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  • 61 Mitscherlich, Alexander

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 28 May 1836 Berlin, Germany
    d. 31 May 1918 Oberstdorf, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of sulphite wood pulp for papermaking.
    [br]
    Mitscherlich had an impeccable scientific background; his father was the celebrated chemist Eilhardt Mitscherlich, discoverer of the law of isomorphism, and his godfather was Alexander von Humboldt. At first his progress at school failed to live up to this auspicious beginning and his father would only sanction higher studies if he first qualified as a teacher so as to assure a means of livelihood. Alexander rose to the occasion and went on to gain his doctorate at the age of 25 in the field of mineralogical chemistry. He worked for a few years as Assistant to the distinguished chemists Wöhler in Göttingen and Wurtz in Paris. On his father's death in 1863, he succeeded him as teacher of chemistry in the University of Berlin. In 1868 he accepted a post in the newly established Forest Academy in Hannoversch-Munden, teaching chemistry, physics and geology. The post offered little financial advantage, but it left him more time for research. It was there that he invented the process for producing sulphite wood pulp.
    The paper industry was seeking new raw materials. Since the 1840s pulp had been produced mechanically from wood, but it was unsuitable for making fine papers. From the mid-1860s several chemists began tackling the problem of separating the cellulose fibres from the other constituents of wood by chemical means. The American Benjamin C.Tilghman was granted patents in several countries for the treatment of wood with acid or bisulphite. Carl Daniel Ekman in Sweden and Karl Kellner in Austria also made sulphite pulp, but the credit for devising the process that came into general use belongs to Mitscherlich. His brother Oskar came to him at the Academy with plans for producing pulp by the action of soda, but the results were inferior, so Mitscherlich substituted calcium bisulphite and in the laboratory obtained good results. To extend this to a large-scale process, he was forced to set up his own mill, where he devised the characteristic towers for making the calcium bisulphite, in which water trickling down through packed lime met a rising current of sulphur dioxide. He was granted a patent in Luxembourg in 1874 and a German one four years later. The sulphite process did not make him rich, for there was considerable opposition to it; government objected to the smell of sulphur dioxide, forestry authorities were anxious about the inroads that might be made into the forests and his patents were contested. In 1883, with the support of an inheritance from his mother, Mitscherlich resigned his post at the Academy to devote more time to promoting his invention. In 1897 he at last succeeded in settling the patent disputes and achieving recognition as the inventor of sulphite pulp. Without this raw material, the paper industry could never have satisfied the insatiable appetite of the newspaper presses.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.Voorn "Alexander Mitscherlich, inventor of sulphite wood pulp", Paper Maker 23(1): 41–4.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Mitscherlich, Alexander

  • 62 auteur

    auteur, e [otœʀ]
    masculine noun, feminine noun
    [de texte, roman] author ; [d'opéra] composer ; [de procédé] originator ; [de crime, coup d'état] perpetrator
    • « auteur inconnu » "artist unknown"
    • qui est l'auteur des paroles ? who wrote the words?
    * * *
    otœʀ
    nom masculin
    1) ( qui a écrit) author
    2) ( créateur) ( de chanson) composer; ( d'œuvre artistique) artist
    3) (de réforme, loi) author; ( de découverte) inventor; ( de crime) perpetrator; ( de coup d'État) leader

    l'auteur de mes jours — hum ( mère) my revered mother; ( père) my revered father

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    otœʀ auteur, -e
    1. nm/f
    (= écrivain, poète) author
    2. nm
    (= personne à l'origine de qch) [crime] perpetrator

    l'auteur de cette remarque — the person who made that remark, the person who said that

    * * *
    auteur nm
    1 ( qui a écrit) author; les grands auteurs the great authors; relire un auteur to re-read an author; du même auteur by the same author;
    2 ( créateur) ( de chanson) composer; (de tableau, d'œuvre artistique) artist; film d'auteur art film; cinéma d'auteur art-house cinema GB ou movies (pl) US; photographie d'auteur art photography;
    3 (de réforme, loi) author; ( de découverte) inventor; (de crime, délit, d'attentat) perpetrator; ( de coup d'État) leader; l'auteur du canular the hoaxer; l'auteur de mes jours hum ( mère) my revered mother; ( père) my revered father.
    auteur de chansons songwriter; auteur dramatique playwright.
    [otɶr] nom masculin
    1. [qui a écrit - un livre, un article, une chanson] writer, author
    a. [d'une toile] painter of
    b. [d'un décor, d'un meuble, d'un vêtement] designer of
    c. [d'un morceau de musique] composer of
    d. [d'une statue] sculptor of
    e. [d'un film, d'un clip] director of
    quelle jolie chanson, qui en est l'auteur? what a lovely song, who wrote it?
    2. [responsable]
    l'auteur de la victoire/défaite the person who brought about victory/defeat

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > auteur

  • 63 Claudet, Antoine François Jean

    [br]
    b. 12 August 1797 France
    d. 27 December 1867 London, England
    [br]
    French pioneer photographer and photographic inventor in England.
    [br]
    He began his working life in banking but soon went into glassmaking and in 1829 he moved to London to open a glass warehouse. On hearing of the first practicable photographic processes in 1834, Claudet visited Paris, where he received instruction in the daguerreotype process from the inventor Daguerre, and purchased a licence to operate in England. On returning to London he began to sell daguerreotype views of Paris and Rome, but was soon taking and selling his own views of London. At this time exposures could take as long as thirty minutes and portraiture from life was impracticable. Claudet was fascinated by the possibilities of the daguerreotype and embarked on experiments to improve the process. In 1841 he published details of an accelerated process and took out a patent proposing the use of flat painted backgrounds and a red light in dark-rooms. In June of that year Claudet opened the second daguerreotype portrait studio in London, just three months after his rival, Richard Beard. He took stereoscopic photographs for Wheatstone as early as 1842, although it was not until the 1850s that stereoscopy became a major interest. He suggested and patented several improvements to viewers derived from Brewster's pattern.
    Claudet was also one of the first photographers to practise professionally Talbot's calotype process. He became a personal friend of Talbot, one of the few from whom the inventor was prepared to accept advice. Claudet died suddenly in London following an accident that occurred when he was alighting from an omnibus. A memoir produced shortly after his death lists over forty scientific papers relating to his researches into photography.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1853.
    Further Reading
    "The late M.Claudet", 1868, Photographic News 12:3 (obituary).
    "A.Claudet, FRS, a memoir", 1968, (reprinted from The Scientific Review), London: British Association (a fulsome but valuable Victorian view of Claudet).
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London (a comprehensive account of Claudet's daguerreotype work).
    H.J.P.Arnold, 1977, William Henry Fox Talbot, London (provides details of Claudet's relationship with Talbot).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Claudet, Antoine François Jean

  • 64 History of volleyball

    ________________________________________
    William G. Morgan (1870-1942) inventor of the game of volleyball
    ________________________________________
    William G. Morgan (1870-1942), who was born in the State of New York, has gone down in history as the inventor of the game of volleyball, to which he originally gave the name "Mintonette".
    The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate studies at the Springfield College of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he met James Naismith who, in 1891, had invented basketball. After graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA after which, during the summer of 1896, he moved to the YMCA at Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he became Director of Physical Education. In this role he had the opportunity to establish, develop, and direct a vast programme of exercises and sports classes for male adults.
    His leadership was enthusiastically accepted, and his classes grew in numbers. He came to realise that he needed a certain type of competitive recreational game in order to vary his programme. Basketball, which sport was beginning to develop, seemed to suit young people, but it was necessary to find a less violent and less intense alternative for the older members.
    ________________________________________
    ________________________________________
    In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!
    The sport originated in the United States, and is now just achieving the type of popularity in the U.S. that it has received on a global basis, where it ranks behind only soccer among participation sports.
    Today there are more than 46 million Americans who play volleyball. There are 800 million players worldwide who play Volleyball at least once a week.
    In 1895, William G. Morgan, an instructor at the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Mass., decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball to create a game for his classes of businessmen which would demand less physical contact than basketball. He created the game of Volleyball (at that time called mintonette). Morgan borrowed the net from tennis, and raised it 6 feet 6 inches above the floor, just above the average man's head.
    During a demonstration game, someone remarked to Morgan that the players seemed to be volleying the ball back and forth over the net, and perhaps "volleyball" would be a more descriptive name for the sport.
    On July 7, 1896 at Springfield College the first game of "volleyball" was played.
    In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.
    1900 - YMCA spread volleyball to Canada, the Orient, and the Southern Hemisphere.
    1905 - YMCA spread volleyball to Cuba
    1907 Volleyball was presented at the Playground of America convention as one of the most popular sports
    1909 - YMCA spread volleyball to Puerto Rico
    1912 - YMCA spread volleyball to Uruguay
    1913 - Volleyball competition held in Far Eastern Games
    1917 - YMCA spread volleyball to Brazil
    In 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced. The Filipinos developed the "bomba" or kill, and called the hitter a "bomberino".
    1916 - The NCAA was invited by the YMCA to aid in editing the rules and in promoting the sport. Volleyball was added to school and college physical education and intramural programs.
    In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.
    1919 American Expeditionary Forces distributed 16,000 volleyballs to it's troops and allies. This provided a stimulus for the growth of volleyball in foreign lands.
    In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.
    In 1922, the first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. 27 teams from 11 states were represented.
    In 1928, it became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, the United States Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S. Open was staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.
    1930's Recreational sports programs became an important part of American life
    In 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.
    In 1934, the approval and recognition of national volleyball referees.
    In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S. Volleyball Association as the official national governing body in the U.S.
    Late 1940s Forearm pass introduced to the game (as a desperation play) Most balls played with overhand pass
    1946 A study of recreation in the United States showed that volleyball ranked fifth among team sports being promoted and organized
    In 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded in Paris.
    In 1948, the first two-man beach tournament was held.
    In 1949, the first World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
    1949 USVBA added a collegiate division, for competitive college teams. For the first ten years collegiate competition was sparse. Teams formed only through the efforts of interested students and instructors. Many teams dissolved when the interested individuals left the college. Competitive teams were scattered, with no collegiate governing bodies providing leadership in the sport.
    1951 - Volleyball was played by over 50 million people each year in over 60 countries
    1955 - Pan American Games included volleyball
    1957 - The International Olympic Committee (IOC) designated volleyball as an Olympic team sport, to be included in the 1964 Olympic Games.
    1959 - International University Sports Federation (FISU) held the first University Games in Turin, Italy. Volleyball was one of the eight competitions held.
    1960 Seven midwestern institutions formed the Midwest Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA)
    1964Southern California Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (SCVIA) was formed in California
    1960's new techniques added to the game included - the soft spike (dink), forearm pass (bump), blocking across the net, and defensive diving and rolling.
    In 1964, Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.
    The Japanese volleyball used in the 1964 Olympics, consisted of a rubber carcass with leather panelling. A similarly constructed ball is used in most modern competition.
    In 1965, the California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.
    1968 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) made volleyball their fifteenth competitive sport.
    1969 The Executive Committee of the NCAA proposed addition of volleyball to its program.
    In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.
    In 1975, the US National Women's team began a year-round training regime in Pasadena, Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and Fountain Valley, CA in 1980, and San Diego, CA in 1985).
    In 1977, the US National Men's team began a year-round training regime in Dayton, Ohio (moved to San Diego, CA in 1981).
    In 1983, the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.
    In 1984, the US won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles. The Men won the Gold, and the Women the Silver.
    In 1986, the Women's Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed.
    In 1987, the FIVB added a Beach Volleyball World Championship Series.
    In 1988, the US Men repeated the Gold in the Olympics in Korea.
    In 1989, the FIVB Sports Aid Program was created.
    In 1990, the World League was created.
    In 1992, the Four Person Pro Beach League was started in the United States.
    In 1994, Volleyball World Wide, created.
    In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!
    In 1996, 2-person beach volleyball was added to the Olympics
    There is a good book, "Volleyball Centennial: The First 100 Years", available on the history of the sport.
    ________________________________________
    Copyright (c)Volleyball World Wide
    Volleyball World Wide on the Computer Internet/WWW
    http://www.Volleyball.ORG/

    English-Albanian dictionary > History of volleyball

  • 65 descubridor

    adj.
    discovering, finder, scouting, pathfinder.
    m.
    discoverer, finder.
    * * *
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 discoverer
    * * *
    descubridor, -a
    SM / F
    1) [de lugar, invento, deportista] discoverer
    2) (Mil) scout
    * * *
    - dora masculino, femenino discoverer

    el descubridor de la penicilina — the man who discovered penicillin, the discoverer of penicillin

    * * *
    Ex. Documentation is the process of collecting and subject classifying all the records of new observations and making them available, at need, to the discoverer or the inventor.
    * * *
    - dora masculino, femenino discoverer

    el descubridor de la penicilina — the man who discovered penicillin, the discoverer of penicillin

    * * *

    Ex: Documentation is the process of collecting and subject classifying all the records of new observations and making them available, at need, to the discoverer or the inventor.

    * * *
    masculine, feminine
    discoverer
    Colón fue el descubridor de América Columbus was the discoverer of America o the man who discovered America
    el descubridor de la penicilina the man who discovered penicillin, the discoverer of penicillin
    * * *

    descubridor
    ◊ - dora sustantivo masculino, femenino

    discoverer
    descubridor,-ora sustantivo masculino y femenino discoverer

    ' descubridor' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    descubridora
    English:
    discoverer
    * * *
    descubridor, -ora nm,f
    discoverer;
    él fue el descubridor de los Beatles he was the one who discovered the Beatles
    * * *
    m, descubridora f discoverer
    * * *
    : discoverer, explorer

    Spanish-English dictionary > descubridor

  • 66 espíritu empresarial

    m.
    entrepreneurial spirit, entrepreneurship, aggressiveness.
    * * *
    (n.) = entrepreneurship, business acumen
    Ex. Various categories of entrepreneurship have been identified -- the idealist, the inventor, the organiser and the innovator -- of which the last two types can exist within the library environment.
    Ex. They have business acumen -- the ability to focus on the basics and make money for the company.
    * * *
    (n.) = entrepreneurship, business acumen

    Ex: Various categories of entrepreneurship have been identified -- the idealist, the inventor, the organiser and the innovator -- of which the last two types can exist within the library environment.

    Ex: They have business acumen -- the ability to focus on the basics and make money for the company.

    Spanish-English dictionary > espíritu empresarial

  • 67 idealista

    adj.
    1 idealistic.
    2 idealist, idealistic, starry-eyed, tender-minded.
    f. & m.
    idealist.
    * * *
    1 idealistic
    1 idealist
    * * *
    1.
    2.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo idealistic
    II
    masculino y femenino idealist
    * * *
    = idealistic, visionary, idealist, stargazer.
    Ex. In conclusion, I am sure you all believe me to be either idealistic, unrealistic, radical, or just plain silly.
    Ex. One of the similarities between the two is that individuals involved in both spheres are, to a large extent, visionaries.
    Ex. Various categories of entrepreneurship have been identified -- the idealist, the inventor, the organiser and the innovator -- of which the last two types can exist within the library environment.
    Ex. His influence in Washington could root out the silly liberal stargazers who can't get anything done.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo idealistic
    II
    masculino y femenino idealist
    * * *
    = idealistic, visionary, idealist, stargazer.

    Ex: In conclusion, I am sure you all believe me to be either idealistic, unrealistic, radical, or just plain silly.

    Ex: One of the similarities between the two is that individuals involved in both spheres are, to a large extent, visionaries.
    Ex: Various categories of entrepreneurship have been identified -- the idealist, the inventor, the organiser and the innovator -- of which the last two types can exist within the library environment.
    Ex: His influence in Washington could root out the silly liberal stargazers who can't get anything done.

    * * *
    idealistic
    idealist
    * * *

    idealista adjetivo
    idealistic
    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino
    idealist
    idealista
    I adjetivo idealistic
    II mf idealist
    ' idealista' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    incorregible
    English:
    idealist
    - idealistic
    - starry-eyed
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    idealistic
    ♦ nmf
    idealist
    * * *
    I adj idealistic
    II m/f idealist
    * * *
    : idealistic
    : idealist

    Spanish-English dictionary > idealista

  • 68 Guericke, Otto von

    [br]
    b. 20 November 1602 Magdeburg, Saxony, Germany
    d. 11 May 1686 Hamburg, Germany
    [br]
    German engineer and physicist, inventor of the air pump and investigator of the properties of a vacuum.
    [br]
    Guericke was born into a patrician family in Magdeburg. He was educated at the University of Leipzig in 1617–20 and at the University of Helmstedt in 1620. He then spent two years studying law at Jena, and in 1622 went to Leiden to study law, mathematics, engineering and especially fortification. He spent most of his life in politics, for he was elected an alderman of Magdeburg in 1626. After the destruction of Magdeburg in 1631, he worked in Brunswick and Erfurt as an engineer for the Swedish government, and then in 1635 for the Electorate of Saxony. He was Mayor of Magdeburg for thirty years, between 1646 and 1676. He was ennobled in 1666 and retired from public office in 168land went to Hamburg. It was through his attendances at international congresses and at princely courts that he took part in the exchange of scientific ideas.
    From his student days he was concerned with the definition of space and posed three questions: can empty space exist or is space always filled? How can heavenly bodies affect each other across space and how are they moved? Is space, and so also the heavenly bodies, bounded or unbounded? In c. 1647 Guericke made a suction pump for air and tried to exhaust a beer barrel, but he could not stop the leaks. He then tried a copper sphere, which imploded. He developed a series of spectacular demonstrations with his air pump. In 1654 at Rattisbon he used a vertical cylinder with a well-fitting piston connected over pulleys by a rope to fifty men, who could not stop the piston descending when the cylinder was exhausted. More famous were his copper hemispheres which, when exhausted, could not be drawn apart by two teams of eight horses. They were first demonstrated at Magdeburg in 1657 and at the court in Berlin in 1663. Through these experiments he discovered the elasticity of air and began to investigate its density at different heights. He heard of the work of Torricelli in 1653 and by 1660 had succeeded in making barometric forecasts. He published his famous work New Experiments Concerning Empty Space in 1672. Between 1660 and 1663 Guericke constructed a large ball of sulphur that could be rotated on a spindle. He found that, when he pressed his hand on it and it was rotated, it became strongly electrified; he thus unintentionally became the inventor of the first machine to generate static electricity. He attempted to reach a complete physical explanation of the world and the heavens with magnetism as a primary force and evolved an explanation for the rotation of the heavenly bodies.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1672, Experimenta nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de vacuo spatio (New Experiments Concerning Empty Space).
    Further Reading
    F.W.Hoffmann, 1874, Otto von Guericke (a full biography).
    T.I.Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C.Black (contains a short account of his life).
    Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.
    Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. V, New York.
    C.Singer (ed.), 1957, A History of Technology, Vols. III and IV, Oxford University Press (includes references to Guericke's inventions).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Guericke, Otto von

  • 69 Hulls, Jonathan

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 1699 Campden, Gloucestershire, England
    d. after 1754
    [br]
    English inventor (supposed) of the steamboat.
    [br]
    Hulls was the first in Britain to attempt to employ steam in propelling a vessel in water. His experiment was made on the River Avon at Evesham in 1737, the main idea being to install a Newcomen engine, the only type then known, on a boat in front of the vessel it was intended to propel, and connected to it with a tow-rope. Six paddles in the stern of the tow boat were fastened to a cross axis connected by ropes to another shaft, which was turned by the engine. Hulls undoubtedly showed how to convert the rectilinear motion of a piston into rotary motion, which is an essential principle in steam locomotion, on land or water.
    He is described as "the inventor of the Steamboat" on a portrait that once hung at the Institution of Marine Engineers, and his patent for the steamboat is dated 21 December 1736. He published his Description and Draught of a New-Invented Machine ("for carrying vessels or ships out or into any harbour, port or river against wind and tide, or in a calm: for which His Majesty has granted Letters Patent for the sole benefit of the author for the space of 14 years", 1737); this rare book was reprinted in 1855. According to De Morgan, Hull's work probably gave the idea to Symington, as Symington's did to Fulton. Erasmus Darwin had him in mind when he wrote "drag the slow barge". In 1754 Hulls published The Art of Measuring Made Easy by the Help of a New Sliding Scale, which he patented in 1753 together with a machine for weighing gold coins. He also wrote Maltmakers' Instructor.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    S.Smiles, Boulton and Watt, pp. 72–4. De Morgan, Budget of Paradoxes.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Hulls, Jonathan

  • 70 Martin, Sir James

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 1893 Co. Down, Northern Ireland
    d. 5 January 1981 England
    [br]
    Irish military aircraft engineer, inventor of the ejector seat.
    [br]
    Martin acquired a general knowledge of engineering as an industrial worker in Belfast. In 1929 he established the Martin Aircraft Company, which was merged five years later with another concern to form the Martin-Baker Aircraft Company at Denham, Buckinghamshire. They became known for designing and constructing efficient, lightweight military aircraft, and Martin supervised personally every aspect of the work of his factory. During the Second World War they developed a number of aircraft weapons, including an explosive device carried on a bomber's wings for cutting the cables of barrage balloons, the flat-feed system for the 20 mm Hispano cannon used on British fighter planes and the twelve-gun pack mounted in the nose of the Havoc night fighter. Martin began devising means of rapid escape from a disabled fighter plane. First came a quick-release canopy for the Spitfire, followed by an improved form sliding on guides set in the fuselage. Then came the Martin-Baker seat, which ejected the pilot from his plane by an explosive charge. Ground tests were made to determine the rates of acceleration that could be tolerated by the pilot, and the first test in the air with a pilot took place in July 1946 at a speed of 320 mph (515 km/h) and an altitude of 8,000 ft (2,400 m). Its first use in a genuine emergency was in May 1949.
    After the Second World War, the firm specialized in making components, particularly the ejector seat, rather than complete aircraft. The higher speeds and altitudes of supersonic jet aircraft made it necessary to modify the ejector seat: a device to hold the pilot's legs together, to prevent their being broken, was incorporated. In addition, with the Institute of Aviation Medicine, Martin developed a face blind to prevent skin damage at low temperatures. Another modification was to allow the seat to fall freely for the first 10,000 ft (3,000 m) to enable the pilot to reach breathable air more quickly; in October 1959 a successful demonstration took place at 1,250 mph (2,000 km/h) and 40,000 ft (12,000 m) altitude. During the inventor's lifetime, it is estimated that his ejector seat saved the lives of some 4,700 airmen.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1965. Barbour Air Safety Award 1958. Cumberbatch Air Safety Trophy 1959. Royal Aero Club Gold Medal 1964.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1981, The Times.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Martin, Sir James

  • 71 Popov, Aleksandr Stepanovich

    [br]
    b. 16 March 1859 Bogoslavsky, Zamod, Ural District, Russia
    d. 13 January 1906 St Petersburg, Russia
    [br]
    Russian physicist and electrical engineer acclaimed by the former Soviet Union as the inventor of radio.
    [br]
    Popov, the son of a village priest, received his early education in a seminary, but in 1877 he entered the University of St Petersburg to study mathematics. He graduated with distinction in 1883 and joined the faculty to teach mathematics and physics. Then, increasingly interested in electrical engineering, he became an instructor at the Russian Navy Torpedo School at Krondstadt, near St Petersburg, where he later became a professor. On 7 May 1895 he is said to have transmitted and received Morse code radio signals over a distance of 40 m (130 ft) in a demonstration given at St Petersburg University to the Russian Chemical Society, but in a paper published in January 1896 in the Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society, he in fact described the use of a coherer for recording atmospheric disturbances such as lightning, together with the design of a modified coherer intended for reception at a distance of 5 km (3 miles). Subsequently, on 26 November 1897, after Marconi's own radio-transmission experiments had been publicized, he wrote a letter claiming priority for his discovery to the English-language journal Electrician, in the form of a translated précis of his original paper, but neither the original Russian paper nor the English précis made specific claims of either a receiver or a transmitter as such. However, by 1898 he had certainly developed some form of ship-to-shore radio for the Russian Navy. In 1945, long after the Russian revolution, the communist regime supported his claim to be the inventor of radio, but this is a matter for much debate and the priority of Marconi's claim is generally acknowledged outside the USSR.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1896, Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society (his original paper in Russian).
    1897, Electrician 40:235 (the English précis).
    Further Reading
    C.Susskind, 1962, "Popov and the beginnings of radio telegraphy", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 50:2,036.
    ——1964, Marconi, Popov and the dawn of radiocommunication', Electronics and Power, London: Institution of Electrical Engineers, 10:76.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Popov, Aleksandr Stepanovich

  • 72 iniciativa empresarial

    Ex. Various categories of entrepreneurship have been identified -- the idealist, the inventor, the organiser and the innovator -- of which the last two types can exist within the library environment.
    * * *

    Ex: Various categories of entrepreneurship have been identified -- the idealist, the inventor, the organiser and the innovator -- of which the last two types can exist within the library environment.

    Spanish-English dictionary > iniciativa empresarial

  • 73 según se necesite

    = on demand, on request, at need, as required, as the occasion arises, pro re nata
    Ex. An automatic chasing system is provided for unfulfilled orders, but individual items may also be chased on demand.
    Ex. The full query set is available for examination and experimental use on request.
    Ex. Documentation is the process of collecting and subject classifying all the records of new observations and making them available, at need, to the discoverer or the inventor.
    Ex. Convenient, cheap and quick to reproduce, so that copies may be supplied as required for branches, other libraries and so on.
    Ex. It is advisable to become thoroughly acquainted with the manual and to refer to it as the occasion arises.
    Ex. Patients hospitalized for treatment of psychiatric illness commonly receive pro re nata anti-anxiety and hypnotic agents.
    * * *
    = on demand, on request, at need, as required, as the occasion arises, pro re nata

    Ex: An automatic chasing system is provided for unfulfilled orders, but individual items may also be chased on demand.

    Ex: The full query set is available for examination and experimental use on request.
    Ex: Documentation is the process of collecting and subject classifying all the records of new observations and making them available, at need, to the discoverer or the inventor.
    Ex: Convenient, cheap and quick to reproduce, so that copies may be supplied as required for branches, other libraries and so on.
    Ex: It is advisable to become thoroughly acquainted with the manual and to refer to it as the occasion arises.
    Ex: Patients hospitalized for treatment of psychiatric illness commonly receive pro re nata anti-anxiety and hypnotic agents.

    Spanish-English dictionary > según se necesite

  • 74 Cowper-Coles, Sherard Osborn

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 8 October 1866 East Harting, Sussex, England
    d. 9 September 1936
    [br]
    English inventor of the sherardizing process for metal protection.
    [br]
    He was the son of Captain Cowper- Coles, Royal Navy, the inventor of the swivelling turret for naval guns. He inherited his father's inventive talents and investigated a variety of inventions in his workshop at his home at Sunbury-on-Thames, assisted by a number of scientific workers. He had been educated by governesses, but he lacked a sound scientific background. His inventions, rarely systematically pursued, ranged from electrolytic processes for making copper sheets and parabolic reflectors to a process for inlaying and decorating metallic surfaces. Overall, however, he is best known for the invention of "sherardizing", the process for producing a rustproof coating of zinc on small metallic articles. The discovery came by chance, when he was annealing iron and steel packed in zinc dust to exclude air. The metal was found to be coated with a thin layer of zinc with some surface penetration. The first patent for the process was obtained in 1900, and later the American rights were sold, with a company being formed in 1908 to control them. A small plant was set up in Chelsea, London, to develop the process to the point where it could be carried out on a commercial scale in a plant in Willesden. Sherardizing has not been a general protective finish, but is restricted to articles such as nuts and bolts which are then painted or finished. The process was still in use in 1977, operated by the Zinc Alloy Company (London) Ltd.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    C.A.Smith, 1978, "Sherard Cowper-Coles: a review of the inception of sherardizing", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 49:1–4.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Cowper-Coles, Sherard Osborn

  • 75 Hales, Stephen

    [br]
    b. September 1677 Bekesbourne, Kent, England
    d. 4 January 1761 Teddington, Middlesex, England
    [br]
    English physiologist and inventor, author of the first account of the measurement of blood pressure.
    [br]
    After attending Corpus Christi, Cambridge, he was admitted as a Fellow in 1702. During the ensuing years he was engaged in botanical, astronomical and chemical activities and research. He was appointed Minister at Teddington, Middlesex, in 1708 and remained in that post until his death. During these years, he continued to engage in a wide range of botanical and physiological activities involving studies of the nutrition of plants, blood pressure and the flow of blood in animals. He was also the inventor of improved ventilation by systems of partition and ducting, and the production of fresh water by distillation for ships at sea. The wide range of his interests did not preclude his care for his pastoral duties, and he was involved in the education of the Prince of Wales's children, although he declined a canonry of Windsor. In his writings he set a standard for the scientific method as related to principles based on facts and observation.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1718. Copley Medal 1739. Académie Française 1753. Founding Member, Society of Arts; Vice-President 1755.
    Bibliography
    1727, Vegetable Statisticks, London. 1733, Statistical Essays, London.
    1743, 1758, A Description of Ventilators, London.
    MG

    Biographical history of technology > Hales, Stephen

  • 76 Parkhurst, Edward G.

    [br]
    b. 29 August 1830 Thompson, Connecticut, USA
    d. 31 July 1901 Hartford, Connecticut, USA
    [br]
    American mechanical engineer and inventor.
    [br]
    Little is known of the early training of Edward G. Parkhurst, but at the time of Civil War (1861–5) he was employed by the Savage Arms Company of Middletown, Connecticut. In 1869 he joined the Pratt \& Whitney Company of Hartford, Connecticut, as Assistant Superintendent and later took charge of their gun department. He was the inventor of many improvements in machine tools and armaments. Among these was an automatic rod feeder for turret lathes, in which movement of a single lever enabled bar stock to be fed through the lathe spindle and gripped by a collet chuck while the machine was in motion. This was patented in August 1871 and was followed by other patents, particularly for improvements in machine guns and their accessories. Parkhurst retired from Pratt \& Whitney c. 1895 but was afterwards associated with the American Ordnance Company and the Bethlehem Steel Company. He was a founder member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1880 and served his home city of Hartford as Councillor and Alderman. In 1900 he contributed to the journal American Machinist some articles of reminiscences dealing with the early history of the American machine-tool industry and, in particular, the earliest milling machines and the origin of the turret lathe.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Parkhurst, Edward G.

  • 77 clasificar por materia

    Ex. Documentation is the process of collecting and subject classifying all the records of new observations and making them available, at need, to the discoverer or the inventor.
    * * *

    Ex: Documentation is the process of collecting and subject classifying all the records of new observations and making them available, at need, to the discoverer or the inventor.

    Spanish-English dictionary > clasificar por materia

  • 78 creatore

    1. adj creative
    2. m Creator
    3. m, creatrice f creator
    * * *
    creatore agg. creating; (estens.) creative: forza, potenza creatrice, creative power; fantasia creatrice, creative imagination
    ◆ s.m.
    1 creator, maker; ( inventore) inventor: creatore di immagine, image maker; creatore di idoli, idol maker; un creatore di abiti da sera, a creator of evening dresses; il creatore di una nuova tecnica, the inventor of a new technique
    2 (teol.) il Creatore, the Creator // andare al Creatore, to go to (meet) one's maker // mandare al Creatore, to send to the other world.
    * * *
    [krea'tore] creatore (-trice)
    1. agg
    2. sm/f
    creator, (fondatore) founder

    il Creatore — (Dio) the Creator

    * * *
    [krea'tore] 1.
    aggettivo creative
    2.
    sostantivo maschile creator, maker

    il Creatore — relig. the Creator, the Maker

    ••

    mandare qcn. al Creatore — to send sb. to the other world

    * * *
    creatore
    /krea'tore/
     creative
     creator, maker; il Creatore relig. the Creator, the Maker
    mandare qcn. al Creatore to send sb. to the other world; andare al Creatore to (go to) meet one's Maker
    \
    creatore di moda (fashion) designer.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > creatore

  • 79 uncertain

    adjective
    1) (not sure)

    be uncertain [whether...] — sich (Dat.) nicht sicher sein[, ob...]

    2) (not clear) ungewiss [Ergebnis, Zukunft, Schicksal]

    of uncertain age/origin — unbestimmten Alters/unbestimmter Herkunft

    it is still uncertain whether... — es ist noch ungewiss, ob...

    it is uncertain who was the inventor — der Erfinder ist nicht [genau] bekannt

    3) (unsteady) unsicher [Schritte]
    4) (changeable) unbeständig [Charakter, Wetter]
    5) (ambiguous) vage
    * * *
    1) ((of a person) not sure; not definitely knowing: I'm uncertain of my future plans; The government is uncertain what is the best thing to do.) ungewiß
    2) (not definitely known or settled: My plans are still uncertain; The uncertain weather delayed our departure.) unsicher
    •
    - academic.ru/93112/uncertainly">uncertainly
    * * *
    un·cer·tain
    [ʌnˈsɜ:tən, AM -ˈsɜ:r-]
    1. (unsure) unsicher
    in no \uncertain terms klar und deutlich
    ▪ to be \uncertain of sth sich dat einer S. gen nicht sicher sein
    ▪ to be \uncertain whether/when/why/what... nicht sicher sein, ob/wann/warum/was...
    2. (unpredictable) ungewiss
    the weather is rather \uncertain at the moment das Wetter ist im Moment ziemlich unbeständig
    an \uncertain future eine ungewisse Zukunft
    3. (volatile) unzuverlässig, unstet
    an \uncertain mood eine angespannte Stimmung
    an \uncertain temper ein launenhaftes Gemüt
    * * *
    [ʌn'sɜːtn]
    adj
    1) (= unsure, unsteady) unsicher; light undeutlich, schwach

    I was uncertain as to what to do — ich war unsicher, was ich tun sollte

    to be uncertain whether... — sich (dat) nicht sicher sein, ob...

    he's still uncertain of the contract — er ist noch im Ungewissen über den Vertrag

    2) (= unknown) date, result ungewiss; origins unbestimmt
    3) (= unreliable) weather, prices unbeständig; temper unberechenbar; judgement unverlässlich, unzuverlässig
    4) (= unclear) vage

    in no uncertain terms — klar und deutlich, unzweideutig

    * * *
    uncertain adj (adv uncertainly)
    1. unsicher, ungewiss, unbestimmt:
    2. nicht sicher:
    be uncertain of ( oder about) sth sich einer Sache nicht sicher sein
    3. zweifelhaft, undeutlich, vage (Antwort etc): → term A 2
    4. unzuverlässig (Freund etc)
    5. unbeständig, veränderlich (Wetter etc), (auch Wesen etc) launenhaft
    6. unsicher, verwirrt (Blick etc)
    * * *
    adjective

    be uncertain [whether...] — sich (Dat.) nicht sicher sein[, ob...]

    2) (not clear) ungewiss [Ergebnis, Zukunft, Schicksal]

    of uncertain age/origin — unbestimmten Alters/unbestimmter Herkunft

    it is still uncertain whether... — es ist noch ungewiss, ob...

    it is uncertain who was the inventor — der Erfinder ist nicht [genau] bekannt

    3) (unsteady) unsicher [Schritte]
    4) (changeable) unbeständig [Charakter, Wetter]
    5) (ambiguous) vage
    * * *
    adj.
    entketten adj.
    unsicher adj.

    English-german dictionary > uncertain

  • 80 отдельный документ

    Отдельный документ-- If the applicant is not the inventor, the designation of the inventor must be filed in a separate document from the request.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > отдельный документ

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