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those+who+became

  • 41 взять на замечание

    • БРАТЬ/ВЗЯТЬ НА ЗАМЕТКУ
    [VP]
    =====
    ⇒ to write sth. down in order not to forget it:
    - X взял Y на заметку≈ X made a note of Y;
    - X took Y down.
         ♦ "А ну-ка, возьми себе на заметку: двадцать пятого октября на бюро райкома" (Абрамов 1). "Now then, just make a note of this: October twenty-fifth you're to come down to the District Committee office" (1a).
    ⇒ (usu. in refer, to a person who shows promise in some area, a promising undertaking etc) to pay special attention to s.o. or sth.:
    - X возьмёт Y-а на заметку≈ X will take notice (note) ofY;
    - X will make a mental note of thing Y.
         ♦ "Я ведь тебя еше в карантине на заметку взял" (Максимов 2). Tve been keeping an eye on you since you first arrived in quarantine" (2a).
    3. взять на замечание кого. Also: БРАТЬ/ВЗЯТЬ НА ЗАМЕЧАНИЕ obs [subj: human or collect, often a noun denoting the police, security organs etc]
    ⇒ to consider s.o. among those who must be kept under observation (as a political threat, a bad influence on society, a troublemaker etc):
    - X взял Y-а на заметку≈ X took note (notice) of Y;
    - [in limited contexts] Y became a marked man.
         ♦...Если бы я был такой умный, продемонстрировал кагебешникам знание законов и высокий уровень правосознания, они бы уже тогда взяли меня на заметку, и как бы сложилась моя судьба, никому не известно (Войнович 1)....If I had been clever and had demonstrated my knowledge of the law and my highly developed sense of justice, they [the KGB] would have taken note of me at the time, and my life would have become more complicated (1a).
         ♦ [Чекисты] приглашали людей обычно не на Лубянку, а на специально содержавшиеся с этой целью квартиры. Отказывающихся держали там часами, бесконечно долго, предлагая " подумать". Из вызовов тайны не делали: они служили важным звеном в системе устрашения, а также способствовали проверке гражданских чувств - упрямцев брали на заметку и при случае с ними расправлялись (Мандельштам 1). They [the Chekists] generally invited people for these interviews not to the Lubianka, but to apartments specially allotted for the purpose. The uncooperative were kept for hours on end and urged to "think again." No secret was made of all this-it was an important element in the general system of intimidation, as well as being a good way of testing a person's "loyalty." The stubborn became marked men and were "dealt with" as opportunity arose (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > взять на замечание

  • 42 aire

    m.
    1 air (fluido).
    al aire libre in the open air
    con el pecho al aire bare-chested
    cambiar de aires to have a change of scene
    dejar algo en el aire to leave something up in the air
    estar en el aire to be in the air
    saltar o volar por los aires to be blown sky high
    tomar el aire to go for a breath of fresh air
    a mi aire in my own way
    aire acondicionado air-conditioning
    aire comprimido compressed air
    aire puro fresh air
    aire viciado foul air
    2 wind (viento).
    hoy hace mucho aire it's very windy today
    3 air, appearance (aspecto).
    tiene un aire a su madre she has something of her mother
    darse aires (de algo) to put on airs (about something)
    4 resemblance, likeness, air, look.
    * * *
    1 air
    2 (viento) wind; (corriente) draught
    3 figurado (aspecto) air, appearance
    4 figurado (parecido) resemblance, likeness
    5 figurado (estilo) style, manner, way
    6 figurado (gracia) gracefulness, elegance
    7 figurado (ambiente) atmosphere
    8 MÚSICA air, melody
    \
    al aire (hacia arriba) into the air 2 (al raso) uncovered
    al aire libre in the open air, outdoors
    cambiar de aires to change one's surroundings, have a change of scenery
    darse aires to put on airs
    estar en el aire (en antena) to be on the air
    hacerse/darse aire to fan oneself
    tener aires to put on airs
    tomar el aire to take the air, get some fresh air
    vivir del aire to live on air
    ¡vete a tomar (el) aire! familiar get lost!
    aire acondicionado air conditioning
    aire puro clean air
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=elemento) air

    ¡fuera de aquí, aire! — * get out of here! scram! *

    • al aire, lanzar algo al aire — to throw sth into the air

    • estar en el aire — [balón, paracaidista] to be in the air; (Radio) to be on (the) air

    dejar una pregunta/problema en el aire — to leave a question/an issue up in the air

    • al aire libre — [con verbo] outdoors, in the open air; [con sustantivo] outdoor antes de s, open-air antes de s

    • salir al aire — (Radio) to go on (the) air

    • saltar por los aires — to blow up, explode

    • tomar el aire — to get some fresh air

    ¡vete a tomar el aire! — * scram! *, clear off! *

    • aire viciado — [en habitación cerrada] stale air; [en fábrica, ciudad contaminada] foul air

    • volar por los aires — to blow up, explode

    a mi/tu/su aire —

    ir a su aire — to go one's own way, do one's own thing *

    darle un aire a algn —

    aire colado — cold draught, cold draft (EEUU)

    2) (Meteo) (=viento) wind; (=corriente) draught, draft (EEUU)

    • dar aire a algn — to fan sb

    darse aire — to fan o.s.

    aires de cambio — (Pol) winds of change

    3) (=aspecto) air
    4) (=parecido)

    ¿no le notas un aire con Carlos? — don't you think he looks a bit like Carlos?

    • darse un aire a algn — to look a bit like sb

    aire de familia — family resemblance, family likeness

    5) (=aerofagia) wind
    6) (=garbo) style, panache
    7) (Mús) air
    * * *
    1) air

    al aire libre — outdoors, in the open air

    a mi/tu/su aire: ellos salen en grupo, yo prefiero ir a mi aire they go out in a group, I prefer doing my own thing (colloq); cambiar or mudar de aire(s): necesito cambiar de aires I need a change of scene o air; dejar a alguien en el aire to leave somebody in suspense; quedar en el aire: todo quedó en el aire everything was left up in the air; su futuro quedó en el aire his future hung in the balance; saltar or volar por los aires to explode, blow up; vivir del aire — to live on air

    2) ( viento) wind; ( corriente) draft (AmE), draught (BrE)
    3) (Rad, TV)

    salir al aire — to go out

    4)
    a) ( aspecto) air

    darse aires (de grandeza) — to put on o give oneself airs

    b) ( parecido) resemblance
    5) (Mús) tune
    * * *
    = air.
    Ex. This article diagnoses the information needs of those who work in the area of pollution of air, soil and earth.
    ----
    * actividad al aire libre = outdoor activity.
    * aire acondicionado = air-conditioning.
    * aire a presión = air pressure.
    * aire caliente = hot air.
    * aire cargado = fug.
    * aire comprimido = compressed air.
    * aire de optimismo = air of optimism.
    * aire de superioridad = condescension, condescension, attitude of superiority.
    * aire fresco = fresh air.
    * aire puro = fresh air.
    * aires de cambio = wind(s) of change, the, seas of change, the.
    * aire viciado = fug.
    * al aire libre = open-air, outdoors, in the open, out of doors.
    * amante de la vida al aire libre = outdoor enthusiast.
    * aparato de aire acondicionado = air conditioner.
    * a + Posesivo + aire = to + Posesivo + heart's content.
    * bocanada de aire = gust of wind, blast.
    * bocanada de aire caliente = gust of warm air, gust of hot air, gust of heat.
    * bocanada de aire fresco = breath of fresh air.
    * bolsa de aire = air bag [airbag].
    * bolsa de aire caliente = pocket of warm air.
    * calentador de aire = air heater.
    * calidad del aire = air quality.
    * cambiar de aire = move on to + pastures new.
    * cambiar de aires = change + scenery.
    * cambio de aires = change of air and scene, change of scenery, change of air, change of scene, greener pastures, pastures new.
    * castillo en el aire = castle in the air.
    * circulación del aire = air flow, airflow.
    * comida al aire libre = cookout.
    * compresor de aire = air compressor.
    * con aire acondicionado = air conditioned.
    * conducto de aire = air duct.
    * conducto de aire caliente = hot air duct.
    * con el culo al aire = out in the cold.
    * contaminación del aire = air pollution.
    * contaminante del aire = air pollutant.
    * con un aire de = with an air of.
    * corriente de aire = air current, draught [draft, -USA].
    * dar la vuelta en el aire = give + a toss.
    * darse aires = strut.
    * darse aires de grandeza = give + Reflexivo + such airs, aggrandise + Reflexivo.
    * darse (muchos) aires = give + Reflexivo + such airs, aggrandise + Reflexivo.
    * dejar a su aire = leave to + Reflexivo, leave + unchecked.
    * dejar con el culo al aire = leave + Nombre + out in the cold.
    * dispersado por el aire = wind-blown, wind-borne.
    * echarse una cana al aire = have + a fling.
    * echarse una canita al aire = have + a fling.
    * echar una cana al aire = one-night stand, kick up + Posesivo + heels.
    * echar una cana al aire antes de sentar la cabeza = sow + Posesivo + wild oats.
    * echar una cana al aire cuando joven = sow + Posesivo + wild oats.
    * echar una canica al aire = disport + Reflexivo.
    * ejército del aire = Army Air Force, Air Force.
    * en el aire = in mid-air, airborne.
    * entrada de aire = air intake.
    * espacio al aire libre = outdoor space.
    * espray de aire comprimido = compressed air can.
    * filtro del aire = air cleaner.
    * flujo del aire = airflow.
    * globo de aire caliente = hot-air balloon.
    * haber un aire de emoción = there + be + an air of excitement.
    * haber un aire de expectación = there + be + an air of expectation.
    * hacer el aire irrespirable = choke + the air.
    * hacer saltar por los aires = blow + sky high.
    * índice de calidad del aire = air quality index.
    * industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.
    * juego de exterior, juego al aire libre = outdoor game.
    * lata de aire comprimido = compressed air can.
    * llevado por el aire = wind-borne.
    * llevar por el aire = waft.
    * mantener suspenso en el aire = suspend.
    * masa de aire = air mass.
    * mercadillo al aire libre = street market, open-air market.
    * mercado al aire libre = street market, open-air market.
    * palos al aire = a stab in the dark, a shot in the dark.
    * pared con cámara de aire = cavity wall.
    * piscina al aire libre = outdoor pool, open-air swimming pool, open-air pool.
    * piscina climatizada al aire libre = outdoor heated pool.
    * presión del aire = air pressure.
    * purificación del aire = air purification.
    * quedarse con el culo al aire = come + unstuck.
    * racha de aire = blast.
    * ráfaga de aire = blast.
    * rejilla para el aire = air vent.
    * respirarse emoción en el aire = there + be + an air of excitement.
    * respirarse un aire de expectación = there + be + an air of expectation.
    * salida de aire = venting.
    * sistema de aire acondicionado = air conditioning system, air cooling system.
    * soplado por el aire = wind-blown.
    * suspender en el aire = hover.
    * teatro al aire libre = outdoor theatre.
    * tener aire acondiconado = be air-conditioned.
    * toma de aire = air intake.
    * transmitido por el aire = airborne [air-borne].
    * transportado por el aire = wind-borne, wind-blown.
    * transportar por aire = airlift.
    * tubo de aire caliente = hot air duct.
    * un aire de = an air of, a whiff of.
    * ventilador del aire = heater blower.
    * volar en el aire = fly in + the air.
    * * *
    1) air

    al aire libre — outdoors, in the open air

    a mi/tu/su aire: ellos salen en grupo, yo prefiero ir a mi aire they go out in a group, I prefer doing my own thing (colloq); cambiar or mudar de aire(s): necesito cambiar de aires I need a change of scene o air; dejar a alguien en el aire to leave somebody in suspense; quedar en el aire: todo quedó en el aire everything was left up in the air; su futuro quedó en el aire his future hung in the balance; saltar or volar por los aires to explode, blow up; vivir del aire — to live on air

    2) ( viento) wind; ( corriente) draft (AmE), draught (BrE)
    3) (Rad, TV)

    salir al aire — to go out

    4)
    a) ( aspecto) air

    darse aires (de grandeza) — to put on o give oneself airs

    b) ( parecido) resemblance
    5) (Mús) tune
    * * *
    = air.

    Ex: This article diagnoses the information needs of those who work in the area of pollution of air, soil and earth.

    * actividad al aire libre = outdoor activity.
    * aire acondicionado = air-conditioning.
    * aire a presión = air pressure.
    * aire caliente = hot air.
    * aire cargado = fug.
    * aire comprimido = compressed air.
    * aire de optimismo = air of optimism.
    * aire de superioridad = condescension, condescension, attitude of superiority.
    * aire fresco = fresh air.
    * aire puro = fresh air.
    * aires de cambio = wind(s) of change, the, seas of change, the.
    * aire viciado = fug.
    * al aire libre = open-air, outdoors, in the open, out of doors.
    * amante de la vida al aire libre = outdoor enthusiast.
    * aparato de aire acondicionado = air conditioner.
    * a + Posesivo + aire = to + Posesivo + heart's content.
    * bocanada de aire = gust of wind, blast.
    * bocanada de aire caliente = gust of warm air, gust of hot air, gust of heat.
    * bocanada de aire fresco = breath of fresh air.
    * bolsa de aire = air bag [airbag].
    * bolsa de aire caliente = pocket of warm air.
    * calentador de aire = air heater.
    * calidad del aire = air quality.
    * cambiar de aire = move on to + pastures new.
    * cambiar de aires = change + scenery.
    * cambio de aires = change of air and scene, change of scenery, change of air, change of scene, greener pastures, pastures new.
    * castillo en el aire = castle in the air.
    * circulación del aire = air flow, airflow.
    * comida al aire libre = cookout.
    * compresor de aire = air compressor.
    * con aire acondicionado = air conditioned.
    * conducto de aire = air duct.
    * conducto de aire caliente = hot air duct.
    * con el culo al aire = out in the cold.
    * contaminación del aire = air pollution.
    * contaminante del aire = air pollutant.
    * con un aire de = with an air of.
    * corriente de aire = air current, draught [draft, -USA].
    * dar la vuelta en el aire = give + a toss.
    * darse aires = strut.
    * darse aires de grandeza = give + Reflexivo + such airs, aggrandise + Reflexivo.
    * darse (muchos) aires = give + Reflexivo + such airs, aggrandise + Reflexivo.
    * dejar a su aire = leave to + Reflexivo, leave + unchecked.
    * dejar con el culo al aire = leave + Nombre + out in the cold.
    * dispersado por el aire = wind-blown, wind-borne.
    * echarse una cana al aire = have + a fling.
    * echarse una canita al aire = have + a fling.
    * echar una cana al aire = one-night stand, kick up + Posesivo + heels.
    * echar una cana al aire antes de sentar la cabeza = sow + Posesivo + wild oats.
    * echar una cana al aire cuando joven = sow + Posesivo + wild oats.
    * echar una canica al aire = disport + Reflexivo.
    * ejército del aire = Army Air Force, Air Force.
    * en el aire = in mid-air, airborne.
    * entrada de aire = air intake.
    * espacio al aire libre = outdoor space.
    * espray de aire comprimido = compressed air can.
    * filtro del aire = air cleaner.
    * flujo del aire = airflow.
    * globo de aire caliente = hot-air balloon.
    * haber un aire de emoción = there + be + an air of excitement.
    * haber un aire de expectación = there + be + an air of expectation.
    * hacer el aire irrespirable = choke + the air.
    * hacer saltar por los aires = blow + sky high.
    * índice de calidad del aire = air quality index.
    * industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.
    * juego de exterior, juego al aire libre = outdoor game.
    * lata de aire comprimido = compressed air can.
    * llevado por el aire = wind-borne.
    * llevar por el aire = waft.
    * mantener suspenso en el aire = suspend.
    * masa de aire = air mass.
    * mercadillo al aire libre = street market, open-air market.
    * mercado al aire libre = street market, open-air market.
    * palos al aire = a stab in the dark, a shot in the dark.
    * pared con cámara de aire = cavity wall.
    * piscina al aire libre = outdoor pool, open-air swimming pool, open-air pool.
    * piscina climatizada al aire libre = outdoor heated pool.
    * presión del aire = air pressure.
    * purificación del aire = air purification.
    * quedarse con el culo al aire = come + unstuck.
    * racha de aire = blast.
    * ráfaga de aire = blast.
    * rejilla para el aire = air vent.
    * respirarse emoción en el aire = there + be + an air of excitement.
    * respirarse un aire de expectación = there + be + an air of expectation.
    * salida de aire = venting.
    * sistema de aire acondicionado = air conditioning system, air cooling system.
    * soplado por el aire = wind-blown.
    * suspender en el aire = hover.
    * teatro al aire libre = outdoor theatre.
    * tener aire acondiconado = be air-conditioned.
    * toma de aire = air intake.
    * transmitido por el aire = airborne [air-borne].
    * transportado por el aire = wind-borne, wind-blown.
    * transportar por aire = airlift.
    * tubo de aire caliente = hot air duct.
    * un aire de = an air of, a whiff of.
    * ventilador del aire = heater blower.
    * volar en el aire = fly in + the air.

    * * *
    A air
    sintió que le faltaba el aire en aquel cuarto tan pequeño she felt as if she was going to suffocate in that tiny room
    abre la ventana, que entre un poco de aire open the window and let some (fresh) air in
    voy a salir a tomar el aire I'm going outside for a breath of fresh air
    tengo que ponerles aire a las ruedas I have to put some air in the tires
    el globo se elevó por los aires the balloon rose up into the air
    una piscina al aire libre an outdoor pool, an open-air pool ( BrE)
    debería pasar más tiempo al aire libre he ought to spend more time outdoors o out of doors o in the open air
    deja la herida al aire leave the wound uncovered
    disparar un tiro al aire to fire a shot into the air
    a mi/tu/su aire: ellos salen en grupo, yo prefiero ir a mi aire they go out in a group, I prefer doing my own thing ( colloq)
    cambiar or mudar de aire(s): lo que necesitas es cambiar de aires (cambio temporal) what you need is a change of scene o change of air; (cambio permanente) what you need is a change of scene
    estar/dejar/quedar en el aire: todo quedó muy en el aire everything was left very much up in the air
    su futuro quedó en el aire a question mark hung over his future, his future hung in the balance
    no me contestó ni sí ni no, dejándome en el aire he left me in suspense, not giving me a definite yes or no
    estamos todos en el aire sin saber qué hacer we're all at a loss as to what to do
    saltar or volar por los aires to explode, blow up
    vivir del aire (sin dinero) to live on thin air; (sin comer) to live on air
    Compuestos:
    air-conditioning
    compressed air
    B (viento) wind; (corriente) draft ( AmE), draught ( BrE)
    un airecillo fresco a cool breeze
    ¡qué calor! no corre nada de aire it's so hot! there's not a breath of wind
    se daba aire con un abanico she was fanning herself
    darle un aire a algn ( fam): le dio un aire y quedó con la boca torcida he had some sort of stroke which left his mouth twisted
    C ( Rad, TV):
    estar en el or ( Méx) al aire to be on the air
    [ S ] en el aire on air
    salir al aire to go out
    sale al aire en dos canales it goes out o is shown on two different channels
    D
    1
    (aspecto): ese pequeño detalle le da un aire distinguido that little touch gives him a distinguished appearance
    tiene un aire extranjero she has a foreign air about her
    su rostro tiene un aire infantil his face has a childish look about it
    sus composiciones tienen un aire melancólico her compositions have a melancholy feel to them
    esto tiene todo el aire de tratarse de una broma this looks for all the world like a joke
    con ese aire de superioridad/inocencia que tiene with that air of superiority/innocence he has
    la protesta tomó aires de revuelta the protest began to look like a revolt
    darse aires to put on o give oneself airs
    2
    (parecido): ¿no le encuentras un aire con Alberto? don't you think he looks (a bit) like Alberto?
    se dan or tienen un aire they look a bit alike, there is a slight likeness o resemblance between them
    Compuesto:
    family resemblance
    E ( Mús) tune, air
    aires populares castellanos traditional Castilian tunes o airs
    ( fam); scram! ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo airar: ( conjugate airar)

    airé es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    aíre es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    airar    
    aire
    aire sustantivo masculino
    1 air;

    salir a tomar el aire to go outside for a breath of fresh air;
    al aire libre outdoors, in the open air;
    aire acondicionado air-conditioning;
    con aire acondicionado air-conditioned;
    a mi/tu/su aire: ellos salen en grupo, yo prefiero ir a mi aire they go out in a group, I prefer doing my own thing (colloq);
    quedar en el aire: todo quedó en el aire everything was left up in the air;
    saltar or volar por los aires to explode, blow up;

    2 ( viento) wind;
    ( corriente) draft (AmE), draught (BrE)
    3 (Rad, TV):

    4
    a) ( aspecto) air;


    la protesta tomó aires de revuelta the protest began to look like a revolt;
    darse aires (de grandeza) to put on o give oneself airs



    aire sustantivo masculino
    1 air
    aire acondicionado, air conditioning
    2 (aspecto) air, appearance
    (parecido) resemblance: tiene un aire a su padre, she looks like her father
    3 (viento) wind: hace aire, it's windy
    4 Mús tune
    5 Auto choke
    6 aires (alardes, pretensiones) airs: ¡vaya unos aires de condesa que se da!, she really gives herself such airs
    ♦ Locuciones: al aire: (hacia arriba) tirar al aire, to throw into the air
    (al descubierto) llevar los brazos al aire, to have one's arms uncovered
    comer al aire libre, to eat in the open air
    estar en el aire, (una pregunta, un proyecto) to be up in the air
    Rad on the air
    necesitar un cambio de aires, to need a change of scene
    saltar por los aires, to blow up
    tomar el aire, to get some fresh air
    ' aire' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acondicionada
    - acondicionado
    - ahogar
    - ahogarse
    - bocanada
    - bolsa
    - bombear
    - bombeo
    - brizna
    - cana
    - castillo
    - circular
    - condescendiente
    - corriente
    - cortante
    - desinflarse
    - dotada
    - dotado
    - echar
    - espantar
    - familia
    - frigoría
    - globo
    - hinchada
    - hinchado
    - izar
    - inspiración
    - mover
    - pura
    - puro
    - refrigeración
    - remolino
    - remontar
    - remontarse
    - resuello
    - sabor
    - sofocarse
    - surcar
    - suspensión
    - tomar
    - vacía
    - vacío
    - viciar
    - vilo
    - volandas
    - voltear
    - acondicionador
    - aliento
    - bomba
    - burbuja
    English:
    air
    - air gun
    - air pocket
    - air-conditioning
    - airborne
    - airlock
    - breezy
    - clear
    - crisp
    - dangle
    - device
    - dissipate
    - door
    - draught
    - draughty
    - festival
    - foul
    - fresh
    - fug
    - garden party
    - gasp
    - grim
    - hair
    - hang
    - hover
    - impure
    - inhale
    - intake
    - jet
    - jet-stream
    - kiss
    - likeness
    - manner
    - midair
    - open
    - open-air
    - outdoor
    - outdoors
    - outdoorsman
    - pipe dream
    - pocket
    - puff
    - rush
    - sardonically
    - sleep out
    - somersault
    - spirit level
    - spring
    - still
    - stuffy
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [fluido] air;
    al aire [al descubierto] exposed;
    con el pecho al aire bare-chested;
    con las piernas al aire with bare legs, bare-legged;
    si duermes con los pies al aire te enfriarás if you sleep with your feet sticking out from under the covers, you'll catch cold;
    el médico le aconsejó que dejara la quemadura al aire the doctor advised him to leave the burn uncovered;
    disparar al aire to shoot into the air;
    disparó al aire she fired a shot into the air;
    aire-aire [misil] air-to-air;
    a esta rueda le falta aire this tyre is a bit flat;
    al aire libre in the open air;
    un concierto al aire libre an open-air concert;
    a mi/tu/ etc[m5]. aire: prefiero hacerlo a mi aire I'd rather do it my (own) way;
    tú a tu aire, si te aburres vete a casa do whatever you like, if you're bored just go home;
    cambiar de aires to have a change of scene;
    el médico le recomendó cambiar de aires the doctor recommended a change of air;
    dejar algo en el aire to leave sth up in the air;
    estar en el aire [sin decidir] to be in the air;
    Rad & TV to be on the air;
    el resultado todavía está en el aire the result could still go either way;
    el programa sale al aire los lunes a las nueve the programme is broadcast on Mondays at nine o'clock;
    saltar o [m5]volar por los aires: el automóvil saltó o [m5] voló por los aires the car was blown into the air;
    tomar el aire to go for a breath of fresh air;
    Fam
    vivir del aire [no tener nada] to live on thin air;
    [comer poco] to eat next to nothing;
    sin trabajo ni casa, ¿es que piensa vivir del aire? how does she expect to survive without a job or a home?
    aire acondicionado air-conditioning;
    aire comprimido compressed air;
    aire líquido liquid oxygen;
    aire del mar sea air;
    aire puro fresh air;
    aire viciado foul air
    2. [viento] wind;
    hoy hace mucho aire it's very windy today;
    cierra la puerta que entra aire close the door, there's a draught
    aire polar polar wind;
    aire tropical tropical wind
    3. [aspecto] air, appearance;
    un vehículo de aire deportivo a sporty-looking car;
    tiene un aire distraído she has an absent-minded air about her, she comes across as rather absent-minded;
    su respuesta tenía un cierto aire de escepticismo there was a touch of scepticism about her answer
    4. [parecido]
    tiene un aire a su madre she has something of her mother;
    tiene un aire con alguien que conozco he reminds me of someone I know
    5.
    aires [vanidad] [m5] se da aires de lista she makes out she's clever;
    desde que es jefe se da muchos aires (de grandeza) since he became the boss he's been giving himself airs
    6. Fam [parálisis] attack, fit;
    le dio un aire he had a fit
    7. Mús [melodía] air, tune;
    [ritmo] tempo aire lento slow tempo;
    aire popular folk song, traditional song;
    aire rápido fast o upbeat tempo
    8. [ventosidad] wind;
    tener aire to have wind
    9. Méx Fam
    dar aire a alguien [despedir] to sack sb;
    dio aire a su novio she dumped her boyfriend
    ♦ interj
    Fam clear off!;
    ¡aire, y no se te ocurra volver por aquí! clear off and don't let me see you here again!
    * * *
    m
    1 air;
    al aire libre in the open air;
    traer aire fresco a algo bring a breath of fresh air to sth;
    estar en el aire fig fam be up in the air fam ;
    dejar en el aire fig leave … up in the air;
    vivir del aire fam live on thin air;
    a mi aire in my own way
    2 MÚS tune
    3 ( viento)
    :
    hace mucho aire it is very windy;
    corre mucho aire it is very windy;
    cambiar de aires have a change of scene
    4
    :
    darse aires fam give o.s. airs, put on airs and graces
    * * *
    aire nm
    1) : air
    2)
    aire acondicionado : air-conditioning
    3)
    darse aires : to give oneself airs
    * * *
    aire n
    2. (viento) wind

    Spanish-English dictionary > aire

  • 43 imagen

    f.
    1 image (figura).
    a imagen y semejanza de identical to, exactly the same as
    ser la viva imagen de alguien to be the spitting image of somebody
    2 picture (television).
    imágenes de archivo library pictures
    imágenes del partido/de la catástrofe pictures of the game/the disaster
    3 image.
    los casos de corrupción han deteriorado la imagen del gobierno the corruption scandals have tainted the image of the government
    tener buena/mala imagen to have a good/bad image
    imagen de marca brand image
    4 statue (estatua).
    5 image (literature).
    * * *
    1 image
    2 TELEVISIÓN picture
    \
    ser la viva imagen de alguien to be the spitting image of somebody
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Fot, Ópt) image; (=en foto, dibujo, TV) picture

    las imágenes del accidente — the pictures o images of the accident

    2) (=reflejo) reflection
    - a la imagen y semejanza de uno

    es la viva imagen de la felicidad — she is happiness personified, she is the picture of happiness

    3) (=representación mental) image, picture
    4) (=aspecto) image
    5) (Rel) [de madera, pintura] image; [de piedra] statue
    6) (Literat) (=metáfora) image
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Fís, Ópt) image; (TV) picture, image
    b) ( foto) picture
    c) ( en espejo) reflection

    a su imagen y semejanza — in his/her own image

    d) ( en la mente) picture
    2) (de político, cantante, país) image
    3) (Art, Relig) ( estatua) statue, image (arch); ( estampa) picture
    4) (Lit) image
    * * *
    2 = persona [personae, -pl.], image, record, stature, profile, street cred, street credibility.
    Ex. In his early years he consciously emulated both the painterly style and persona of the much-admired artist Drouais, who became something of a cult figure in early 19th c. Paris.
    Ex. As she tried to figure out how to change her and the library's image, she made some interesting observations.
    Ex. She urges a boycott of California as a library conference venue until the state improves its current record of the worst school library provision in the US.
    Ex. Merely having the materials available will not provide the desired boost to the library's stature unless the collection is exceptional.
    Ex. There is also a further dilemma concerning formats such as film and audio which have tended to receive a lower profile in the library world (too awkward, too cluttered with copyright restrictions, too technically instable).
    Ex. Barack Hussein Obama has lost a lot of street cred with the country as of late, but maybe not in his world.
    Ex. These robbers carry out their vicious attacks for 'kicks' and street credibility rather than cash, a chilling study reveals.
    ----
    * adoptar una imagen = put on + image.
    * arruinar + Posesivo + imagen = ruin + Posesivo + style, cramp + Posesivo + style.
    * borrar una imagen = eradicate + image.
    * cambio de imagen = makeover [make-over].
    * creador de imagen = image maker.
    * crear una imagen = build + an image, create + image.
    * dar la imagen = give + the impression that.
    * dar una imagen = convey + image, present + picture, paint + a picture, present + an image, present + a picture.
    * dar una imagen de = give + an impression of.
    * difundir buena imagen de = earn + credit for.
    * difundir la imagen = spread + the good word, pass on + the good word.
    * estropear + Posesivo + imagen = ruin + Posesivo + style, cramp + Posesivo + style.
    * evocar una imagen de = conjure up + an image of, conjure up + a vision of.
    * imagen comercial = brand image.
    * imagen corporativa = corporate image.
    * imagen crediticia = credit standing.
    * imagen de la biblioteca = library's profile.
    * imagen de uno mismo = self-presentation, body image.
    * imagen pública = public image.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + imagen = raise + Posesivo + profile, smarten up + Posesivo + image, enhance + Posesivo + identity, enhance + Posesivo + image, buff up + Posesivo + image.
    * ofrecer una imagen = present + picture.
    * presentar una imagen = present + picture, paint + a picture, present + an image.
    * problema de imagen = image problem.
    * proyectar imagen = project + image.
    * ser la imagen de = be a picture of.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Fís, Ópt) image; (TV) picture, image
    b) ( foto) picture
    c) ( en espejo) reflection

    a su imagen y semejanza — in his/her own image

    d) ( en la mente) picture
    2) (de político, cantante, país) image
    3) (Art, Relig) ( estatua) statue, image (arch); ( estampa) picture
    4) (Lit) image
    * * *
    imagen1
    1 = frame, image, picture, shot.

    Ex: The microfiche is a common form for catalogues and indexes, usually 208 or 270 frames per fiche, in a piece of film and with a reduction ratio of 42 or 48:1.

    Ex: A motion picture is a length of film, with or without recorded sound, bearing a sequence of images that create the illusion of movement when projected in rapid succession.
    Ex: No pretence is made of their being either a balanced or complete picture of the article.
    Ex: Each video shot is logged using text descriptions, audio dialogue, and cinematic attributes.
    * almacenamiento de imágenes = image archiving, image storage.
    * archivo de imágenes = image archiving, picture file.
    * avance rápido de imágenes = fast motion.
    * banco de imágenes = image bank.
    * basado en imágenes gráficas = graphics-based.
    * basado en las imágenes = image intensive.
    * base de datos de imágenes = image database, image bank.
    * calidad de la imagen = picture quality.
    * capacidad de interpretar imágenes = visual literacy.
    * captura de imágenes = image capture, image capturing.
    * catalogación de imágenes = image cataloguing.
    * centrado en las imágenes = image intensive.
    * composición de imágenes = image setting.
    * congelación de la imagen = freeze-frame.
    * congelar una imagen = freeze + frame.
    * con imágenes en movimiento = animated.
    * con muchas imágenes = image intensive.
    * creación de imágenes digitales = digital imaging.
    * crear una imagen = summon up + image.
    * diagnóstico por imagen = diagnostic imaging.
    * digitalización de imágenes = electronic imaging.
    * digitalización electrónica de imágenes = electronic imaging.
    * digitalizador de imágenes = image scanner.
    * doble imagen = ghosting.
    * documento de imagen en movimiento = moving image document.
    * fichero de imágenes = graphic file, image file.
    * fijador de imágenes = image setter.
    * gestión de imágenes = imaging, image-handling, image management.
    * gestión de imágenes de documentos = document image management.
    * gestión de imágenes digitales = digital imaging, digital image management.
    * gestión de imágenes electrónicas = electronic image management.
    * gestión de imágenes por ordenador = computer imaging.
    * habilidad de interpretar imágenes = visual literacy.
    * imagen a imagen = shot by shot.
    * imagen animada = moving picture.
    * imagen del pasado = flashback [flash back].
    * imagen de pantalla = screen shot [screen-shot].
    * imagen de satélite = satellite image.
    * imagen de vídeo = video image.
    * imagen digital = digital image.
    * imagen digital de un documento = digital image document.
    * imagen digitalizada = facsimile image.
    * imagen distorsionada = distorted picture, distorted image.
    * imagen en color = colour image.
    * imagen en miniatura = thumbnail, thumbnail image.
    * imagen en movimiento = moving image, animated image.
    * imágenes = imaging, imagery, video data, image data.
    * imagen escaneada = paper image.
    * imágenes digitales = digital imagery.
    * imágenes en movimiento = animation.
    * imágenes por ordenador = computer graphics.
    * imágenes vía satélite = satellite imagery, satellite image data.
    * imágenes y sonidos = sights and sounds.
    * imagen fija = still, still image, still-picture, film still, movie still.
    * imagen fotográfica = photographic image.
    * imagen gráfica = graphic image.
    * imagen mental = mental picture.
    * imagen negativa = negative image.
    * imagen visual = visual image.
    * periodista reportero de imágenes = video journalist.
    * que contiene muchas imágenes = image intensive.
    * realce de imágenes = image-enhancement.
    * reconocimiento de imágenes = image recognition.
    * reconocimiento de imágenes por el ordenador = computer vision.
    * recuperación de imágenes = image retrieval.
    * recuperación de imágenes digitales = digital image retrieval.
    * recuperación de imágenes fotográficas = picture retrieval.
    * recuperación de imágenes por el contenido = content-based image retrieval.
    * reportero de imágenes = video journalist.
    * sistema basado en las imágenes = image-based system.
    * sistema de gestión de imágenes = imaging system, image-based system, image management system.
    * sistema de proceso de imágenes = imaging system.
    * sistema de recuperación de imágenes = image retrieval system.
    * sistema de tratamiento de imágenes = image processing system.
    * tecnología para la creación de imágenes digitales = digital imaging technology.
    * tratamiento de imágenes = image processing.
    * Tratamiento de Imágenes de Documentos (DIP) = Document Image Processing (DIP).
    * una imagen vale más que mil palabras = a picture is worth more than ten thousand words.
    * una imagen vale mil palabras = every picture tells a story.
    * vídeo de imágenes fijas = image video.
    * visor de imagen = view finder.
    * visualización de imágenes = image display.

    2 = persona [personae, -pl.], image, record, stature, profile, street cred, street credibility.

    Ex: In his early years he consciously emulated both the painterly style and persona of the much-admired artist Drouais, who became something of a cult figure in early 19th c. Paris.

    Ex: As she tried to figure out how to change her and the library's image, she made some interesting observations.
    Ex: She urges a boycott of California as a library conference venue until the state improves its current record of the worst school library provision in the US.
    Ex: Merely having the materials available will not provide the desired boost to the library's stature unless the collection is exceptional.
    Ex: There is also a further dilemma concerning formats such as film and audio which have tended to receive a lower profile in the library world (too awkward, too cluttered with copyright restrictions, too technically instable).
    Ex: Barack Hussein Obama has lost a lot of street cred with the country as of late, but maybe not in his world.
    Ex: These robbers carry out their vicious attacks for 'kicks' and street credibility rather than cash, a chilling study reveals.
    * adoptar una imagen = put on + image.
    * arruinar + Posesivo + imagen = ruin + Posesivo + style, cramp + Posesivo + style.
    * borrar una imagen = eradicate + image.
    * cambio de imagen = makeover [make-over].
    * creador de imagen = image maker.
    * crear una imagen = build + an image, create + image.
    * dar la imagen = give + the impression that.
    * dar una imagen = convey + image, present + picture, paint + a picture, present + an image, present + a picture.
    * dar una imagen de = give + an impression of.
    * difundir buena imagen de = earn + credit for.
    * difundir la imagen = spread + the good word, pass on + the good word.
    * estropear + Posesivo + imagen = ruin + Posesivo + style, cramp + Posesivo + style.
    * evocar una imagen de = conjure up + an image of, conjure up + a vision of.
    * imagen comercial = brand image.
    * imagen corporativa = corporate image.
    * imagen crediticia = credit standing.
    * imagen de la biblioteca = library's profile.
    * imagen de uno mismo = self-presentation, body image.
    * imagen pública = public image.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + imagen = raise + Posesivo + profile, smarten up + Posesivo + image, enhance + Posesivo + identity, enhance + Posesivo + image, buff up + Posesivo + image.
    * ofrecer una imagen = present + picture.
    * presentar una imagen = present + picture, paint + a picture, present + an image.
    * problema de imagen = image problem.
    * proyectar imagen = project + image.
    * ser la imagen de = be a picture of.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Fís, Ópt) image; (TV) picture, image
    dale más brillo a la imagen turn up the brightness
    2 (foto) picture
    3 (en un espejo) reflection
    contemplaba su imagen en el agua he was contemplating his reflection in the water
    el espejo le devolvió una imagen triste y envejecida he saw a sad, aging face looking back at him in the mirror
    a su imagen y semejanza: Dios creó al hombre a su imagen y semejanza God created man in his own image
    las ha educado a su imagen y semejanza she has brought them up to be just like her
    ser la viva or misma imagen de algn/algo: es la misma imagen de su padre he's the spitting image of his father ( colloq), he's exactly like his father
    es la viva imagen del entusiasmo he's enthusiasm itself o enthusiasm personified
    4 (en la mente) picture
    sólo conservo una imagen muy borrosa de él I only have a very vague picture in my mind of him o a very vague memory of him
    tenía una imagen muy distinta del lugar I had a very different mental image o picture of the place
    tenía una imagen confusa de lo ocurrido his idea o memory of what had happened was confused
    Compuestos:
    mirror image
    virtual image
    B (de un político, cantante, país) image
    quiere proyectar una imagen renovada she wants to project a new image
    su imagen se ha visto afectada por estas derrotas his image has suffered as a result of these defeats
    C ( Art, Relig) (estatua) statue, image ( arch); (estampa) picture
    D ( Lit) image
    las imágenes en su poesía the images o imagery in her poetry
    * * *

     

    imagen sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (Fís, Ópt) image;

    (TV) picture, image


    ◊ ser la viva imagen de algn to be the image of sb


    2 (de político, cantante, país) image
    imagen sustantivo femenino
    1 image: es la viva imagen de su padre, he is the living image of his father
    2 (efecto, impresión) image: ese fallo perjudicó la imagen de la empresa, the accident affected the company image
    3 TV picture: vimos las imágenes del terremoto, we saw a television report on the earthquake
    4 Rel Arte image, statue
    ' imagen' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    corresponderse
    - definición
    - definida
    - definido
    - deformar
    - desvanecerse
    - estampa
    - lavado
    - nitidez
    - nublarse
    - plástica
    - plástico
    - refleja
    - reflejo
    - registrar
    - representación
    - reproducir
    - sugestiva
    - sugestivo
    - templete
    - borrar
    - borroso
    - cambiar
    - centrar
    - claridad
    - confuso
    - fotografía
    - impactante
    - inversión
    - invertido
    - invertir
    - múltiple
    - nebuloso
    - nítido
    - reflejar
    - reivindicar
    - toma
    English:
    blank
    - blur
    - clear
    - conjure
    - illusion
    - image
    - lurid
    - part
    - picture
    - project
    - sharp
    - valuable
    - critically
    - perception
    - self
    - zoom
    * * *
    imagen nf
    1. [figura] image;
    su imagen se reflejaba en el agua she could see her reflection in the water;
    contemplaba su imagen en el espejo he was looking at his reflection in the mirror;
    su rostro era la pura imagen del sufrimiento her face was a picture of suffering;
    eran la imagen de la felicidad they were a picture of happiness;
    ser la viva imagen de alguien to be the spitting image of sb;
    a imagen y semejanza: Dios creó al hombre a su imagen y semejanza God created man in his own image;
    reconstruyeron el museo a imagen y semejanza del original they rebuilt the museum so that it looked just like the old one
    2. [en física] image;
    [televisiva] picture;
    las imágenes en movimiento the moving image;
    imágenes del partido/de la catástrofe pictures of the game/the disaster;
    una imagen vale más que mil palabras one picture is worth a thousand words
    imágenes de archivo archive o Br library pictures;
    imagen virtual virtual image
    3. [aspecto] image;
    necesitas un cambio de imagen you need a change of o a new image;
    tiene una imagen de intolerante she has the image of being an intolerant person;
    quieren proyectar una imagen positiva they want to project a positive image;
    tener buena/mala imagen to have a good/bad image;
    los casos de corrupción han deteriorado la imagen del gobierno the corruption scandals have tainted the image of the government
    imagen corporativa corporate identity;
    imagen de empresa corporate image;
    imagen de marca brand image;
    imagen pública public image
    4. [recuerdo] picture, image;
    guardo una imagen muy borrosa de mis abuelos I only have a very vague memory of my grandparents;
    tenía una imagen diferente del lugar I had a different picture o image of the place, I had pictured the place differently
    imagen mental mental image
    5. [estatua] statue
    6. [literaria] image;
    utiliza unas imágenes muy ricas she uses very rich imagery
    * * *
    image;
    ser la viva imagen de be the spitting image of
    * * *
    imagen nf, pl imágenes : image, picture
    * * *
    1. (en general) image
    2. (en televisión) picture

    Spanish-English dictionary > imagen

  • 44 Crompton, Samuel

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 3 December 1753 Firwood, near Bolton, Lancashire, England
    d. 26 June 1827 Bolton, Lancashire, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the spinning mule.
    [br]
    Samuel Crompton was the son of a tenant farmer, George, who became the caretaker of the old house Hall-i-th-Wood, near Bolton, where he died in 1759. As a boy, Samuel helped his widowed mother in various tasks at home, including weaving. He liked music and made his own violin, with which he later was to earn some money to pay for tools for building his spinning mule. He was set to work at spinning and so in 1769 became familiar with the spinning jenny designed by James Hargreaves; he soon noticed the poor quality of the yarn produced and its tendency to break. Crompton became so exasperated with the jenny that in 1772 he decided to improve it. After seven years' work, in 1779 he produced his famous spinning "mule". He built the first one entirely by himself, principally from wood. He adapted rollers similar to those already patented by Arkwright for drawing out the cotton rovings, but it seems that he did not know of Arkwright's invention. The rollers were placed at the back of the mule and paid out the fibres to the spindles, which were mounted on a moving carriage that was drawn away from the rollers as the yarn was paid out. The spindles were rotated to put in twist. At the end of the draw, or shortly before, the rollers were stopped but the spindles continued to rotate. This not only twisted the yarn further, but slightly stretched it and so helped to even out any irregularities; it was this feature that gave the mule yarn extra quality. Then, after the spindles had been turned backwards to unwind the yarn from their tips, they were rotated in the spinning direction again and the yarn was wound on as the carriage was pushed up to the rollers.
    The mule was a very versatile machine, making it possible to spin almost every type of yarn. In fact, Samuel Crompton was soon producing yarn of a much finer quality than had ever been spun in Bolton, and people attempted to break into Hall-i-th-Wood to see how he produced it. Crompton did not patent his invention, perhaps because it consisted basically of the essential features of the earlier machines of Hargreaves and Arkwright, or perhaps through lack of funds. Under promise of a generous subscription, he disclosed his invention to the spinning industry, but was shabbily treated because most of the promised money was never paid. Crompton's first mule had forty-eight spindles, but it did not long remain in its original form for many people started to make improvements to it. The mule soon became more popular than Arkwright's waterframe because it could spin such fine yarn, which enabled weavers to produce the best muslin cloth, rivalling that woven in India and leading to an enormous expansion in the British cotton-textile industry. Crompton eventually saved enough capital to set up as a manufacturer himself and around 1784 he experimented with an improved carding engine, although he was not successful. In 1800, local manufacturers raised a sum of £500 for him, and eventually in 1812 he received a government grant of £5,000, but this was trifling in relation to the immense financial benefits his invention had conferred on the industry, to say nothing of his expenses. When Crompton was seeking evidence in 1811 to support his claim for financial assistance, he found that there were 4,209,570 mule spindles compared with 155,880 jenny and 310,516 waterframe spindles. He later set up as a bleacher and again as a cotton manufacturer, but only the gift of a small annuity by his friends saved him from dying in total poverty.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.C.Cameron, 1951, Samuel Crompton, Inventor of the Spinning Mule, London (a rather discursive biography).
    Dobson \& Barlow Ltd, 1927, Samuel Crompton, the Inventor of the Spinning Mule, Bolton.
    G.J.French, 1859, The Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, Inventor of the Spinning Machine Called the Mule, London.
    The invention of the mule is fully described in H. Gatling, 1970, The Spinning Mule, Newton Abbot; W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester.
    C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (provides a brief account).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Crompton, Samuel

  • 45 Monell, Ambrose

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1874 New York, USA
    d. 2 May 1921 Beacon, New York, USA
    [br]
    American metallurgist who gave his name to a successful nickel-copper alloy.
    [br]
    After graduating from Columbia University in 1896. Monell became a metallurgical engineer to the Carnegie Steel Company, rising in six years to be Assistant to the President. In 1900, while Manager of the company's open-hearth steelworks at Pittsburg, he patented a procedure for making high-carbon steel in basic conditions on the hearth of a fixed/stationary furnace; the method was intended to refine pig-iron containing substantial proportions of phosphorus and to do so relatively quickly. The process was introduced at the Homestead Works of the Carnegie Steel Company in February 1900, where it continued in use for some years. In April 1902 Monell was among those who launched the International Nickel Company of New Jersey in order to bring together a number of existing nickel interests; he became the new company's President. In 1904–5, members of the company's metallurgical staff produced an alloy of about 70 parts nickel and 30 copper which seemed to show great commercial promise on account of its high resistance to corrosion and its good appearance. Monell agreed to the suggestion that the new alloy should be given his name; for commercial reasons it was marketed as "Monel metal". In 1917, following the entry of the USA into the First World War, Monell was commissioned Colonel in the US Army (Aviation) for overseas service, relinquishing his presidency of the International Nickel Company but remaining as a director. At the time of his death he was also a director in several other companies in the USA.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1900, British patent no. 5506 (taken out by O. Imray on behalf of Monell).
    Monell insinuated an account of his steel-making procedure at a meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute held in London and reported in The Journal of the Iron and Steel
    Institute (1900) 1:71–80; some of the comments made by other speakers, particularly B.Talbot, were adverse. The following year (1901) Monell produced a general historical review: "A summary of development in open-hearth steel", Iron Trade
    Review 14(14 November):39–47.
    Further Reading
    A.J.Wadhams, 1931, "The story of the nickel industry", Metals and Alloys 2(3):166–75 (mentions Monell among many others, and includes a portrait (p. 170)).
    JKA

    Biographical history of technology > Monell, Ambrose

  • 46 סמי

    סמי, סָמָא, סָמָה(v. סוּם II) to tie up, close; to make blind.Part. pass. סָמוּי; f. סְמוּיָה, סְמוּיָיה; pl. סְמוּיִים, סְמוּיִין; סְמוּיוֹת a) tied up, hidden (cmp. סִימָה). Taan.8b (ref. to אסמיך, Deut. 28:8) דבר הס׳ מן העין that which is hidden from sight (the exact quantity of which you do not know); B. Mets.42a; a. e.b) blinded, blind. Kidd.24b הרי שהיתה עינו ס׳וכ׳ if the slaves eye was blind, and he (the master) cut it out. Keth.105a כמה ס׳ עיניהםוכ׳ how blind are the eyes of (how short-sighted are) those who receive bribes! Pi. סִמֵּא, סִימֵּא 1) to blind, make blind. Kidd. l. c. סי׳ עוברוכ׳ he injured the eye of the embryo (while operating on the mother). Ib. הרי שהיתה … וסִמְּאָהּ suppose the slaves eye was dim, and he (the master) made it entirely blind. Y.Kil.VIII, 31c top וסִימְּיָיהּ; B. Kam.91a וסִימְּאוֹ (Ms. M. וסימאה) and he made him blind. Ib. VIII, 7 האומר סַמֵּאוכ׳ if one says (to his neighbor), blind my eye, the neighbor is responsible. Gen. R. s. 75, end לו … לסַמּוֹתוכ׳ שלח he sent him a present in order to blind his eyes (with ref. to Deut. 16:19). Sabb.109a top יד מְסַמְּאָה an unwashed hand put on the eye makes blind. Gen. R. s. 42 (ref. to עין משפט, Gen. 14:7 עין … לסַמּוֹתָהּ they wanted to blind the eye (of him) that established the rule of justice in the world; a. fr. 2) to tie up ones own eyes; to simulate blindness. Tosef.Peah IV, 14; Y. ib. VIII, 21b top; Keth.68a המְסמֵּא את עינו (a beggar) who ties his eye up. Nif. נִסְמָא, נִסְמָה to be blinded; to become blind. Num. R. s. 7, beg. Bekh.v, 5 (36b) שנִסְמֵת עינו (Talm. ed. שנִסְמֵית) that became blind on one eye; Keth.77a נִיסְמֵת; a. fr. Hithpa. הִסְתַּמֵּא, Nithpa. נִסְתַּמֵּא, נִסְתַּמָּה same. Arakh.17b, sq. פִּתֵּחַ ונ׳ if he was open-eyed and became blind; B. Bath. 128a. Num. R. s. 18 מיד היה מִסְתַּמֵּא (not היתה) he would get blind at once; a. e.

    Jewish literature > סמי

  • 47 סמא

    סמי, סָמָא, סָמָה(v. סוּם II) to tie up, close; to make blind.Part. pass. סָמוּי; f. סְמוּיָה, סְמוּיָיה; pl. סְמוּיִים, סְמוּיִין; סְמוּיוֹת a) tied up, hidden (cmp. סִימָה). Taan.8b (ref. to אסמיך, Deut. 28:8) דבר הס׳ מן העין that which is hidden from sight (the exact quantity of which you do not know); B. Mets.42a; a. e.b) blinded, blind. Kidd.24b הרי שהיתה עינו ס׳וכ׳ if the slaves eye was blind, and he (the master) cut it out. Keth.105a כמה ס׳ עיניהםוכ׳ how blind are the eyes of (how short-sighted are) those who receive bribes! Pi. סִמֵּא, סִימֵּא 1) to blind, make blind. Kidd. l. c. סי׳ עוברוכ׳ he injured the eye of the embryo (while operating on the mother). Ib. הרי שהיתה … וסִמְּאָהּ suppose the slaves eye was dim, and he (the master) made it entirely blind. Y.Kil.VIII, 31c top וסִימְּיָיהּ; B. Kam.91a וסִימְּאוֹ (Ms. M. וסימאה) and he made him blind. Ib. VIII, 7 האומר סַמֵּאוכ׳ if one says (to his neighbor), blind my eye, the neighbor is responsible. Gen. R. s. 75, end לו … לסַמּוֹתוכ׳ שלח he sent him a present in order to blind his eyes (with ref. to Deut. 16:19). Sabb.109a top יד מְסַמְּאָה an unwashed hand put on the eye makes blind. Gen. R. s. 42 (ref. to עין משפט, Gen. 14:7 עין … לסַמּוֹתָהּ they wanted to blind the eye (of him) that established the rule of justice in the world; a. fr. 2) to tie up ones own eyes; to simulate blindness. Tosef.Peah IV, 14; Y. ib. VIII, 21b top; Keth.68a המְסמֵּא את עינו (a beggar) who ties his eye up. Nif. נִסְמָא, נִסְמָה to be blinded; to become blind. Num. R. s. 7, beg. Bekh.v, 5 (36b) שנִסְמֵת עינו (Talm. ed. שנִסְמֵית) that became blind on one eye; Keth.77a נִיסְמֵת; a. fr. Hithpa. הִסְתַּמֵּא, Nithpa. נִסְתַּמֵּא, נִסְתַּמָּה same. Arakh.17b, sq. פִּתֵּחַ ונ׳ if he was open-eyed and became blind; B. Bath. 128a. Num. R. s. 18 מיד היה מִסְתַּמֵּא (not היתה) he would get blind at once; a. e.

    Jewish literature > סמא

  • 48 סָמָא

    סמי, סָמָא, סָמָה(v. סוּם II) to tie up, close; to make blind.Part. pass. סָמוּי; f. סְמוּיָה, סְמוּיָיה; pl. סְמוּיִים, סְמוּיִין; סְמוּיוֹת a) tied up, hidden (cmp. סִימָה). Taan.8b (ref. to אסמיך, Deut. 28:8) דבר הס׳ מן העין that which is hidden from sight (the exact quantity of which you do not know); B. Mets.42a; a. e.b) blinded, blind. Kidd.24b הרי שהיתה עינו ס׳וכ׳ if the slaves eye was blind, and he (the master) cut it out. Keth.105a כמה ס׳ עיניהםוכ׳ how blind are the eyes of (how short-sighted are) those who receive bribes! Pi. סִמֵּא, סִימֵּא 1) to blind, make blind. Kidd. l. c. סי׳ עוברוכ׳ he injured the eye of the embryo (while operating on the mother). Ib. הרי שהיתה … וסִמְּאָהּ suppose the slaves eye was dim, and he (the master) made it entirely blind. Y.Kil.VIII, 31c top וסִימְּיָיהּ; B. Kam.91a וסִימְּאוֹ (Ms. M. וסימאה) and he made him blind. Ib. VIII, 7 האומר סַמֵּאוכ׳ if one says (to his neighbor), blind my eye, the neighbor is responsible. Gen. R. s. 75, end לו … לסַמּוֹתוכ׳ שלח he sent him a present in order to blind his eyes (with ref. to Deut. 16:19). Sabb.109a top יד מְסַמְּאָה an unwashed hand put on the eye makes blind. Gen. R. s. 42 (ref. to עין משפט, Gen. 14:7 עין … לסַמּוֹתָהּ they wanted to blind the eye (of him) that established the rule of justice in the world; a. fr. 2) to tie up ones own eyes; to simulate blindness. Tosef.Peah IV, 14; Y. ib. VIII, 21b top; Keth.68a המְסמֵּא את עינו (a beggar) who ties his eye up. Nif. נִסְמָא, נִסְמָה to be blinded; to become blind. Num. R. s. 7, beg. Bekh.v, 5 (36b) שנִסְמֵת עינו (Talm. ed. שנִסְמֵית) that became blind on one eye; Keth.77a נִיסְמֵת; a. fr. Hithpa. הִסְתַּמֵּא, Nithpa. נִסְתַּמֵּא, נִסְתַּמָּה same. Arakh.17b, sq. פִּתֵּחַ ונ׳ if he was open-eyed and became blind; B. Bath. 128a. Num. R. s. 18 מיד היה מִסְתַּמֵּא (not היתה) he would get blind at once; a. e.

    Jewish literature > סָמָא

  • 49 סָמָה

    סמי, סָמָא, סָמָה(v. סוּם II) to tie up, close; to make blind.Part. pass. סָמוּי; f. סְמוּיָה, סְמוּיָיה; pl. סְמוּיִים, סְמוּיִין; סְמוּיוֹת a) tied up, hidden (cmp. סִימָה). Taan.8b (ref. to אסמיך, Deut. 28:8) דבר הס׳ מן העין that which is hidden from sight (the exact quantity of which you do not know); B. Mets.42a; a. e.b) blinded, blind. Kidd.24b הרי שהיתה עינו ס׳וכ׳ if the slaves eye was blind, and he (the master) cut it out. Keth.105a כמה ס׳ עיניהםוכ׳ how blind are the eyes of (how short-sighted are) those who receive bribes! Pi. סִמֵּא, סִימֵּא 1) to blind, make blind. Kidd. l. c. סי׳ עוברוכ׳ he injured the eye of the embryo (while operating on the mother). Ib. הרי שהיתה … וסִמְּאָהּ suppose the slaves eye was dim, and he (the master) made it entirely blind. Y.Kil.VIII, 31c top וסִימְּיָיהּ; B. Kam.91a וסִימְּאוֹ (Ms. M. וסימאה) and he made him blind. Ib. VIII, 7 האומר סַמֵּאוכ׳ if one says (to his neighbor), blind my eye, the neighbor is responsible. Gen. R. s. 75, end לו … לסַמּוֹתוכ׳ שלח he sent him a present in order to blind his eyes (with ref. to Deut. 16:19). Sabb.109a top יד מְסַמְּאָה an unwashed hand put on the eye makes blind. Gen. R. s. 42 (ref. to עין משפט, Gen. 14:7 עין … לסַמּוֹתָהּ they wanted to blind the eye (of him) that established the rule of justice in the world; a. fr. 2) to tie up ones own eyes; to simulate blindness. Tosef.Peah IV, 14; Y. ib. VIII, 21b top; Keth.68a המְסמֵּא את עינו (a beggar) who ties his eye up. Nif. נִסְמָא, נִסְמָה to be blinded; to become blind. Num. R. s. 7, beg. Bekh.v, 5 (36b) שנִסְמֵת עינו (Talm. ed. שנִסְמֵית) that became blind on one eye; Keth.77a נִיסְמֵת; a. fr. Hithpa. הִסְתַּמֵּא, Nithpa. נִסְתַּמֵּא, נִסְתַּמָּה same. Arakh.17b, sq. פִּתֵּחַ ונ׳ if he was open-eyed and became blind; B. Bath. 128a. Num. R. s. 18 מיד היה מִסְתַּמֵּא (not היתה) he would get blind at once; a. e.

    Jewish literature > סָמָה

  • 50 Budding, Edwin Beard

    [br]
    b. c.1796 Bisley (?), Gloucestershire, England
    d. 1846 Dursley, Gloucestershire, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the lawn mower.
    [br]
    Budding was an engineer who described himself as a mechanic on his first patent papers and as a manager in later applications.
    A rotary machine had been developed at Brimscombe Mill in Stroud for cutting the pile on certain clothes and Budding saw the potential of this principle for a machine for cutting grass on lawns. It is not clear whether Budding worked for the Lewis family, who owned the mill, or whether he saw the machines during their manufacture at the Phoenix Foundry. At the age of 35 Budding entered into partnership with John Ferrabee, who had taken out a lease on Thrupp Mill. They reached an agreement in which Ferrabee would pay to obtain letter patent on the mower and would cover all the development costs, after which they would have an equal share in the profits. The agreement also allowed Ferrabee to license the manufacture of the machine and in 1832 he negotiated with the agricultural manufacturer Ransomes, allowing them to manufacture the mower.
    Budding invented a screw-shifting spanner at a time when he might have been working as a mechanic at Thrupp Mill. He later rented a workshop in which he produced Pepperbox pistols. In the late 1830s he moved to Dursley, where he became Manager for Mr G.Lister, who made clothing machinery. Together they patented an improved method of making cylinders for carding engines, but Budding required police protection from those who saw their jobs threatened by the device. He made no fortune from his inventions and died at the age of 50.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.A.Randall, 1965–6 "Some mid-Gloucestershire engineers and inventors", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 38:89–96 (looks at the careers of both Budding and Ferrabee).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Budding, Edwin Beard

  • 51 קני

    קני, קָנָה(b. h.) ( to estabIish, 1) (cmp. קום, Gen. 23:17) to create; to acquire, own; to take possession. R. Hash. 31a (ref. to Ps. 24 recited in the Temple on the first day of the week) על שם שק׳ והקנהוכ׳ because he (the Lord in establishing the world) took possession and gave (his creatures) possession (invested them with a fief), and became the sovereign of the world. Kidd.I, 1 האשה קוֹנָה את עצמהוכ׳ a wife acquires herself (becomes independent) when she receives her divorce Ib. 20a כל הקוֹנֶה … כקונהוכ׳ whoever buys a Hebrew bondman creates, as it were, a master over himself. B. Mets.75b הקונה אדון לעצמו he who creates a master over himself, expl. תולה נכסיו בנכרי who (in order to evade obligations) hangs his property on a gentile (pretends to be merely the agent of a gentile); (another explan.) הכותב נכסיווכ׳ who transfers his property to his children during his lifetime. Gitt.37b sq. (ref. to Lev. 25:45) אתם קוֹנִיםוכ׳ you may buy (as a slave) one of them, but they cannot buy one of you, nor can they buy of one another. Ib. יכול לא יִקְנוּ זה את זה למעשה ידיו you may think, they cannot buy one another for the work (as long as the serf choses to be in the masters power); ולא הם קוֹנִים … לגופו they cannot buy of one another a bodily slave (who requires formal manumission to be a freeman). B. Mets.46b bot. מכור לי באלו ק׳ if one says, sell me (a certain object) for these (coins which I hold in my hand), he has bought (the sale is valid). Ib. IV, 1 הזהב קונהוכ׳, v. זָהָב. Ib. מעות הרעות קוֹנוֹתוכ׳ the delivery of cancelled coins effects the purchase of the valid coins. Ib. 47b מעות קונות the delivery of the purchasing money gives possession (no formal possession of the purchased object (מְשִׁיכָה) being required). Kidd.22b הגבהה קונה lifting up the purchased object makes the sale binding; a. v. fr. 2) to make sure; to obligate a person by a special symbolical act (קִנְיָן); to enter into an obligation by a special symbolical form. Gitt.51a בשקָנוּ מידו when they (the court, witnesses) made him obligate himself (that his widow should receive support from his estate); בשקנו לזו ולא קנו לזו when such an obligation was entered with reference to this (his wifes case), but not with reference to that (his daughters case). B. Mets.47a במה קונין … בכליו של קונה wherewith is the bargain made sure?… By handing over one of the garments (or any object) belonging to the purchaser; דניחא ליה לקונה דליהוי מקנה קונהוכ׳ for the purchaser likes the seller to obligate himself, in order that he may be sure to give him possession; a. fr.Ib. 48b when he said to him, ערבוני יָקוּן (fr. קון = קנה) my earnest money shall serve to make the purchase sure.Part. pass. קָנוּי; f. קְנוּיָה; pl. קְנוּיִים, קְנוּיִין; קְנוּיוֹת. Kidd.16a עבד עברי גופו ק׳ והרבוכ׳ a Hebrew bondman is owned bodily (to the end of his term), and if the master allowed him a reduction of his time, his allowance is not legally binding (the slave not being able to acquire himself); ib. 28a; B. Kam. 113b. Gen. R. s. 86 (ref. to Gen. 39:1) הקנויין קונין וכלוכ׳ as a rule those who are owned make themselves owners (slaves enrich themselves by robbing their master), and all slaves cause decrease to their masters house, but in this case ‘the Lord blessed (ib. 5); Yalk. ib. 145 הקונין קונין (corr. acc.); a. fr.Tosef.Ned.IV, 6 קונם … שאני קנוי the axe of which I am possessed be forbidden (v. קוֹנָם), i. e. I swear that I have no axe; Ned.35a (Rashi שאינו ק׳ I swear that another axe is not owned by me).Y.Peah IV, 18b השעה קנויה, read: פְּנוּיָה, v. פָּנוּי. Nif. נִקְנֶה to be acquired, owned, bought. Kidd.20a (ref. to Lev. 25:14) דבר הנ׳ מיד ליד this refers to what is bought from hand to hand (movable goods). Ib. I, 1 האשה נִקְנֵיתוכ׳ a wife can be acquired in three ways. Ib. 6b אין אשה נ׳ בחליפין a wife cannot be taken possession of by symbolical delivery (חֲלִיפִין). Ib. I, 3 עבד כנעני נ׳ בכסףוכ׳ a Canaanite slave is taken possession of (is considered owned) either by delivery of the purchasing money, or by a deed, or by undisturbed possession (חֲזָקָה). Ib. 5 נכסים שיש … נִקְנִיןוכ׳ landed property is acquired by means of handing over the money, but movables cannot be acquired otherwise than by taking hold (מְשִׁיכָה). Ib. 22b תִּקָּנֶה בביאח let her be acquired (become his slave) by coition; a. fr. Hif. הִקְנָה to give possession, sell, transfer. R. Hash. l. c., v. supra. Snh.81b ולמַקְנוֹ, v. קוֹנֶה. Keth.82b אשה הִקְנוּ לווכ׳ it is heaven that gave him a wife (through his brothers death without issue); Yeb.39a. B. Mets.47a בכליו של מַקְנֶה, v. supra. Ib. 33b, a. fr. אין אדם מקנה דברוכ׳ none can give possession of (sell) what does not yet exist (future crops); a. fr.Esth. R. introd. (ref. to Deut. 28:68 sq.) למה ואין קונה …ע״י שלא הִקְנִיתֶם אלהוכ׳ why ‘no purchaser?… Because you have not transmitted ‘these words of the covenant, for there is none among you making the five books of the Law his own (v. קוֹנֶה).

    Jewish literature > קני

  • 52 קנה

    קני, קָנָה(b. h.) ( to estabIish, 1) (cmp. קום, Gen. 23:17) to create; to acquire, own; to take possession. R. Hash. 31a (ref. to Ps. 24 recited in the Temple on the first day of the week) על שם שק׳ והקנהוכ׳ because he (the Lord in establishing the world) took possession and gave (his creatures) possession (invested them with a fief), and became the sovereign of the world. Kidd.I, 1 האשה קוֹנָה את עצמהוכ׳ a wife acquires herself (becomes independent) when she receives her divorce Ib. 20a כל הקוֹנֶה … כקונהוכ׳ whoever buys a Hebrew bondman creates, as it were, a master over himself. B. Mets.75b הקונה אדון לעצמו he who creates a master over himself, expl. תולה נכסיו בנכרי who (in order to evade obligations) hangs his property on a gentile (pretends to be merely the agent of a gentile); (another explan.) הכותב נכסיווכ׳ who transfers his property to his children during his lifetime. Gitt.37b sq. (ref. to Lev. 25:45) אתם קוֹנִיםוכ׳ you may buy (as a slave) one of them, but they cannot buy one of you, nor can they buy of one another. Ib. יכול לא יִקְנוּ זה את זה למעשה ידיו you may think, they cannot buy one another for the work (as long as the serf choses to be in the masters power); ולא הם קוֹנִים … לגופו they cannot buy of one another a bodily slave (who requires formal manumission to be a freeman). B. Mets.46b bot. מכור לי באלו ק׳ if one says, sell me (a certain object) for these (coins which I hold in my hand), he has bought (the sale is valid). Ib. IV, 1 הזהב קונהוכ׳, v. זָהָב. Ib. מעות הרעות קוֹנוֹתוכ׳ the delivery of cancelled coins effects the purchase of the valid coins. Ib. 47b מעות קונות the delivery of the purchasing money gives possession (no formal possession of the purchased object (מְשִׁיכָה) being required). Kidd.22b הגבהה קונה lifting up the purchased object makes the sale binding; a. v. fr. 2) to make sure; to obligate a person by a special symbolical act (קִנְיָן); to enter into an obligation by a special symbolical form. Gitt.51a בשקָנוּ מידו when they (the court, witnesses) made him obligate himself (that his widow should receive support from his estate); בשקנו לזו ולא קנו לזו when such an obligation was entered with reference to this (his wifes case), but not with reference to that (his daughters case). B. Mets.47a במה קונין … בכליו של קונה wherewith is the bargain made sure?… By handing over one of the garments (or any object) belonging to the purchaser; דניחא ליה לקונה דליהוי מקנה קונהוכ׳ for the purchaser likes the seller to obligate himself, in order that he may be sure to give him possession; a. fr.Ib. 48b when he said to him, ערבוני יָקוּן (fr. קון = קנה) my earnest money shall serve to make the purchase sure.Part. pass. קָנוּי; f. קְנוּיָה; pl. קְנוּיִים, קְנוּיִין; קְנוּיוֹת. Kidd.16a עבד עברי גופו ק׳ והרבוכ׳ a Hebrew bondman is owned bodily (to the end of his term), and if the master allowed him a reduction of his time, his allowance is not legally binding (the slave not being able to acquire himself); ib. 28a; B. Kam. 113b. Gen. R. s. 86 (ref. to Gen. 39:1) הקנויין קונין וכלוכ׳ as a rule those who are owned make themselves owners (slaves enrich themselves by robbing their master), and all slaves cause decrease to their masters house, but in this case ‘the Lord blessed (ib. 5); Yalk. ib. 145 הקונין קונין (corr. acc.); a. fr.Tosef.Ned.IV, 6 קונם … שאני קנוי the axe of which I am possessed be forbidden (v. קוֹנָם), i. e. I swear that I have no axe; Ned.35a (Rashi שאינו ק׳ I swear that another axe is not owned by me).Y.Peah IV, 18b השעה קנויה, read: פְּנוּיָה, v. פָּנוּי. Nif. נִקְנֶה to be acquired, owned, bought. Kidd.20a (ref. to Lev. 25:14) דבר הנ׳ מיד ליד this refers to what is bought from hand to hand (movable goods). Ib. I, 1 האשה נִקְנֵיתוכ׳ a wife can be acquired in three ways. Ib. 6b אין אשה נ׳ בחליפין a wife cannot be taken possession of by symbolical delivery (חֲלִיפִין). Ib. I, 3 עבד כנעני נ׳ בכסףוכ׳ a Canaanite slave is taken possession of (is considered owned) either by delivery of the purchasing money, or by a deed, or by undisturbed possession (חֲזָקָה). Ib. 5 נכסים שיש … נִקְנִיןוכ׳ landed property is acquired by means of handing over the money, but movables cannot be acquired otherwise than by taking hold (מְשִׁיכָה). Ib. 22b תִּקָּנֶה בביאח let her be acquired (become his slave) by coition; a. fr. Hif. הִקְנָה to give possession, sell, transfer. R. Hash. l. c., v. supra. Snh.81b ולמַקְנוֹ, v. קוֹנֶה. Keth.82b אשה הִקְנוּ לווכ׳ it is heaven that gave him a wife (through his brothers death without issue); Yeb.39a. B. Mets.47a בכליו של מַקְנֶה, v. supra. Ib. 33b, a. fr. אין אדם מקנה דברוכ׳ none can give possession of (sell) what does not yet exist (future crops); a. fr.Esth. R. introd. (ref. to Deut. 28:68 sq.) למה ואין קונה …ע״י שלא הִקְנִיתֶם אלהוכ׳ why ‘no purchaser?… Because you have not transmitted ‘these words of the covenant, for there is none among you making the five books of the Law his own (v. קוֹנֶה).

    Jewish literature > קנה

  • 53 קָנָה

    קני, קָנָה(b. h.) ( to estabIish, 1) (cmp. קום, Gen. 23:17) to create; to acquire, own; to take possession. R. Hash. 31a (ref. to Ps. 24 recited in the Temple on the first day of the week) על שם שק׳ והקנהוכ׳ because he (the Lord in establishing the world) took possession and gave (his creatures) possession (invested them with a fief), and became the sovereign of the world. Kidd.I, 1 האשה קוֹנָה את עצמהוכ׳ a wife acquires herself (becomes independent) when she receives her divorce Ib. 20a כל הקוֹנֶה … כקונהוכ׳ whoever buys a Hebrew bondman creates, as it were, a master over himself. B. Mets.75b הקונה אדון לעצמו he who creates a master over himself, expl. תולה נכסיו בנכרי who (in order to evade obligations) hangs his property on a gentile (pretends to be merely the agent of a gentile); (another explan.) הכותב נכסיווכ׳ who transfers his property to his children during his lifetime. Gitt.37b sq. (ref. to Lev. 25:45) אתם קוֹנִיםוכ׳ you may buy (as a slave) one of them, but they cannot buy one of you, nor can they buy of one another. Ib. יכול לא יִקְנוּ זה את זה למעשה ידיו you may think, they cannot buy one another for the work (as long as the serf choses to be in the masters power); ולא הם קוֹנִים … לגופו they cannot buy of one another a bodily slave (who requires formal manumission to be a freeman). B. Mets.46b bot. מכור לי באלו ק׳ if one says, sell me (a certain object) for these (coins which I hold in my hand), he has bought (the sale is valid). Ib. IV, 1 הזהב קונהוכ׳, v. זָהָב. Ib. מעות הרעות קוֹנוֹתוכ׳ the delivery of cancelled coins effects the purchase of the valid coins. Ib. 47b מעות קונות the delivery of the purchasing money gives possession (no formal possession of the purchased object (מְשִׁיכָה) being required). Kidd.22b הגבהה קונה lifting up the purchased object makes the sale binding; a. v. fr. 2) to make sure; to obligate a person by a special symbolical act (קִנְיָן); to enter into an obligation by a special symbolical form. Gitt.51a בשקָנוּ מידו when they (the court, witnesses) made him obligate himself (that his widow should receive support from his estate); בשקנו לזו ולא קנו לזו when such an obligation was entered with reference to this (his wifes case), but not with reference to that (his daughters case). B. Mets.47a במה קונין … בכליו של קונה wherewith is the bargain made sure?… By handing over one of the garments (or any object) belonging to the purchaser; דניחא ליה לקונה דליהוי מקנה קונהוכ׳ for the purchaser likes the seller to obligate himself, in order that he may be sure to give him possession; a. fr.Ib. 48b when he said to him, ערבוני יָקוּן (fr. קון = קנה) my earnest money shall serve to make the purchase sure.Part. pass. קָנוּי; f. קְנוּיָה; pl. קְנוּיִים, קְנוּיִין; קְנוּיוֹת. Kidd.16a עבד עברי גופו ק׳ והרבוכ׳ a Hebrew bondman is owned bodily (to the end of his term), and if the master allowed him a reduction of his time, his allowance is not legally binding (the slave not being able to acquire himself); ib. 28a; B. Kam. 113b. Gen. R. s. 86 (ref. to Gen. 39:1) הקנויין קונין וכלוכ׳ as a rule those who are owned make themselves owners (slaves enrich themselves by robbing their master), and all slaves cause decrease to their masters house, but in this case ‘the Lord blessed (ib. 5); Yalk. ib. 145 הקונין קונין (corr. acc.); a. fr.Tosef.Ned.IV, 6 קונם … שאני קנוי the axe of which I am possessed be forbidden (v. קוֹנָם), i. e. I swear that I have no axe; Ned.35a (Rashi שאינו ק׳ I swear that another axe is not owned by me).Y.Peah IV, 18b השעה קנויה, read: פְּנוּיָה, v. פָּנוּי. Nif. נִקְנֶה to be acquired, owned, bought. Kidd.20a (ref. to Lev. 25:14) דבר הנ׳ מיד ליד this refers to what is bought from hand to hand (movable goods). Ib. I, 1 האשה נִקְנֵיתוכ׳ a wife can be acquired in three ways. Ib. 6b אין אשה נ׳ בחליפין a wife cannot be taken possession of by symbolical delivery (חֲלִיפִין). Ib. I, 3 עבד כנעני נ׳ בכסףוכ׳ a Canaanite slave is taken possession of (is considered owned) either by delivery of the purchasing money, or by a deed, or by undisturbed possession (חֲזָקָה). Ib. 5 נכסים שיש … נִקְנִיןוכ׳ landed property is acquired by means of handing over the money, but movables cannot be acquired otherwise than by taking hold (מְשִׁיכָה). Ib. 22b תִּקָּנֶה בביאח let her be acquired (become his slave) by coition; a. fr. Hif. הִקְנָה to give possession, sell, transfer. R. Hash. l. c., v. supra. Snh.81b ולמַקְנוֹ, v. קוֹנֶה. Keth.82b אשה הִקְנוּ לווכ׳ it is heaven that gave him a wife (through his brothers death without issue); Yeb.39a. B. Mets.47a בכליו של מַקְנֶה, v. supra. Ib. 33b, a. fr. אין אדם מקנה דברוכ׳ none can give possession of (sell) what does not yet exist (future crops); a. fr.Esth. R. introd. (ref. to Deut. 28:68 sq.) למה ואין קונה …ע״י שלא הִקְנִיתֶם אלהוכ׳ why ‘no purchaser?… Because you have not transmitted ‘these words of the covenant, for there is none among you making the five books of the Law his own (v. קוֹנֶה).

    Jewish literature > קָנָה

  • 54 Koenig, Friedrich

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 17 April 1774 Eisleben, Thuringia, Germany
    d. 17 January 1833 Oberzell, near Würzburg, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of the machine printing press.
    [br]
    Koenig became a printer and bookseller. Around 1800 he was among those who conceived the idea of mechanizing the hand printing press, which apart from minor details had survived virtually unchanged through the first three and a half centuries of printing. In 1803, in Sühl, Saxony, he designed a press in which the flat forme, carrying the type, was mechanically inked and passed to and from the platen. Whether this ma-chine was ever constructed is not known, but Koenig found little support for his ideas because of lack of technical and financial resources. So, in 1806, he went to England and was introduced to Thomas Bensley, a book printer off Fleet Street in London. Bensley agreed to support Koenig and brought in two other printers to help finance Koenig's experiments. Another German, Andreas Bauer, an engineer, assisted Koenig and became largely responsible for the practical execution of Koenig's plans.
    In 1810 they patented a press which was steam-driven but still used a platen. It was set to work in Bensley's office the following year but did not prove to be satisfactory. Koenig redesigned it, and in October 1811 he obtained a patent for a steam-driven press on an entirely new principle. In place of the platen, the paper was fixed around a hollow rotating cylinder, which impressed the paper on to the inked forme. In Bensley's office it was used for book printing, but its increased speed over the hand press appealed to newspaper proprietors and John Walter II of The Times asked Koenig to make a double-cylinder machine, so that the return stroke of the forme would be productive. A further patent was taken out in 1813 and the new machine was made ready to print the 29 November 1814 issue—in secrecy, behind closed doors, to forestall opposition from the pressmen working the hand presses. An important feature of the machine was that the inking rollers were not of the traditional leather or skin but a composite material made from glue, molasses and some soda. The inking could not have been achieved satisfactorily with the old materials. The editorial of that historic issue proclaimed, 'Our Journal of this day presents to the public the practical result of the greatest improvement connected with printing, since the discovery of the art itself Koenig's machine press could make 1,200 impressions an hour compared to 200 with the hand press; further improvements raised this figure to 1,500–2,000. Koenig's last English patent was in 1814 for an improved cylinder machine and a perfecting machine, which printed both sides of the paper. The steam-driven perfecting press was printing books in Bensley's office in February 1816. Koenig and Bauer wanted by that time to manufacture machine presses for other customers, but Bensley, now the principal shareholder, insisted that they should make machines for his benefit only. Finding this restriction intolerable, Koenig and Bauer returned to Germany: they became partners in a factory at Oberzell, near Würzburg, in 1817 and the firm of Koenig and Bauer flourishes there to this day.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Moran, 1973, Printing Presses, London: Faber \& Faber.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Koenig, Friedrich

  • 55 من

    مِن \ by: (showing how sth. is done): We hold things by the handle. We know people by name. We learn by experience. We earn money by working. from: showing the time that sth. started: I waited from six o’clock till eight, showing where sth. began or was obtained Are men descended from monkeys? He read aloud from the newspaper, showing cause He suffered from stomach pains, showing the lower limit of costs, numbers, etc. New bicycles cost from $60 to $90 each, showing a change The price rose from 20 pence to 25 pence, showing difference I don’t know one from the other, showing the place that one has left He arrived from Glasgow. of: (after a noun) showing contents, amount, kind, etc.: a cup of coffee (a cup that contains coffee); a cupful of coffee (enough coffee to fill a cup); a pound of sugar (sugar that weighs a pound); a piece of bread (not a whole loaf), (after an adj. or verb) concerning; about: I’m sure of it. She’s afraid of mice, (after a verb) showing a cause He died of hunger, (after an adj.) showing who did sth. and how he did it It was kind of your father to invite me (Your father was kind...), (after a participle) showing how sth. is formed a dress made of silk. than: used in comparing two objects; here the second subject and verb are always left out: I like you better than him (I like you better than I like him), used in comparing two subjects; it is better to put in the second verb, although some writers leave it out He is taller than I (am). He runs faster than I (do). \ مِن أَجْل \ because of: as a result of: Because of his illness, he could not travel. for: because of: He jumped for joy. She was sent to prison for stealing. for sb. to do sth.: that sb. should do sth.: I’m anxious for him to pass his exams. sake, for the sake of, for sb.’s sake: for the desire of: Why ruin your health for the sake of a little pleasure?, for the good of; so as to help: Soldiers die for the sake of their county (or for their country’s sake). Don’t take any risks for my sake. towards: as a help to: He gave me $5 towards the cost of my bicycle. \ مِن أَجْل ذلك \ hence: (often with no verb) for this reason: My car broke down; hence my late arrival. \ مِن أحدث طِراز \ up to date: up to the present moment; modern; knowing or showing the latest facts: Give me an up-to-date report on political events in South America. \ مِن أَصْل \ out: from among: Ten out of the twenty people were late. \ مِن الأَفْضَل \ preferably: if possible: Any day suits me, but preferably not Sunday. \ مِن الأَفْضَل \ had better: would be wise to: You had better try again tomorrow. \ See Also الأَجْدى لِـ \ مِن الآن \ hence: from now: A week hence I shall be in Rome. \ مِن... إلى \ from... to...: (without a or the) showing passage of time, distance in space, or repeated action: He visits me from time to time. He went from house to house in search of work. \ مِن آن إلى آخر \ every now and again, every now and then: again and again, but with no regular space between. \ مِن الآن فَصَاعِدًا \ henceforth, henceforward: from now on; in future. on: onwards: From now on I shall be more careful. \ مِن البداية إلى النهاية \ through: passing from one side or place to another; making a continuous journey: a through train. \ مِن بَعْدُ \ since: after; during the period after: I saw him on Tuesday, but I haven’t seen him since. I’ve been thinking about him ever since. \ مِن بَعيد \ from afar: from a great distance. \ مِن بَين \ out of: from among: Ten out of the twenty people were late. \ مِن ثَمَّ \ subsequently: afterwards: He became ill in the winter, and subsequently died. \ مِن جَانِبٍ إِلَى آخر \ across: form one side to the other: Run across before a car comes. The river is half a mile across. over: so that a different side is upwards: Turn the page over. Roll the body over. \ مِن جَديد \ afresh: again; making a new beginning: Tear up this page and start afresh. \ مِن جَمِيع الجهَات \ around: on all sides (of); round; here and there: The boys were running around. A crowd gathered around me. \ مِن جَمِيع الوُجوه تقريبًا \ to all intents and purposes: in regard to all that matters: To all intents and purposes, the work is finished (though a few unimportant points remain to be dealt with). \ مِن جِهة \ in respect of, with respect to, respecting: concerning: a bill in respect of car repairs. on the part of: in the case of; so far as sb. is concerned: There was no mistake on her part (If there was a mistake, it was not hers). \ مِن جهة ومِن الجهة الأخرى \ on the one hand, on the other hand: comparing opposite facts or ideas; the first phrase is often left out: (On the one hand) you can live more cheaply in the country; on the other hand, work is harder to find there. \ مِن الحديد \ iron: made of iron; as strong as iron: an iron bar; an iron will. \ مِن حُسن التوفيق \ happily: fortunately: Happily, he was not hurt in the accident. a good job: a fortunate thing: It’s a good job that you crossed before the bridge fell. fortunately: adv. as the result of good fortune: He fell down but fortunately did not hurt himself. \ See Also لحسن الحظ (لِحُسْنِ الحَظّ)‏ \ مِن حَوْل \ around: on all sides (of); round; here and there: The boys were running around. A crowd gathered around me. \ مِن حَيْثُ شَخْصُهُ \ personally: as a person (in regard to character); socially: I like him personally, but I dislike his political ideas. \ مِن حِين لآخَر \ occasional: happening sometimes, but not regularly: We had an occasional quarrel. now and again, now and then: sometimes. \ مِن خِلال \ through: from one side to the other; from one end to the other: He drove a nail through (the board). A river ran through (the town). Water runs through pipes. I looked through the window, but I couldn’t see far through the mist. I read through my notes. \ مِن الدرجة الأولى \ first-class, first-rate: of the best quality: He is a first-class photographer. \ مِن سُخْرِية الأقدار \ ironic(al): (of events) like a cruel joke: It was ironical that she should break her leg just when she had at last got a job as a dancer. \ مِنَ الشرق \ eastern: belonging to the east. \ مِن صُنْعِ اليَد \ hand-made: made by hand, not by a machine: Hand-made shoes. \ مِن الضروريّ أن كما \ must: (p.t.. had to, neg.. needn’t, don’t/didn’t need to; don’t/didn’t have to) need to: You must go now, mustn’t you? Yes, I must. No, I needn’t go yet. \ مِن الطبيعيّ \ it goes without saying (that): naturally; of course: The invitation was sent to me; but it goes without saying that my wife is included. \ مِن الطراز القديم \ old-fashioned: (of people) holding on to old ideas and customs; (of things) not modern; no longer used. \ مِن طَرَف لآخر \ through: passing from one side or place to another; making a continuous journey: a through train. \ مِن عَجيب التَّقادِير \ ironic(al): (of events) like a cruel joke: It was ironical that she should break her leg just when she had at last got a job as a dancer. \ مِن عَلى ظهر السفينة \ overboard: over the side of a boat, and into the water: They jumped overboard when the ship was on fire. \ مِن غَيْر \ without: not with; not having: Without doubt, this is the best. I did it without his help. He took my bicycle without asking me. \ مِن غَيْر حَرَج \ freely: readily: They freely accepted my advice. \ مِنَ الفراء \ fur: animal skin, with the fur on it, used as clothing: a coat with a collar of fur; a fur hat. \ مِنَ الفِراش \ up: out of bed: I get up at 6.30 every morning. We stayed up very late last night. \ مِن فَضْلِك \ kindly: please!: kindly close the door!. please: (when asking) giving a polite order: Please stop that noise. A cup of coffee, please, asking for a favour or for permission Will you help me, please? Please, may I use your pen?. \ مِن فَوْق \ over: across, from one side of sth. to the other: He jumped over the fence. The gate was locked, so he climbed over. \ مِن فَوق سَطْح المَرْكَب \ overboard: over the side of a boat, and into the water: They jumped overboard when the ship was on fire. \ مِن قَبْل \ ago: before the present time: 100 years ago; a short while ago. already: before this time: She’s already married. before: at an earlier time (than): I have been here before. beforehand: before; early; in readiness: If you want your dinner early, warn the cook beforehand. \ مِن قِبَل \ by: (showing who or what did sth.): He was bitten by a dog. \ مِن قَلْبٍ مُخْلص \ heartily: thoroughly: I heartily agree with you. \ مِنَ المُؤسِف \ pity: (with a) an unfortunate fact or happening: It’s a pity that you can’t go with us to the cinema. \ مِنَ المُحَتَّم \ bound, (bind, bound) to: certain to: He’s bound to win. \ See Also المُؤَكَّد أَنّ \ مِنَ المُحْتَمَل \ likely: (usu. with very, most, more or quite) probably: She’s very likely right. well: (with may) very possibly; with good reason: He may well be late if the road is being repaired. \ مِن مُدّةٍ قريبة \ the other day: a few days ago: I met your son the other day. \ مِن المَرْتَبَة أو الدَّرَجة الثّانِية \ second-class: of the next level below that of top quality: The less comfortable second-class seats were much cheaper than the first-class ones. \ مِن المَفْروض أنّ \ be supposed to: to have a duty to; be expected to: You’re supposed to be working now, not playing. You’re not supposed to be here (You ought not be here). \ مِن مَكانٍ لآخَر \ about: from place to place in: We wandered about the town. \ مِن المُمْكِن \ could, (could not, couldn’t): (with an if clause, showing a possibility that depends on sth. else) would be able to: She could buy it if you lent her the money. possibly: perhaps: Possibly you can help. well: (with may) very possibly; with good reason: He may well be late if the road is being repaired.. \ مِنَ المُمْكِن أن \ could, (could not, couldn’t): (showing a simple possibility): You could telephone her (if you wanted to). might: expressing a weak possibility (future, present or past): She might do that tomorrow; she might be doing it at this moment; she might even have done it already (but I doubt that she has done it or ever will do it). \ مِنْ ناحية... مِنَ الناحية الأخرى \ on the one hand, on the other hand: comparing opposite facts or ideas; the first phrase is often left out: (On the one hand) you can live more cheaply in the country; on the other hand, work is harder to find there. \ مِن النّاحية النظريّة \ in theory: as an idea; according to ideas: Your plan may work in theory, but it will not work in practice. \ مِنَ النُّبَلاء \ earl: the title of a British nobleman. \ مِنَ النُّبَلاء \ noble: of high rank: a woman of noble birth. \ See Also الأشراف \ مِنْ نِتاج الوَطَن \ home-grown: (of food) grown in one’s own country, not in another country: home-grown vegetables. \ مِنْ نُسْخَتَين \ in duplicate: on two separate copies: Please complete this list in duplicate. \ مِنْ نَسْل \ descendant: sb. who is descended from a person: a descendant of Queen Victoria. \ See Also ذرية (ذُرِّيَّة)‏ \ مِنْ نَفْس البَلَد \ countryman, countrymen: (usu. fellow countryman) a person of the same nation as another. \ مِنْ نوع راق \ classical: of proved and lasting value: classical music. \ مَنْ هُم أَعْلَى مقَامًا \ betters, one’s betters: those who have more experience or higher rank than onself: Treat your betters with more respect. \ See Also أَرْفَع شَأنًا مِن \ مِن هُنَا \ away: (with verbs of movement) to a distance: Go away! We drove the dog away. by: past: Please let me (get) by. He smiled as he went by. \ مَن هو أَعْلَى دَرَجَةً \ superior: sb. of higher rank: You must obey your superiors. \ مِن واجبه أن \ up to: the duty of: It’s up to his father to punish him. \ مِن وَاحِد إلى آخَر \ over: across, from one person to another: She handed over the keys to a friend. \ مِن الواضح \ much: (in comparison; before most, etc.) without doubt; clearly: He is much the most experienced player in the team. \ مِن وَراءِ ظَهْرِه \ behind sb.’s back: when someone is not present: He tells untrue stories about me behind my back. \ مِن وَقْت لاِخَر \ now and again: sometimes. off and on, on and off: not continuously; at one time and another: It has been raining off and on the whole day. sometimes: at certain times but not always: Sometimes I win and sometimes I don’t. England sometimes has a hot summer, but not often.

    Arabic-English dictionary > من

  • 56 πλούσιος

    πλούσιος, ία, ιον (πλοῦτος; Hes., Hdt.+)
    ① pert. to having an abundance of earthly possessions that exceeds normal experience, rich, wealthy, ἦν Ἰωακεὶμ πλ. σφόδρα GJs 1:1 (Sus 4 Theod.); ἄνθρωπος πλ. a rich man (i.e. one who does not need to work for a living) Mt 27:57; Lk 12:16; cp. 16:1, 19 (here, in P75, the rich man’s name is given as Νευης, q.v. as a separate entry); 18:23; 19:2. γείτονες πλ. wealthy neighbors 14:12.—Subst. ὁ πλ. the rich man (oft. in contrast to the poor; cp. TestAbr A 19 p. 101, 20, [Stone p. 50; opp. πένης, who must work for a living].—S. PFurfey, CBQ 5, ’43, 241–63) Lk 16:21f; Js 1:10f; 1 Cl 13:1 (Jer 9:22); 38:2; Hs 2:5–7 (vs. 4 εἰς πτωχὸν καὶ πλούσιον the art. is omitted after the prep.). Pl. οἱ πλ. (Menand., Cith. Fgm. 1, 1 Kö. [=Fgm. 281, 1]) Lk 6:24; 21:1; 1 Ti 6:17; Js 2:6; 5:1; Rv 6:15; 13:16; 1 Cl 16:10 (Is 53:9); Hs 2:8; 9, 20, 1f. Without the art. πλούσιος a rich man Mt 19:23f; Mk 10:25; Lk 18:25 (cp. Sextus 193 χαλεπόν ἐστιν πλουτοῦντα σωθῆναι; s. also Pla., Laws 5, 743a). Pl. Mk 12:41; B 20:2; D 5:2.—Of the preexistent Christ διʼ ὑμᾶς ἐπτώχευσεν πλούσιος ὤν for your sake he became penniless, though he was rich 2 Cor 8:9 (here the emphasis on wealth vs. poverty relates esp. to status, cp. Phil 2:6–11; some place the pass. in 2 below; opp. Demosth 18, 131).
    ② pert. to being plentifully supplied with someth., abound (in), rich (in), fig. ext. of 1 (Menand., Fgm. 936 Kö. and EpArist 15 πλουσία ψυχή; PsSol 5:14 δόμα … πλούσιον; CIG IV, 9688, 4f τέκνα) rich ἔν τινι in someth. of God ἐν ἐλέει Eph 2:4; of humans ἐν πίστει Js 2:5. πλ. τῷ πνεύματι (analogous, but not in contrast to πτωχὸς τῷ πνεύματι Mt 5:3) rich in spirit (paralleling ἁπλοῦ τῇ καρδία) B 19:2. Abs., of those who are rich in a transcendent sense Rv 2:9; 3:17; cp. (ἡ ἔντευξίς ἐστιν) πλουσία πρὸς κυρίον Hs 2:6. ἀπὸ τοῦ πλουσίου τῆς ἀγάπης κυρίου from the Lord, who is rich in love B 1:3 (on the text which, perhaps, is damaged, s. Windisch, Hdb. ad loc.). The text is also uncertain in vs. 2, where μεγάλων ὄντων καὶ πλουσίων τῶν τοῦ θεοῦ δικαιωμάτων εἰς ὑμᾶς is prob. to be rendered: since the righteous deeds of God toward you are great and generous. For 2 Cor 8:9 s. 1 above.—For lit. s. under πλοῦτος, πτωχός.—DELG s.v. πλοῦτος. M-M. EDNT. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > πλούσιος

  • 57 Modernism

       Gottlob Frege, Georg Cantor, and Richard Dedekind were pure mathematicians who built no machines; but they did provide a means, laying the foundations of a new way of thinking in the West. If there is any utility to Modernism, Dedekind did something profoundly useful. The great event... came in the year he wrote his first letter to a fellow mathematician named Georg Cantor, and soon after published a mathematical definition of irrational numbers now known as the "Dedekind Cut." Separating forever the digital from the continuous, at least in arithmetic, Dedekind became the West's first Modernist in 1872. Everyone who has heard of Modernism has heard of Picasso. Most have heard of Joyce. But who has heard of Dedekind? Only mathematicians, the least likelylooking of those who aspire to change the world by using their minds. The public doesn't know what mathematicians are doing, and mathematicians are just as happy it doesn't, for they are as genuinely unworldly as artists claim to be.... Mathematicians did not invent. Instead, they insisted, they discovered things as Plato had-searching in a complicated alternate universe for elegant and beautiful relationships among objects that could not be said to exist outside the mind.
       Without their knowledge, however, the mathematicians of 1870s Germany were about to change the world. As a clutch of Victorian professors, avuncular, ascetic,... they were gathering unawares around the cradle of an infant Briar Rose that would one day be christened Modernism. (Everdell, 1997, pp. 30-31)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Modernism

  • 58 хлеб-соль!

    I
    • ХЛЕБ ДА <И> СОЛЬ!; ХЛЕБ-СОЛЬ! all obs now used as an imitation of peasants old-fashioned speech
    [formula phrase; these forms only; fixed WO]
    =====
    1. a greeting, salutation to those who are seated around the table at a meal:
    - good appetite!;
    - eqjoy your meal!
         ♦ В дворницкую вошёл Юрий Андреевич с двумя вёдрами. "Хлеб да соль". - "Просим вашей милости. Садись, гостем будешь" (Пастернак 1). Yurii Andreievich came in with two buckets. "Good appetite." "Make yourself at home. Sit down and have dinner with us" (1a).
    2. an invitation to a person or persons who arrive at mealtime and find another or others at the table, eating:
    - you're welcome to join me <us>;
    - please join me <us>.
    —————
    ← See X-40.
    II
    [NP; sing only; usu. obj or subj]
    =====
    ⇒ food cordially and generously given to a guest; by extension warm and generous treatment of a guest:
    - (share < offer>) one's bread;
    - hospitality.
         ♦ "Вот почему я особенно вам благодарна, Родион Романыч, что вы не погнушались моим хлебом-солью, даже и при такой обстановке..." (Достоевский 3). "That is why I am so especially grateful to you, Rodion Romanych, for not scorning my bread and salt, even in such circumstances..." (3c).
         ♦...Вообще они были народ добрый, полны гостеприимства, и человек, вкусивший с ними хлеба-соли или просидевший вечер за вистом, уже становился чем-то близким... (Гоголь 3). In general, they were kindly and very hospitable, and anyone who had partaken of their hospitality or spent an evening playing whist with them became one of them... (3d).
    —————
    ← From an old Slavic custom (still occasionally observed, especially in the countryside) of presenting a round loaf of bread and some salt to a guest of honor as a sign of respect and welcome.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > хлеб-соль!

  • 59 PIDE

    (Political Police)
       Commonly known as the PIDE, the Estado Novo's political police was established in 1932. The acronym of PIDE stood for Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado or International and State Defense State Police, the name it was known by from 1945 to 1969. From 1932 to 1945, it was known by a different acronym: PVDE or Polícia da Vigilância e de Defesa do Estado. After Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar was replaced in office by Marcello Caetano, the political police was renamed DGS, Direcção-Geral da Seguridade or Directorate General of Security.
       This force was the most infamous means of repression and a major source of fear among the opposition during the long history of the Estado Novo. While it was described as "secret police," nearly everyone knew of its existence, although its methods — in theory—were "secret." The PVDE/PIDE/DGS had functions much broader than purely the repression of any opposition to the regime. It combined the roles of a border police, customs inspectorate, immigration force, political police, and a regime vetting administration of credentials for government or even private sector jobs. Furthermore, this police had powers of arrest, pursued nonpolitical criminals, and administered its own prison system. From the 1950s on, the PIDE extended its operations to the empire and began to directly suppress oppositionists in various colonies in Africa and Asia.
       While this police became more notorious and known to the public after 1958-61, before that new outburst of antiregime activity, it was perhaps more effective in neutralizing or destroying oppositionist groups. It was especially effective in damaging the Communist Party of Portugal (PCP) in the 1930s and early 1940s. Yet, beginning with the unprecedented strikes and political activities of 194345, the real heyday had passed. During World War II, its top echelons were in the pay of both the Allies and Axis powers, although in later propaganda from the left, the PIDE's pro-Axis reputation was carefully groomed into a myth.
       As for its actual strength and resources, it seems clear that it employed several thousand officers and also had thousands of informants in the general population. Under new laws of 1945, this police force received the further power to institute 90-day detention without charge or trial and such a detention could easily be renewed. A who's-who of the political opposition emerges from those who spent years in PIDE prisons or were frequently arrested without charge. The PIDE remained numerous and well-funded into 1974, when the Revolution of 25 April 1974 overthrew the regime and abolished it. A major question remains: If this police knew much about the Armed Forces Movement coup conspiracy, why was it so ineffective in arresting known leaders and squashing the plot?

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > PIDE

  • 60 זול I

    זוּלI (b. h., v. זָלַל) to be of slight value, to be cheap; to be despicable, mean. Sabb.55b (play on פ̇ח̇ז̇, Gen. 49:4) פ̇זתה ח̇בתה זַ̇לְתָּה (not זלתא, v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 300) thou wast rash, becamest guilty, degradedst thyself. Snh.98a מלכות הַזָּלָה the despicable (Roman) government (Rashi: ‘the slightest trace of tyranny). 2) (cmp. בּוּז) to squander, be excessive in sensual enjoyments, be dissolute. Num. R. s. 10 (ed. Amst. p. 240a>) חבורה של זָלִין a company of dissolute men. Polel זֹולֵל, only as part. 1) low, mean. Midr. Prov. to II, 4 (ref. to Jer. 15:19) כל … להוציאד״ת מז׳ he who succeeds in making the words of the Law come forth from a low man (who educates an abandoned person).Pesik. R. s. 21 נעשה העולם זֹולֵלָה the world became an object reduced in value. 2) spendthrift, glutton. Sifré Deut. 219 ז׳ בבשר zolel (Deut. 21:20) refers to excesses in eating meat (v. Snh.VIII, 2). Hif. הֵזִיל 1) to become cheap, fall in price. Y.Keth.XII, beg.34d היו ביוקר והֵזִילוּ if provisions were dear and fell in price. 2) to treat with contempt. Treat. Der. Er. ch. II מְזִילֵי הרבים those who treat the public B. Bath.25a, v. נָזַל. Hof. הוּזָל to fall in price. B. Mets.V, 8 והוּזְלוּ and (the wheat) fell. Ib. 75a; a. fr.

    Jewish literature > זול I

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