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to+haul+upon+the+wind

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  • 2 orza

    orza s.f. (mar.)
    1 ( canapo) bowline // andare all'orza, to sail close to the wind; mettersi all'orza, to haul to windward (o to luff); stare all'orza, to haul upon the wind
    2 ( lato di sopravvento) luff, weatherboard, windward side.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > orza

  • 3 tirare

    1. v/t pull
    ( tendere) stretch
    ( lanciare) throw
    ( sparare) fire
    ( tracciare) draw
    tirare fuori take out
    bambino bring up
    tirare giù take down
    2. v/i pull
    di abito be too tight
    di vento blow
    ( sparare) shoot
    tirare avanti ( arrangiarsi) get by, manage
    ( continuare) keep going
    tirare dritto go straight on
    tirare a sorte draw lots
    * * *
    tirare v.tr.
    1 to pull; to draw*; ( trascinare) to drag: tira, non spingere, pull, don't push; tirare una corda, to pull a rope; una carrozza tirata da quattro cavalli, a coach drawn by four horses; tirava un sacco pesante, he was dragging a heavy sack; tirò il tavolo vicino al muro, he drew the table near the wall; tirare la manica a qlcu., tirare qlcu. per la manica, to pull (o to pluck) s.o.'s sleeve; tirare il campanello, to pull the bell; tirare le reti, to haul in the nets // una parola tira l'altra, one thing leads to another // una ciliegia tira l'altra, cherries are moreish // il suo comportamento tira gli schiaffi, his behaviour gets my goat // tirare il fiato, to get one's breath back // tirarsi gente in casa, to bring people home // tirare qlcu. dalla propria parte, to bring s.o. round to one's point of view // tirare giù, to pull down, to let down; ( abbassare) to lower: tirare giù la saracinesca, to pull down the shutter (o to let the shutter down); tirare giù un libro da uno scaffale, to take down a book from a shelf; (comm.) tirare giù un prezzo, to lower (o to reduce) a price // tirare su, to pull up; ( raccogliere) to pick up: tira su quel pezzo di carta dal pavimento, pick up that piece of paper from the floor; tirarsi su le calze, to pull up one's socks; tirarsi su i capelli, to put up one's hair; tirare su un muro, to build a wall; tirare su un bambino, to bring up a child; le vacanze l'hanno tirato su, the holidays have set him up again // tirare dentro, to bring in; hanno tirato dentro anche me, they dragged me into it too // tirare fuori, to draw out: tirò fuori l'abito dalla valigia, she drew out the dress from the case; tira fuori le mani di tasca, take your hands out of your pockets; tira fuori tutto quello che hai da dire, spill the beans; tirare fuori la verità, to come out with the truth; tirare fuori qlcu., ( di prigione) to have (o to get) s.o. out (of prison) // tirare via, ( togliere) to take away; to pull out (o off o away): tira via la sedia, take away the chair; hanno tirato via l'etichetta, they have pulled off the label; tirò via un chiodo, he pulled out a nail; tirare via un lavoro, ( non farlo accuratamente) to finish off a job // tirarsi dietro, to draw (o to pull) after oneself; ( portare con sé) to drag after oneself: si tirò dietro la porta, he pulled the door to after him; devo sempre tirarmi dietro mio fratello, I always have to drag my brother around after me // tirarsi addosso le critiche di tutti, to make oneself the object of everybody's criticism
    2 ( lanciare) to throw*: tirare un sasso a un cane, to throw a stone at a dog; tirare una freccia, to shoot an arrow; tirare ( il pallone) in porta, a rete, to shoot // tirare i dadi, to throw dice // tirare calci, pugni, to kick, to punch
    3 ( tendere) to draw*: tirare le tende, to draw the curtains; tirare un filo, to put up a line, ( delle calze) to pull a thread (in one's stockings) // tirare una riga, to draw a line // tirare l'arco, to bend (o to draw) the bow // tirarla, ( vivere in ristrettezze) to have trouble making ends meet // tirare tardi, giorno, mattina, (region.) to stay up late; tirare notte, to pass the time
    4 ( ricavare) to draw; ( fare) to make*: tirare una conclusione, to draw a conclusion; tirare le somme, to sum up (anche fig.) // tirare la paga, l'affitto, (antiq.) to draw (o to collect) one's wages, the rent
    5 ( far diventare): tirare a lucido, a cera, to polish; essere tirato a lucido, (fig.) to be dolled up
    6 ( stampare) to print, to run* off: tirare 1000 copie di un libro, to print (o to run off) 1000 copies of a book; tirare le bozze, to pull proofs
    ◆ v. intr.
    1 to go* on, to carry on: ''Come va?'' ''Si tira avanti'', ''How are you?'' ''Not so bad'' (o ''Could be worse''); tirarono avanti per parecchi chilometri, they went on for many kilometres
    2 ( mirare, tendere) to approach, to tend: un grigio che tira all'azzurro, a bluish grey // tirare ai soldi, to aim at money
    3 (fig. fam.) ( avere inclinazione) to prefer (sthg.): tira più per la pallacanestro che per il calcio, he prefers basketball to football
    4 ( sparare) to shoot*; ( far fuoco) to fire: sa tirare bene, he is a good shot; ordinò loro di tirare, he ordered them to fire; tirare a qlcu., to shoot (o to fire) at s.o. // tirare di scherma, di spada, to fence; tirare di boxe, to box
    5 ( soffiare) to blow*: tira vento, the wind is blowing (o it is windy) // tira aria di tempesta, (fig.) a storm is in the air (o there is a stormy atmosphere)
    6 ( avere tiraggio) to draw*: il camino non tira, the chimney doesn't draw; questo sigaro tira bene, this cigar draws well // (econ.): l'industria automobilistica tira, the car industry is thriving; questa azienda non tira, this firm is not doing well
    8 ( di strada) to go* uphill, to run* uphill
    9 ( di indumenti, stringere) to be tight: questo vestito tira sui fianchi, this dress is too tight on the hips
    10 ( essere teso) to feel* tight: mi tira la pelle della faccia, the skin of my face feels tight
    11 ( contrattare) to bargain: tirare sul prezzo, to bargain (o to haggle)
    12 (non com.) ( somigliare) to take* after: tira dalla nonna, she takes after her grandmother.
    ◘ tirarsi v.rifl.
    1 to draw*; to drag: si tirò da parte, he drew to one side // tirare su, ( alzarsi) to draw oneself up; ( riprendersi) to feel better: si tirò su quando mi vide, he drew himself up (o stood up) when he saw me // tirare indietro, to draw back, (fig.) to hold back
    2 (ant.) to go*.
    * * *
    [ti'rare]
    1. vt
    1) (gen) to pull, (slitta) to pull, drag, (rimorchio) to tow, (Culin : pasta) to stretch

    tirare qn da parte — to take o draw sb aside

    tirare qn per i capelli — to pull sb's hair, fig to force sb

    tirare fuori — to pull out, take out

    tirare su qn/qc — to pull sb/sth up

    tirare su qn — (fig : rallegrare) to cheer sb up, (allevare) to bring sb up

    tirarsi dietro qn — to bring o drag sb along

    tirarsi addosso qc — to pull sth down on top of o.s., fig to bring sth upon o.s.

    2) (chiudere: tende) to draw, close, pull

    tirare la porta — to close the door, pull the door to

    3) (tracciare, disegnare) to draw, trace, (stampare) to print
    4) (lanciare: sasso, palla) to throw, fling, (colpo, freccia) to fire, (fig : bestemmie, imprecazioni) to hurl, let fly
    2. vi
    (aus avere) (sogg : pipa, camino) to draw, (vestito, indumento) to be tight

    tirare avanti — (fig : vivere) to get by, (proseguire) to struggle on

    tirare tardi/mattina — to stay up late/till the early hours o dawn

    tirare col fucile/con l'arco — to shoot with a rifle/with a bow and arrow

    che aria tira? fig — what are things like?, what's the situation like?

    il mercato/l'economia tira — the market/the economy is thriving

    3. vr (tirarsi)

    tirarsi indietro — to draw o move back, fig to back out

    tirarsi su — to pull o.s. up, fig to cheer o.s. up

    * * *
    [ti'rare] 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (esercitare una trazione su) to pull [catena, corda, leva, freno a mano]; to pull, to tug [ capelli]; (per chiudere) to draw*, to pull [ tende]

    tirare qcn. per il braccio — to pull sb. by the arm o sb.'s arm

    2) (lanciare) to throw*, to toss, to fling* [ pallone]; to throw*, to cast* [sasso, dadi]; to shoot*, to fire [ freccia]; (sparare) to shoot*, to fire [proiettile, granata]; to fire, to take* [ colpo]

    tirare qcs. a qcn. — to throw sth. at sb., to toss sb. sth

    tirare calci — [persona, animale] to kick (out)

    tirare un rigore — sport to kick a penalty

    4) (tendere) to stretch, to tighten [ filo]; to draw* [ arco]; (stendere) gastr. to roll out [ pasta]
    5) (trainare) to draw*, to pull [roulotte, carro, aratro, slitta]
    6) (tracciare) to draw* [linea, tratto]
    8) (trarre, ricavare) to draw* [acqua, vino]
    9) tip. to print [ libro]; to run* off [ copia]
    10) tirare dentro (portare dentro) to bring* in(side); fig. (coinvolgere) to bring* into, to drag into
    11) tirare dietro to throw* [sth.] behind

    te li tirano dietro — fig. they are two o ten a penny, they are a dime a dozen

    12) tirare fuori to take* out, to draw* out, to get* out, to pull out [documenti, ombrello, portafogli]; to get* out [ auto]; to bring* out, to get* out, to pull out [fazzoletto, pistola]; to come* up with [idea, risposta]; to come* out with [scusa, verità]; to poke out, to put* out, to stick* out [ lingua]

    tirare fuori da qcs. — to take o draw [sth.] out of sth., to produce [sth.] from sth. [ oggetto]

    tirami fuori di qui! — (fare uscire) get me out of this place!

    tirare qcn. fuori dai guai — to get sb. out of trouble

    13) tirare giù (abbassare) to take* down, to pull down [pantaloni, mutande]; to draw* down [tapparella, velo, tenda]; to let* down [ orlo]; to fold down [ lenzuolo]; to roll down [ maniche]; to wind* down, to put* down [ finestrino]; fig. to bring* down, to knock back [ prezzo]; (buttare per terra) to throw* [sb., sth.] to the ground; (abbattere) to shoot* down [ aereo]

    tirare giù qcn. dal letto — to get o drag o haul sb. out of bed

    14) tirare indietro to put* back, to throw* back [ spalle]; to slide* back [ sedile]; (pettinare) to push back [ capelli]
    15) tirare in dentro to pull in [ pancia]
    16) tirare su (alzare) to pull up, to lift, to hitch up [pantaloni, gonna, calze]; to raise, to draw* up [tenda, tapparella]; to take* up [ orlo]; to pull up, to hitch up [ coperte]; to turn up [ colletto]; to roll up [ maniche]; to wind* up, to put* up [ finestrino]; to raise, to lift, to put* up [testa, braccia, gambe]; to pin up, to put* up [ capelli]; fig. to put* up, to raise, to push up [ prezzo]; (sollevare) to pick up, to catch* up [bambino, borsa]; (costruire) to build* [parete, casa]; (allevare) to bring* up [bambino, figlio]; fig. (risollevare) to uplift, to cheer up [ persona]; to raise, to uplift, to boost [ morale]

    tirare su qcs. dal pavimento — to pick sth. off the floor

    tirare su col naso — to sniff(le), to snuffle

    17) tirare via (togliere) to draw* away [mano, piede]; to pull off [ coperchio]; (strappare) to pull off [ adesivo]
    2.
    verbo intransitivo (aus. avere)
    2) (soffiare) to blow*; (avere tiraggio) [camino, pompa] to draw*

    oggi tira vento — it's windy o the wind is blowing today

    sentire o vedere che aria tira fig. to see which way the wind blows; con l'aria che tira! — at the rate things are going!

    3) (con un'arma) to shoot* (su, a at)

    tirare di boxe — sport to box

    tirare di scherma — sport to fence

    tirare in vita — [ vestito] to be (too) tight around one's waist

    5) fig. (aver successo) [ affari] to go* well; [ prodotto] to sell*

    tirare sul prezzo — to haggle over the price, to bargain

    7) gerg. (sniffare)
    8) tirare avanti (continuare) to go* on, to carry on, to press on; (vivacchiare) to bear* up, to struggle along; (sopravvivere economicamente) to cope, to get* along, to scrape by
    3.
    verbo pronominale tirarsi

    - rsi i capelli — to pull at one's hair; (l'un l'altro) to pull at each other's hair

    -rsi i baffi, il labbro — to tug at one's moustache, lip

    - rsi in là — to budge up o over, to shove over

    tirati da parte — step o move aside

    3) (lanciarsi) to throw* [sth.] to each other [ pallone]; to throw* [sth.] at each other, to throw* [sth.] against each other [sassi, colpi]
    4) tirarsi addosso to bring* (down) [sth.] upon oneself; fig. (attirarsi) to bring* down, to incur [dispiacere, collera]; to bring* [sth.] down [ critiche]
    5) tirarsi dietro to bring* along [ persona]; fig. to bring* about [problemi, complicazioni]
    6) tirarsi fuori da to wriggle one's way out of, to clamber out of

    - rsi fuori dai guai — fig. to wriggle off the hook

    7) tirarsi indietro (scansarsi) to move aside, to step aside; (ritirarsi) to back down, to flinch, to hang* back; (pettinarsi)
    8) tirarsi su (alzarsi) to rise*, to draw* oneself up, to raise oneself up; (mettersi dritto) to rise*, to stand* up, to get* up; (mettersi seduto) to sit* upright, to raise oneself to a sitting position; fig. (risollevarsi) (moralmente) to cheer up; (fisicamente) to gather oneself, to recover, to bounce back; (economicamente) to bounce back; (raccogliere) to put* up, to pin up [ capelli]; to pull up, to hitch up [pantaloni, gonna, calze]
    9) tirarsela colloq. to put* on airs, to get* above oneself
    ••

    tirare per le lunghe, in lungo — to spin out [storia, discussione]; to drag out [riunione, discorso]

    tirarla per le lunghe — to drag one's feet o heels, to hang fire

    * * *
    tirare
    /ti'rare/ [1]
     1 (esercitare una trazione su) to pull [catena, corda, leva, freno a mano]; to pull, to tug [ capelli]; (per chiudere) to draw*, to pull [ tende]; tirare qcn. per il braccio to pull sb. by the arm o sb.'s arm; tirare il collo a un pollo to wring a chicken's neck; tirare le reti to pull the nets (out)
     2 (lanciare) to throw*, to toss, to fling* [ pallone]; to throw*, to cast* [sasso, dadi]; to shoot*, to fire [ freccia]; (sparare) to shoot*, to fire [proiettile, granata]; to fire, to take* [ colpo]; tirare qcs. a qcn. to throw sth. at sb., to toss sb. sth.
     3 (sferrare) tirare calci [persona, animale] to kick (out); tirare un pugno to throw a punch; tirare un rigore sport to kick a penalty
     4 (tendere) to stretch, to tighten [ filo]; to draw* [ arco]; (stendere) gastr. to roll out [ pasta]
     5 (trainare) to draw*, to pull [roulotte, carro, aratro, slitta]
     6 (tracciare) to draw* [linea, tratto]
     7 (portare con sé) una parola tira l'altra one word leads to another
     8 (trarre, ricavare) to draw* [acqua, vino]
     9 tip. to print [ libro]; to run* off [ copia]
     10 tirare dentro (portare dentro) to bring* in(side); fig. (coinvolgere) to bring* into, to drag into
     11 tirare dietro to throw* [sth.] behind; te li tirano dietro fig. they are two o ten a penny, they are a dime a dozen
     12 tirare fuori to take* out, to draw* out, to get* out, to pull out [documenti, ombrello, portafogli]; to get* out [ auto]; to bring* out, to get* out, to pull out [fazzoletto, pistola]; to come* up with [idea, risposta]; to come* out with [scusa, verità]; to poke out, to put* out, to stick* out [ lingua]; tirare fuori da qcs. to take o draw [sth.] out of sth., to produce [sth.] from sth. [ oggetto]; tirami fuori di qui! (fare uscire) get me out of this place! cosa tirerà fuori adesso! what (will he come out with) next! tirare qcn. fuori dai guai to get sb. out of trouble
     13 tirare giù (abbassare) to take* down, to pull down [pantaloni, mutande]; to draw* down [tapparella, velo, tenda]; to let* down [ orlo]; to fold down [ lenzuolo]; to roll down [ maniche]; to wind* down, to put* down [ finestrino]; fig. to bring* down, to knock back [ prezzo]; (buttare per terra) to throw* [sb., sth.] to the ground; (abbattere) to shoot* down [ aereo]; tirare giù qcn. dal letto to get o drag o haul sb. out of bed
     14 tirare indietro to put* back, to throw* back [ spalle]; to slide* back [ sedile]; (pettinare) to push back [ capelli]; tirare indietro le lancette dell'orologio to put the clock back
     15 tirare in dentro to pull in [ pancia]
     16 tirare su (alzare) to pull up, to lift, to hitch up [pantaloni, gonna, calze]; to raise, to draw* up [tenda, tapparella]; to take* up [ orlo]; to pull up, to hitch up [ coperte]; to turn up [ colletto]; to roll up [ maniche]; to wind* up, to put* up [ finestrino]; to raise, to lift, to put* up [testa, braccia, gambe]; to pin up, to put* up [ capelli]; fig. to put* up, to raise, to push up [ prezzo]; (sollevare) to pick up, to catch* up [bambino, borsa]; (costruire) to build* [parete, casa]; (allevare) to bring* up [bambino, figlio]; fig. (risollevare) to uplift, to cheer up [ persona]; to raise, to uplift, to boost [ morale]; tirami su! lift me up! tirare su qcs. dal pavimento to pick sth. off the floor; tirare su col naso to sniff(le), to snuffle
     17 tirare via (togliere) to draw* away [mano, piede]; to pull off [ coperchio]; (strappare) to pull off [ adesivo]
     (aus. avere)
     1 (esercitare una trazione) to pull; tira forte! pull hard!
     2 (soffiare) to blow*; (avere tiraggio) [camino, pompa] to draw*; oggi tira vento it's windy o the wind is blowing today; sentire o vedere che aria tira fig. to see which way the wind blows; con l'aria che tira! at the rate things are going!
     3 (con un'arma) to shoot* (su, a at); tirare con l'arco to shoot with a bow and arrow; tirare di boxe sport to box; tirare di scherma sport to fence
     4 (stringere) tirare in vita [ vestito] to be (too) tight around one's waist
     5 fig. (aver successo) [ affari] to go* well; [ prodotto] to sell*
     6 fig. (contrattare) tirare sul prezzo to haggle over the price, to bargain
     7 gerg. (sniffare) tirare di coca to sniff coke
     8 tirare avanti (continuare) to go* on, to carry on, to press on; (vivacchiare) to bear* up, to struggle along; (sopravvivere economicamente) to cope, to get* along, to scrape by; questo mi basta per tirare avanti this is enough to keep me going
    III tirarsi verbo pronominale
     1 (esercitare una trazione) - rsi i capelli to pull at one's hair; (l'un l'altro) to pull at each other's hair; -rsi i baffi, il labbro to tug at one's moustache, lip
     2 (spostarsi) - rsi in là to budge up o over, to shove over; tirati da parte step o move aside
     3 (lanciarsi) to throw* [sth.] to each other [ pallone]; to throw* [sth.] at each other, to throw* [sth.] against each other [sassi, colpi]
     4 tirarsi addosso to bring* (down) [sth.] upon oneself; fig. (attirarsi) to bring* down, to incur [dispiacere, collera]; to bring* [sth.] down [ critiche]
     5 tirarsi dietro to bring* along [ persona]; fig. to bring* about [problemi, complicazioni]; tirati dietro la porta close the door behind you
     6 tirarsi fuori da to wriggle one's way out of, to clamber out of; - rsi fuori dai guai fig. to wriggle off the hook
     7 tirarsi indietro (scansarsi) to move aside, to step aside; (ritirarsi) to back down, to flinch, to hang* back; (pettinarsi) - rsi indietro i capelli to tie back one's hair
     8 tirarsi su (alzarsi) to rise*, to draw* oneself up, to raise oneself up; (mettersi dritto) to rise*, to stand* up, to get* up; (mettersi seduto) to sit* upright, to raise oneself to a sitting position; fig. (risollevarsi) (moralmente) to cheer up; (fisicamente) to gather oneself, to recover, to bounce back; (economicamente) to bounce back; (raccogliere) to put* up, to pin up [ capelli]; to pull up, to hitch up [pantaloni, gonna, calze]
     9 tirarsela colloq. to put* on airs, to get* above oneself
    tirare per le lunghe, in lungo to spin out [storia, discussione]; to drag out [riunione, discorso]; tirarla per le lunghe to drag one's feet o heels, to hang fire.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > tirare

  • 4 LEGGJA

    * * *
    (legg, lagða, lagiðr, lagðr, laginn), v.
    1) to lay, place (Már hafði lagt höfuð sitt í kné Rannveigar);
    leggja net, to lay a net;
    2) to put;
    leggja eld í, to put fire to;
    leggja söðul á hest, to put a saddle on a horse;
    leggja árar upp, to lay up the oars, give up pulling;
    leggja ofan segi, to haul down, take in the sails;
    leggja at jörðu, at velli (or við jörðu, við velli), to overthrow, slay, kill;
    leggja hlut sinn, to lose one’s lot, be worsted;
    3) to lay, drop, of a beast (hvelparnir, er eigi vóru lagðir);
    4) to lay, make, build;
    leggja garða, to make fences;
    5) to appoint, fix (leggja stefnu, leika, bardaga);
    6) to tax, value (hann lagði hálft landit fyrir sex tigi silfrs);
    leggja e-n úgildan, to award no fine for, put no price on;
    leggja at léttu, to make light of;
    leggja sakar, to settle strife;
    leggja lög, to lay down laws;
    leggja leið sína, to take a direction;
    hann lagði mjök kvámur sínar í Ögr, he was in the habit of coming often to O.;
    8) to allot, assign (þér mun lagit verða at vera einvaldskonungr yfir Noregi);
    hvat mun til líkna lagt Sigurði, what comfort is there appointed for S.?;
    þér var lengra líf lagit, a longer life was destined for thee;
    9) to lay out, pay, discharge;
    leggja at veði, to give as bail;
    leggja á hættu, to risk;
    leggja á mikinn kostnað, to run into great expenses;
    leggja líf á, to stake one’s life on a thing;
    leggja fé til höfuðs e-m, to set a price on one’s head;
    10) to lay a ship’s course, stand of or on, sail, absol., or the ship in dat. or acc., lét hann blása herblástr ok leggja út ór höfninni, and sailed out of the harbour;
    leggja at, to land (lagði hann at við Sundólfsstaði);
    in a naval battle, to attack (lögðu þeir þá at þeim);
    leggja undir land, to stand in towards land;
    leggja (skip) í rétt, to drift or run before the wind;
    11) to set off, start;
    leggja á flótta, to take toftight;
    leggja eptir e-m, to pursue;
    12) to stab, thrust, with a weapon (Þ. leggr hann spjóti til bana);
    13) impers. it turns, is driven in a direction (of smoke, smell, fire);
    hingat leggr allan reykinn, all the smoke blows hitherward;
    to freeze over, be covered with snow or ice (þá er ísa lagði á vötn);
    leggja nær, to be on the brink of;
    nær lagði þat úfœru einu sinni, it had well nigh come to a disaster;
    14) with preps.:
    leggja e-t af, to cede, give up (H. bróðir hans lagði af við hann sinn part í eyjunni);
    to leave off, desist from (legg af héðan af versagørð, sagði erkibiskup);
    leggja af fénað, to slaughter cattle;
    leggja e-t aptr, to give back, return (báðu mik leggja aptr taflit);
    leggja at, leggja at landi, to land;
    leggja at e-m, to attack;
    leggja e-t á e-n, to impose, lay (a burden, tax) upon one (leggja skatt, skyldir, yfirbót á e-n);
    leggja e-t á við e-n = leggja e-t á e-n;
    leggja stund, kapp, hug á e-t, to take pains about, great interest in, a thing;
    leggja ást, elsku, mætur á e-t, to feel love, affection, interest for a thing, to cherish a thing or person;
    leggja fæð, öfund, hatr á, to take dislike, envy, hatred to;
    leggja móti e-m, to oppose, contradict one;
    leggja e-t til, to furnish, contribute, as one’s share (hvern styrk hefir móðir mín til lagit með þér?);
    leggja fátt til, to say little, be reserved;
    leggja lof til, to give praise to;
    leggja gott (illt) til e-s, to lay a good (or ill) word to one, to interfere in a friendly (or unfriendly) manner;
    leggja e-t til lofs e-m, to put a thing to a person’s credit;
    leggja e-t til orðs, to talk about;
    leggja e-m e-t til ámælis, orðs, to blame one for a thing;
    leggja e-t undir or undir sik, to conquer, vanquish (Knútr konungr lagði allt land undir sik íNoregi);
    leggja e-t undir e-n, to submit a matter to a person, refer to (þeir höfðu lagit mál undir Njál);
    leggja undir trúnað e-s, to trust;
    ok er þat mjök undir hann lagit, it depends much on him;
    leggja e-t undir þegnskap sinn, to assert on one’s honour;
    leggja e-t upp við e-n, to hand over to one;
    leggja e-t eigi langt upp, not to make much of, to make light of (eigi legg ek slíkt langt upp);
    leggja e-t við e-t, to add to (leggja aðra tölu við aðra);
    leggja við líf sitt, höfuð sitt, to stake one’s life;
    leggja við sekt, to fix a fine;
    15) refl., leggjast.
    * * *
    a causal of liggja, q. v.; pres. legg, pl. leggjum; pret. lagði; subj. legði; imperat. legg or leggðú; part. lagiðr, lagið, lagit; contr. lagðr, lögð, lagt; part. laginn, Fb. ii. 386, which form is in mod. Icel. used as an adjective only; a part. pass. lagztr, lögzt, lagzt, Fas. ii. 345, and in mod. usage: [Ulf. lagjan = τιθέναι; A. S. lecgan; Engl. lay; O. H. G. legjan; Germ. legen; Swed. lägga; Dan. lægge]:—to lay.
    A. Prop. to lay, place; ok lagði hann á altara, Ver. 14; er hann var lagiðr á bálit, Hkr. i. 32; á lúðr lagiðr, Vþm.; vóru steinar lagðir í hring utan um, Eg. 486; Már lá útar á bekk, ok hafði lagt höfuð sitt í kné Rannveigar, Sturl. i. 13; leggja net, to lay a net, K. Þ. K. 88:—to lay down, leggja sinn aldr, Ht.
    2. to put; leggja band um, umhverfis, to fasten a string round the body, Eg. 340; leggja saman augun, to put the eyes together, shut them, id.; leggja eld í, to put fire to, Nj. 74, 131; leggja hendr at síðum mér, Fms. x. 331; leggja stýri í lag, to put it right, Hkr. i. 32; leggja ofan segl ok viðu, to haul down, take in the sails, Fms. iv. 372, ix. 23; l. lénur, söðul, á hest, to put a saddle on a horse, Nj. 74, Landn. 151; l. á hest, or leggja á (simply), to saddle; leggja hapt á hest, Grág. i. 436; l. mark á, of sheep, 426; l. hús ofan, to pull it down, Bs. i. 163; l. klyfjar ofan, to unload a horse, K. Þ. K. 94; l. klyfjar upp, to pack a horse, N. G. L. i. 349; l. árar upp, to lay up the oars, give up pulling, Edda 36: the mod. phrase, leggja árar í bát, to give a thing up, lose heart; l. fyrir lið, to give up, see lið; fyrir lagðr, outworn, exhausted, Mar. 1060, Fas. ii. 278.
    3. leggja at jörðu, at velli (or við jörðu, við velli), to overthrow, make bite the dust, Nj. 117, Eg. 426, Fms. vii. 296, viii. 43, x. 257, Njarð. 378; leggja fyrir borð, to put overboard, metaph. to forsake, Clem. 47; leggja í leg, to lay waste, Grág. ii. 278; leggja hlut sinn, to lay down or lose one’s lot, be worsted, Sturl. iii. 103: leggja mál í görð, to put into court, Nj. 88, 101; l. mál í umræðu, to put it to discussion, Orkn. 426; l. mál til sætta, Nj. 111.
    4. to lay, drop, of a beast; hvelparnir er eigi vóru lagðir, Fb. i. 104.
    II. metaph. in a mental sense; leggja stund, starf, hug, kapp … á e-t, to study a thing, take pains about, interest in it; as also, leggja ást, elsku, mætr á e-t, to feel love, affection, interest for, to love, cherish a thing or person; and again, leggja fæð, öfund, hatr … á, to take dislike, envy to, Al. 95, Ísl. ii. 197, Nj. 31, 46, Eg. 42, 418, Ld. 60, Fb. ii. 229, Fms. i. 31: freq. in old and mod. usage, thus, Sturla lagði mikinn hug á, at láta rita sögu-bækr eptir bókuni þeim er Snorri setti saman, Sturl. ii. 123; leggja e-t e-m til orðs, ámælis, to put a thing to a person’s blame, blame him for it, Nj. 62, 85, 138, 246, Ld. 250; l. e-t til lofs e-m, to laud one, put a thing to a person’s credit, Fms. x. 98.
    2. with prepp.; leggja á, to impose, put upon; leggja skyldir, skatt … á, Fms. x. 51, 93, Rb. 394:—leggja af, to leave off, cease doing; legg af héðan af versa-görð, sagði erkibiskup, ok stúdera heldr í kirkjunnar lögum, Bs. i. 799:—leggja e-t fyrir sik, to set a task before one, Fms. ii. 103, xi. 157:—leggja til, to add to, xi. 51, Hom. 138:—leggja undir or undir sik, to lay under oneself, conquer, vanquish, Fms. i. 3, x. 35, Eg. 12, Stj. 46, 146; leggja e-t undir þegnskap sinn, to assert on one’s honour, Grág. i. 29, Nj. 150; leggja e-t undir e-n, to submit it to a person, refer to, 105; l. e-t undir trúnað e-s, to trust, Fms. ix. 397; ok er þat mjök undir hann lagit, it depends much on him, Bjarn. 52:—leggja út, mod. to translate (út-legging):—leggja við, to add to, Grág. i. 22, Hom. 138, 155. Rb. 88, Al. 358.
    III. to lay, place, found, build; leggja afla, Vsp. 7; leggja garða, to make fences, Rm. 12; leggja götur, to make roads, Dipl. iv. 12; leggja lúðra, to place right, adjust the bin, Gs. 3; leggja leið, to take a direction, Fas. i. 57; hann lagði mjök kvámur sínar í Ögr, he was in the habit of coming to O., Fbr. 30; leggja e-t í vana sinn, to make a habit of.
    2. metaph. to lay, settle; leggja sakar, to settle strife, Vsp. 64; leggja landrétt, to settle the public rights, make laws, Sighvat; leggja lög, to lay down laws, of the three weird sisters ordering the fate of men, Vsp.:—to lay down, ordain, lagt er allt fyrir, all is predestined, Skv. I, Skm. 13, Ls. 48; era með löstum lögð æfi þér, Skv. 1, 33; hvat mun til líkna lagt Sigurði, 30; leggja á, to ordain, en þú hugfest þá hluti er ek segi þér, ok legg á þik, Bs. i. 199; ef þeir eru á lagðir ( ordered) fyrir váttum, Gþl. 439; þá hluti er ek hefi á lagt við þik, Eg. 738; leggja lög á, to make, lay down a law, Bs. i. 28: leggja ríkt á, to order peremptorily: of a spell, leggja á, to enchant; ‘mæli eg um og legg eg á!’ is in the tales the formula with which witches say the spell.
    3. to appoint, fix, a meeting or the like; eru þá leikar lagðir í Ásbjarnar-nesi, Ld. 196; leikr var lagiðr á Hvítár-völlum, Eg. 188; þeir lögðu við landsmenn hálfs-mánaðar frið, 228; leggja stefnu með sér, Fms. i. 36; var lögð konunga-stefna í Elfi, vii. 62; leggja bardaga við e-n, xi. 418; l. með sér vináttu, Eg. 278; Augustus keisari lagði frið ( established peace) um allan heim, Edda.
    IV. to tax, value (fjár-lag); hross eru ok lögð, hestr fjögurra vetra gamall við kú, Grág. i. 503; leggja lag á mjöl, ii. 404; ef fyrr er keypt en lag er á lagt, id.; leggja lag á varning manna, Ísl. ii. 126; þat þykkir mér jafnligast at þú leggir land svá dýrt, en ek kjósa hvárr okkarr leysa skal, … hann lagði hálft landit fyrir sex tigi silfrs, … er þú leggr svá údýrt Helgafells-land, Eb. 38; vil ek þat vinna til sætta at leggja son minn úgildan, Nj. 250; at Hallr af Síðu hafði lagit úgildan son sinn, ok vann þat til sætta, 251; leggja at léttu, to lay a tax on light, Fas. iii. 553.
    V. to lay out, pay, discharge; leggja at veði, to give as bail, Edda 17; buðu at leggja sik í veð fyrir þessa menn, Nj. 163; leggja á hættu, to risk, Eg. 86; leggja á mikinn kostnað, to run into great expences, Eg. 43; leggja veð eðr fá vörzlu, Gþl. 389: leggja í kostnað, to expend, Fms. xi. 232; leggja sik í háska, veð, to put oneself in danger, to stake one’s life, vii. 263, Nj. 163:—leggja aptr, to pay back, Grett. 174 new Ed.; leggja líf á, to stake one’s life on a thing, Nj. 106, 178:—l. fram, to lay forth, lay out, exhibit (fram-lag); allan þann sóma er hann hefir fram lagit, Ld. 32; mikit muntú þurfa fram at leggja með honum, þvíat hón á allan arf eptir mik, Nj. 3; l. fram líf sitt, Eg. 426:—leggja til, to pay to, furnish, contribute, as one’s share; hvern styrk hefir móðir mín til lagit með þér, Nj. 7; hvat viltú þá til leggja? langskip tvau, 42; skortir mik eigi fé til at leggja fyrir farit, 128; kunni hann til alls góð ráð at leggja, Eg. 2; hefi ek þar til (lagit) mörg orð, 728; lét ek þar sælu-hús göra ok lagða fé til, Fms. vii. 122, Js. 4; þau ráð er Gregoríus lagði til, Fms. vii. 258; l. fé til höfuðs e-m, to set a price on one’s head, Nj. 112, Grett. passim:—metaph., leggja fátt til, to say little, be reserved, Nj. 88, 112; Gunnarr lagði ekki til, G. remained silent, 52; leggja lof til, to give praise to, Eg. 33; leggja orð í (til), to ‘lay a word to,’ say a word in a matter, remonstrate, Grág. i. 290; leggja gott, íllt til e-s, to lay a good (or ill) word to, to interfere in a friendly (or unfriendly) manner, Sturl. iii. 151 (til-lögur):—leggja hlut sinn, líf sitt, við, to risk one’s lot, stake one’s life, i. 162, Nj. 113, 218; l. sik allan við, to do one’s best, Eg. 738; l. sekt við, l. lögbrot við, of a penalty, Nj. 113, Eg. 352, H. E. i. 505:—leggja út, to lay out, pay, Vm. 33; of betting, Orkn. 200:—leggja fé upp, to lay up, invest; l. fé upp í jörð, Dipl. v. 21; lagða ek upp við minn kæra Orm biskup hálfan viðreka, I made it over to O., ii. 4; l. upp fé, to lay up, board.
    VI. of direction, esp. as a naut. term, to stand off or on, lay a ship’s course, esp. from or towards a port, to or from an attack, to sail, proceed to sea, absol., or the ship in dat. or acc., leggja skip or skipi; þú skalt leggja fram sem þér líkar (place the ship to attack), Nj. 8; ok leggr fram skeiðina jafnfram skipi Rúts, id.; þeir leggja út undir eina ey ok bíða þar byrjar, 133; hann lagði skip sín inn á sundit, 271; þeir bjuggusk um sem skjótast ok lögðu út skipunum, Eg. 358; en er skipit var lagit út undir Fenhring, Fms. x. 64; Sigvaldi leggr skip sitt í miðja fylking ( lays his ship alongside of), xi. 126; þeir hittu drómund einn í hafi ok lögðu til níu skipum ok borðusk, … at lyktum lögðu þeir snekkjunum undir drómundinn, Hkr. iii. 353; leggja undir land, to stand in towards land, Eb. 126, where in a metaph. sense = to give in; lögðu þeir eigi inn í ósinn, en lögðu útarliga á höfnina, Ísl. ii. 126; bauð hann út leiðangri at liði ok skipum ok lagði ( stood) út til Staðs fyrir innan Þórsbjörg, Fms. i. 12; síðan leggja þeir í Löginn upp, Hkr. i. 32; Knútr konungr lagði þegar upp í ána ok at kastalanum, Fms. ix. 23, xi. 196; réru þeir langskipinu upp í ána ok lögðu til bæjar þess, Eg. 80; lögðu víkingar við þat frá, Landn. 223; þá lögðu þeir at nesi einu, Eg. 161; ok lögðu þar at landi, 203; lagði hann at ( landed) við Sundólfs-staði, Fms. ix. 483; en er þeir koma norðr at Hákonar-hellu þá lögðu þeir þar at, Hkr. i. 160: leggja at, to attack, in a naval battle (atlaga); lögðu þeir þá at þeim, Nj. 25, Eg. 81; munu vér leggja til orrostu við þá, Fms. vii. 257; létusk allir búnir at leggja at þeim Hákoni, id.; ef þeir leggja at, Jómsvíkingar, xi. 134:—leggja í rétt, to drift or run before the wind, skipverjar, þeir er sigla vildu, eðr þeir er í rétt vildu leggja skipit, Fbr. 59; mæltu þeir er leið sögðu at varligra væri at lægja seglit ok leggja skipit í rétt um nóttina, en sigla til lands at ljósum degi, Fms. ii. 64; þá kom andviðri ok leggja þeir í rétt, Bs. i. 420; þá lögðu þeir í rétt harðan, kom á stormr svá at eigi fengu þeir lengi í rétti legit, ok sigldu þeir þá við eitt rif, Bær. 5; þá kemr enn landviðri ok leggja cnn í rétt ok rekr vestr í haf, Bs. i. 483; þá lögðu þeir í rétt harðan, 484; féll veðrit ok görði lögn, lögðu þeir þá í rétt, ok létu reiða fyrir nokkurar nætr, Eg. 372.
    2. without the notion of sea, to start; leggja á flótta, to turn to flight, fly, Fms. x. 241, xi. 341, 391, Orkn. 4, Hkr. i. 319, passim; leggja ú fund þeirra, Fms. vii. 258; leggja eptir, to pursue, x. 215; leggja upp, to start on a journey: metaph., leggja e-t ekki langt upp, Grett. 51 new Ed.
    3. to stab, thrust with a weapon, the weapon in dat. or absol. (lag = a thrust), Nj. 8, 64, Njarð. 378, Eg. 216, 258, 298, Nj. 43, 56, Grág. ii. 7, Gþl. 165, passim; opp. to höggva, höggva ok leggja, hann hjó ok lagði, and the like.
    VII. impers. it turns, in driven in a direction, of smoke, smell, fire, or the like; hingat leggr allan reykinn, all the smoke blows thitherward, Nj. 202; en eldinn lagði at þeim, Fms. i. 266; fyrir údaun er ór hauginum mun út leggja, iv. 28; varask gust þann ok údaun er út lagði or haugnum, … af fýlu þeirri sem út lagði, Ísl. ii. 45; ok er eldrinn var görr, lagði reykinn upp í skarðit, Eb. 220; ef hval leggr út, if a (dead) whale is driven off land, Gþl. 462:—of ice, snow, to freeze, be covered with snow, ice, þá leggr snjó nokkurn fyrir þá, 655 xv. 12; er ís leggr á vatnit, Grág. ii. 287; þá er ísa lagði á vötn, Fms. ii. 103: the place frozen in acc., vóru íslög mikil ok hafði langt lagt lit Breiðafjörð, Ld. 286; lagði ok Ögrsvatn, Fbr. 30 new Ed.; lagði fjörðinn út langt, 60 new Ed.: part., íss var lagðr á Hofstaða-vág, Eb. 236:—of winter, cold, þegar er gott er ok vetr (acc.) leggr á, Grett. 24 new Ed.; lagði þegar á frer ok snjófa, Bs. i. 872; but pers., leggr á hríðir ok snjóvar (better snjóva), Bs. i. 198.
    2. the phrase, leggja nær, to ‘lie near,’ be on the brink of; nær lagði þat úfæru eitt sinn, it had well nigh come to a disaster, Edda 17; lagði þá svá nær at allr þingheimr mundi berjask, it was on the brink of …, Nj. 163; lagði nær at hann mundi reka í svelginn, Fms. x. 145.
    B. Reflex. to lay oneself, lie; leggjask niðr í runna nokkura, Nj. 132; er Skálm merr yður leggsk undir klyfjum, Landn. 77; þá leggjask í akrinn flugur þær, er …, 673 A. 3:—of going to bed, þeir höfðu lagizk til svefns, were gone to sleep, Nj. 155; Skarphéðinn lagðisk ekki niðr um kveldit, 170:—leggjask með konu, to cohabit (illicitly), Fms. i. 57, K. Á. 118, Fas. iii. 390, Grág. i. 351:—of illness, to fall sick, take to bed, tók hón sótt ok lagðisk í rekkju, Nj. 14; þá lét hann búa hvílu sína ok lagðisk í sótt, Fms. xi. 214: the phrase, leggjask e-t ekki undir höfuð, not lay it under one’s pillow, do it promptly, be mindful of a thing, ii. 120, v. 264:—leggjask á e-t, to fall upon, of robbers, beasts of prey, etc.; at spillvirkjar mundi l. á fé þeirra, i. 226, Grett. 125 new Ed.; Vindr lögðusk á valinn ok raufuðu, xi. 380: örn lagðisk ( prayed) í eyna, Bs. i. 350:—leggjask fyrir, to take rest, lie down, from exhaustion, sickness, or the like, 387; lögðusk þá fyrir bæði menn ok hestar af úviðri, Sturl. iii. 292; þá lögðusk leiðsagnar-menn fyrir, þvíat þeir vissu eigi hvar þeir vóru komnir, Fms. viii. 52; fyrir leggjask um e-t mál, to give it up, Bs. i. 194: leggjask niðr, to pass out of use, cease, Fms. x. 179, xi. 12: leggjask á, to arise, mun sá orðrómr á leggjask, at …, Nj. 32, Fms. i. 291; úþokki lagðisk á milli þeirra bræðra, xi. 14.
    2. to cease; at sá úvandi leggisk sem áðr hefir verit, Fms. i. 280.
    II. to swim (partly answering to A. VI); leggjask til sunds, to go into the water and swim, Ld. 46; þeir leggjask um hríð … Sigmundr leggsk þá um hríð … hann lagðisk síðar ( swam behind), Fær. 173; hann lagðisk eptir geldingi gömlum út í Hvalsey, Landn. 107; Grettir lagðisk nú inn á fjörðinn, Grett. 148; hann lagðisk yfir þvert sundit ok gékk þar á land, 116, Hkr. i. 287, Finnb. 266; þeir koma upp ok leggjask til lands, Ld. 168; for legðir read legðiz, Njarð. 378.
    2. to set out; leggjask í hernað, víking, to set out on a freebooting expedition, Fms. x. 414, passim: leggjask út, to set out into the wilderness, as a highwayman, Odd. 8, Fas. i. 154, passim (útilegu-maðr = a highwayman); ek lögðumk út á merkr, Fms. ii. 103; leggjask á flótta = leggja á flótta, to take to flight, xi. 305: leggjask djúpt, to dive deep (metaph.), Nj. 102; leggjask til e-s, to seek, try eagerly for, Stj. 90, Bs. i. 198; leggjask í e-t, to occupy oneself with, Rb. 312.
    3. á lögðusk logn mikil, þokur ok sælægjur, Orkn. 358; vindar lögðusk ( the wind wafted) af hrauninu um kveldum, Eb. 218, (see A. VII): the phrase, ekki lagðisk mjök á með þeim frændum, they were not on good terms, Ld. 68: ok lagðisk lítt á með þeim Snorra, Sturl. i. 124; þeir töluðu lengi ok lagðisk vel á með þeim, things went well with them, Orkn. 408; þungt hefir á lagizk með okkr Strút-Haraldi jarli um hríð, Fms. xi. 84; Steinólfi þótti þat líkt ok ekki, ok lagðisk lítt á með þeim, Gullþ. 11:—lítið leggsk fyrir e-n, to come to a shameful end; lítið lagðisk nú fyrir kappann, þvíat hann kafnaði í stofu-reyk sem hundr, Grett. 115; svá lítið sem fyrir hann lagðisk, who had been so easily slain, had made so poor a defence, Ld. 150; lítið lagðisk hór fyrir góðan dreng, er þrælar skyldu at bana verða, Landn. 36; kann vera, at nú leggisk lítið fyrir hann, ek skal ráðin til setja, Fms. iv. 166.
    III. recipr., leggjask at, to attack one another, Fms. xi. 130: leggjask hendr á, to lay hands on fine another, Ld. 154; leggjask hugi á, to take a liking for each other, Bárð.: leggjask nær, to run close up to one another, of two boats, Gísl. 51.
    IV. part. lagðr, as adj. fit, destined to a thing, or fitted, of natural gifts; at hann mundi bæði spá-maðr vesa ok lagðr til mikils þrifnaðar ok gæfu Gyðinga-lýð, 625. 87; vera kann at þér sé meirr lagðr ( that thou art more fitted for) fésnúðr ok ferðir en tilstilli um mála-ferli, i. e. that thou art more fitted to be a traveller than a lawyer, Band. 5; öllu því íllu sem honum var lagit, Fb. i. 215; hón var þeim til lýta lagin, she was doomed to be their destruction, Sól. 11; sem mælt er um þá menn sem mjök er sú íþrótt lagin, Fms. v. 40; þvíat þér mun lagit verða at vera (’tis weirded for thee, thou art doomed to be) einvalds konungr yfir öllum Noregi, Fb. i. 564; þér var lengra lif lagit, a longer life was doomed to thee, Fas. iii. 344; allar spár sögðu, at harm mundi verða lagðr til skaða þeim, Edda 19: laginn, expert, skilled, disposed, freq. in mod. usage, hann er laginn fyrir að læra, hann er ekki lund-laginn á það, he has no inclination for it, whence lægni = skill; thus also, lagaðr from laga (q. v.), vera lagaðr fyrir e-t, lagaðr fyrir lærdóm, given to learn, of natural gifts.
    V. part. pass. lagztr; er hann var lagztr niðr, when he had laid himself down, Fas. ii. 345: freq. in mod. usage, hann er lagztr fyrir, lagztr niðr, and so on.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > LEGGJA

  • 5 serrare

    close
    denti, pugni clench
    serrare il ritmo step up the pace
    * * *
    serrare v.tr.
    1 ( chiudere) to shut*, to close; ( a chiave) to lock; ( con chiavistello) to bolt: serrare la porta, to lock the door // serrare bottega, to close down (o to shut up shop)
    2 ( stringere) to tighten; ( con le mani, tra le braccia) to clasp; ( pugni, denti) to clench: serrare un dado, to tighten a nut; serrare il laccio intorno al collo di qlcu., (anche fig.) to tighten the noose around s.o.'s neck; serrò il bicchiere nella mano, he clasped (o clenched) the glass in his hand; serrare le braccia al petto, to clasp one's arms to one's breast; serrare gli occhi, to screw up one's eyes, ( morire) to close one's eyes; il bimbo serrò le labbra, the child's mouth tightened; serrare le labbra, (fig.) ( ammutolirsi) to clam up // si sentì serrare il cuore dal dolore, (fig.) he felt his heart torn by grief // il pianto le serrava la gola, (fig.) she was choked by sobs // (mil.) serrare le file, to close ranks
    3 ( intensificare) to speed* up: serrare il ritmo del lavoro, to speed up the pace of work
    4 ( incalzare) to press hard upon (s.o.): serrare il nemico, to press hard upon the enemy
    5 (non com.) ( rinchiudere) to close (s.o., sthg.) in, to shut* (s.o. sthg.) up: serrare il cane nel recinto, to shut the dog up inside the pen
    6 (non com.) ( sbarrare) to block: serrare il letto del fiume, to block a river; serrare una strada, to block a road
    7 (mar.): serrare le vele, to shorten sail; serrare il vento, to haul the wind
    ◆ v. intr. ( chiudere) to close: questa finestra non serra bene, this window does not close well.
    ◘ serrarsi v.rifl. ( chiudersi) to lock oneself
    ◆ v.intr.pron. ( stringersi) to tighten; (di denti, pugni) to clench: la mano si serrò intorno al bicchiere, his hand tightened about the glass; le sue labbra si serrarono, his lips tightened.
    * * *
    [ser'rare] 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) to lock [porta, cassetto]
    2) (stringere) to tighten [ labbra]; to clamp, to clench [ denti]; to clench [ pugni]; to tighten up [ vite]

    serrare qcs. in una morsa — to clamp sth. in a vice

    3)
    4) mar.

    serrare le vele — to take in sail, to furl the sails

    5) to speed up [ritmo, passo]
    2.
    verbo pronominale serrarsi [persone, truppe] to close in
    * * *
    serrare
    /ser'rare/ [1]
     1 to lock [porta, cassetto]
     2 (stringere) to tighten [ labbra]; to clamp, to clench [ denti]; to clench [ pugni]; to tighten up [ vite]; serrare qcs. in una morsa to clamp sth. in a vice
     3 serrare le file o i ranghi to close ranks (anche fig.)
     4 mar. serrare le vele to take in sail, to furl the sails
     5 to speed up [ritmo, passo]
    II serrarsi verbo pronominale
     [persone, truppe] to close in; - rsi gli uni agli altri to huddle together.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > serrare

  • 6 Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel

    [br]
    b. 19 June 1876 Edinburgh, Scotland
    d. 5 April 1941 Hertford, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer, designer of the A4-class 4–6–2 locomotive holding the world speed record for steam traction.
    [br]
    Gresley was the son of the Rector of Netherseale, Derbyshire; he was educated at Marlborough and by the age of 13 was skilled at making sketches of locomotives. In 1893 he became a pupil of F.W. Webb at Crewe works, London \& North Western Railway, and in 1898 he moved to Horwich works, Lancashire \& Yorkshire Railway, to gain drawing-office experience under J.A.F.Aspinall, subsequently becoming Foreman of the locomotive running sheds at Blackpool. In 1900 he transferred to the carriage and wagon department, and in 1904 he had risen to become its Assistant Superintendent. In 1905 he moved to the Great Northern Railway, becoming Superintendent of its carriage and wagon department at Doncaster under H.A. Ivatt. In 1906 he designed and produced a bogie luggage van with steel underframe, teak body, elliptical roof, bowed ends and buckeye couplings: this became the prototype for East Coast main-line coaches built over the next thirty-five years. In 1911 Gresley succeeded Ivatt as Locomotive, Carriage \& Wagon Superintendent. His first locomotive was a mixed-traffic 2–6–0, his next a 2–8–0 for freight. From 1915 he worked on the design of a 4–6–2 locomotive for express passenger traffic: as with Ivatt's 4 4 2s, the trailing axle would allow the wide firebox needed for Yorkshire coal. He also devised a means by which two sets of valve gear could operate the valves on a three-cylinder locomotive and applied it for the first time on a 2–8–0 built in 1918. The system was complex, but a later simplified form was used on all subsequent Gresley three-cylinder locomotives, including his first 4–6–2 which appeared in 1922. In 1921, Gresley introduced the first British restaurant car with electric cooking facilities.
    With the grouping of 1923, the Great Northern Railway was absorbed into the London \& North Eastern Railway and Gresley was appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer. More 4–6– 2s were built, the first British class of such wheel arrangement. Modifications to their valve gear, along lines developed by G.J. Churchward, reduced their coal consumption sufficiently to enable them to run non-stop between London and Edinburgh. So that enginemen might change over en route, some of the locomotives were equipped with corridor tenders from 1928. The design was steadily improved in detail, and by comparison an experimental 4–6–4 with a watertube boiler that Gresley produced in 1929 showed no overall benefit. A successful high-powered 2–8–2 was built in 1934, following the introduction of third-class sleeping cars, to haul 500-ton passenger trains between Edinburgh and Aberdeen.
    In 1932 the need to meet increasing road competition had resulted in the end of a long-standing agreement between East Coast and West Coast railways, that train journeys between London and Edinburgh by either route should be scheduled to take 8 1/4 hours. Seeking to accelerate train services, Gresley studied high-speed, diesel-electric railcars in Germany and petrol-electric railcars in France. He considered them for the London \& North Eastern Railway, but a test run by a train hauled by one of his 4–6–2s in 1934, which reached 108 mph (174 km/h), suggested that a steam train could better the railcar proposals while its accommodation would be more comfortable. To celebrate the Silver Jubilee of King George V, a high-speed, streamlined train between London and Newcastle upon Tyne was proposed, the first such train in Britain. An improved 4–6–2, the A4 class, was designed with modifications to ensure free running and an ample reserve of power up hill. Its streamlined outline included a wedge-shaped front which reduced wind resistance and helped to lift the exhaust dear of the cab windows at speed. The first locomotive of the class, named Silver Link, ran at an average speed of 100 mph (161 km/h) for 43 miles (69 km), with a maximum speed of 112 1/2 mph (181 km/h), on a seven-coach test train on 27 September 1935: the locomotive went into service hauling the Silver Jubilee express single-handed (since others of the class had still to be completed) for the first three weeks, a round trip of 536 miles (863 km) daily, much of it at 90 mph (145 km/h), without any mechanical troubles at all. Coaches for the Silver Jubilee had teak-framed, steel-panelled bodies on all-steel, welded underframes; windows were double glazed; and there was a pressure ventilation/heating system. Comparable trains were introduced between London Kings Cross and Edinburgh in 1937 and to Leeds in 1938.
    Gresley did not hesitate to incorporate outstanding features from elsewhere into his locomotive designs and was well aware of the work of André Chapelon in France. Four A4s built in 1938 were equipped with Kylchap twin blast-pipes and double chimneys to improve performance still further. The first of these to be completed, no. 4468, Mallard, on 3 July 1938 ran a test train at over 120 mph (193 km/h) for 2 miles (3.2 km) and momentarily achieved 126 mph (203 km/h), the world speed record for steam traction. J.Duddington was the driver and T.Bray the fireman. The use of high-speed trains came to an end with the Second World War. The A4s were then demonstrated to be powerful as well as fast: one was noted hauling a 730-ton, 22-coach train at an average speed exceeding 75 mph (120 km/h) over 30 miles (48 km). The war also halted electrification of the Manchester-Sheffield line, on the 1,500 volt DC overhead system; however, anticipating eventual resumption, Gresley had a prototype main-line Bo-Bo electric locomotive built in 1941. Sadly, Gresley died from a heart attack while still in office.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1936. President, Institution of Locomotive Engineers 1927 and 1934. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1936.
    Further Reading
    F.A.S.Brown, 1961, Nigel Gresley, Locomotive Engineer, Ian Allan (full-length biography).
    John Bellwood and David Jenkinson, Gresley and Stanier. A Centenary Tribute (a good comparative account).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel

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