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121 Bousquet, Gaston du
[br]b. 20 August 1839 Paris, Franced. 24 March 1910 Paris, France[br]French locomotive engineer noted for the successful development of compound locomotives.[br]Bousquet spent his entire working life with the Northern Railway of France, reaching the position of Chief Engineer of Rolling Stock and Motive Power in 1890. In 1886 he was associated with Alfred de Glehn, technical head of locomotive builder Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques, in the building of a four-cylinder, four-crank, compound 2–2–2–0 partly derived from the work of F.W. Webb. In continuing association with de Glehn, Bousquet then designed a four-cylinder, compound 440 with the low-pressure cylinders beneath the smokebox and the high-pressure ones outside the frames; the first was completed in 1891. The details were well designed and the locomotive was the forerunner of a highly successful series. It was developed into 4–6–0, 4–4–2 and 4–6–2 types, and examples were used in quantity by all the principal French railways and by some in Germany, while G.J. Churchward brought three of the 4–4–2s to the Great Western Railway in England for comparison with his own locomotives. In 1905 Bousquet introduced an articulated 0–6–2+2–6–0 compound tank locomotive for freight trains: the two driving bogies supported a frame carrying boiler, tanks, etc. At the time of his death he was working on compound 4–6–4 locomotives.[br]Further ReadingJ.T.van Riemsdijk, 1970, "The compound locomotive (Part 1)", Transactions of the New comen Society 43; 1972, Part 2, Transactions of the New comen Society 44 (fully describes Bousquet's locomotives).See also: Mallet, Jules Théodore AnatolePJGR -
122 Kolff, Willem Johan
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 14 February 1914 Leiden, the Netherlands[br]Dutch physician and inventor of the first effective artificial kidney.[br]Kolff studied at Leiden Medical School and qualified in 1938. While studying at Gröningen in 1938, in the utilization of cellulose sausage skin which had become available he designed an artificial kidney, developing the work of Abel in animal experiments.At the outbreak of the Second World War he was banished to a provincial town. Even so, he succeeded in making some clandestine machines, one of which was effective in saving the life of a patient with acute renal failure. During 1950–67 he continued in general practice and at the University of Leiden, and in 1958–67 he was head of department and Professor of the Division of Artificial Organs at the University of Utah College of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA. He was decorated for his services in the establishment of blood banks in Holland during the war.[br]Bibliography1944, "The artificial kidney: dialyser with great area", Acta. Med. Scand.1962, "First clinical experience with the artificial kidney", Annals of Internal Medicine 62.1990, "The invention of the artificial heart", International Journal of Artificial Organs.Further ReadingAbel et al., 1913, "On the removal of diffusible substances form the circulating blood by means of dialysis", Transactions of the Association of American Physicians 28.MG -
123 Wilkinson, John
SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour[br]b. 1728 Clifton, Cumberland, Englandd. 14 July 1808 Bradley, Staffordshire, England[br]English ironmaster, inventor of a cannon-boring machine.[br]Wilkinson's father Isaac was a farmer turned ironmaster. Soon after 1750, the family acquired Bersham furnace, near Wrexham. This was later in the hands of John and his brother William. By 1763, John had risen to take sole charge of Broseley furnace near Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, and in 1770 he set up a third furnace at Bradley, Staffordshire. By this time he had become one of the country's leading ironmasters, known for the wide range of ware made of cast iron, doubtless the reason for his nickname "Ironmad Wilkinson". He made a cast-iron boat which, to the surprise of many, floated. For his own eventual use, he also made a cast-iron coffin, but did not make sufficient allowance for increasing girth with age! Wilkinson's most notable invention was his cannon-boring machine, patented in 1774. The gun barrel was held rigidly while the cutter head moved forward on a rod inside a hollow boring bar. The machine was easily adapted to bore the cylinders for Boulton \& Watt's steam engines and he became a regular supplier, as only he could bore them with the required accuracy. On the other hand, their second engine was supplied to Wilkinson to power a blowing engine to provide air blast for his Broseley furnace: this was the first use of a Boulton \& Watt engine for a purpose other than pumping. By 1780 he had three further steam engines at work. Wilkinson installed the first Boulton \& Watt engine in France at the Paris waterworks, for which he supplied the iron pipes. Another patent was obtained in 1794 for the invention of the cupola or furnace for melting metal for small castings, although it is now thought that the real inventor was his brother William. Apart from domestic and engineering ironware, Wilkinson was supplier of arms to the American and, illicitly, to the French.[br]Further ReadingH.W.Dickinson, 1914, John Wilkinson, Iron-master.LRD -
124 Wood, Henry Alexander Wise
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 1 March 1866 New York, USAd. 9 April 1939 USA[br]American manufacturer and inventor of printing machinery, including a stereotype casting machine.[br]The son of a Congressman and mayor of New York, Wood was educated at Media Academy in Pennsylvania, specializing in scientific subjects. The death of his father in 1881 prevented his going on to college and he went to work at the Campbell Printing and Manufacturing Company, of which he became President in 1896. In the meantime, he had married the daughter of J.L.Brower, the previous head of the company. Later business consolidations brought into being the Wood Newspaper Machine Corporation.Wood was responsible for a series of inventions that brought great benefit to the newspaperprinting processes. Most notable was the Autoplate, patented first in 1900 and finally in 1903. This enabled a whole page of newspaper type to be cast in metal at once, saving much time and effort in the forming of stereotypes; this invention earned him the Elliott Cresson gold medal of the Franklin Institute in 1909. Other inventions were the Autoreel, a high-speed press-feeder device, and the Autopaster, which automatically replaced a spent paper roll with a new one in a newspaper press, without the need to stop the press. Wood's improved presses and inventions increased the speed of newspaper production from 24,000 to 60,000 copies per hour, printed and folded.He was also much interested in aviation and was an early member of the Aero Club of America, becoming its Vice-President for six years. He helped to found the magazine Flying and was its Editor from 1911 to 1919. He had predicted the part played by aircraft and submarines during the Second World War and was invited to join a panel of consulting inventors and engineers to assist the development of the US Navy. He was soon at odds with the authorities, however, and he resigned in 1915. After the war, he spent time in vigorous campaigning against immigration, America's entry into the League of Nations and on many other issues, in all of which he was highly controversial. Nevertheless, he retained his interest in the newspaper-machinery business, remaining President of his company until 1935 and Chairman of the Board thereafter. In 1934 he became Chairman of the NRA Code Authority of the newspaper-machine industry.[br]Further ReadingObituary, 1939, New York Times (10 April). Obituary, 1939, New York Herald Tribune (10 April).LRDBiographical history of technology > Wood, Henry Alexander Wise
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125 סכך I
סָכַךְI (b. h.) to interlace, entangle; to be entangled, ramified.Denom. סֻכָּה. Hif. הֵיסֵךְ 1) to weave. Sabb.VII, 2 והמֵיסֵךְ and the work of the weaver. Y. ib. VII, 10c top משום מֵיסֵיךְ his act coming under the category of weaving; משום מֵיסֶכֶת her act coming Tosef. ib. VIII (IX), 2 המוסיך שלשהוכ׳ ed. Zuck. (corr. acc.) he who weaves three threads (on the Sabbath); a. fr. 2) (denom. of סֻכָּה) to hang over, shade. Ohol. VIII, 2; M. Kat. 5b אילן המיסך על הארץ a tree (with a seat of uncleanness on one of its boughs) throwing a shadow (forming a tent, cmp. אֹהֶל) over the ground; a. e.; v. סְכָכָה. 3) ה׳ רגליו to cross ones feet, euphem. for: to ease ones, self. Yoma III, 2. Y.Ber.IX, 14b bot.; a. e. Pi. סִכֵּךְ, סִיכֵּךְ 1) to cover with boughs, esp. to cover the festive booth ( Succah). Ber.62b (ref. to להסך את רגליו, 1 Sam. 24:4, v. supra) מלמד שס׳ עצמו כסוכה this intimates that he shaded himself (retired in a chaste manner) as in a booth. Succ.I, 4 הדלה … וס׳ על גבה if he trained a vine over the booth and put twigs over it. Ib. אין מְסַכְּכִים בו you must not use it for covering. Ib. 14b סִיכַּכְנוּ עלוכ׳ we covered a stable with them. Lam. R. to I, 17 (ref. to בסך, Ps. 42:5) לשעבר … ואילנות מְסַכְּכוֹתוכ׳; formerly I went up (to Jerusalem) with trees forming shades over my head; a. fr.Part. pass. מְסוּכָּךְ; f. מְסוּכֶּכֶת. Succ.8b ובלבד שתהא מס׳וכ׳ provided the Succah is covered according to law. Gen. R. s. 42 (ref. to עמק סכות, Ps. 60:8) עמק שהוא מס׳וכ׳ the valley which is shaded with trees. B. Bath.25b Ms. M., v. אַכְסַדְרָא. 2) to weave; to intertwine plants; to train a creeper over another plant. Men.97a (expl. יֻסַּךְ, Ex. 25:29) the tubes שמְסַכְּכִין בהןוכ׳ with which they interweave the show bread (which they lay crosswise between the loaves, to allow the air to pass through). Tosef.Kil.I, 6, v. סִיכּוּךְ. Y. ib. II, end, 28b (not; מסבכין). Lev. R. s. 14, end (ref. to Job 10:11 תשככני) סִכַּכְתַּנִי אינו אומר אלא תְּסוֹכְכֵנִי it does not say, Thou hast woven me, but, Thou shalt weave me (in the future world). 3) to form shade, to creep, intergrow. Y. Kil. l. c. דלעת מצרית שהיא מְסַכֶּכֶת the Egyptian gourd which creeps. Ib. שאין כולן מְסַכְּכִיןוכ׳ not all of them creep like the Egyptian gourd. -
126 סָכַךְ
סָכַךְI (b. h.) to interlace, entangle; to be entangled, ramified.Denom. סֻכָּה. Hif. הֵיסֵךְ 1) to weave. Sabb.VII, 2 והמֵיסֵךְ and the work of the weaver. Y. ib. VII, 10c top משום מֵיסֵיךְ his act coming under the category of weaving; משום מֵיסֶכֶת her act coming Tosef. ib. VIII (IX), 2 המוסיך שלשהוכ׳ ed. Zuck. (corr. acc.) he who weaves three threads (on the Sabbath); a. fr. 2) (denom. of סֻכָּה) to hang over, shade. Ohol. VIII, 2; M. Kat. 5b אילן המיסך על הארץ a tree (with a seat of uncleanness on one of its boughs) throwing a shadow (forming a tent, cmp. אֹהֶל) over the ground; a. e.; v. סְכָכָה. 3) ה׳ רגליו to cross ones feet, euphem. for: to ease ones, self. Yoma III, 2. Y.Ber.IX, 14b bot.; a. e. Pi. סִכֵּךְ, סִיכֵּךְ 1) to cover with boughs, esp. to cover the festive booth ( Succah). Ber.62b (ref. to להסך את רגליו, 1 Sam. 24:4, v. supra) מלמד שס׳ עצמו כסוכה this intimates that he shaded himself (retired in a chaste manner) as in a booth. Succ.I, 4 הדלה … וס׳ על גבה if he trained a vine over the booth and put twigs over it. Ib. אין מְסַכְּכִים בו you must not use it for covering. Ib. 14b סִיכַּכְנוּ עלוכ׳ we covered a stable with them. Lam. R. to I, 17 (ref. to בסך, Ps. 42:5) לשעבר … ואילנות מְסַכְּכוֹתוכ׳; formerly I went up (to Jerusalem) with trees forming shades over my head; a. fr.Part. pass. מְסוּכָּךְ; f. מְסוּכֶּכֶת. Succ.8b ובלבד שתהא מס׳וכ׳ provided the Succah is covered according to law. Gen. R. s. 42 (ref. to עמק סכות, Ps. 60:8) עמק שהוא מס׳וכ׳ the valley which is shaded with trees. B. Bath.25b Ms. M., v. אַכְסַדְרָא. 2) to weave; to intertwine plants; to train a creeper over another plant. Men.97a (expl. יֻסַּךְ, Ex. 25:29) the tubes שמְסַכְּכִין בהןוכ׳ with which they interweave the show bread (which they lay crosswise between the loaves, to allow the air to pass through). Tosef.Kil.I, 6, v. סִיכּוּךְ. Y. ib. II, end, 28b (not; מסבכין). Lev. R. s. 14, end (ref. to Job 10:11 תשככני) סִכַּכְתַּנִי אינו אומר אלא תְּסוֹכְכֵנִי it does not say, Thou hast woven me, but, Thou shalt weave me (in the future world). 3) to form shade, to creep, intergrow. Y. Kil. l. c. דלעת מצרית שהיא מְסַכֶּכֶת the Egyptian gourd which creeps. Ib. שאין כולן מְסַכְּכִיןוכ׳ not all of them creep like the Egyptian gourd. -
127 приводить в действие
•The equipment is powered (or driven) by electric motors.
•The transducer actuates the relay to disengage the motor drive at the preset size.
•The hammer head is activated by means of compressed air.
•The switch brings into operation the printing mechanism.
•The instructions will enable the user to install, set to work and maintain the recorder in first-class working order.
•Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > приводить в действие
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128 С-680
ПО СУТИ (ДЕЛА) PrepP these forms only sent adv usu. parenth) fixed WO1. if the basic aspects of the matter in question are consideredin essenceessentially in effect to (for) all intents and purposes.«Крайне важная задача - практически привлечь рабочих к управлению (производством)... Этому, по сути, посвящена и вся моя работа» (Свирский 1). "The most important task we have is to find a practical way of involving the workers (in the management of production)....That essentially is what my work is all about..." (1a).Опрокинулась телега романовской монархии, залитая кровью и грязью... По сути это и есть начало всеобщей великой гражданской войны, к которой мы призывали... (Солженицын 5). Awash in blood and mud, the cart of the Romanov monarchy is overturned....This is in effect the beginning of that great universal civil war to which we have long summoned you... (5a).2. in realityactuallyin (actual) fact in actuality in point of fact as a matter of fact.Как-то смягчился в памяти проклятый бесовский кот, не пугала более отрезанная голова, и, покинув мысль о ней, стал размышлять Иван о том, что, по сути дела, в клинике очень неплохо, что Стравинский умница и знаменитость и что иметь с ним дело чрезвычайно приятно (Булгаков 9). The memory of the damned infernal torn had softened, the severed head no longer frightened him, and, abandoning his preoccupation with it, Ivan began to reflect that, actually, the hospital was not so bad, that Stravinsky was clever and famous, and extremely pleasant to deal with (9a).
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