Belasten) loading;
    zulässige Belastung maximum permissible load, safe load; für Aufzug: maximum load
    2. physisch, psychisch etc: (Anstrengung) strain; (Last) burden (
    für on); eines Verhältnisses etc: strain (on);
    eine starke Belastung a great ( oder real) strain;
    wir sind heute anderen Belastungen ausgesetzt als früher we’re subject to different pressures today than in the past
    3. MED strain (
    für on); (das Belasten) straining; beim EKG etc: exertion;
    bei Belastung under exertion;
    unnötige Belastungen vermeiden avoid unnecessary strain
    4. der Umwelt: pollution, contamination (
    für of);
    eine geringere Belastung der Umwelt anstreben aim to reduce environmental pollution/bring down pollution levels
    5. ELEK im Versorgungsnetz: load (+gen on); (das Belasten) loading (+gen of)
    6. eines Kontos: charge, debit; finanzielle: (financial) burden (+gen on)
    7. eines Grundstücks: encumbrance, (Hypothek) mortgage;
    8. JUR incrimination
    * * *
    die; Belastung, Belastungen
    1) strain; (das Belasten) straining; (durch Gewicht) loading; (Last) load
    2)

    die Belastung der Atmosphäre/Umwelt durch Schadstoffe — the pollution of the atmosphere by harmful substances/the pressure on the environment caused by harmful substances

    3) (Bürde, Sorge) burden
    4) (Rechtsw.) incrimination
    * * *
    f.
    debit n.
    encumbrance n.
    stress n.
    (§ pl.: stresses)

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Belastung

  • 17 estresar

    v.
    1 to cause stress to.
    ese ruido me está estresando that noise is getting on my nerves
    2 to stress, to strain.
    * * *
    VT to cause stress to, put stress on
    * * *
    verbo transitivo stress, cause stress to
    * * *
    = stress.
    Ex. The animals are captured for only a few minutes, to avoid stressing them too much.
    ----
    * estresarse = stress + Nombre + out.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo stress, cause stress to
    * * *

    Ex: The animals are captured for only a few minutes, to avoid stressing them too much.

    * estresarse = stress + Nombre + out.

    * * *
    estresar [A1 ]
    vt
    to stress, cause stress to
    * * *
    to cause stress to;
    ese ruido me está estresando that noise is getting on my nerves
    * * *
    v/t
    :
    estresar a alguien cause s.o. stress, subject s.o. to stress
    * * *
    : to stress, to stress out

    Spanish-English dictionary > estresar

  • 18 lista

    f.
    1 list.
    lista negra blacklist
    lista de precios price list
    pasar lista to call the register
    lista de boda wedding list
    lista de espera waiting list
    2 strip.
    una camiseta a listas a striped shirt
    3 stripe, streak.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: listar.
    * * *
    2 (raya) stripe
    3 (tira) strip, slip
    \
    pasar lista to call the roll
    tachar de la lista to cross out, cross off the list
    lista de bodas wedding list
    lista de correos poste restante, US general delivery
    lista de espera waiting list
    lista negra blacklist
    * * *
    1. noun f.
    1) list
    2) roll
    2. f., (m. - listo)
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de nombres, elementos] list; (Mil) roll, roll call; [en escuela] register, school list (EEUU)

    pasar lista — (Mil) to call the roll; (Escol) to call the register

    lista cerrada — (Pol) closed list

    lista de correos — poste restante, general delivery (EEUU)

    lista de encuentros — (Dep) fixture list

    lista de éxitos — (Mús) charts pl

    lista de raya — Méx payroll

    lista de tandas — duty roster, rota

    lista electoral — electoral roll, register of voters

    listas de audiencia — ratings, audience rating sing

    2) (=tira) [de tela] strip; [de papel] slip
    3) (=raya) stripe
    * * *
    1)
    a) (de nombres, números) list

    la lista de las compras or (Esp) la compra — the shopping list

    pasar lista — (Educ) to take roll call, to take the register (BrE)

    b) ( en restaurante) menu
    2)
    a) ( raya) stripe
    b) ( tira) strip
    * * *
    = addendum [addenda, -pl.], bill, checklist [check-list], list, roster, roll-call, rundown, handlist, order list, drop-down list, stripe, line-up.
    Ex. In this category the majority of programmes tend to stress technological considerations with a rather hopeful-seeming addendum of applications considerations.
    Ex. So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).
    Ex. This a checklist of features to consider in comparing and evaluating data bases.
    Ex. Equally, various trade directories and other lists need to list and organise names in a form that will enable a searcher to find information about an organisation or person.
    Ex. Profiles of the research interests of faculty were gathered and organised into a 3-part faculty research interests roster.
    Ex. This is a non-bibliographic data base which records the complete roll-call of voting by members of Congress.
    Ex. This article describes the functionality of CARL software for this purpose, loads a brief rundown of data bases, and gives the criteria for selecting data bases.
    Ex. In their search for information, they had until this time been able to pick their way by relying on the handlists or catalogues provided by the librarian.
    Ex. The catalogue now contains 130,000 titles, its classified section being updated twice a year and the author part and ISBN order list bimonthly = El catálogo contiene en la actualidad 130.000 títulos, la sección sistemática se actualiza dos veces al año y la sección de autores y la lista de números ISBN bimensualmente.
    Ex. Select the paper you wish to revise from the drop-down list, and then press 'Browse' to select a file on your local machine to use as the revised version.
    Ex. This paper describes an oscillating chemical reaction, and discusses numerous parallels to it in research, such as in fibrillation of the heart, body-clock rhythms of animals and plants, the self-assembly of multicellular organisms, and certain stripes in volcanic rock.
    Ex. The title of the article is 'The information market: a line-up of competitors'.
    ----
    * billete en lista de espera = standby seat.
    * encabezar la lista = top + the list.
    * encargado de la lista = list moderator.
    * enviar un mensaje a una lista de correo = post + a message.
    * incluir en la lista de morosos = blacklist [black-list].
    * incluir en la lista negra = blacklist [black-list].
    * inclusión en la lista de morosos = blacklisting.
    * lista alfabética = alphabetical listing, alphabetic list, alphabetical list, order list.
    * lista alfabética de encabezamientos de materia = alphabetical list of subject headings.
    * lista bibliográfica = bibliographic listing.
    * lista combinada = master list.
    * lista controlada = controlled list.
    * lista de autoridades = authoritative list, authority list, authority listing.
    * lista de bajada = drop-down list.
    * lista de búsqueda = finding list.
    * lista de candidatos preseleccionados = short list.
    * lista de circulación = routing list, circulation list.
    * lista de códigos = code sheet.
    * lista de compra = shopping list.
    * lista de comprobación = checklist [check-list].
    * lista de contactos = contact list.
    * lista de control = checklist [check-list].
    * lista de correo = mailing list, listserv(er) [list-serv(er)], distribution list, e-mail list, electronic distribution list.
    * lista de correo electrónico = electronic mailing list.
    * lista de correo moderada = moderated mailing list, moderated listserv.
    * lista de correspondencia = mailing list.
    * lista de datos = fact finder.
    * lista de descriptores = index vocabulary, subject vocabulary.
    * lista de deseos = wish list.
    * lista de direcciones = mailing list.
    * lista de discos más vendidos, la = charts, the.
    * lista de discusión = discussion list.
    * lista de distribución = mailing list, listserv(er) [list-serv(er)], distribution list, e-mail list.
    * lista de distribución electrónica = electronic list (e-list), electronic distribution list.
    * lista de élite = elite list, elite list.
    * lista de encabezamientos de materia = subject headings list.
    * Lista de Encabezamientos de Materia de la Asociación de Bibliotecas Escolar = SLA List.
    * Lista de Encabezamientos de Materia de la Biblioteca del Congreso (LCSH) = LCSH (Library of Congress List of Subject Headings).
    * Lista de Encabezamientos de Materias de Sears = Sears' List of Subject Headings.
    * lista de errores = error report.
    * lista de espera = waiting list.
    * lista de existencias = stock list [stocklist].
    * lista de éxitos = chart.
    * lista de éxitos de cartelera de espectáculos = Billboard chart.
    * lista de éxitos de la cartelera de espectáculos = Billboard chart.
    * lista de éxitos, la = charts, the.
    * lista de ganadores = roll of honour.
    * lista de honor = roll of honour.
    * lista de ilustraciones = list of illustrations.
    * lista de lecturas = reading list.
    * lista de lecturas para el verano = summer reading list.
    * lista de lecturas recomendadas = reading list, select list, recommended reading list.
    * lista de lecturas sugeridas = suggested reading list.
    * lista de libros = booklist [book list].
    * lista de libros enviados a encuadernar = bindery list.
    * lista de más populares = chart.
    * lista de más vendidos = chart.
    * lista de notaciones = code vocabulary.
    * lista de nuevas adquisiciones = acquisitions list.
    * lista de palabras clave = go-list [golist].
    * lista de palabras vacías = stop list [stoplist], stopword list.
    * lista de pasajeros = passenger list.
    * lista de pedidos = order list.
    * lista de personas de contacto = contact list.
    * lista de personas y cometidos = duty roster.
    * lista de préstamo = routing list, circulation list.
    * lista de publicaciones = publication(s) list.
    * lista de reserva = hold list.
    * lista de selección = pick-list.
    * lista desplegable hacia abajo = drop-down list.
    * lista de sugerencias = wish list.
    * lista de últimas adquisiciones = accessions list, list of current acquisitions, addition list.
    * lista de vinos = wine list.
    * lista electrónica = electronic list (e-list).
    * lista maestra = master list.
    * lista musical = audio listing.
    * lista negra = blacklist.
    * lista permutada = permuted list.
    * lista permutada de palabras clave = permuted keyword list.
    * lista selecta = short list, elite list.
    * moderador de la lista = list moderator.
    * poner en lista de espera = put + on a waiting list.
    * punto de la lista = bullet point.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (de nombres, números) list

    la lista de las compras or (Esp) la compra — the shopping list

    pasar lista — (Educ) to take roll call, to take the register (BrE)

    b) ( en restaurante) menu
    2)
    a) ( raya) stripe
    b) ( tira) strip
    * * *
    = addendum [addenda, -pl.], bill, checklist [check-list], list, roster, roll-call, rundown, handlist, order list, drop-down list, stripe, line-up.

    Ex: In this category the majority of programmes tend to stress technological considerations with a rather hopeful-seeming addendum of applications considerations.

    Ex: So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).
    Ex: This a checklist of features to consider in comparing and evaluating data bases.
    Ex: Equally, various trade directories and other lists need to list and organise names in a form that will enable a searcher to find information about an organisation or person.
    Ex: Profiles of the research interests of faculty were gathered and organised into a 3-part faculty research interests roster.
    Ex: This is a non-bibliographic data base which records the complete roll-call of voting by members of Congress.
    Ex: This article describes the functionality of CARL software for this purpose, loads a brief rundown of data bases, and gives the criteria for selecting data bases.
    Ex: In their search for information, they had until this time been able to pick their way by relying on the handlists or catalogues provided by the librarian.
    Ex: The catalogue now contains 130,000 titles, its classified section being updated twice a year and the author part and ISBN order list bimonthly = El catálogo contiene en la actualidad 130.000 títulos, la sección sistemática se actualiza dos veces al año y la sección de autores y la lista de números ISBN bimensualmente.
    Ex: Select the paper you wish to revise from the drop-down list, and then press 'Browse' to select a file on your local machine to use as the revised version.
    Ex: This paper describes an oscillating chemical reaction, and discusses numerous parallels to it in research, such as in fibrillation of the heart, body-clock rhythms of animals and plants, the self-assembly of multicellular organisms, and certain stripes in volcanic rock.
    Ex: The title of the article is 'The information market: a line-up of competitors'.
    * billete en lista de espera = standby seat.
    * encabezar la lista = top + the list.
    * encargado de la lista = list moderator.
    * enviar un mensaje a una lista de correo = post + a message.
    * incluir en la lista de morosos = blacklist [black-list].
    * incluir en la lista negra = blacklist [black-list].
    * inclusión en la lista de morosos = blacklisting.
    * lista alfabética = alphabetical listing, alphabetic list, alphabetical list, order list.
    * lista alfabética de encabezamientos de materia = alphabetical list of subject headings.
    * lista bibliográfica = bibliographic listing.
    * lista combinada = master list.
    * lista controlada = controlled list.
    * lista de autoridades = authoritative list, authority list, authority listing.
    * lista de bajada = drop-down list.
    * lista de búsqueda = finding list.
    * lista de candidatos preseleccionados = short list.
    * lista de circulación = routing list, circulation list.
    * lista de códigos = code sheet.
    * lista de compra = shopping list.
    * lista de comprobación = checklist [check-list].
    * lista de contactos = contact list.
    * lista de control = checklist [check-list].
    * lista de correo = mailing list, listserv(er) [list-serv(er)], distribution list, e-mail list, electronic distribution list.
    * lista de correo electrónico = electronic mailing list.
    * lista de correo moderada = moderated mailing list, moderated listserv.
    * lista de correspondencia = mailing list.
    * lista de datos = fact finder.
    * lista de descriptores = index vocabulary, subject vocabulary.
    * lista de deseos = wish list.
    * lista de direcciones = mailing list.
    * lista de discos más vendidos, la = charts, the.
    * lista de discusión = discussion list.
    * lista de distribución = mailing list, listserv(er) [list-serv(er)], distribution list, e-mail list.
    * lista de distribución electrónica = electronic list (e-list), electronic distribution list.
    * lista de élite = elite list, elite list.
    * lista de encabezamientos de materia = subject headings list.
    * Lista de Encabezamientos de Materia de la Asociación de Bibliotecas Escolar = SLA List.
    * Lista de Encabezamientos de Materia de la Biblioteca del Congreso (LCSH) = LCSH (Library of Congress List of Subject Headings).
    * Lista de Encabezamientos de Materias de Sears = Sears' List of Subject Headings.
    * lista de errores = error report.
    * lista de espera = waiting list.
    * lista de existencias = stock list [stocklist].
    * lista de éxitos = chart.
    * lista de éxitos de cartelera de espectáculos = Billboard chart.
    * lista de éxitos de la cartelera de espectáculos = Billboard chart.
    * lista de éxitos, la = charts, the.
    * lista de ganadores = roll of honour.
    * lista de honor = roll of honour.
    * lista de ilustraciones = list of illustrations.
    * lista de lecturas = reading list.
    * lista de lecturas para el verano = summer reading list.
    * lista de lecturas recomendadas = reading list, select list, recommended reading list.
    * lista de lecturas sugeridas = suggested reading list.
    * lista de libros = booklist [book list].
    * lista de libros enviados a encuadernar = bindery list.
    * lista de más populares = chart.
    * lista de más vendidos = chart.
    * lista de notaciones = code vocabulary.
    * lista de nuevas adquisiciones = acquisitions list.
    * lista de palabras clave = go-list [golist].
    * lista de palabras vacías = stop list [stoplist], stopword list.
    * lista de pasajeros = passenger list.
    * lista de pedidos = order list.
    * lista de personas de contacto = contact list.
    * lista de personas y cometidos = duty roster.
    * lista de préstamo = routing list, circulation list.
    * lista de publicaciones = publication(s) list.
    * lista de reserva = hold list.
    * lista de selección = pick-list.
    * lista desplegable hacia abajo = drop-down list.
    * lista de sugerencias = wish list.
    * lista de últimas adquisiciones = accessions list, list of current acquisitions, addition list.
    * lista de vinos = wine list.
    * lista electrónica = electronic list (e-list).
    * lista maestra = master list.
    * lista musical = audio listing.
    * lista negra = blacklist.
    * lista permutada = permuted list.
    * lista permutada de palabras clave = permuted keyword list.
    * lista selecta = short list, elite list.
    * moderador de la lista = list moderator.
    * poner en lista de espera = put + on a waiting list.
    * punto de la lista = bullet point.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de nombres, números) list
    no estás en la lista you're not on the list
    lo han borrado or tachado de la lista he's been crossed off the list
    ¿has hecho la lista de las compras or ( Esp) de la compra? have you written the shopping list?
    la lista de precios the price list
    la lista de bajas the casualty list
    pasan lista a las nueve ( Educ) roll call is at nine, they take the register at nine ( BrE);
    ( Mil) they call the roll at nine, roll call is at nine
    Compuestos:
    whitelist
    wedding list
    electronic mailing list
    general delivery ( AmE), poste restante ( BrE)
    (electronic) address book
    waiting list
    ( Mús) charts (pl); ( Lit) best-seller list
    electoral roll o register
    ( Pol) party list
    passenger list
    list of priorities
    user list
    wine list
    party list, slate ( AmE)
    blacklist
    B
    1 (raya) stripe
    una tela a listas blancas y negras a black and white striped material
    2 (tira) strip
    * * *

     

    Del verbo listar: ( conjugate listar)

    lista es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    lista    
    listar
    lista sustantivo femenino
    a) (de nombres, números) list;


    lista de boda wedding list;
    lista de espera waiting list;
    lista de éxitos (Mús) charts (pl);

    (Lit) best-seller list
    b) ( raya) stripe;


    listar ( conjugate listar) verbo transitivo
    to list
    listo,-a adjetivo
    1 (despierto, agudo) smart
    2 (preparado) ready
    ♦ Locuciones: (apañado) estás listo si crees que voy a ayudarte, you are sadly mistaken if you think I'm going to help you
    pasarse de listo, to be too clever by half
    lista sustantivo femenino
    1 list: la profesora pasó lista, the teacher called the roll
    lista de correos, general delivery
    lista negra, blacklist
    2 (raya, franja) stripe
    ' lista' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    antepenúltima
    - antepenúltimo
    - banda
    - candidatura
    - clasificación
    - confeccionar
    - doble
    - encabezar
    - engrosar
    - figurar
    - incluir
    - minuta
    - número
    - remitir
    - rol
    - su
    - tabla
    - tarifa
    - toda
    - todo
    - adjunto
    - aparecer
    - buscar
    - catalogar
    - confección
    - faltar
    - final
    - hacer
    - listado
    - listo
    - nómina
    - pendejo
    - planilla
    - programación
    - raya
    - relación
    - repasar
    - todavía
    English:
    alleged
    - band
    - be
    - blacklist
    - bottom
    - chart
    - check off
    - checklist
    - clever
    - cross off
    - cross out
    - doll
    - exclude
    - for
    - half
    - head
    - hit list
    - include
    - index
    - itemize
    - list
    - listing
    - made-up
    - make out
    - mark off
    - me
    - niece
    - prick up
    - reading list
    - recommendation
    - reel off
    - remove
    - roll
    - roll call
    - roster
    - schedule
    - short-list
    - sick-list
    - standby
    - standby passenger
    - stocklist
    - strike off
    - top
    - waiting list
    - wordlist
    - acknowledgment
    - attendance
    - call
    - certain
    - check
    * * *
    lista nf
    1. [enumeración] list;
    hazme una lista de lo que quieres write me a list of what you want;
    pasar lista Br to call o take the register, US to call the roll
    lista de boda wedding list; Esp lista de la compra shopping list; Am lista de las compras shopping list; Informát lista de correo mailing list;
    lista de correos Br poste restante, US general delivery;
    Informát lista de distribución mailing list;
    lista electoral = list of candidates put forward by a political party;
    Av lista de embarque passenger list;
    lista de espera waiting list;
    lista de éxitos [musicales] hit parade;
    lista negra blacklist;
    lista de precios price list
    2. [de tela, madera] strip;
    [de papel] slip
    3. [en tela, de color] stripe;
    una camiseta a listas a striped shirt
    * * *
    f
    1 list;
    pasar lista take the roll call, Br call the register
    2 en tela stripe
    * * *
    lista nf
    1) : list
    2) : roster, roll
    pasar lista: to take attendance
    3) : stripe, strip
    4) : menu
    * * *
    lista n list
    pasar lista to take the register [pt. took; pp. taken]

    Spanish-English dictionary > lista

  • 19 допускаемое напряжение

    1) General subject: admissible stress
    2) Naval: safe stress
    4) Construction: (механическое) allowable stress, allowable unit stress
    5) Railway term: allowable voltage
    6) Automobile industry: safe allowable unit stress
    7) Mining: safe (working) stress
    9) Combustion gas turbines: safe allowable stress

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > допускаемое напряжение

  • 20 тангенциальное напряжение

    5) Makarov: membrane stress
    6) Electrochemistry: hoop-stress
    7) General subject: tangential force

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > тангенциальное напряжение

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