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1 RÚN
f., pl. rúnar: [rún, raun, reyna are all kindred words, and a lost strong verb, rúna, raun, meaning to enquire, may be presumed; the original notion is scrutiny, mystery, secret conversation; Gotb. runa, by which Ulf. several times renders the Gr. μυστήριον and συμβούλιον (once, Matth. xxvii. 1), βουλή (twice, Luke vii. 30, 1 Cor. iv. 5); A. S. rún = a ‘rowning’ mystery, but also = writing, charter; Hel. rûna = colloquium, and geruni = loquela (Schmeller); cp. Old Engl. to rown, Germ. raunen; Gr. ἐ-ρευνάω is also supposed to be a kindred word (Bugge). In Scandin. writers and poets rún is chiefly used of magical characters, then of writing, whereas the derivative word raun means trial, enquiry, and rúni and rúna = a friend or counsellor.]B. A secret, hidden lore, mystery; frá jötna rúnum ok allra goða segðú it sannasta, Vþm. 42, 43; kenna rúnar, to teach wisdom, Rm. 33; dæma um rúnar ok regin-dóma, Hm. 112; minnask á fornar rúnar, Vsp. 59: saws, segja sannar rúnir, to tell true saws, Fas. ii. 302 (in a verse): a ‘rowning’ speech, vifs rúnir, a woman’s whispering, Bm.; heita e-n at rúnum, to consult one, Gh. 12, Skv. 3. 14, 43; hniga at rúnum, Gkv. 3. 4.II. a Rune or written character; the earliest Runes were not writing in proper sense, but fanciful signs possessing a magical power; such Runes have, through vulgar superstition, been handed down even to the present time, for a specimen of them see Ísl. Þjóðs. i.435, 436, and Arna-Magn. Nos. 687. 4 to, and 434. 12 mo (Ísl. Þjóðs.pref. ix); the classical passages for these spell-Runes are, Hm. 133 sqq., Sdm. 5 sqq., Skm. 29, 36, Eg. ch. 44, 61, 75, Yngl. S. ch. 7, Grett. ch. 85, N. G. L. iii. 286, 300, Vsp. 59; cp. also the phrase, rísta trénið, Grág., Fs. 56. The phrase in the old Danish Ballads, kaste runer, to throw Rúnes, i. e. chips (see hlaut, hlautviðr), may be compared to the Lat. sortes, Mommsen’s Hist, of Rome, vol. i. p. 187, foot-note (Engl. Ed.), or the Sibylline leaves in the Aeneid.2. Runes as writing;the word was first applied to the original Northern alphabet, which at an early time was derived from the common Phœnician, probably through Greek or Roman coins in the first centuries of our era. From these Runes were subsequently formed two alphabets, the old Scandinavian (whence again the Anglo-Saxon), as found on the Golden horn and the stone in Tune, and the later Scandinavian, in which the inscriptions in the greater number of the Swedish and Danish stone monuments are written, most being of the 10th (9th?) and following centuries.—A curious instance of the employment of Runes is their being written on a kefli (a round piece of wood) as messages (cp. the Gr. σκυτάλη), as is freq. recorded in the Sagas, e. g. Gísl. 45, 67, Fms. ix. 390, 490, Grett. 154 new Ed., Fb. i. 251 (of the deaf and dumb Oddny). It is doubtful whether poems were ever written in this way, for almost the only authority for such a statement is Eg. 605, where we read that the Sonatorrek was taken down on a Runic stick, the other instances being mostly from romances or fabulous Sagas, Grett. 144, Örvar Odds S.(fine). This writing on a kefli is mentioned in the Latin line, Barbara ‘fraxineis’ sculpatur runa ‘tabellis,’ Capella (5th century). In later times (from the 13th century) Runic writing was practised as a sort of curiosity; thus calendars used to be written on sticks, of which there is a specimen in the Bodl. Library in Oxford; they were also used for inscriptions on tombstones, spoons, chairs, and the like: there even exists in the Arna-Magn. Library a Runic MS. of an old Danish law, and there is a Runic letter in Sturl. (of the year 1241); Runes carved on an oar occur in Fs. 177: a hidden treasure in a chest is labelled with Runes, Fms. vi. 271, Sd. 146, cp. also the interesting record in Bs. i. 435 (sex manna bein vóru þar hjá honum ok vax ok rúnar þær er sögðu atburð lifláts þeirra).3. the word rún is also, though rarely, applied to the Latin alphabet; ef hann er á þingi þá skal hann rísta nafn hans ef hann kann rúnar, N. G. L. i. 171; or generally, ræki ek eigi hvárt þú rítr ø þitt eðr o, eða a, ę eða e, y eða u, en ek svara svá, eigi er þat rúnanna kostr þó at þú lesir vel eða ráðir vel at líkindum, þar sem rúnar visa óskírt, heldr er þat þinn kostr, Thorodd 162; þessi er upphaf allra hátta svá sem málrúnar eru fyrir öðrum minum, Edda (Ht.) 121.III. in pr. names, Rún-ólfr: as the latter part in pr. names of women, Guð-rún, Sig-rún, Öl-rún, Landn., Nj., Bs., Sturl., Sæm.COMPDS: rúnakefli, rúnamál, Rúnameistari, rúnastafr. -
2 rún-henda
u, f., or rún-hending, f., is the name of the metre with end-rhymes, consecutive, not alternate; the word is now obsolete, and in ancient writers it only occurs in two places, the Ht. R. verse 24 and in Edda (Ht.), where the Cod. Reg. gives rún-, Edda i. 696 sqq. (the foot-notes); but one is tempted to suspect that this is corrupt, and that the true form was rim-, as im and un can hardly be distinguishedin MSS.; rím- would yield good sense, whereas rúm- is meaningless. The metre itself is evidently of foreign origin, borrowed from the A. S.: the first poem in this metre was the Höfuðl. of Egil, who had lived in England; it was little used throughout the 10th and the following centuries, and the few poems and fragments composed in it can be traced to Egil’s poem as their prototype. The single verse in Eg. ch. 27 is prob. a later composition. -
3 rún
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4 rún
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5 rún-hendr
adj. in the metre rúnhenda, Edda (Ht.); see above. -
6 rún-ketill
m., Grett. (in a verse), read rúm-ketill (?); regns r., the large rain-kettle, i. e. the mountain cave. -
7 Guðrún
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8 fóðrun
[fouðrʏn̬]I. f fóðrunar, fóðranirII. f fóðrunar, fóðranirподбивание [подшивание] подкладки [меха] -
9 iðrun
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10 niðrun
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11 tilhliðrun
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12 veðrun
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13 veggfóðrun
[vεg̊fouðrʏn̬]fоклеивание [обивка] обоями -
14 varð-rún
f., poët. a giantess, an enchantress, Hallfred. -
15 öl-rún
f. a myth, word, cp. Germ. alruna, i. e. mandragora or mandrake, for which see Grimm’s Mythol. -
16 Guð·rún
f. -ō-, dat. и acc. Guðrúnu -
17 Heiðrún
f.миф. Хейдрун (коза, которая пасётся на крыше Вальхаллы) -
18 HLAUPA
* * *(hleyp; hljóp, hljópum; hlaupinn), v.1) to leap, jump (hann hljóp meirr en hæð sina);hljópu þeir á hesta sína, they sprang upon their horses;hlaupa fyrir borð, útbyrðis, to leap overboard;hlaupa á sund, to leap into the water;hlaupa upp, to spring to one’s feet, start up (þá hljópu varðmerm upp);refl., hlaupast á brott, to run away;3) of a river, to flood;hjlópu vötn fram ok leysti árnar, the waters rose in flood and the ice was broken;of ice, mikit svell var hlaupit upp ( there was a great sloping sheet of ice) öðru megin fljótsins;4) with preps.:hlaupa at e-m, hlaupa á e-n, to attack one;hlaupa á, to come suddenly on, spring up, of a gale (þá hljóp á útsynningr steinóði);hlaupa saman, of a wound, to heal over;hlaupa í sundr, to open up again (sárit var hlaupit í sundr).* * *pres. hleyp, pl. hlaupum; pret. hljóp, hljópt, hljóp, pl. hljópum, mod. hlupum; pret. subj. hlypi, hlœpi, Fms. x. 364, hljópisk, Ó. H. 246; part. pass. hlaupinn; subj. hlæpi, Ó. H. 118; læpizk, O. H. L. 82; but hlypi, Hom. 158, Ó. T. 68, l. 24: [Ulf. hlaupan = ἀναπηδαν, Mark x. 50; A. S. hleâpan, pret. hleop; Scot. loup, part. loppen; Engl. leap; Hel. hlôpan; O. H. G. hlaufan; Germ. laufen; Swed. löpa; Dan. löbe]:—to leap, jump, which, as in Engl., is the proper meaning of the word, and hence of any sudden motion, to leap or start up; hann hljóp meir en hæð sína ok eigi skemra aptr en fram fyrir sik, Nj. 29; hann hleypr ór loptinu ofan ok á straetið ok kemr standandi niðr, Fms. xi. 117; hljóp hann þá út af múrinum, i. 104; hlaupa yfir háfar stengr, viii. 207; hljópu þeir þá á hesta sína, they leaped on their horses, Nj. 263; Atli hleypr upp á skip at Rúti, 9; ef fé hleypr löggarð, if cattle leap over a fence, Grág. ii. 262; Kári hljóp upp við lagit ok brá í sundr við fótunum, Nj. 253; h. fyrir borð útbyrðis, to leap overboard, Eg. 124, Fms. x. 363, 364; Egill hljóp yfir díkit, Eg. 530; þat segja menn at á sitt borð hlœpi hvárr þeirra Ólafs konungs, Fms. x. 364; Hrungnir varð reiðr ok hleypr upp á hest sinn, Edda 57; hljópu þeir til vápna sinna, Eg. 121; Kjartan hljóp á sund ( leaped into the water) ok lagðisk at manninum, Bs. i. 18; Kári hljóp á spjótskaptið ok braut í sundr, Nj. 253; en þriði hljóp ( leaped) á skipit út, Eg. 220; var þar at hlaupa ( to climb) upp á bakka nokkurn, id.; hann hljóp at baki Kára, Nj. 253; hann kastar verkfarunum ok hleypr á skeið, and took to his heels, Njarð. 370; hann hljóp báðum fótum í gögnum skipit, Edda 36: of a weapon, bryntröllit hljóp út um bringuna, Ld. 150; hljóp þá sverðit ( it bounded) Kára á síðuna Móðólfi, Nj. 262.β. with prepp.; h. upp, to spring to ones feet, start up; þá hlupu varðmenn upp, Eg. 121; þá hljóp Kjartan upp ok afklæddisk, Bs. i. 18; ok eptir örvar-boði hljóp upp múgr manns, Fms. i. 210; h. yfir, to jump over, metaph. to skip, Alg. 262; hlaupa yfir eða gleyma, H. E. i. 486; h. frá e-m, to run away from, desert one, Grág. i. 297; h. af, to be left, remain, Rb. 234, 494 (afhlaup).2. special usages; a law term, to assault; hlaupa til manns lögmætu frumhlaupi, Grág. ii. 7: of fury, sickness, pain, to burst out, í hvert sinn er æði eðr reiði hljóp á hann, Fms. i. 15; en er hann var búinn hljóp fæli-sótt at honum, iv. 284: of pain, hljóp blástr í búkinn, Grett. 137 new Ed.: of fire, sagði at jarðeldr var upp kominn, ok mundi hann h. á bæ Þórodds goða, Bs. i. 22: of a river, to flood, áðr Almanna-fljót leypi (i. e. hleypi, hlypi) var þat kallat Rapta-lækr, Landn. 266; þessa sömu nótt kom þeyr mikill ok hlupu vötn fram ok leysti árnar, the waters rose in flood and the ice was broken, Sturl. iii. 45: of ice, mikit svell var hlaupit upp öðru megin fljótsins ok hált sem gler, a great hummock of ice rose up, Nj. 144; hljóp upp kúla, a wheal sprung up from a blow, Il. ii. 267; h. saman, sundr, of a wound; var skeinan saman hlaupin svá náliga þótti gróin, Grett. 152; sárið var hlaupit í sundr, the wound had broken out again, id.: of a gale, þá hljóp á útsynningr steinóði, Eg. 600:—of milk, blood, to curdle, coagulate, (cp. North. E. loppert = coagulated; so, leper-blode = clotted blood in the Old Engl. poem Pricke of Conscience, l. 459.)II. to run, but rarely in old writers, [Dan. löbe; Germ. laufen]; eigi hljóp hann at seinna, Ásbjörn hljóp heim, id. (but from a paper MS.); þeir hlaupa eptir en hann kemsk á skóg undan, Nj. 130; jarl eggjar menn at h. eptir honum, 132: freq. in mod. usage.III. reflex. to take oneself off, to run away; ef þræll leypsk, N. G. L. i. 34; þá vildi Uni hlaupask á braut með sína menn, Landn. 246; við þann mann er hleypsk frá ómaga, Grág. i. 297; ef maðr hleypsk á brott af landi er sekr er orðinn, 96; þat var á einhverri nátt at Steinn hljópsk á braut ór bænum, Fms. iv. 317; þar er menn hlaupask til ( came to blows) eða verða vegnir, Grág. ii. 83; nú er þat várt ráð at vér hlaupimk með yðr ok sömnum liði, Fms. ix. 248; var hann í fjötri, at hann hljópisk (lypist, Hom. 158, l. c.) eigi frá honum, Ó. H. 246; hlaupask braut, id.: part., hlaupandi menn, h. sveinar, ‘landloupers,’ Finnb. 344, Mag. 6; cp. hlaupingi. -
19 Rúnturinn
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20 stía
* * *(að), v. to pen lambs.* * *að, to pen, to pen sheep, putting lambs into the separate kró, q. v.; hann heyrði jarm þangat er stiat var, Gullþ. 19, cp. Páll Vídal. 519, and so at the present time, see the remarks s. v. stekkr; hence metaph., stía e-m sundr, to separate.
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