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  • 61 Watson, George Lennox

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 1851 Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 12 November 1904 Glasgow, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish designer of some of the world's largest sailing and powered yachts, principal technical adviser to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution.
    [br]
    Almost all of Watson's life was spent in or around the City of Glasgow; his formal education was at the city's High School and at the age of 16 he entered the yard and drawing offices of Robert Napier's Govan Shipyard. Three years later he crossed the River Clyde and started work in the design office of the Pointhouse Shipyard of A. \& J.Inglis, and there received the necessary grounding of a naval architect. Dr John Inglis, the Principal of the firm, encouraged Watson, ensured that he was involved in advanced design work and allowed him to build a yacht in a corner of the shipyard in his spare time.
    At the early age of 22 Watson set up as a naval architect with his own company, which is still in existence 120 years later. In 1875, assisted by two carpenters, Watson built the 5-ton yacht Vril to his own design. This vessel was the first with an integral heavy lead keel and its success ensured that design contracts flowed to him for new yachts for the Clyde and elsewhere. His enthusiasm and increasing skill were recognized and soon he was working on the ultimate: the America's Cup challengers Thistle, Valkyrie II, Valkyrie III and Shamrock II. The greatest accolade was the contract for the design of the J Class yacht Britannia, built by D. \& W.Henderson of Glasgow in 1893 for the Prince of Wales.
    The company of G.L.Watson became the world's leading designer of steam yachts, and it was usual for it to offer a full design service as well as supervise construction in any part of the world. Watson took a deep interest in the work of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution and was its technical consultant for many years. One of his designs, the Watson Lifeboat, was a stalwart in its fleet for many years. In public life he lectured, took an active part in the debates on yacht racing and was recognized as Britain's leading designer.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1881, Progress in Yachting and Yacht-Building, Glasgow Naval and Marine Engineering Catalogue, London and Glasgow: Collins.
    1894, The Evolution of the Modern Racing Yacht, Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes, Vol. 1, London: Longmans Green, pp. 54–109.
    Further Reading
    John Irving, 1937, The King's Britannia. The Story of a Great Ship, London: Seeley Service.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Watson, George Lennox

  • 62 Waymouth, Bernard

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. unknown
    d. 25 November 1890 London, England
    [br]
    English naval architect, ship surveyor and designer of the clipper ship Thermopylae.
    [br]
    Waymouth had initial training in shipbuilding at one of the Royal Dockyards before going on to work at a privately owned shipyard. With this all-round experience he was accepted in 1854 by Lloyd's Register of Shipping as a surveyor, and was to serve the Society well during a period of great change in ship design. In 1864 he was charged with the task of framing the Rules for the Construction of Composite Built Vessels, i.e. ships with main structural members such as keel, frames and deck beams of iron and with the hull sheathing or planking of timber. Although long superseded, these rules were of considerable consequence at the time and they were accompanied by beautiful drawings executed by Harry J.Cornish, who became Chief Ship Surveyor of Lloyd's from 1900 until 1909. In 1870 revolutionary proposals were made for iron ships that led to the adoption of a new form of rules where the scantlings or size of individual parts were related to the overall dimensions of the vessel. The symbol 100A1 was then adopted for the first time.
    Waymouth was more than a theoretical naval architect: in the late 1860s he was commissioned by the shipbuilders Walter Hood to design the famous Aberdeen Clipper Thermopylae. This was one of the fastest sailing ships of the nineteenth century and, along with its Clyde-built counterpart Cutty Sark, proved the efficacy of composite construction for these specialist vessels.
    Waymouth was appointed Principal Surveyor of Lloyd's in 1870 and was Secretary of the Society from 1872 until his death at work in 1890. He was a member of the Royal Commission on Tonnage and of the Enquiry into the loss of HMS Atlanta, and at the time of his death was Vice-President of the Institution of Naval Architects.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Vice-President, Institution of Naval Architects.
    Further Reading
    Annals of Lloyd's Register, 1934, London.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Waymouth, Bernard

  • 63 Railton, Reid Anthony

    [br]
    b. 24 June 1895 Alderley Edge, Cheshire, England
    d. 1 September 1977 Berkeley, California, USA.
    [br]
    English designer of record-breaking automobiles and motor boats.
    [br]
    Railton was educated at Rugby School and Manchester University. From 1915 to 1917 he served an apprenticeship with Leyland Motors, after which he served in the Motor Boat Section of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR). Having obtained his Royal Aeronautical Club (RAeC) pilot's certificate in 1918, he went to the United States to study factory layout. He was Assistant to the Chief Engineer of Leyland Motors from 1921 to 1923, when he became Managing Director of Arab Motors Limited of Letchworth, Hertfordshire.
    Railton was engineering consultant to Sir Malcolm Campbell, and was responsible for Campbell's Bluebird II boat which set a water speed record of 228.1 km/h (141.7 mph) in 1939. He was the designer of John R.Cobb's Napier Railton car which broke the speed record for automobiles on 16 September 1947 with an average speed of 634.3 km/h (394.2 mph); this record stood until 1964, when it was broken by Sir Malcolm Campbell's son Donald. Railton was also responsible for Cobb's boat, Crusader, which was the first to exceed 200 mph (322 km/h).
    Railton presented many papers to the Institution of Automobile Engineers, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and the Society of Automotive Engineers in the United States. In his later years, he lived in Berkeley, California.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    1971–80, Who Was Who, London: A. \& C.Black.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Railton, Reid Anthony

  • 64 Congreve, Sir William

    SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour
    [br]
    b. 20 May 1772 London, England
    d. 16 May 1828 Toulouse, France
    [br]
    English developer of military rockets.
    [br]
    He was the eldest son of Lieutenant-General Sir William Congreve, Colonel Commandant of the Royal Artillery, Superintendent of Military Machines and Superintendent Comptroller of the Royal Laboratory at Woolwich, and the daughter of a naval officer. Congreve passed through the Naval Academy at Woolwich and in 1791 was attached to the Royal Laboratory (formerly known as the Woolwich Arsenal), of which his father was then in command. In the 1790s, an Indian prince, Hyder Ali, had had some success against British troops with solid-fuelled rockets, and young Congreve set himself to develop the idea. By about 1806 he had made some 13,000 rockets, each with a range of about 2 km (1¼ miles). The War Office approved their use, and they were first tested in action at sea during the sieges of Boulogne and Copenhagen in 1806 and 1807 respectively. Congreve was commissioned to raise two companies of rocket artillery; in 1813 he commanded one of his rocket companies at the Battle of Leipzig, where although the rockets did little damage to the enemy, the noise and glare of the explosions had a considerable effect in frightening the French and caused great confusion; for this, the Tsar of Russia awarded Congreve a knighthood. The rockets were similarly effective in other battles, including the British attack on Fort McHenry, near Baltimore, in 1814; it is said that this was the inspiration for the lines "the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air" in Francis Scott Key's poem The Star Spangled Banner, which became the United States' national anthem.
    Congreve's father died in 1814, and he succeeded him in the baronetcy and as Comptroller of the Royal Laboratory and Superintendent of Military Machines, holding this post until his death. For the last ten years of his life he was Member of Parliament for Plymouth, having previously represented Gatton when elected for that constituency in 1812.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1812.
    Further Reading
    F.H.Winter, 1990, The First Golden Age of Rocketry: Congreve and Hale Rockets of the Nine-teenth Century, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Congreve, Sir William

  • 65 Grove, Sir William Robert

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 11 July 1811 Swansea, Wales
    d. 1 August 1896 London, England
    [br]
    Welsh chemist and physicist, inventor of the Grove electrochemical primary cell.
    [br]
    After education at Brasenose College, Oxford, Grove was called to the Bar in 1835. Instead of immediately practising, he became involved in electrical research, devising in 1839 the cell that bears his name. He became Professor of Experimental Philosophy at the London Institution from 1840 to 1845; it was during this period that he built up his high reputation among physicists. In 1846 he published On the Correlation of Physical Forces, which was based on a course of his lectures. He returned to the practice of law, becoming a judge in 1871, but retained his interest in scientific research during his sixteen-year occupancy of the Bench. He served as a member of the Council of the Royal Society in 1846 and 1847 and played a leading part in its reform. Contributing to the science of electrochemistry, he invented the Grove cell, which together with its modification by Bunsen became an important source of electrical energy during the middle of the nineteenth century, before mechanically driven generators became available. The Grove cell had a platinum electrode immersed in strong nitric acid, separated by a porous diaphragm from a zinc electrode in weak sulphuric acid. The hydrogen formed at the platinum electrode was immediately oxidized by the acid, turning it into water. This avoided the polarization which occurred in the early copper-zinc cells. It was a very powerful primary cell with a high voltage and a low internal resistance, but it produced objectionable fumes. Grove also invented his "gas battery", the earliest fuel cell, in which a current resulted from the chemical energy released from combining oxygen and hydrogen. This was developed by Rawcliffe and others, and found applications as a power source in manned spacecraft.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1872. FRS 1840. Fellow of the Chemistry Society 1841. Royal Society Royal Medal 1847.
    Bibliography
    1846, On the Correlation of Physical Forces, London; 1874, 6th edn, with reprints of many of Grove's papers (his only book, an early view on the conservation of energy).
    1839, "On a small voltaic battery of great energy", Philosophical Magazine 15:287–93 (his account of his cell).
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1896, Electrician 37:483–4.
    K.R.Webb, 1961, "Sir William Robert Grove (1811–1896) and the origin of the fuel cell", Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry 85: 291–3 (for the present-day significance of Grove's experiments).
    C.C.Gillispie (ed.), 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. V, New York, pp. 559–61.
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Grove, Sir William Robert

  • 66 Shoenberg, Isaac

    [br]
    b. 1 March 1880 Kiev, Ukraine
    d. 25 January 1963 Willesden, London, England
    [br]
    Russian engineer and friend of Vladimir Zworykin; Director of Research at EMI, responsible for creating the team that successfully developed the world's first all-electronic television system.
    [br]
    After his initial engineering education at Kiev Polytechnic, Shoenberg went to London to undertake further studies at the Royal College of Science. In 1905 he returned to Russia and rose to become Chief Engineer of the Russian Wireless Telegraphy Company. He then returned to England, where he was a consultant in charge of the Patent Department and then joint General Manager of the Marconi Wireless Telegraphy Company (see Marconi). In 1929 he joined the Columbia Graphophone Company, but two years later this amalgamated with the Gramophone Company, by then known as His Master's voice (HMV), to form EMI (Electric and Musical Industries), a company in which the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) had a significant shareholding. Appointed Director of the new company's Research Laboratories in 1931, Shoenberg gathered together a team of highly skilled engineers, including Blumlein, Browne, Willans, McGee, Lubszynski, Broadway and White, with the objective of producing an all-electronic television system suitable for public broadcasting. A 150-line system had already been demonstrated using film as the source material; a photoemissive camera tube similar to Zworykin's iconoscope soon followed. With alternate demonstrations of the EMI system and the mechanical system of Baird arranged with the object of selecting a broadcast system for the UK, Shoenberg took the bold decision to aim for a 405-line "high-definition" standard, using interlaced scanning based on an RCA patent and further developed by Blumlein. This was so successful that it was formally adopted as the British standard in 1935 and regular broadcasts, the first in the world, began in 1937. It is a tribute to Shoenberg's vision and the skills of his team that this standard was to remain in use, apart from the war years, until finally superseded in 1985.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1954. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1954.
    Further Reading
    A.D.Blumlein et al., 1938, "The Marconi-EMI television system", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 83:729 (provides a description of the development of the 405-line system).
    For more background information, see Proceedings of the International Conference on the History of Television. From Early Days to the Present, November 1986, Institution of Electrical Engineers Publication No. 271.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Shoenberg, Isaac

  • 67 Donkin, Bryan I

    [br]
    b. 22 March 1768 Sandoe, Northumberland, England
    d. 27 February 1855 London, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer and inventor.
    [br]
    It was intended that Bryan Donkin should follow his father's profession of surveyor and land agent, so he spent a year or so in that occupation before he was apprenticed to John Hall, millwright of Dartford, Kent. Donkin remained with the firm after completing his apprenticeship, and when the Fourdrinier brothers in 1802 introduced from France an invention for making paper in continuous lengths they turned to John Hall for help in developing the machine: Donkin was chosen to undertake the work. In 1803 the Fourdriniers established their own works in Bermondsey, with Bryan Donkin in charge. By 1808 Donkin had acquired the works, but he continued to manufacture paper-making machines, paying a royalty to the patentees. He also undertook other engineering work including water-wheels for driving paper and other mills. He was also involved in the development of printing machinery and the preservation of food in airtight containers. Some of these improvements were patented, and he also obtained patents relating to gearing, steel pens, paper-making and railway wheels. Other inventions of Bryan Donkin that were not patented concerned revolution counters and improvements in accurate screw threads for use in graduating mathematical scales. Donkin was elected a member of the Society of Arts in 1803 and was later Chairman of the Society's Committee of Mechanics and a Vice-President of the society. He was also a member of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1818 a group of eight young men founded the Institution of Civil Engineers; two of them were apprentices of Bryan Donkin and he encouraged their enterprise. After a change in the rules permitted the election of members over the age of 35, he himself became a member in 1821. He served on the Council and became a Vice- President, but he resigned from the Institution in 1848.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1838. Vice-President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1826–32, 1835–45. Member, Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers 1835; President 1843. Society of Arts Gold Medal 1810, 1819.
    Further Reading
    S.B.Donkin, 1949–51, "Bryan Donkin, FRS, MICE 1768–1855", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 27:85–95.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Donkin, Bryan I

  • 68 Taylor, William

    [br]
    b. 11 June 1865 London, England
    d. 28 February 1937 Laughton, Leicestershire, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer and metrologist, originator of standard screw threads for lens mountings and inventor of "Dimple" golf balls.
    [br]
    William Taylor served an apprenticeship from 1880 to 1885 in London with Paterson and Cooper, electrical engineers and instrument makers. He studied at the Finsbury Technical College under Professors W.E.Ayrton (1847–1908) and John Perry (1850–1920). He remained with Paterson and Cooper until 1887, when he joined his elder brother, who had set up in Leicester as a manufacturer of optical instruments. The firm was then styled T.S. \& W.Taylor and a few months later, when H.W.Hobson joined them as a partner, it became Taylor, Taylor and Hobson, as it was known for many years.
    William Taylor was mainly responsible for technical developments in the firm and he designed the special machine tools required for making lenses and their mountings. However, his most notable work was in originating methods of measuring and gauging screw threads. He proposed a standard screw-thread for lens mountings that was adopted by the Royal Photographic Society, and he served on screw thread committees of the British Standards Institution and the British Association. His interest in golf led him to study the flight of the golf ball, and he designed and patented the "Dimple" golf ball and a mechanical driving machine for testing golf balls.
    He was an active member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, being elected Associate Member in 1894, Member in 1901 and Honorary Life Member in 1936. He served on the Council from 1918 and was President in 1932. He took a keen interest in engineering education and advocated the scientific study of materials, processes and machine tools, and of management. His death occurred suddenly while he was helping to rescue his son's car from a snowdrift.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    OBE 1918. FRS 1934. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1932.
    Further Reading
    K.J.Hume, 1980, A History of Engineering Metrology, London, 110–21 (a short account of William Taylor and of Taylor, Taylor and Hobson).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Taylor, William

  • 69 Wallace, Sir William

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 25 August 1881 Leicester, England
    d. 27 May 1963 Edinburgh, Scotland
    [br]
    English engineer; developer of the Denny-Brown fin stabilizer for ships.
    [br]
    Wallace was brought up just outside Glasgow, and educated at Paisley Grammar School and later at the Anderson College in Glasgow. The next few years were typical of the early years in the life of many young engineers: he served an apprenticeship at the Paisley shipyard of Bow, MacLachlan, before joining the British and Burmese Steam Navigation Company (Paddy Henderson's Line) as a junior engineer. After some years on the Glasgow to Rangoon service, he rose to the rank of Chief Engineer early in life and then came ashore in 1911.
    He joined the old established Edinburgh engineering company of Brown Brothers as a draughtsman, but by 1917 had been promoted Managing Director. He was appointed Chairman in 1946. During his near thirty years at the helm, he experimented widely and was the engineering force behind the development of the Denny-Brown ship stabilizer which was jointly pursued by Brown Brothers and the Dumbarton shipyard of William Denny \& Brothers. The first important installation was on the cross-channel steamer Isle of Sark, built at Dumbarton for the Southern Railway in 1932. Over the years countless thousands of these installations have been fitted on liners, warships and luxury yachts. Brown Brothers produced many other important engineering innovations at this time, including the steam catapult for aircraft carriers.
    In later years Sir William (now knighted) took an active part in the cultural life of Edinburgh and of Scotland. From 1952 to 1954 he served as President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1951. CBE 1944. Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. President, Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland 1952–4; Gold Medal.
    Bibliography
    1954–5 "Experiences in the stabilization of ships", Transactions of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland 98:197–266.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Wallace, Sir William

  • 70 RI

    1) Общая лексика: ИР (индекс резистентности - resistance index), religious instruction, религиозное обучение
    2) Авиация: индивидуальный сбор (see point 6 at http://caa.searchimprove.com/search.aspx?pc=&pckid=263320194&aid=267271&pt=6018936&addid=&sw=RI&group=274618655&swtype=all)
    3) Медицина: reconstruction interval
    4) Американизм: Reference Implementation
    5) Спорт: Rest Interval
    6) Латинский язык: Rex Imperator, Rex Ipse
    9) Сельское хозяйство: relative intake, reproducibility index
    10) Химия: Radical Initiator
    11) Юридический термин: Rapist Institution
    12) Бухгалтерия: Real Interest, residual income, остаточная прибыль (прибыль от ведения операций, которую центр инвестиций способен получить сверх минимальной нормы прибыли)
    13) Грубое выражение: Retarded And Idiotic
    14) Телекоммуникации: Receiver Induced, Ring Indicator (EIA-232-E), Ring In (Token Ring MAU)
    15) Сокращение: Republic Of Indonesia, Rhode Island (US state), Rhode Island, Risk Index, Rotary International, Routing Indicator, Royal Institution, The Republic Of Ireland, (abbr. Republic of India) РИ (сокр. Республика Индия)
    16) Университет: Recitation Instructor
    17) Физиология: Recurrence Interval, Respiratory Infection
    18) Электроника: Radio Influence
    19) Вычислительная техника: Ring In, Routing Information, Reference Implementation (JCP), Ring Indicator (RS-232, MODEM)
    20) Нефть: "Отчёт об исследованиях" (издание Горного бюро США), reduction index, resistivity index, rig in, riser island, royalty interest, входной контроль (receiving inspection), доля оплаты за право разработки недр (royalty interest), забракованное изделие (rejected item), показатель надёжности (reliability index), Отчёт об исследованиях" (издание Горного бюро США; Report of Investigations ")
    21) Кардиология: Recurrent ischaemia
    22) Транспорт: Rear Impact
    23) Фирменный знак: Redline Imports
    24) Экология: representativity index
    25) Деловая лексика: Recording Industry
    26) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: random inspection
    27) Образование: Retarded Institution
    28) Сетевые технологии: relational indexing, rename-inhibit
    29) Полимеры: refractive index, rubber insulation
    30) Программирование: Rapid Insert, Register I, Return Index
    31) Автоматика: rate of interest
    32) Химическое оружие: remedial investigation
    34) Расширение файла: Lotus 1-2-3 Data, Read In, Referential Integrity, Ring Indicate
    36) Правительство: Round Island
    37) NYSE. Ruby Tuesday, Inc.
    38) Программное обеспечение: Re Installing, Rollback Info
    39) Федеральное бюро расследований: Reserve Index

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > RI

  • 71 Ri

    1) Общая лексика: ИР (индекс резистентности - resistance index), religious instruction, религиозное обучение
    2) Авиация: индивидуальный сбор (see point 6 at http://caa.searchimprove.com/search.aspx?pc=&pckid=263320194&aid=267271&pt=6018936&addid=&sw=RI&group=274618655&swtype=all)
    3) Медицина: reconstruction interval
    4) Американизм: Reference Implementation
    5) Спорт: Rest Interval
    6) Латинский язык: Rex Imperator, Rex Ipse
    9) Сельское хозяйство: relative intake, reproducibility index
    10) Химия: Radical Initiator
    11) Юридический термин: Rapist Institution
    12) Бухгалтерия: Real Interest, residual income, остаточная прибыль (прибыль от ведения операций, которую центр инвестиций способен получить сверх минимальной нормы прибыли)
    13) Грубое выражение: Retarded And Idiotic
    14) Телекоммуникации: Receiver Induced, Ring Indicator (EIA-232-E), Ring In (Token Ring MAU)
    15) Сокращение: Republic Of Indonesia, Rhode Island (US state), Rhode Island, Risk Index, Rotary International, Routing Indicator, Royal Institution, The Republic Of Ireland, (abbr. Republic of India) РИ (сокр. Республика Индия)
    16) Университет: Recitation Instructor
    17) Физиология: Recurrence Interval, Respiratory Infection
    18) Электроника: Radio Influence
    19) Вычислительная техника: Ring In, Routing Information, Reference Implementation (JCP), Ring Indicator (RS-232, MODEM)
    20) Нефть: "Отчёт об исследованиях" (издание Горного бюро США), reduction index, resistivity index, rig in, riser island, royalty interest, входной контроль (receiving inspection), доля оплаты за право разработки недр (royalty interest), забракованное изделие (rejected item), показатель надёжности (reliability index), Отчёт об исследованиях" (издание Горного бюро США; Report of Investigations ")
    21) Кардиология: Recurrent ischaemia
    22) Транспорт: Rear Impact
    23) Фирменный знак: Redline Imports
    24) Экология: representativity index
    25) Деловая лексика: Recording Industry
    26) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: random inspection
    27) Образование: Retarded Institution
    28) Сетевые технологии: relational indexing, rename-inhibit
    29) Полимеры: refractive index, rubber insulation
    30) Программирование: Rapid Insert, Register I, Return Index
    31) Автоматика: rate of interest
    32) Химическое оружие: remedial investigation
    34) Расширение файла: Lotus 1-2-3 Data, Read In, Referential Integrity, Ring Indicate
    36) Правительство: Round Island
    37) NYSE. Ruby Tuesday, Inc.
    38) Программное обеспечение: Re Installing, Rollback Info
    39) Федеральное бюро расследований: Reserve Index

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Ri

  • 72 ri

    1) Общая лексика: ИР (индекс резистентности - resistance index), religious instruction, религиозное обучение
    2) Авиация: индивидуальный сбор (see point 6 at http://caa.searchimprove.com/search.aspx?pc=&pckid=263320194&aid=267271&pt=6018936&addid=&sw=RI&group=274618655&swtype=all)
    3) Медицина: reconstruction interval
    4) Американизм: Reference Implementation
    5) Спорт: Rest Interval
    6) Латинский язык: Rex Imperator, Rex Ipse
    9) Сельское хозяйство: relative intake, reproducibility index
    10) Химия: Radical Initiator
    11) Юридический термин: Rapist Institution
    12) Бухгалтерия: Real Interest, residual income, остаточная прибыль (прибыль от ведения операций, которую центр инвестиций способен получить сверх минимальной нормы прибыли)
    13) Грубое выражение: Retarded And Idiotic
    14) Телекоммуникации: Receiver Induced, Ring Indicator (EIA-232-E), Ring In (Token Ring MAU)
    15) Сокращение: Republic Of Indonesia, Rhode Island (US state), Rhode Island, Risk Index, Rotary International, Routing Indicator, Royal Institution, The Republic Of Ireland, (abbr. Republic of India) РИ (сокр. Республика Индия)
    16) Университет: Recitation Instructor
    17) Физиология: Recurrence Interval, Respiratory Infection
    18) Электроника: Radio Influence
    19) Вычислительная техника: Ring In, Routing Information, Reference Implementation (JCP), Ring Indicator (RS-232, MODEM)
    20) Нефть: "Отчёт об исследованиях" (издание Горного бюро США), reduction index, resistivity index, rig in, riser island, royalty interest, входной контроль (receiving inspection), доля оплаты за право разработки недр (royalty interest), забракованное изделие (rejected item), показатель надёжности (reliability index), Отчёт об исследованиях" (издание Горного бюро США; Report of Investigations ")
    21) Кардиология: Recurrent ischaemia
    22) Транспорт: Rear Impact
    23) Фирменный знак: Redline Imports
    24) Экология: representativity index
    25) Деловая лексика: Recording Industry
    26) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: random inspection
    27) Образование: Retarded Institution
    28) Сетевые технологии: relational indexing, rename-inhibit
    29) Полимеры: refractive index, rubber insulation
    30) Программирование: Rapid Insert, Register I, Return Index
    31) Автоматика: rate of interest
    32) Химическое оружие: remedial investigation
    34) Расширение файла: Lotus 1-2-3 Data, Read In, Referential Integrity, Ring Indicate
    36) Правительство: Round Island
    37) NYSE. Ruby Tuesday, Inc.
    38) Программное обеспечение: Re Installing, Rollback Info
    39) Федеральное бюро расследований: Reserve Index

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > ri

  • 73 instituut

    1 [instelling] institution ⇒ institute
    2 [genootschap] institute ⇒ institution
    3 [instelling van onderwijs/verpleging] institute
    4 [kostschool] boarding school
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   het instituut van het huwelijk • the institution of marriage
    2   het Koninklijk instituut van Ingenieurs • the Royal Institute of Engineers
         het instituut voor gehoorgestoorden • the institute for the deaf

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > instituut

  • 74 Biles, Sir John Harvard

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 1854 Portsmouth, England
    d. 27 October 1933 Scotland (?)
    [br]
    English naval architect, academic and successful consultant in the years when British shipbuilding was at its peak.
    [br]
    At the conclusion of his apprenticeship at the Royal Dockyard, Portsmouth, Biles entered the Royal School of Naval Architecture, South Kensington, London; as it was absorbed by the Royal Naval College, he graduated from Greenwich to the Naval Construction Branch, first at Pembroke and later at the Admiralty. From the outset of his professional career it was apparent that he had the intellectual qualities that would enable him to oversee the greatest changes in ship design of all time. He was one of the earliest proponents of the revolutionary work of the hydrodynamicist William Froude.
    In 1880 Biles turned to the merchant sector, taking the post of Naval Architect to J. \& G. Thomson (later John Brown \& Co.). Using Froude's Law of Comparisons he was able to design the record-breaking City of Paris of 1887, the ship that started the fabled succession of fast and safe Clyde bank-built North Atlantic liners. For a short spell, before returning to Scotland, Biles worked in Southampton. In 1891 Biles accepted the Chair of Naval Architecture at the University of Glasgow. Working from the campus at Gilmorehill, he was to make the University (the oldest school of engineering in the English-speaking world) renowned in naval architecture. His workload was legendary, but despite this he was admired as an excellent lecturer with cheerful ways which inspired devotion to the Department and the University. During the thirty years of his incumbency of the Chair, he served on most of the important government and international shipping committees, including those that recommended the design of HMS Dreadnought, the ordering of the Cunarders Lusitania and Mauretania and the lifesaving improvements following the Titanic disaster. An enquiry into the strength of destroyer hulls followed the loss of HMS Cobra and Viper, and he published the report on advanced experimental work carried out on HMS Wolf by his undergraduates.
    In 1906 he became Consultant Naval Architect to the India Office, having already set up his own consultancy organization, which exists today as Sir J.H.Biles and Partners. His writing was prolific, with over twenty-five papers to professional institutions, sundry articles and a two-volume textbook.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1913. Knight Commander of the Indian Empire 1922. Master of the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights 1904.
    Bibliography
    1905, "The strength of ships with special reference to experiments and calculations made upon HMS Wolf", Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects.
    1911, The Design and Construction of Ships, London: Griffin.
    Further Reading
    C.A.Oakley, 1973, History of a Facuity, Glasgow University.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Biles, Sir John Harvard

  • 75 Eccles, William Henry

    [br]
    b. 23 August 1875 Ulverston, Cumbria, England
    d. 27 April 1966 Oxford, England
    [br]
    English physicist who made important contributions to the development of radio communications.
    [br]
    After early education at home and at private school, Eccles won a scholarship to the Royal College of Science (now Imperial College), London, where he gained a First Class BSc in physics in 1898. He then worked as a demonstrator at the college and studied coherers, for which he obtained a DSc in 1901. Increasingly interested in electrical engineering, he joined the Marconi Company in 1899 to work on oscillators at the Poole experimental radio station, but in 1904 he returned to academic life as Professor of Mathematics and Physics and Department Head at South West Polytechnic, Chelsea. There he discovered ways of using the negative resistance of galena-crystal detectors to generate oscillations and gave a mathematical description of the operation of the triode valve. In 1910 he became Reader in Engineering at University College, London, where he published a paper explaining the reflection of radio waves by the ionosphere and designed a 60 MHz short-wave transmitter. From 1916 to 1926 he was Professor of Applied Physics and Electrical Engineering at the Finsbury City \& Guilds College and a private consulting engineer. During the First World War he was a military scientific adviser and Secretary to the Joint Board of Scientific Societies. After the war he made many contributions to electronic-circuit development, many of them (including the Eccles-Jordan "flip-flop" patented in 1918 and used in binary counters) in conjunction with F.W.Jordan, about whom little seems to be known. Illness forced Eccles's premature academic retirement in 1926, but he remained active as a consultant for many years.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1921. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1926–7. President, Physical Society 1929. President, Radio Society of Great Britain.
    Bibliography
    1912, "On the diurnal variation of the electric waves occurring in nature and on the propagation of electric waves round the bend of the earth", Proceedings of the Royal Society 87:79. 1919, with F.W.Jordan, "Method of using two triode valves in parallel for generating oscillations", Electrician 299:3.
    1915, Handbook of Wireless Telegraphy.
    1921, Continuous Wave Wireless Telegraphy.
    Further Reading
    1971, "William Henry Eccles, 1875–1966", Biographical Memoirs of the Royal Society, London, 17.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Eccles, William Henry

  • 76 Fowler, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. 11 July 1826 Melksham, Wiltshire, England
    d. 4 December 1864 Ackworth, Yorkshire, England
    [br]
    English engineer and inventor who developed a steam-powered system of mole land drainage, and a two-engined system of land cultivation, founding the Steam Plough Works in Leeds.
    [br]
    The son of a Quaker merchant, John Fowler entered the business of a county corn merchant on leaving school, but he found this dull and left as soon as he came of age, joining the Middlesbrough company of Gilkes, Wilson \& Hopkins, railway locomotive manufacturers. In 1849, at the age of 23, Fowler visited Ireland and was so distressed by the state of Irish agriculture that he determined to develop a system to deal with the drainage of land. He designed an implement which he patented in 1850 after a period of experimentation. It was able to lay wooden pipes to a depth of two feet, and was awarded the Silver Medal at the 1850 Royal Agriculture Show. By 1854, using a steam engine made by Clayton \& Shuttleworth, he had applied steam power to his invention and gained another award that year at the Royal Show. The following year he turned his attention to steam ploughing. He first developed a single-engined system that used a double windlass with which to haul a plough backwards and forwards across fields. In 1856 he patented his balance plough, and the following year he read a paper to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers at their Birmingham premises, describing the system. In 1858 he won the Royal Agricultural Society award with a plough built for him by Ransomes. Fowler founded the Steam Plough Works in Leeds and in 1862 production began in partnership with William Watson Hewitson. Within two years they were producing the first of a series of engines which were to make the name Fowler known worldwide. John Fowler saw little of his success because he died in 1864 at his Yorkshire home as a result of tetanus contracted after a riding accident.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    M.Lane, 1980, The Story of the Steam Plough Works, Northgate Publishing (provides biographical details of John Fowler, but is mostly concerned with the company that he founded).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Fowler, John

  • 77 Hunt, Robert

    [br]
    b. 6 September 1807 Devonport, Devon, England
    d. 19 March 1887 England
    [br]
    English photographic pioneer and writer.
    [br]
    A chemist by training, Hunt took an early interest in photography and during the 1840s devised several original photographic processes and techniques. The properties of iron sulphate as a developing agent, widely used by wet-collodion photographers, were first described by Hunt in 1844. He was a prolific author and it was as a writer that he was most influential. In 1841 he published the first substantial English-language photographic manual, a work that was to run to six editions. Perhaps his most important work was his Researches on Light, first published in 1844, with a second edition containing considerable additional material appearing in 1854. In 1851 Hunt was appointed Professor of Mechanical Science at the Royal School of Mines in London. He was a founder member of the London (later Royal) Photographic Society in 1853.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the Royal Society 1854.
    Further Reading
    C.Thomas, 1988, Views and Likenesses, Truro: Royal Institution of Cornwall (a brief account of Hunt's life and work).
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London.
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Hunt, Robert

  • 78 Barry, Sir Charles

    [br]
    b. 23 May 1795 Westminster, London, England
    d. 12 May 1860 Clapham, London, England
    [br]
    English architect who was a leader in the field between the years 1830 and 1860.
    [br]
    Barry was typical of the outstanding architects of this time. His work was eclectic, and he suited the style—whether Gothic or classical—to the commission and utilized the then-traditional materials and methods of construction. He is best known as architect of the new Palace of Westminster; he won the competition to rebuild it after the disastrous fire of the old palace in 1834. Bearing this in mind in the rebuilding, Barry utilized that characteristic nineteenth-century material, iron for joists and roofing plates.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1852. Member of the Royal Academy; the Royal Society; the Academies of St Luke, Rome; St Petersburg (and others); and the American Institute of Architects. RIBA Gold Medal 1850.
    Further Reading
    Marcus Whiffen, The Architecture of Sir Charles Barry in Manchester and Neighbourhood, Royal Manchester Institution.
    H.M.Port (ed.), 1976, The Houses of Parliament, Yale University Press.
    H.M.Colvin (ed.), The History of the King's Works, Vol. 6, HMSO.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Barry, Sir Charles

  • 79 Stephenson, Robert

    [br]
    b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 October 1859 London, England
    [br]
    English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.
    [br]
    Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.
    In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.
    Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.
    Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.
    In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.
    Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.
    During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.
    In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).
    J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).
    M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).
    J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, Robert

  • 80 preámbulo

    m.
    preamble, introduction, preface, prolog.
    * * *
    1 preamble
    \
    sin más preámbulos without further ado
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=introducción) [de libro, discurso] introduction; [de ley, constitución] preamble
    2) (=rodeo)

    andarse con preámbulos, gastar preámbulos — to beat about the bush, avoid the issue

    sin más preámbulos — without further ado, without preamble

    3) (=preliminar) prelude
    * * *
    a) ( de obra) introduction; ( de constitución) preamble
    b) ( rodeo)

    dímelo sin tanto preámbulo — stop beating about the bush and tell me

    c) (de curso, negociaciones) preliminary
    * * *
    = preamble, build-up [buildup].
    Ex. A close knowledge of the institution is also needed to distinguish between professed objectives, the official and manifest ones which appear in organizational preambles, and the practiced ones which are often latent in the operating program.
    Ex. The work completed to date has only been a build-up to the main phase but its usefulness has already been shown.
    ----
    * como preámbulo de = as a preamble to.
    * sin más preámbulos = without (any) further ado, without (any) more ado.
    * * *
    a) ( de obra) introduction; ( de constitución) preamble
    b) ( rodeo)

    dímelo sin tanto preámbulo — stop beating about the bush and tell me

    c) (de curso, negociaciones) preliminary
    * * *
    = preamble, build-up [buildup].

    Ex: A close knowledge of the institution is also needed to distinguish between professed objectives, the official and manifest ones which appear in organizational preambles, and the practiced ones which are often latent in the operating program.

    Ex: The work completed to date has only been a build-up to the main phase but its usefulness has already been shown.
    * como preámbulo de = as a preamble to.
    * sin más preámbulos = without (any) further ado, without (any) more ado.

    * * *
    1 (de una obra) introduction; (de una constitución) preamble
    2
    (rodeo): sin más preámbulos without further ado
    dímelo sin tanto preámbulo stop beating about the bush and tell me, cut the preamble and tell me what you have to say
    3 (preludio) preliminary
    la reunión constituyó el preámbulo de las negociaciones the meeting was a preliminary to the negotiations
    unas charlas que sirvieron de preámbulo al curso talks which served as an introduction o a preliminary to the course
    * * *

    preámbulo sustantivo masculino

    ( de constitución) preamble
    b) ( rodeo):


    dímelo sin tanto preámbulo stop beating about the bush and tell me
    c) (de curso, negociaciones) preliminary

    preámbulo sustantivo masculino
    1 (a un escrito, discurso, etc) preamble, introduction
    2 (rodeo) circumlocution: andarse con preámbulos, to beat about the bush
    sin más preámbulos, without more ado
    ' preámbulo' also found in these entries:
    English:
    preamble
    * * *
    1. [introducción] [de libro] foreword, preface;
    [de congreso, conferencia] introduction;
    la recepción sirvió de lujoso preámbulo a la cumbre the reception provided a luxurious introduction to the summit
    2. [rodeo]
    sin más preámbulos… without further ado…;
    casi sin preámbulos me empezó a relatar su viaje he more or less went straight into telling me about his trip
    * * *
    m preamble;
    sin preámbulos without further ado
    * * *
    1) introducción: preamble, introduction
    2) rodeo: evasion
    gastar preámbulos: to beat around the bush

    Spanish-English dictionary > preámbulo

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