-
41 Cockerill, William
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1759 Lancashire, Englandd. 1832 near Aix-la-Chapelle, France (now Aachen, Germany)[br]English (naturalized Belgian c. 1810) engineer, inventor and an important figure in the European textile machinery industry.[br]William Cockerill began his career in Lancashire by making "roving billies" and flying shuttles. He was reputed to have an extraordinary mechanical genius and it is said that he could make models of almost any machine. He followed in the footsteps of many other enterprising British engineers when in 1794 he went to St Petersburg in Russia, having been recommended as a skilful artisan to the Empress Catherine II. After her death two years later, her successor Paul sent Cockerill to prison because he failed to finish a model within a certain time. Cockerill, however, escaped to Sweden where he was commissioned to construct the locks on a public canal. He attempted to introduce textile machinery of his own invention but was unsuccessful and so in 1799 he removed to Verviers, Belgium, where he established himself as a manufacturer of textile machinery. In 1802 he was joined by James Holden, who before long set up his own machine-building business. In 1807 Cockerill moved to Liège where, with his three sons (William Jnr, Charles James and John), he set up factories for the construction of carding machines, spinning frames and looms for the woollen industry. He secured for Verviers supremacy in the woollen trade and introduced at Liège an industry of which England had so far possessed the monopoly. His products were noted for their fine craftsmanship, and in the heyday of the Napoleonic regime about half of his output was sold in France. In 1813 he imported a model of a Watt steam-engine from England and so added another range of products to his firm. Cockerill became a naturalized Belgian subject c. 1810, and a few years later he retired from the business in favour of his two younger sons, Charles James and John (b. 30 April 1790 Haslingden, Lancashire, England; d. 19 June 1840 Warsaw, Poland), but in 1830 at Andenne he converted a vast factory formerly used for calico printing into a paper mill. Little is known of his eldest son William, but the other two sons expanded the enterprise, setting up a woollen factory at Berlin after 1815 and establishing at Seraing-on-the-Meuse in 1817 blast furnaces, an iron foundry and a machine workshop which became the largest on the European continent. William Cockerill senior died in 1832 at the Château du Behrensberg, the residence of his son Charles James, near Aix-la-Chapelle.[br]Further ReadingW.O.Henderson, 1961, The Industrial Revolution on the Continent, Manchester (a good account of the spread of the Industrial Revolution in Germany, France and Russia).RTS / RLH -
42 state
I n1. держава2. штат- acceding state держава, що приєдналася (до договору)- accrediting state держава, що акредитує- adhering state держава, що приєдналася (до договору)- adjacent state прилягаюча держава- adjacent or opposite states прилягаючі та протилежні держави (у випадку делімітації кордонів територіального моря і континентального шельфу)- adjoining coastal state сусідня прибережна держава- aggressor state держава-агресор- applicant state держава, яка порушила справу- assotiated state держава, що приєдналася- belligerent states держави, які знаходяться в стані збройного конфлікту; держави, які воюють- circumjacent state прикордонна держава, сусідня держава- coastal state прибережна держава- contesting states держави, що сперечаються- constituent state держава-складова частина- continental state континентальна держава- contracting states держави, що домовляються; держави-учасниці- corporate state корпоративна держава (фашистського типу)- defaulting state держава, що порушила обіцянку- delinquent state держава-правопорушник- dependent state залежна держава- depositary state держава-депозитарій- extra-continental state позаконтинентальна держава- fascist state фашистська держава- federal state федеративна держава- founder state держава-засновник- founding state держава-засновник- friendly state дружня держава- front-line states прифронтові держави- geographically disadvantaged state держава, що знаходиться в невигідному географічному положенні- granting state держава, що має бенефіції, держава, що надає допомогу- guarantor state держава-гарант- headquaters state приймаюча держава, держава перебування- hinterland state внутрішньоконтинентальна держава- home state держава; походження- host state держава, яка приймає; держава перебування- hostile state ворожа держава- independent state незалежна держава- individual state окремий штат, окрема держава- island state острівна держава- littoral state прибережна держава- maritime state морська держава- member state держава-член якоїсь організації; держава-учасниця- monarchial state монархічна держава- multinational state багатонаціональна держава- near-land-locked state держава, яка майже не має виходу в море- near nuclear state "порогова" держава (здатна створити свою власну ядерну зброю)- negotiating state держава, яка бере участь в переговорах- neighbouring state сусідня держава- neutral state нейтральна держава- newly independent state молода незалежна держава- non-aligned state неприєднана держава- non-belligerent state держава, яка не воює- non-nuclear state неядерна держава- non-full sovereign state напівсуверенна держава- non-nuclear (weapon) state держава, яка не володіє ядерною зброєю- non-reserving state держава, що не зберігає ядерної зброї- nuclear state ядерна держава- nuclear weapon state (NWS) держава, що володіє ядерною зброєю- objecting state держава, що заперечує проти поправки/ застереження тощо- offending state держава, що вчинила протиправну дію- opposite states держави, розміщені одна напроти одної- participating states держави-учасниці- peace-loving state миролюбна держава- reactionary state реакційна держава- receiving statea) держава, що приймає; держава перебування- recipient state держава-отримувач; держава, що отримує економічну допомогу- reserving state держава, що сформулювала застереження- revenge-seeking state реваншистська держава- sea-locked state держава, яка не має виходу до моря- sending state держава, яка представляє/ посилає- shelfless state держава, яка не має континентального шельфу- shelf-locked state держава, вихід якої до морського дна перекритий шельфом- signatory state держава, яка підписала міжнародний договір/ конвенцію- signatory and acceding states держави, що підписалися і приєдналися (до договору)- successor state держава-спадкоємець- third state третя держава- threshold state "порогова" держава (здатна створити свою власну ядерну зброю)- transgressing state держава-порушник- trustee state держава-опікун- tutelary state держава-опікун- state boundary державний кордон- state concerned зацікавлена держава- state differences розбіжності в практиці окремих держав- state law державне право- state monopoly державна монополія- state practice державна практика- state problems державні проблеми- state responsibility відповідальність держави- state scholarships and grants державні стипендії- state treaty державний договір- tribal micro states племенні мікродержави- wholly unitary state повністю унітарна держава- zone-locked state держава, вихід якої до моря перекритий зоною іншої держави- state entitled to become a party to the treaty держава, яка має право бути учасником договору- states not parties to a conflict держави, що не беруть участі в конфлікті- states parties to a treaty держави-учасники договору- state of residence держава перебування- states at variance держави, між якими виник конфлікт/ суперечка- the states concerned зацікавлені держави- agreed criteria of conduct of states узгоджені критерії поведінки держав- association of states об'єднання держав- ceremony presided over by the head of state церемонія за участю глави держави- elected head of state виборний глава держави- federal type of presidental state держава федеративного типу на чолі з президентом- qualities of the heads of states титули глав держав- reasons of state державні міркування- receiving head of state глава приймаючої держави- withering away of the state відмирання держави- to authorise the flying of the state flag and the emblem of the sending state надати право підняти прапор і герб акредитуючої держави- to be accredited to the head of state бути акредитованим при главі держави- to be presented to the head of state бути представленим главі держави- to establish a state заснувати/ створити державу- to have the nationality of the receiving state бути громадянином держави перебування- to set up a state заснувати/ створити державу- S. Department (Department of S.) Державний департамент (США)- S. Opening of Parliament офіційне відкриття сесії парламенту (Велика Британія)- State's rights встановлені конституцією права окремих штатів (США)II n становище, стан- critical state of the economy критичне становище економіки- state of affairs стан справ- state of depression стан депресії- state of emergency надзвичайне становище- state of siege стан облоги- state of war стан війни- to ease the state of emergency послабити надзвичайне становище- S. of the Union message доповідь президента США конгресу про становище в країніIII v1. викладати, заявляти, формулювати2. констатувати, стверджувати- to state facts заявляти про факти- to state one's determination заявляти про свою рішучість- to state an opinion викладати свою точку зору/ думку- to state one's readiness заявляти про свою готовність- to state one's willingness заявляти про своє бажання -
43 monopolize
= academic.ru/117430/monopolise">monopolise* * *1) (to have a monopoly of or over: They've monopolized the fruit-canning industry.) monopolosieren2) (to take up the whole of (eg someone's attention): She tries to monopolize the teacher's attention.) mit Beschlag belegen* * *mo·nopo·lize[məˈnɒpəlaɪz, AM -ˈnɑ:pə-]vt▪ to \monopolize sth etw monopolisieren [o allein beherrschen]to \monopolize the market den Markt beherrschen2. (keep for oneself)to \monopolize the conversation das Gespräch an sich reißen* * *[mə'nɒpəlaɪz]vt (lit)market monopolisieren, beherrschen; (fig) person, place, sb's time etc mit Beschlag belegen, in Beschlag nehmen; conversation, discussion beherrschen, an sich (acc) reißento monopolize the supply of... — eine Monopolstellung für die Lieferung von... haben
she wants to monopolize his attention — sie möchte seine Aufmerksamkeit ganz für sich haben
* * *monopolize v/t1. WIRTSCH monopolisieren2. figa) an sich reißen:monopolize the conversation die Unterhaltung ganz allein bestreitenb) jemanden oder etwas mit Beschlag belegen:my mind was monopolized by this problem ich konnte an nichts anderes als an dieses Problem denken, alle meine Gedanken kreisten um dieses Problem* * ** * *(US) v.an sich reißen ausdr.monopolisieren v. -
44 monopolise
= monopolize transitive verb (Econ.) monopolisieren; (fig.) mit Beschlag belegenmonopolise the conversation — den/die anderen nicht zu Wort kommen lassen
* * *1) (to have a monopoly of or over: They've monopolized the fruit-canning industry.) monopolosieren2) (to take up the whole of (eg someone's attention): She tries to monopolize the teacher's attention.) mit Beschlag belegen* * *= monopolize transitive verb (Econ.) monopolisieren; (fig.) mit Beschlag belegenmonopolise the conversation — den/die anderen nicht zu Wort kommen lassen
* * *(UK) v.an sich reißen ausdr.monopolisieren v. -
45 monopolize
1) (to have a monopoly of or over: They've monopolized the fruit-canning industry.) få monopol på, ha enerett på2) (to take up the whole of (eg someone's attention): She tries to monopolize the teacher's attention.) legge beslag påverb \/məˈnɒpəlaɪz\/ eller monopolise1) monopolisere, ha\/få monopol på, ha\/få enerett til2) ( overført) legge beslag på, annektere, monopolisere, dominere -
46 monopolize
1) (to have a monopoly of or over: They've monopolized the fruit-canning industry.) imeti monopol2) (to take up the whole of (eg someone's attention): She tries to monopolize the teacher's attention.) polastiti se* * *[mənɜpəlaiz]transitive verbeconomy monopolizirati, imeti monopol; figuratively polastiti se -
47 monopolize
1) (to have a monopoly of or over: They've monopolized the fruit-canning industry.) monopolizar2) (to take up the whole of (eg someone's attention): She tries to monopolize the teacher's attention.) monopolizartr[mə'nɒpəlaɪz]1 (gen) monopolizar2 figurative use (attention etc) acaparar, monopolizarmonopolize (US/UK)v.• abarcar v.• acaparar v.• estancar v.• monopolizar (Economía) v.mə'nɑːpəlaɪztransitive verb \<\<market/industry\>\> monopolizar*; \<\<conversation/television\>\> acaparar, monopolizar*[mǝ'nɒpǝlaɪz]VT (lit, fig) monopolizar* * *[mə'nɑːpəlaɪz]transitive verb \<\<market/industry\>\> monopolizar*; \<\<conversation/television\>\> acaparar, monopolizar* -
48 monopolise
1) (to have a monopoly of or over: They've monopolized the fruit-canning industry.) monopolizar2) (to take up the whole of (eg someone's attention): She tries to monopolize the teacher's attention.) monopolizartr[mə'nɒpəlaɪz]1→ link=monopolize monopolize{v.• abarcar v.• acaparar v.• estancar v.• monopolizar (Economía) v. -
49 monopolise
1) (to have a monopoly of or over: They've monopolized the fruit-canning industry.) einoka2) (to take up the whole of (eg someone's attention): She tries to monopolize the teacher's attention.) einoka; hleypa engum öðrum að -
50 monopolize
1) (to have a monopoly of or over: They've monopolized the fruit-canning industry.) einoka2) (to take up the whole of (eg someone's attention): She tries to monopolize the teacher's attention.) einoka; hleypa engum öðrum að -
51 monopolise
1) (to have a monopoly of or over: They've monopolized the fruit-canning industry.) monopolizál2) (to take up the whole of (eg someone's attention): She tries to monopolize the teacher's attention.) kisajátít magának -
52 monopolize
maga rendelkezik vele, kisajátít magának* * *1) (to have a monopoly of or over: They've monopolized the fruit-canning industry.) monopolizál2) (to take up the whole of (eg someone's attention): She tries to monopolize the teacher's attention.) kisajátít magának -
53 monopolise
1) (to have a monopoly of or over: They've monopolized the fruit-canning industry.) monopolizar2) (to take up the whole of (eg someone's attention): She tries to monopolize the teacher's attention.) monopolizar* * *mo.nop.o.lise[mən'ɔpəlaiz] vt monopolizar. -
54 monopolize
1) (to have a monopoly of or over: They've monopolized the fruit-canning industry.) monopolizar2) (to take up the whole of (eg someone's attention): She tries to monopolize the teacher's attention.) monopolizar* * *mo.nop.o.lize[mən'ɔpəlaiz] vt = link=monopolise monopolise. -
55 monopolize, monopolise
1) (to have a monopoly of or over: They've monopolized the fruit-canning industry.) tekelleştirmek2) (to take up the whole of (eg someone's attention): She tries to monopolize the teacher's attention.) kendi kontrolü altına almak -
56 monopolise
1) (to have a monopoly of or over: They've monopolized the fruit-canning industry.) imeti monopol2) (to take up the whole of (eg someone's attention): She tries to monopolize the teacher's attention.) polastiti se -
57 monopolise
1) (to have a monopoly of or over: They've monopolized the fruit-canning industry.) monopolisoida2) (to take up the whole of (eg someone's attention): She tries to monopolize the teacher's attention.) omia itselleen -
58 monopolize
finance, business, economy• monopolisoida* * *1) (to have a monopoly of or over: They've monopolized the fruit-canning industry.) monopolisoida2) (to take up the whole of (eg someone's attention): She tries to monopolize the teacher's attention.) omia itselleen -
59 monopolise
1) (to have a monopoly of or over: They've monopolized the fruit-canning industry.) få monopol på, ha enerett på2) (to take up the whole of (eg someone's attention): She tries to monopolize the teacher's attention.) legge beslag på -
60 monopolise
1) (to have a monopoly of or over: They've monopolized the fruit-canning industry.) monopolizzare2) (to take up the whole of (eg someone's attention): She tries to monopolize the teacher's attention.) monopolizzare
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