the+under+world

SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing

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For the first twenty-five years of his life, Gestetner was a rolling stone and accordingly gathered no moss. Leaving school in 1867, he began working for an uncle in Sopron, making sausages. Four years later he apprenticed himself to another uncle, a stockbroker, in Vienna. The financial crisis of 1873 prompted a move to a restaurant, also in the family, but tiring of a menial existence, he emigrated to the USA, travelling steerage. He began to earn a living by selling Japanese kites: these were made of strong Japanese paper coated with lacquer, and he noted their long fibres and great strength, an observation that was later to prove useful when he was searching for a suitable medium for stencil duplicating. However, he did not prosper in the USA and he returned to Europe, first to Vienna and finally to London in 1879. He took a job with Fairholme \& Co., stationers in Shoe Lane, off Holborn; at last Gestetner found an outlet for his inventive genius and he began his life's work in developing stencil duplicating. His first patent was in 1879 for an application of the hectograph, an early method of duplicating documents. In 1881, he patented the toothed-wheel pen, or Cyclostyle, which made good ink-passing perforations in the stencil paper, with which he was able to pioneer the first practicable form of stencil duplicating. He then adopted a better stencil tissue of Japanese paper coated with wax, and later an improved form of pen. This assured the success of Gestetner's form of stencil duplicating and it became established practice in offices in the late 1880s. Gestetner began to manufacture the apparatus in premises in Sun Street, at first under the name of Fairholme, since they had defrayed the patent expenses and otherwise supported him financially, in return for which Gestetner assigned them his patent rights. In 1882 he patented the wheel pen in the USA and appointed an agent to sell the equipment there. In 1884 he moved to larger premises, and three years later to still larger premises. The introduction of the typewriter prompted modifications that enabled stencil duplicating to become both the standard means of printing short runs of copy and an essential piece of equipment in offices. Before the First World War, Gestetner's products were being sold around the world; in fact he created one of the first truly international distribution networks. He finally moved to a large factory to the north-east of London: when his company went public in 1929, it had a share capital of nearly £750,000. It was only with the development of electrostatic photocopying and small office offset litho machines that stencil duplicating began to decline in the 1960s. The firm David Gestetner had founded adapted to the new conditions and prospers still, under the direction of his grandson and namesake.

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SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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Son of a successful mining engineer, Sopwith did not shine at school and, having been turned down by the Royal Navy as a result, attended an engineering college. His first interest was motor cars and, while still in his teens, he set up a business in London with a friend in order to sell them; he also took part in races and rallies.

Sopwith's interest in aviation came initially through ballooning, and in 1906 he purchased his own balloon. Four years later, inspired by the recent flights across the Channel to France and after a joy-ride at Brooklands, he bought an Avis monoplane, followed by a larger biplane, and taught himself to fly. He was awarded the Royal Aero Society's Aviator Certificate No. 31 on 21 November 1910, and he quickly distinguished himself in flying competitions on both sides of the Atlantic and started his own flying school. In his races he was ably supported by his friend Fred Sigrist, a former motor engineer. Among the people Sopwith taught to fly were an Australian, Harry Hawker, and Major Hugh Trenchard, who later became the "father" of the RAF.

In 1912, depressed by the poor quality of the aircraft on trial for the British Army, Sopwith, in conjunction with Hawker and Sigrist, bought a skating rink in Kingston-upon-Thames and, assisted by Fred Sigrist, started to design and build his first aircraft, the Sopwith Hybrid. He sold this to the Royal Navy in 1913, and the following year his aviation manufacturing company became the Sopwith Aviation Company Ltd. That year a seaplane version of his Sopwith Tabloid won the Schneider Trophy in the second running of this speed competition. During 1914–18, Sopwith concentrated on producing fighters (or "scouts" as they were then called), with the Pup, the Camel, the 1½ Strutter, the Snipe and the Sopwith Triplane proving among the best in the war. He also pioneered several ideas to make flying easier for the pilot, and in 1915 he patented his adjustable tailplane and his 1 ½ Strutter was the first aircraft to be fitted with air brakes. During the four years of the First World War, Sopwith Aviation designed thirty-two different aircraft types and produced over 16,000 aircraft.

The end of the First World War brought recession to the aircraft industry and in 1920 Sopwith, like many others, put his company into receivership; none the less, he immediately launched a new, smaller company with Hawker, Sigrist and V.W.Eyre, which they called the H.G. Hawker Engineering Company Ltd to avoid any confusion with the former company. He began by producing cars and motor cycles under licence, but was determined to resume aircraft production. He suffered an early blow with the death of Hawker in an air crash in 1921, but soon began supplying aircraft to the Royal Air Force again. In this he was much helped by taking on a new designer, Sydney Camm, in 1923, and during the next decade they produced a number of military aircraft types, of which the Hart light bomber and the Fury fighter, the first to exceed 200 mph (322 km/h), were the best known. In the mid-1930s Sopwith began to build a large aviation empire, acquiring first the Gloster Aircraft Company and then, in quick succession, Armstrong-Whitworth, Armstrong-Siddeley Motors Ltd and its aero-engine counterpart, and A.V.Roe, which produced Avro aircraft. Under the umbrella of the Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Company (set up in 1935) these companies produced a series of outstanding aircraft, ranging from the Hawker Hurricane, through the Avro Lancaster to the Gloster Meteor, Britain's first in-service jet aircraft, and the Hawker Typhoon, Tempest and Hunter. When Sopwith retired as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group in 1963 at the age of 75, a prototype jump-jet (the P-1127) was being tested, later to become the Harrier, a for cry from the fragile biplanes of 1910.

Sopwith also had a passion for yachting and came close to wresting the America's Cup from the USA in 1934 when sailing his yacht Endeavour, which incorporated a number of features years ahead of their time; his greatest regret was that he failed in his attempts to win this famous yachting trophy for Britain. After his retirement as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group, he remained on the Board until 1978. The British aviation industry had been nationalized in April 1977, and Hawker Siddeley's aircraft interests merged with the British Aircraft Corporation to become British Aerospace (BAe). Nevertheless, by then the Group had built up a wide range of companies in the field of mechanical and electrical engineering, and its board conferred on Sopwith the title Founder and Life President.

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SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour

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The son of an engineer, Szilard, after service in the Austro-Hungarian army during the First World War, studied electrical engineering at the University of Berlin. Obtaining his doctorate there in 1922, he joined the faculty and concentrated his studies on thermodynamics. He later began to develop an interest in nuclear physics, and in 1933, shortly after Hitler came to power, Szilard emigrated to Britain because of his Jewish heritage.

In 1934 he conceived the idea of a nuclear chain reaction through the breakdown of beryllium into helium and took out a British patent on it, but later realized that this process would not work. In 1937 he moved to the USA and continued his research at the University of Columbia, and the following year Hahn and Meitner discovered nuclear fission with uranium; this gave Szilard the breakthrough he needed. In 1939 he realized that a nuclear chain reaction could be produced through nuclear fission and that a weapon with many times the destructive power of the conventional high-explosive bomb could be produced. Only too aware of the progress being made by German nuclear scientists, he believed that it was essential that the USA should create an atomic bomb before Hitler. Consequently he drafted a letter to President Roosevelt that summer and, with two fellow Hungarian émigrés, persuaded Albert Einstein to sign it. The result was the setting up of the Uranium Committee.

It was not, however, until December 1941 that active steps began to be taken to produce such a weapon and it was a further nine months before the project was properly co-ordinated under the umbrella of the Manhattan Project. In the meantime, Szilard moved to join Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago and it was here, at the end of 1942, in a squash court under the football stadium, that they successfully developed the world's first self-sustaining nuclear reactor. Szilard, who became an American citizen in 1943, continued to work on the Manhattan Project. In 1945, however, when the Western Allies began to believe that only the atomic bomb could bring the war against Japan to an end, Szilard and a number of other Manhattan Project scientists objected that it would be immoral to use it against populated targets.

Although he would continue to campaign against nuclear warfare for the rest of his life, Szilard now abandoned nuclear research. In 1946 he became Professor of Biophysics at the University of Chicago and devoted himself to experimental work on bacterial mutations and biochemical mechanisms, as well as theoretical research on ageing and memory.

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Interj.

1. beim Trinken: glug (, glug); gluck, gluck machen umg., hum. (Alkohol trinken) have a few; (ertrinken) go under (for the third time); (untergehen) go down; gluck, gluck, weg war er hum. glug, glug, and down he went, bubble-bubble he was gone

2. Henne: cluck

* * *

luck; fortune; auspiciousness; happiness; felicity; fortunateness; luckiness

* * *

1) (von Huhn) cluck

2) (von Flüssigkeit) glug

* * *

1) luckiness

2) (something good which happens by chance: She has all the luck!) luck

3) happiness

4) (a piece of good luck or something for which one should be grateful: It was a mercy that it didn't rain.) mercy

* * *

1. (günstige Fügung) luck; (Fortuna) fortune

ein \Glück! (fam) how lucky!, what a stroke of luck!

ein \Glück, dass... it is/was lucky that...

jdm zum Geburtstag \Glück wünschen to wish sb [a] happy birthday

ein Kind des \Glücks sein (geh) to have been born under a lucky star

jdm \Glück und Segen wünschen (geh) to wish sb every good fortune

mehr \Glück als Verstand [o als sonst was] haben (fam) to have more luck than sense [or brains]

\Glück bringend lucky

großes/seltenes \Glück a great/rare stroke of luck

\Glück verheißend auspicious, propitious

wahres \Glück sein, dass... to be really lucky [or a good thing] that...

auf sein \Glück bauen to rely on [or trust to] one's good fortune

jdm \Glück bringen to bring sb luck

viel \Glück [bei etw dat/in etw dat]! good [or the best of] luck [with/in sth]!

\Glück/kein \Glück haben to be lucky [or in luck]/unlucky [or to not be in luck]

\Glück gehabt! (fam) that was lucky! [or a close shave!]

das \Glück haben, etw zu tun to be lucky enough [or have the good fortune] to do sth

das ist dein \Glück! (fam) lucky for you!

\Glück bei jdm haben to be successful with sb

in sein \Glück hineinstolpern (fam) to have the luck of the devil, to be incredibly lucky

dem \Glück ein bisschen nachhelfen to improve [or help] one's/sb's luck; (mogeln) to cheat a bit

sein \Glück [bei jdm] probieren [o versuchen] to try one's luck [with sb]

von \Glück reden [o sagen] können, dass... to count [or consider] oneself lucky [or fam thank one's lucky stars] that...

das \Glück ist jdm gewogen [o hold] (geh) luck was with them, fortune smiled upon [or form favoured [or AM -ored]] them

sein \Glück verscherzen to throw away one's good fortune [or chance]

auf sein \Glück vertrauen to trust to one's luck

noch nichts von seinem \Glück wissen [o ahnen] (iron) to not know what's in store for one [or anything about it] yet

jdm [viel] \Glück [bei etw dat/zu etw dat] wünschen to wish sb [good] luck [with/in sth]

\Glück ab! (Fliegergruß) good luck!, happy [or safe] landing!

\Glück auf! (Bergmannsgruß) good luck!

zu jds \Glück luckily [or fortunately] for sb

zum \Glück luckily, fortunately, happily

zu seinem/ihrem etc. \Glück luckily for him/her etc.

2. (Freude) happiness, joy

jdm \Glück [und Zufriedenheit] wünschen to wish sb joy

in \Glück und Unglück zusammenhalten to stick together through thick and thin [or come rain or come shine]

echtes/großes \Glück true/great happiness

eheliches/häusliches \Glück marital [or wedded]/domestic bliss

junges \Glück young love

kurzes \Glück short-lived happiness

ein stilles \Glück bliss, a serene sense of happiness

das vollkommene \Glück perfect bliss

tiefes \Glück empfinden to feel great [or deep] joy

sein \Glück finden to find happiness

sein \Glück genießen to enjoy [or bask in] one's happiness

jds ganzes \Glück sein to be sb's [whole] life, to mean the whole world to sb

nach \Glück streben to pursue happiness

▶ sein \Glück mit Füßen treten to turn one's back on fortune

▶ \Glück und Glas, wie leicht bricht das! (prov) glass and luck, brittle muck prov

▶ etw auf gut \Glück tun to do sth on the off-chance, to trust to chance

▶ jdm lacht das \Glück fortune smiles on [or favours [or AM -ors]] sb

▶ sein \Glück machen to make one's fortune

▶ \Glück muss der Mensch [o man] haben! (fam) this must be my/your/our etc. lucky day!, my/your/our etc. luck must be in!

▶ jeder ist seines \Glückes Schmied (prov) life is what you make [of] it prov, everyone is the architect of his own fortune prov

▶ das war das \Glück des Tüchtigen he/she deserved his/her good luck [or fortune], he/she deserved the break fam

▶ \Glück im Unglück haben it could have been much worse [for sb], to be quite lucky in [or under] the circumstances

▶ man kann niemanden zu seinem \Glück zwingen (prov) you can lead a horse to water but you cannot make him drink prov

* * *

1) luck

2) (Hochstimmung) happiness

3) (Fortuna) fortune; luck

* * *

Glück n; -(e)s, kein pl

1. (Ggs Pech) luck; (Glücksfall, glücklicher Zufall) (good) luck, stroke ( oder piece) of (good) luck;

Glück auf! BERGB good luck!;

viel Glück! good luck!, best of luck! umg;

jemandem Glück wünschen für Wettkampf etc: wish sb luck;

zum Glück fortunately;

Glück bringender Talisman lucky charm;

es soll Glück bringen it’s supposed to bring good luck;

Glück haben be lucky, be in luck;

kein Glück haben be out of luck;

das Glück haben zu (+inf) be lucky enough to (+inf), have the good fortune to (+inf)

damit wirst du bei ihr kein Glück haben that won’t get you anywhere with her, that won’t cut any ice with her(, I’m afraid);

nochmal Glück gehabt! umg that was a close shave;

ich hatte Glück im Unglück I was lucky things didn’t turn out worse;

er/sie hat viel Glück bei den Frauen/Männern he’s/she’s a great success with the ladies/(the) men;

mancher hat mehr Glück als Verstand Fortune favo(u)rs fools;

Glück muss man haben! your etc luck is in, you’re etc in luck;

dein Glück! lucky for you;

ein Glück, dass … thank goodness (that) …;

ein Glück, dass du da warst auch it’s lucky ( oder a good thing) you were there;

da kannst du von Glück reden oder

sagen you can count yourself lucky;

die können von Glück reden, wenn … they can count themselves lucky, if …;

Glück verheißend Vorzeichen, Umstände: auspicious, lucky;

sein Glück versuchen try one’s luck (

bei with);

sein Glück mit etwas versuchen auch have a shot at sth umg;

sie wusste noch nichts von i-m Glück iron she didn’t know what was in store for her;

auf gut Glück on the off-chance;

wir sind auf gut Glück nach Florenz gefahren we went to Florence on the off-chance of finding a room, some good weather etc;

Glück im Spiel, Pech in der Liebe sprichw lucky at cards, unlucky in love

2. Empfindung, Zustand: happiness;

eheliches/häusliches Glück marital/domestic bliss;

junges Glück fig young lovers;

jemandem Glück wünschen zum Geburtstag etc: congratulate sb (

zu on);

sein Glück machen make one’s fortune;

sein Glück mit Füßen treten spurn one’s chance of happiness;

jemandes Glück im Wege stehen stand in the way of sb’s happiness;

man kann niemanden zu seinem Glück zwingen you can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make him drink;

ich musste sie zu i-m Glück zwingen I had to make her happy in spite of herself;

das hat mir gerade noch zu meinem Glück gefehlt umg, iron that’s all I wanted ( oder needed);

du bist mein einziges/ganzes Glück fig you are the only thing that makes me happy/that I need to be happy;

jeder ist seines Glückes Schmied sprichw everyone makes their own luck;

Glück und Glas, wie leicht bricht das sprichw happiness is as brittle as glass

3. personifiziert: fortune;

ein Liebling des Glücks sein be born under a lucky star;

das Glück ist launisch fortune is fickle;

das Glück ist auf jemandes Seite oder

das Glück ist jemandem hold geh luck is on sb’s side; → Stiefkind, tüchtig

* * *

1) luck

2) (Hochstimmung) happiness

3) (Fortuna) fortune; luck

* * *

auspiciousness n.

beatitude n.

bliss n.

felicity n.

fortune n.

happiness n.

luck n.

luckiness n.

1 degree.

2 bachelor's degree at the university, baccalaureate, first degree.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (five year) university degree

* * *

* * *

1) (=título) degree

2) (=estudios) degree course, course of study (EEUU)

3) (=ceremonia) graduation

* * *

femenino degree

* * *

= master's degree, master degree, graduate level, graduate programme, graduate degree.

Ex. Bernadine Abbott Hoduski received her bachelor's degree from St. Theresa of Avila College and her master's degree in library science from the University of Denver.

Ex. There are more than 20 LIS schools in the Arab world and they grant diplomas, B.Sc. degrees, master degrees and Ph.D.

Ex. Many library school students are suffering from the parochialism of this trend in education and must compensate for it at the graduate level.

Ex. Some librarians were surveyed about the usefulness of a special graduate programme for persons planning to become prison librarians.

Ex. The minimum professional qualifications in archaeology are a graduate degree in archaeology, anthropology, or a closely related field.

----

* curso de licenciatura = postgraduate course.

* estudiante de licenciatura = graduate student.

* estudios de licenciatura = graduate work.

* Licenciatura de Ciencias = M.Sc. (Master of Science).

* Licenciatura de Humanidades = M.Phil. (Master in Philosophy).

* Licenciatura en Documentación = M.L.S. (Master in Library Science).

* relativo a los estudios de licenciatura = grad (graduate), postgraduate [post-graduate].

* * *

femenino degree

* * *

* * *

licenciatura (↑ licenciatura a1)

degree

no terminó la licenciatura he didn't finish his degree

hizo la licenciatura en Deusto she did o took her degree at the University of Deusto

The name given to the first university degree. Degree courses in Spain used to last five years. Now, after the passing of the LRU - Ley de Reforma Universitaria (↑ LRU 1), degrees normally take four years. Exceptions are medicine and architecture.

* * *

* * *

licenciatura nf

degree;

licenciatura en económicas/derecho economics/law degree;

licenciatura en Filosofía y Letras Bachelor of Arts (degree)

* * *

f EDU degree

* * *

licenciatura nf

1) : college degree

2) : course of study (at a college or university)

* * *

licenciatura n degree

1 to relate, to recount (suceso).

2 to narrate, to relate, to tell, to recite.

Ricardo le cuenta historias al grupo Richard tells the group stories.

* * *

► verbo transitivo

1 (una historia) to narrate, tell

2 (un suceso) to report, tell

* * *

* * *

VT to relate, tell

* * *

verbo transitivo

* * *

= recount, relate, chronicle.

Ex. We recount the parts of the book which absorbed us utterly, which made us feel that the alternative world was more vivid, more alive, more immediate than our life outside the book.

Ex. This article relates what happened to the records of the German era after the colony became a mandate under the British administration and after the attainment of independence.

Ex. Their work has been chronicled by Boyd Rayward in a readable (but execrably printed) work.

----

* relatar la historia de = trace + the history of.

* relatar un incidente = relate + incident.

* * *

verbo transitivo

* * *

* * *

relatar [A1 ]

nos relató su viaje por el desierto he told us all about his journey across the desert, he related o recounted the story of his journey across the desert ( frml)

relató los hechos de manera escueta she told us/them the bare facts, she related the bare facts to us/them ( frml)

* * *

* * *

relatar vt

* * *

v/t tell, relate

* * *

relatar vt

: to relate, to tell

* * *

relatar vb to relate

scientific.

scientist, investigator, researcher.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 scientific

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 scientist

* * *

- в свете

- проливать свет на

- свет в конце тоннеля

вселенная world

- высший свет

- ни за что на свете

- выйти в свет

Interj.

1. beim Trinken: glug (, glug); gluck, gluck machen umg., hum. (Alkohol trinken) have a few; (ertrinken) go under (for the third time); (untergehen) go down; gluck, gluck, weg war er hum. glug, glug, and down he went, bubble-bubble he was gone

2. Henne: cluck

* * *

luck; fortune; auspiciousness; happiness; felicity; fortunateness; luckiness

* * *

1) (von Huhn) cluck

2) (von Flüssigkeit) glug

* * *

1) luckiness

2) (something good which happens by chance: She has all the luck!) luck

3) happiness

4) (a piece of good luck or something for which one should be grateful: It was a mercy that it didn't rain.) mercy

* * *

1. (günstige Fügung) luck; (Fortuna) fortune

ein \Glück! (fam) how lucky!, what a stroke of luck!

ein \Glück, dass... it is/was lucky that...

jdm zum Geburtstag \Glück wünschen to wish sb [a] happy birthday

ein Kind des \Glücks sein (geh) to have been born under a lucky star

jdm \Glück und Segen wünschen (geh) to wish sb every good fortune

mehr \Glück als Verstand [o als sonst was] haben (fam) to have more luck than sense [or brains]

\Glück bringend lucky

großes/seltenes \Glück a great/rare stroke of luck

\Glück verheißend auspicious, propitious

wahres \Glück sein, dass... to be really lucky [or a good thing] that...

auf sein \Glück bauen to rely on [or trust to] one's good fortune

jdm \Glück bringen to bring sb luck

viel \Glück [bei etw dat/in etw dat]! good [or the best of] luck [with/in sth]!

\Glück/kein \Glück haben to be lucky [or in luck]/unlucky [or to not be in luck]

\Glück gehabt! (fam) that was lucky! [or a close shave!]

das \Glück haben, etw zu tun to be lucky enough [or have the good fortune] to do sth

das ist dein \Glück! (fam) lucky for you!

\Glück bei jdm haben to be successful with sb

in sein \Glück hineinstolpern (fam) to have the luck of the devil, to be incredibly lucky

dem \Glück ein bisschen nachhelfen to improve [or help] one's/sb's luck; (mogeln) to cheat a bit

sein \Glück [bei jdm] probieren [o versuchen] to try one's luck [with sb]

von \Glück reden [o sagen] können, dass... to count [or consider] oneself lucky [or fam thank one's lucky stars] that...

das \Glück ist jdm gewogen [o hold] (geh) luck was with them, fortune smiled upon [or form favoured [or AM -ored]] them

sein \Glück verscherzen to throw away one's good fortune [or chance]

auf sein \Glück vertrauen to trust to one's luck

noch nichts von seinem \Glück wissen [o ahnen] (iron) to not know what's in store for one [or anything about it] yet

jdm [viel] \Glück [bei etw dat/zu etw dat] wünschen to wish sb [good] luck [with/in sth]

\Glück ab! (Fliegergruß) good luck!, happy [or safe] landing!

\Glück auf! (Bergmannsgruß) good luck!

zu jds \Glück luckily [or fortunately] for sb

zum \Glück luckily, fortunately, happily

zu seinem/ihrem etc. \Glück luckily for him/her etc.

2. (Freude) happiness, joy

jdm \Glück [und Zufriedenheit] wünschen to wish sb joy

in \Glück und Unglück zusammenhalten to stick together through thick and thin [or come rain or come shine]

echtes/großes \Glück true/great happiness

eheliches/häusliches \Glück marital [or wedded]/domestic bliss

junges \Glück young love

kurzes \Glück short-lived happiness

ein stilles \Glück bliss, a serene sense of happiness

das vollkommene \Glück perfect bliss

tiefes \Glück empfinden to feel great [or deep] joy

sein \Glück finden to find happiness

sein \Glück genießen to enjoy [or bask in] one's happiness

jds ganzes \Glück sein to be sb's [whole] life, to mean the whole world to sb

nach \Glück streben to pursue happiness

▶ sein \Glück mit Füßen treten to turn one's back on fortune

▶ \Glück und Glas, wie leicht bricht das! (prov) glass and luck, brittle muck prov

▶ etw auf gut \Glück tun to do sth on the off-chance, to trust to chance

▶ jdm lacht das \Glück fortune smiles on [or favours [or AM -ors]] sb

▶ sein \Glück machen to make one's fortune

▶ \Glück muss der Mensch [o man] haben! (fam) this must be my/your/our etc. lucky day!, my/your/our etc. luck must be in!

▶ jeder ist seines \Glückes Schmied (prov) life is what you make [of] it prov, everyone is the architect of his own fortune prov

▶ das war das \Glück des Tüchtigen he/she deserved his/her good luck [or fortune], he/she deserved the break fam

▶ \Glück im Unglück haben it could have been much worse [for sb], to be quite lucky in [or under] the circumstances

▶ man kann niemanden zu seinem \Glück zwingen (prov) you can lead a horse to water but you cannot make him drink prov

* * *

1) luck

2) (Hochstimmung) happiness

3) (Fortuna) fortune; luck

* * *

gluck int

1. beim Trinken: glug (, glug);

gluck, gluck machen umg, hum (Alkohol trinken) have a few; (ertrinken) go under (for the third time); (untergehen) go down;

gluck, gluck, weg war er hum glug, glug, and down he went, bubble-bubble he was gone

2. Henne: cluck

* * *

1) luck

2) (Hochstimmung) happiness

3) (Fortuna) fortune; luck

* * *

auspiciousness n.

beatitude n.

bliss n.

felicity n.

fortune n.

happiness n.

luck n.

luckiness n.

I Adj. rich (auch Ernte, Farbe, Bodenschätze etc.); (wohlhabend) auch wealthy, well-to-do; (prächtig, üppig) rich; auch Mahl: opulent; (reichlich) ample, abundant; Leben: full; Fantasie: rich, fertile; Verzierungen: rich, elaborate; unermesslich reich immeasurably rich; reich an (+ Dat) rich in; reiche Auswahl wide selection; ... in reichem Maße in abundance, plenty of...; in reichem Maße vorhanden sein be present in abundance; reich an Erfahrungen sein have experienced a lot (in one’s life); reicher an Erfahrungen geworden sein have learnt (Am. learned) something new; aus reicher Familie from a rich ( oder wealthy) family; ein Sport für reiche Leute a rich man’s sport

II Adv. richly; reich beschenkt loaded with gifts; reich heiraten marry (into) money; reich bebildert, reich illustriert lavishly illustrated; reich gedeckt Tisch: richly laden; reich geschmückt Fassade, Innenraum etc.: richly decorated

* * *

(Kaiserreich) empire;

(Königreich) kingdom;

(Verfügungsbereich) realm

* * *

nt -(e)s, -e

1) (= Herrschaft(sgebiet), Imperium) empire; (= Königreich) realm, kingdom

2) (= Bereich, Gebiet) realm

* * *

1) (wealthy: He is becoming more and more affluent.) affluent

2) (a group of states etc under a single ruler or ruling power: the Roman empire.) empire

3) (having much money and/or many possessions; rich: She is a wealthy young widow.) wealthy

4) richly

5) (wealthy; having a lot of money, possessions etc: a rich man/country.) rich

6) ((with in) having a lot (of something): This part of the country is rich in coal.) rich

7) (valuable: a rich reward; rich materials.) rich

8) (covering a large and varied range of subjects etc: a wide experience of teaching.) wide

* * *

1. (Imperium) empire

das \Reich Gottes the Kingdom of God

das \Reich der Mitte (geh: China) the Middle Kingdom

das \Reich der Schatten (liter) the realm of shades liter, the underworld

das \Reich der Finsternis the realm of darkness

das Dritte \Reich HIST the Third Reich

das Großdeutsche \Reich HIST the Greater German Reich, Greater Germany

das Römische \Reich HIST the Roman Empire

das „Tausendjährige \Reich“ REL the “Thousand-year Reich”

2. (Bereich) realm

das ist mein eigenes \Reich that is my [very] own domain

das \Reich der aufgehenden Sonne (geh) the land of the rising sun

das \Reich der Frau/des Kindes/des Mannes the woman's/man's/child's realm

das \Reich der Gedanken/der Träume the realm of thought/of dreams

* * *

1) empire; (KönigReich) kingdom; realm

2) (fig.) realm

* * *

Reich n; -(e)s, -e empire (auch fig); liter realm (auch fig); (Königreich) kingdom;

das Deutsche Reich HIST the (German) Reich;

das Dritte Reich HIST the Third Reich;

das Reich Gottes REL the Kingdom of Heaven;

das Reich der Mitte HIST China;

das Weströmische/Oströmische Reich HIST the Western/Eastern Empire;

das Reich der Natur the natural world;

das Reich der Fantasie/Träume the world of fantasy/dreams;

das entstammt dem Reich der Fantasie that belongs to the realm of fantasy;

das Reich der Finsternis the kingdom of darkness;

sein eigenes kleines Reich haben fig have one’s own little kingdom ( oder private world);

mein Arbeitszimmer ist mein eigenes kleines Reich my study is my own little domain; → Pflanzenreich, Tierreich

* * *

1) empire; (KönigReich) kingdom; realm

2) (fig.) realm

* * *

empire n.

realm n.

well-ordered, orderly.

* * *

= well-kept, well-ordered, in good order

Ex. While the importance of archives administration and records management is beginning to be realised in the developing world, few governments have recognised the contribution well-kept records would make to development and efficient public administration.

Ex. The worker needs an environment which provides an understandable, predictable and well-ordered situation.

Ex. Under these circumstances it becomes difficult to maintain a classified sequence in good order, and there will be gaps and 'bulges' which will involve moving the overall sequence around on the shelves.

* * *

(v.) = speak against, speak out against, speak + ill of, say + nasty things about, slag + Nombre + off, slate, diss

Ex. As a result public libraries came into disrepute and even today authorities speak against them.

Ex. Such restraint creates a ridiculous and pathetic situation in which librarians refuse to speak out against, or work to defeat legislation destructive to libraries such as California's Propositions.

Ex. All misanthropists hate or at least speak ill of the human race.

Ex. He is applying for a court order to ban his ex-wife from saying nasty things about him to the media.

Ex. People constanstly slagging her off for the way she looks is part of her weight problems at the moment.

Ex. Horror fiction has been slated by book reviewers and a similar prejudice among librarians could explain its under-representation in library stocks.

Ex. And she has the gall to diss a Nobel Prize winner who isn't even in the academic world.

* * *

   As in so many other activities of Portugal and its people, in historic commemorative work, the past always seems present. For more than a century, Portugal has planned and sponsored a variety of historic commemorations related to the glorious Age of Discoveries era of historic Portugal. The Columban centenary commemorations, involving Spain and Italy in particular, have gained greater world attention, Portugal, nevertheless, has a history of her own commemorations.

   Whatever the political ideology of the governmental system involved, Portugal's historic commemorations have been continuous and well-planned, and have sought to stir national pride as well as regime loyalty. Portugal's official efforts in public commemoration date at least back to 1880, when the Portuguese celebrated the 300th anniversary of the death of the national epic poet, Luís de Camões. Others followed that sought to arouse national remembrance and encourage notions of national revival, by focusing either on biographical or national discovery dates. The next major commemoration was in 1894, when Portugal commemorated the 500th anniversary of the birth in 1394 of Prince Henry of Aviz (Prince Henry the Navigator) and, in 1897-99, the 400th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's discovery of the sea route to India.

   The 20th century has seen the most elaborate and publicized historic commemorations for Portugal. Besides its extensive propaganda program beginning in the 1930s, the Estado Novo put considerable effort into extensive historic commemorations, with the purpose of encouraging national pride and international respect, as well as regime loyalty. At least three national commemorations are worthy of note here, although scores of other events were held on a smaller scale. From June to December 1940, Portugal held the grand Double Centenary celebrations, which celebrated Portugal's emergence as an independent monarchy and state in 1140 (800 years) and the restoration of independence from Spain in 1640 (300 years). More than five months of activities included expensive publications of books and tourist materials, exhibits, academic conferences, and an outstanding Lisbon "world's fair" known as the "Exposition of the Portuguese World," staged at Belém, in front of the Monastery of Jerónimos, and involving the unveiling for the first time of the new Monument of the Discoveries.

    See also Discoveries, Monument of the and Jerónimos, Monastery of.

   Two other commemorations of the Estado Novo deserve mention: the 1947 celebration of the 800th anniversary of the Portuguese taking of Lisbon (1147) from Moorish forces and the 1960 commemoration activities marking the 500th anniversary of the death of the central figure of the Portuguese Discoveries, Prince Henry the Navigator. The latter set of events took place during a time of political sensitivity, when the government's African policy was under strong international pressures.

   Since the Revolution of 25 April 1974, democratic Portugal has put substantial resources into commemorating various persons and events of the Age of Discoveries. In 1980, Portugal's scholars celebrated the 400th anniversary of the death of the national poet Camões in many books, articles, exhibits, and conferences. But this would all be overshadowed by the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the Portuguese Discoveries, which would run from 1988 to 2000. This elaborate effort involved the establishment of a government agency, the National Committee for the Commemoration of the Portuguese Discoveries, headed by one of Portugal's most eminent scholars on the subject, Dr. Vasco Graça Moura. Commemoration began in 1988 with the celebration and reenactment of the 1488 voyage of navigator Bartolomeu Dias from Lisbon to beyond the Cape of Good Hope, in South Africa. The 12-year cycle, the longest Discoveries commemorations of any century and of any Western country, put the 1992 Columban Quincentenary events somewhat in the shade.

   Between May and October 1998, Portugal held Expo '98 in Lisbon, a world's fair that was keyed to the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's discovery of an all-water route to India in 1498. This cycle ended in 2000, marking the 500th anniversary of the year that Portugal's Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil.

οἰκουμέν-η (sc. γῆ), ἡ,

A inhabited region, v. οἰκέω A. 1 ; then the Greek world, opp. barbarian lands, D.7.35 ;

πᾶσα ἡ οἰ. Id.18.48

; in Arist.Mete. 362b26, ἡ οἰ., = the inhabited world (including non-Greek lands, as Ethiopia, India, Scythia), as opp. possibly uninhabited regions, cf. Cleom.2.1 ; in Arist.Mu. 392b26, ἥδε ἡ οἰ., = our world (= Asia, Libya, Europe); οἰκουμέναι worlds, ib.31 ;

ἡ φιλία περιχορεύει τὴν οἰ. Epicur.Sent.Vat.52

; σοῦ (i.e. Ptolemy 11 or 111)

τῆς οἰ. πάσης βασιλεύοντος PSI5.541.7

, cf. LXX 1 Es.2.3 ; loosely, the whole world, Hyp.Eux.33 (prob.), Antiph.179, PMag.Lond.121.704, Luc. Halc.3, Ath.8.350a : so perh. in some passages cited under 11.

II the Roman world, ὁ ἀγαθὸς δαίμων (etc.) τῆς οἰ., i.e. the Emperor, OGI666.4,668.5, POxy.1021.5 (i A.D.), CIG2581-2,4416,Ev.Luc.2.1, Act.Ap.17.6, 24.5, Sammelb.176.2 (ii A.D.), Gal.10.7, Luc.Macr. 7.

III ἡ οἰ. ἡ μέλλουσα the world to come, i.e. the kingdom of Christ, Ep.Hebr.2.5.

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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During the First World War, Marcel Bloch (he later changed his name to Dassault) worked on French military aircraft and developed a very successful propeller. With his associate, Henri Potez, he set up a company to produce their Eclair wooden propeller in a furniture workshop in Paris. In 1917 they produced a two-seater aircraft which was ordered but then cancelled when the war ended. Potez continued to built aircraft under his own name, but Bloch turned to property speculation, at which he was very successful. In 1930 Bloch returned to the aviation business with an unsuccessful bomber followed by several moderately effective airliners, including the Bloch 220 of 1935, which was similar to the DC-3. He was involved in the design of a four-engined airliner, the SNCASE Languedoc, which flew in September 1939. During the Second World War, Bloch and his brothers became important figures in the French Resistance Movement. Marcel Bloch was eventually captured but survived; however, one of his brothers was executed, and after the war Bloch changed his name to Dassault, which had been his brother's code name in the Resistance. During the 1950s, Avions Marcel Dassault rapidly grew to become Europe's foremost producer of jet fighters. The Ouragon was followed by the Mystère, Etendard and then the outstanding Mirage series. The basic delta-winged Mirage III, with a speed of Mach 2, was soon serving in twenty countries around the world. From this evolved a variable geometry version, a vertical-take-off aircraft, an enlarged light bomber capable of carrying a nuclear bomb, and a swept-wing version for the 1970s. Dassault also produced a successful series of jet airliners starting with the Fan Jet Falcon of 1963. When the Dassault and Breguet companies merged in 1971, Marcel Dassault was still a force to be reckoned with.

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SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Synthetic materials, Textiles

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The introduction of one type of artificial fibre encouraged chemists to look for more. J.T.Dickson and J.R. Whinfield discovered one such fibre in 1941 when they derived polyester from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Dickson, a 21-year-old Edinburgh graduate, was working under Whinfield at the Calico Printers' Association research laboratory at Broad Oak Print Works in Accrington. He was put onto fibre research: probably in April, but certainly by 5 July 1941, a murky-looking resin had been synthesized, out of which Dickson successfully drew a filament, which was named "Terylene" by its discoverers. Owing to restrictions imposed in Britain during the Second World War, this fibre was developed initially by the DuPont Company in the USA, where it was marketed under the name "Dacron". When Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) were able to manufacture it in Britain, it acquired the brand name "Terylene" and became very popular. Under the microscope, Terylene appears identical to nylon: longitudinally, it is completely devoid of any structure and the filaments appear as glass rods with a perfectly circular cross-section. The uses of Terylene are similar to those of nylon, but it has two advantages. First, it can be heat-set by exposing the fabric to a temperature about 30°C higher than is likely to be encountered in everyday use, and therefore can be the basis for "easy-care" clothing such as drip-dry shirts. It can be blended with other fibres such as wool, and when pressed at a high temperature the creases are remarkably durable. It is also remarkably resistant to chemicals, which makes it particularly suitable for industrial purposes under conditions where other textile materials would be degraded rapidly. Dickson later worked for ICI.

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sg - foden, pl - fødder

1) нога́ ж ( ступня)

2) но́жка ж ( мебели)

••

* * *

* * *

(en, fødder) foot (pl feet);

( af ting) foot ( fx at the foot of the bed (, the mountain, the

stairs));

( mål) foot (pl feet el. foot) ( fx he is 5 feet (el. foot) tall; 5 foot 10);

[ kaste sig for hans fødder] throw oneself at his feet;

[ han har hele verden for sine fødder] the whole world is at his feet;

[ fod for fod] step by step;

[ få foden indenfor] get a foothold (el. a footing), get a foot in the door;

[få (, have) fod på]

(fig) get (, have) under control, get (, have) a firm grasp of;

[ bringe (, hjælpe) en på fode] set somebody on his feet (again);

[ komme på fri fod] be set at liberty, be released;

[ være på fri fod] be at large;

[ leve på en stor fod] live in a big way;

[ stå på en fortrolig (, god, venskabelig) fod med] be on intimate (, good, friendly) terms with;

[ stå på lige fod med] be on equal terms with;

[ til fods] on foot ( fx travel on foot);

[ have fast grund under fødderne] be on firm ground;

[ få foden under eget bord] set up house for oneself;

[ slå fødderne væk under en] knock somebody off his feet;

(se også II. bar, fryse, gevær, kold, stritte (imod), stående, svag,

trampe (med)).

जन्मन् n. [जन् भावे मनिन्]

1 Birth; तां जन्मने शैलवधूं प्रपेदे Ku.1.21.

-2 Origin, rise, production, creation; आकरे पद्मरागाणां जन्म काचमणेः कुतः H. Pr.44; Ku.5.6; (at the end of comp.) arising or born from; सरलस्कन्धसंघट्ठजन्मा दवाग्निः Me.53.

-3 Life, existence; पूर्वेष्वपि हि जन्मसु Ms.9.1;5.38; Bg.4.5.

-4 Birth- place.

-5 Nativity.

-6 A father, giver of birth, proge- nitor; Ś.7.18.

-7 Natal star.

-8 (In astr.) N. of the first mansion or Nakṣatra.

-9 A creature, being.

-1 People.

-11 The people of a household.

-12 Kind, race.

-13 Nature; property, quality.

-14 Custom, manner.

-अधिपः 1 an epithet of Śiva.

-2 the regent of a constellation under which a person is born (in astrolo- gy); होराजन्माधिपयोर्जन्मर्क्षे वाशुभो राज्ञः Bṛi. S.34.11.

-अन्तरम् 1 another life.

-2 the preceding life, former birth; मनो हि जन्मान्तरसंगतिज्ञम् R.7.15.

-3 regeneration.

-4 the other world.

-अन्तरीय a. belonging to or done in another life; जन्मान्तरीयैः साम्राज्यं मया प्रापीति चिन्तयन् Rāj. T.6.85.

-अन्धः a. born blind.

-अष्टमी the eighth day of the dark fortnight of Srāvaṇa, the birth-day of Kṛisna.

-आस्पदम् birthplace.

-ईशः = 2 जन्माधिप;

-कीलः an epithet of Vi&snu.

-कुण्डली a diagram in a horoscope in which the positions of different planets at the time of one's birth are marked.

-कृत् m. a father.

-क्षेत्रम् birth-place.

-तिथिः m., f.,

-दिनम्, -दिवसः birth-day; सुखाय तज्जन्मदिनं बभूव Ku.1.23.

-दः a father.

-नक्षत्रम्, -भम् the natal star.

-नामन् n. the name received on the 12th day after birth.

-पः the regent of a planet under which a person is born.

-पत्रम्, -पत्रिका a horoscope.

-पादपः a family-tree; उत्तराः कुरवो$विक्षंस्तद्भयाज्जन्मपादपान् Rāj. T.4.175.

-प्रतिष्ठा 1 a birth-place.

-2 a mother; Ś.6 (between verses 9th and 1th).

-भाज्, भृत् m. a creature, living being; मोदन्तां जन्मभाजः सततम् Mk.1.6. -a. one whose life is fruitful; अहो भोजपते यूयं जन्मभाजो नृणामिह Bhāg.1.82. 29.

-भाषा a mother-tongue; यत्र स्त्रीणामपि किमपरं जन्मभाषा- वदेव प्रत्यावासं विलसति वचः संस्कृतं प्राकृतं च Vikr.18.6.

-भूमिः f. birth-place, native country.

-योगः a horoscope.

-रोगिन् a. sickly from birth.

-लग्नम्, -राशिः the sign of the zodiac under which a person is born.

-वर्त्मन् n. the vulva.

-वसुधा native country; पश्यद्भिर्जन्मवसुधाम् Rāj. T.4.147.

-शोधनम् discharging the obligations derived from birth.

-साफल्यम् attainment of the ends of existence; एतद्धि जन्मसाफल्यं ब्राह्मणस्य विशेषतः Ms.12.93. Pt.1.28.

-स्थानम् 1 birth-place, native country, home.

-2 the womb.

-हेतुः cause of birth, author of one's being; पितरस्तासां केवलं जन्महेतवः R.1.24.

1. adj new

di nuovo again

essere nuovo in una città be new to a town

nuovo fiammante brand new

2. m: che c'è di nuovo? what's new?

* * *

nuovo agg.

1 new: una casa, una strada nuova, a new house, street; un vestito nuovo, a new dress; un nuovo tipo di automobile, a new kind of car; una nuova tendenza, a new tendency (o trend); è una casa di nuova costruzione, it's a newly-built house // anno nuovo, new year; anno nuovo vita nuova, (prov.) new year, new fife // luna nuova, new moon // vino nuovo, new wine // patate nuove, new potatoes // la nuova generazione, the rising generation // i nuovi venuti, the newcomers // i nuovi ricchi, the nouveaux riches (o the new rich) // il Nuovo Mondo, the New World // il Nuovo Testamento, the New Testament // nuovo fiammante, di zecca, brand-new // come nuovo, like new; l'ho lavato ed è tornato come nuovo, I washed it and it's like new again // (econ.) nuovo mercato, new market // (Borsa): nuova emissione, new issue; azioni di nuova emissione, newly-issued shares // questa moneta è di nuovo conio, this coin is freshly minted // essere nuovo a un mestiere, a un'attività, to be new to a trade, a business // essere nuovo di un luogo, una città, un lavoro, to be new to a place, a town, a job

2 ( mai visto, originale) new, unknown: un viso nuovo per me, a face new to me; un nuovo sentimento, a new feeling; questo mi giunge nuovo, questa sì che è nuova, it's new to me; questo nome non mi è nuovo, this name is not new to me

3 ( diverso) new, different: inizierò una nuova vita, I'll begin a new life; ogni giorno indossa un abito nuovo, she wears a new dress every day; dopo quell'esperienza terribile, è ora un uomo nuovo, after the terrible experience, he is now a new (o changed) man

4 ( ulteriore) new, fresh, further: fare un nuovo tentativo, to make another (o a fresh) attempt; cercherò di ottenere nuove informazioni, I'll try to get further information; seguì una nuova pausa, another pause followed; questo è un nuovo esempio della sua generosità, this is a fresh example of his generosity; una nuova proroga, a readjournment; fino a nuovo ordine, till further instructions; in attesa di Vs. nuovi ordini, awaiting your further orders // passare a nuove nozze, to remarry

5 ( di persona, cosa che assomiglia a una precedente) second: abbiamo un nuovo Manzoni, we have a second Manzoni

6 ( persona che prende l'incarico di un'altra) new: è il nuovo professore di inglese, he's the new English teacher; i nuovi deputati, the newly-elected Members of Parliament

◆ s.m. new: c'è qualcosa di nuovo?, is there anything new?; che c'è di nuovo?, what's new?; non c'è niente di nuovo, there's nothing new // essere amante del nuovo, to love change // di nuovo, again, once again; l'ho visto di nuovo, I saw him again; siamo di nuovo andati nello stesso hotel, we've been back to the same hotel; non dirmi di nuovo che non verrai, don't tell me again you're not coming // di nuovo!, ( arrivederci) goodbye! // rimettere a nuovo, to renovate (o to restore) // vestire di nuovo, to put on new clothes // non c'è nulla di nuovo sotto il sole, there is nothing new under the sun.

* * *

1. agg

1) (gen) new, (originale: idea) novel, new, (metodo) new, up-to-date

2) (altro, secondo) new, fresh, (diverso) new, different

3)

2. sm

* * *

1) (opposto a usato) new

2) (che sostituisce, succede, si aggiunge) new, further

3) (di recente apparizione) [parola, virus] new; (della stagione) [patate, vino] new

4) (originale) [concezione, metodo] new, novel

5) (novizio)

sostantivo maschile

1) new

2) di nuovo again

3) a nuovo

••

* * *

nuovo

/'nwɔvo/

I aggettivo

 1 (opposto a usato) new; come nuovo as good as new (anche fig.); nuovo di zecca brand-new

 2 (che sostituisce, succede, si aggiunge) new, further; il nuovo modello the new o latest model; è la -a Callas she is the next Callas; c'è stato un nuovo incidente there's been another accident; un nuovo tentativo another o a fresh attempt; aprire -e strade to break fresh o new grounds; fino a nuovo ordine till further notice o orders; anno nuovo New Year

 3 (di recente apparizione) [ parola, virus] new; (della stagione) [ patate, vino] new; nuovo arrivato, assunto new arrival, recruit; i -i venuti the newcomers

 4 (originale) [ concezione, metodo] new, novel; questo nome non mi è nuovo that name rings a bell, that name sounds familiar; il libro non dice nulla di nuovo the book provides no new insight

 5 (novizio) sono nuovo del mestiere I'm new to the job

II sostantivo maschile

 1 new; niente di nuovo nothing new; che cosa c'è di nuovo? what's new?

 2 di nuovo again; è di nuovo in ospedale he's back in (the) hospital; fare di nuovo lo stesso errore to make the same mistake again o twice; è di nuovo in ritardo he's late again

 3 a nuovo rimettere a nuovo to refurbish, to renovate [ edificio]

IDIOMS

nuovo ricco nouveau riche; Nuovo Mondo New World; Nuovo Testamento New Testament.