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the+fens

  • 1 Abzugskanal in den Fens

    ea Br. (drainage canal in the Fens)

    Deutsch-Englisches Wörterbuch > Abzugskanal in den Fens

  • 2 Vermuyden, Sir Cornelius

    SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. c. 1590 St Maartensdijk, Zeeland, the Netherlands
    d. 4 February 1656 probably London, England
    [br]
    Dutch/British civil engineer responsible for many of the drainage and flood-protection schemes in low-lying areas of England in the seventeenth century.
    [br]
    At the beginning of the seventeenth century, several wealthy men in England joined forces as "adventurers" to put their money into land ventures. One such group was responsible for the draining of the Fens. The first need was to find engineers who were versed in the processes of land drainage, particularly when that land was at, or below, sea level. It was natural, therefore, to turn to the Netherlands to find these skilled men. Joachim Liens was one of the first of the Dutch engineers to go to England, and he started work on the Great Level; however, no real progress was made until 1621, when Cornelius Vermuyden was brought to England to assist in the work.
    Vermuyden had grown up in a district where he could see for himself the techniques of embanking and reclaiming land from the sea. He acquired a reputation of expertise in this field, and by 1621 his fame had spread to England. In that year the Thames had flooded and breached its banks near Havering and Dagenham in Essex. Vermuyden was commissioned to repair the breach and drain neighbouring marshland, with what he claimed as complete success. The Commissioners of Sewers for Essex disputed this claim and whthheld his fee, but King Charles I granted him a portion of the reclaimed land as compensation.
    In 1626 Vermuyden carried out his first scheme for drainage works as a consultant. This was the drainage of Hatfield Chase in South Yorkshire. Charles I was, in fact, Vermuyden's employer in the drainage of the Chase, and the work was undertaken as a means of raising additional rents for the Royal Exchequer. Vermuyden was himself an "adventurer" in the undertaking, putting capital into the venture and receiving the title to a considerable proportion of the drained lands. One of the important elements of his drainage designs was the principal of "washes", which were flat areas between the protective dykes and the rivers to carry flood waters, to prevent them spreading on to nearby land. Vermuyden faced bitter opposition from those whose livelihoods depended on the marshlands and who resorted to sabotage of the embankments and violence against his imported Dutch workmen to defend their rights. The work could not be completed until arbiters had ruled out on the respective rights of the parties involved. Disagreements and criticism of his engineering practices continued and he gave up his interest in Hatfield Chase. The Hatfield Chase undertaking was not a great success, although the land is now rich farmland around the river Don in Doncaster. However, the involved financial and land-ownership arrangements were the key to the granting of a knighthood to Cornelius Vermuyden in January 1628, and in 1630 he purchased 4,000 acres of low-lying land on Sedgemoor in Somerset.
    In 1629 Vermuyden embarked on his most important work, that of draining the Great Level in the fenlands of East Anglia. Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford, was given charge of the work, with Vermuyden as Engineer; in this venture they were speculators and partners and were recompensed by a grant of land. The area which contains the Cambridgeshire tributaries of the Great Ouse were subject to severe and usually annual flooding. The works to contain the rivers in their flood period were important. Whilst the rivers were contained with the enclosed flood plain, the land beyond became highly sought-after because of the quality of the soil. The fourteen "adventurers" who eventually came into partnership with the Earl of Bedford and Vermuyden were the financiers of the scheme and also received land in accordance with their input into the scheme. In 1637 the work was claimed to be complete, but this was disputed, with Vermuyden defending himself against criticism in a pamphlet entitled Discourse Touching the Great Fennes (1638; 1642, London). In fact, much remained to be done, and after an interruption due to the Civil War the scheme was finished in 1652. Whilst the process of the Great Level works had closely involved the King, Oliver Cromwell was equally concerned over the success of the scheme. By 1655 Cornelius Vermuyden had ceased to have anything to do with the Great Level. At that stage he was asked to account for large sums granted to him to expedite the work but was unable to do so; most of his assets were seized to cover the deficiency, and from then on he subsided into obscurity and poverty.
    While Cornelius Vermuyden, as a Dutchman, was well versed in the drainage needs of his own country, he developed his skills as a hydraulic engineer in England and drained acres of derelict flooded land.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1628.
    Further Reading
    L.E.Harris, 1953, Vermuyden and the Fens, London: Cleaver Hume Press. J.Korthals-Altes, 1977, Sir Cornelius Vermuyden: The Lifework of a Great Anglo-
    Dutchman in Land-Reclamation and Drainage, New York: Alto Press.
    KM / LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Vermuyden, Sir Cornelius

  • 3 Rennie, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. 7 June 1761 Phantassie, East Linton, East Lothian, Scotland
    d. 4 October 1821 Stamford Street, London, England
    [br]
    Scottish civil engineer.
    [br]
    Born into a prosperous farming family, he early demonstrated his natural mechanical and structural aptitude. As a boy he spent a great deal of time, often as a truant, near his home in the workshop of Andrew Meikle. Meikle was a millwright and the inventor of a threshing machine. After local education and an apprenticeship with Meikle, Rennie went to Edinburgh University until he was 22. He then travelled south and met James Watt, who in 1784 offered him the post of Engineer at the Albion Flour Mills, London, which was then under construction. Rennie designed all the mill machinery, and it was while there that he began to develop an interest in canals, opening his own business in 1791 in Blackfriars. He carried out work on the Kennet and Avon Canal and in 1794 became Engineer for the company. He meanwhile carried out other surveys, including a proposed extension of the River Stort Navigation to the Little Ouse and a Basingstoke-to-Salisbury canal, neither of which were built. From 1791 he was also engaged on the Rochdale Canal and the Lancaster Canal, as well as the great masonry aqueduct carrying the latter canal across the river Lune at Lancaster. He also surveyed the Ipswich and Stowmarket and the Chelmer and Blackwater Navigations. He advised on the Horncastle Canal in 1799 and on the River Ancholme in 1799, both of which are in Lincolnshire. In 1802 he was engaged on the Royal Canal in Ireland, and in the same year he was commissioned by the Government to prepare a plan for flooding the Lea Valley as a defence on the eastern approach to London in case Napoleon invaded England across the Essex marshes. In 1809 he surveyed improvements on the Thames, and in the following year he was involved in a proposed canal from Taunton to Bristol. Some of his schemes, particularly in the Fens and Lincolnshire, were a combination of improvements for both drainage and navigation. Apart from his canal work he engaged extensively in the construction and development of docks and harbours including the East and West India Docks in London, Holyhead, Hull, Ramsgate and the dockyards at Chatham and Sheerness. In 1806 he proposed the great breakwater at Plymouth, where work commenced on 22 June 1811.
    He was also highly regarded for his bridge construction. These included Kelso and Musselburgh, as well as his famous Thames bridges: London Bridge (uncompleted at the time of his death), Waterloo Bridge (1810–17) and Southwark Bridge (1815–19). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1798.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1798.
    Further Reading
    C.T.G.Boucher, 1963, John Rennie 1761–1821, Manchester University Press. W.Reyburn, 1972, Bridge Across the Atlantic, London: Harrap.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Rennie, John

  • 4 Болота

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Болота

  • 5 болотистая местность

    1) General subject: fenland, fennish area, marshland, the fens
    2) Geology: ground, marsh land, meadow
    4) Naval: moor
    5) American: prairie
    7) Engineering: marsh area, swampy ground
    8) Agriculture: batlag (в Азии)
    9) Mining: marshy area
    11) Geophysics: swampy area
    12) Ecology: fen, moorland, slash
    13) Makarov: cripple, fenny area, morass

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > болотистая местность

  • 6 низкая болотистая местность в Кембриджшире и Линкольншире

    General subject: the Fens

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > низкая болотистая местность в Кембриджшире и Линкольншире

  • 7 Fenstertag

    Fens·ter·tag
    m ÖSTERR (Brückentag) extra day off to bridge single working day between a bank holiday and the weekend

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Fenstertag

  • 8 Fenster

    Fens·ter <-s, -> [ʼfɛnstɐ] nt
    1) ( zum Hinausschauen) window
    2) inform window
    WENDUNGEN:
    weg vom \Fenster sein ( fam) to be out of the running; s. a. Geld

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > Fenster

  • 9 Fenstersturz

    Fens·ter·sturz m
    1) archit [window] lintel
    2) ( Sturz aus einem Fenster) fall from a window
    WENDUNGEN:
    der Prager \Fenstersturz hist the Defenestration of Prague

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > Fenstersturz

  • 10 ciénaga

    f.
    marsh, swamp, bog, mire.
    * * *
    1 marsh, bog
    * * *
    noun f.
    bog, swamp
    * * *
    SF marsh, swamp
    * * *
    femenino swamp
    * * *
    = bog, marsh, mire, morass, marshland, fen.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Wild beasts and unapproachable bogs'.
    Ex. Follow-up activities are discussed as well as the need for more educational programs dealing with sand dunes and saltwater marshes.
    Ex. This international network of specialists promote, encourage and co-ordinate the conservation of mires and related ecosystems.
    Ex. Before him was a morass over which a bridge had been thrown to the solid ground beyond.
    Ex. Around 85 per cent of the Mesopotamian marshlands have been lost mainly as a result of drainage and damming.
    Ex. The country is very marshy, and full of fens and woods.
    * * *
    femenino swamp
    * * *
    = bog, marsh, mire, morass, marshland, fen.

    Ex: The article is entitled 'Wild beasts and unapproachable bogs'.

    Ex: Follow-up activities are discussed as well as the need for more educational programs dealing with sand dunes and saltwater marshes.
    Ex: This international network of specialists promote, encourage and co-ordinate the conservation of mires and related ecosystems.
    Ex: Before him was a morass over which a bridge had been thrown to the solid ground beyond.
    Ex: Around 85 per cent of the Mesopotamian marshlands have been lost mainly as a result of drainage and damming.
    Ex: The country is very marshy, and full of fens and woods.

    * * *
    swamp
    * * *

    ciénaga sustantivo femenino
    swamp
    ' ciénaga' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    pantano
    English:
    bog
    - drain
    - mire
    - swamp
    * * *
    marsh, bog
    * * *
    f marsh
    * * *
    : swamp, bog

    Spanish-English dictionary > ciénaga

  • 11 zona pantanosa

    f.
    marshland, bogs, wet marshland, carr.
    * * *
    (n.) = marshland, marsh, marshy area, fen
    Ex. Around 85 per cent of the Mesopotamian marshlands have been lost mainly as a result of drainage and damming.
    Ex. Follow-up activities are discussed as well as the need for more educational programs dealing with sand dunes and saltwater marshes.
    Ex. Within the national park, the road passes a very marshy area where there is an excellent chance to observe moose.
    Ex. The country is very marshy, and full of fens and woods.
    * * *
    (n.) = marshland, marsh, marshy area, fen

    Ex: Around 85 per cent of the Mesopotamian marshlands have been lost mainly as a result of drainage and damming.

    Ex: Follow-up activities are discussed as well as the need for more educational programs dealing with sand dunes and saltwater marshes.
    Ex: Within the national park, the road passes a very marshy area where there is an excellent chance to observe moose.
    Ex: The country is very marshy, and full of fens and woods.

    Spanish-English dictionary > zona pantanosa

  • 12 fence

    I [fens]
    1. noun
    a line of wooden or metal posts joined by wood, wire etc to stop people, animals etc moving on to or off a piece of land:

    The garden was surrounded by a wooden fence.

    سِياج
    2. verb
    to enclose (an area of land) with a fence eg to prevent people, animals etc from getting in:

    We fenced off the field.

    يُسَيِّج، يَضَعُ سورا II [fens] verb
    1) to fight with (blunted) swords as a sport.
    يُبارِز بالسَّيْف
    2) to avoid answering questions:

    He fenced with me for half an hour before I got the truth.

    يَتنَجَنَّب الإجابَه

    Arabic-English dictionary > fence

  • 13 Schaufenster

    n shop (Am. store) window; fig. showcase; im Schaufenster meist in the window; Schaufenster schmücken oder gestalten window-dress
    * * *
    das Schaufenster
    window; shop window; store window; show-window; showcase
    * * *
    Schau|fens|ter
    nt
    display window; (von Geschäft auch) shop window; (fig) shop window
    * * *
    Schau·fens·ter
    nt shop window
    \Schaufenster gucken (fam) to go window-shopping
    * * *
    das shop window
    * * *
    Schaufenster n shop (US store) window; fig showcase;
    im Schaufenster meist in the window;
    gestalten window-dress
    * * *
    das shop window
    * * *
    n.
    shop window n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Schaufenster

  • 14 Schlafenszeit

    f bedtime; es ist Schlafenszeit it’s time for ( oder to go to) bed
    * * *
    die Schlafenszeit
    bedtime
    * * *
    Schla|fens|zeit
    f
    bedtime
    * * *
    (the time at which one normally goes to bed: Seven o'clock is the children's bedtime; ( also adjective) a bedtime story.) bedtime
    * * *
    Schla·fens·zeit
    f bedtime, time for bed
    * * *
    die bedtime
    * * *
    Schlafenszeit f bedtime;
    es ist Schlafenszeit it’s time for ( oder to go to) bed
    * * *
    die bedtime
    * * *
    f.
    bed time n.
    bedtime n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Schlafenszeit

  • 15 pantanoso

    adj.
    1 swampy, boggy, marshy, quaggy.
    2 palustrial.
    * * *
    1 marshy
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [terreno, región] boggy, marshy
    2) [situación] difficult, tricky *
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    1) < terreno> marshy, swampy
    2) <asunto/negocio> difficult, tricky (colloq)
    * * *
    = marshy [marshier -comp., marshiest -sup.].
    Ex. The country is very marshy, and full of fens and woods.
    ----
    * zona pantanosa = marshland, marsh, marshy area, fen.
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    1) < terreno> marshy, swampy
    2) <asunto/negocio> difficult, tricky (colloq)
    * * *
    = marshy [marshier -comp., marshiest -sup.].

    Ex: The country is very marshy, and full of fens and woods.

    * zona pantanosa = marshland, marsh, marshy area, fen.

    * * *
    A ‹terreno› marshy, swampy
    B ‹asunto/negocio› difficult, tricky ( colloq)
    * * *

    pantanoso
    ◊ -sa adjetivo

    1 ‹ terreno› marshy, swampy
    2 ‹asunto/negocio› difficult, tricky (colloq)
    * * *
    pantanoso, -a adj
    1. [cenagoso] marshy, boggy
    2. [difícil] tricky
    * * *
    adj marshy
    * * *
    pantanoso, -sa adj
    1) : marshy, swampy
    2) : difficult, thorny

    Spanish-English dictionary > pantanoso

  • 16 fun-rögnir

    m., poët., fens f., a lord of the fire of fens, a prince, (gold is the fire of water), Kormak.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > fun-rögnir

  • 17 Schaufensterdekoration

    f window decorations Pl.
    * * *
    die Schaufensterdekoration
    window-dressing
    * * *
    Schau|fens|ter|de|ko|ra|ti|on
    f
    (= Dekoration) window decorations pl; (= das Dekorieren) window dressing
    * * *
    (the arranging of goods in a shop window.) window-dressing
    * * *
    Schau·fens·ter·de·ko·ra·ti·on
    f [shop] window display
    * * *
    Schaufensterdekoration f window decorations pl
    * * *
    f.
    window dressing n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Schaufensterdekoration

  • 18 защита

    1. protection, defence ( против against)
    (срещу хули, обвинения и) vindication
    (гаранция) safeguard ( срещу against, на for)
    средство за защита s.th. to defend/protect o.s. with, a means of defence, воен. a defensive weapon
    в защита на поезията in defence of poetry
    може да се каже в негова защита, че in his defence it may be said that
    излизам в защита на speak in defence of, take up the cudgels for
    поемам нечия защита defend s.o., protect s.o., take up s.o.'s cause
    търся (нечия) защита seek s.o.'s protection
    под защитата на юр. under the protection of
    чистата съвест е най-добрата защита срещу клевети ад easy/pure conscience is the best protection against slanders
    защита на дипломна работа defence of a graduation/diploma work/paper
    2. юр. воен., сп. defence
    защита-та поиска да бъдат призовани нови свидетели the defence/the council for the defence demanded that new witnesses be summoned
    свидетели на защитата юр. witnesses for the defence
    слаба защита a weak defence
    тимът игра в защита the team played a defensive game
    3. (прикритие) cover, shelter
    * * *
    защѝта,
    ж., -и 1. protection, defence ( против against); ( срещу хули, обвинения и пр.) vindication; (на инвестициите) фин. hedging; ( гаранция) safeguard ( срещу against, на for); \защитаа на дипломна работа defence of a graduation/diploma work/paper; излизам в \защитаа на speak in defence of, take up the cudgels for; под \защитаата на юр. under the protection of; поемам нечия \защитаа defend s.o., protect s.o., take up s.o.’s cause; средство за \защитаа s.th. to defend/protect o.s. with, a means of defence, воен. a defensive weapon; търся (нечия) \защитаа seek s.o.’s protection;
    2. юр., воен., спорт. defence; \защитаата поиска да бъдат призовани нови свидетели the defence/the council for the defence demanded that new witnesses be summoned; играя в \защитаа (за играч) спорт. be a (full) back; свидетели на \защитаата юр. witnesses for the defence; тимът игра в \защитаа the team played a defensive game;
    3. ( прикритие) cover, shelter.
    * * *
    advocacy; defence{di'fens}: in защита of poetry - в защита на поезията; maintenance; palladium; plea{pli;}; pleading; protection: seek s.o.'s защита - търся нечия защита; safeguard; vindication
    * * *
    1. (гаранция) safeguard (срещу against, на for) 2. (прикритие) cover, shelter 3. (срещу хули, обвинения и) vindication 4. protection, defence (против against) 5. ЗАЩИТА на дипломна работа defence of a graduation/diploma work/paper 6. ЗАЩИТА-та поиска да бъдат призовани нови свидетели the defence/the council for the defence demanded that new witnesses be summoned 7. в ЗАЩИТА на поезията in defence of poetry 8. играя в ЗАЩИТА (за играч) сп. be a (full) back 9. излизам в ЗАЩИТА на speak in defence of, take up the cudgels for 10. може да се каже в негова ЗАЩИТА, че in his defence it may be said that 11. под ЗАЩИТАта на юр. under the protection of 12. поемам нечия ЗАЩИТА defend s.o., protect s.o., take up s.o.'s cause 13. свидетели на ЗАЩИТАта юр. witnesses for the defence 14. слаба ЗАЩИТА a weak defence 15. средство за ЗАЩИТА s.th. to defend/protect o.s. with, a means of defence, воен. a defensive weapon 16. тимът игра в ЗАЩИТА the team played a defensive game 17. търся (нечия) ЗАЩИТА seek s.o.'s protection 18. чистата съвест е най-добрата ЗАЩИТА срещу клевети ад easy/ pure conscience is the best protection against slanders 19. юр. воен., сn. defence

    Български-английски речник > защита

  • 19 GLER

    * * *
    n.
    1) glass;
    háll sem gler, slippery as glass;
    bresta í gleri, to break into shivers;
    * * *
    n. [A. S. glæs; Engl. glass; Germ. glass; early Dan. glar; the mod. Dan. and Swed. glas seem to be borrowed from Germ.; Icel. distinguish between gler ( glass) and glas ( a small glass bottle); but s seems to be the original consonant, and the word is akin to Glasir, glys, glæsa, q. v.]:—the word originally meant amber, ‘succinum’ quod ipsi (viz. the Germans) glaesum vocant, Tacit. Germ. ch. 45; glass beads for ornament are of early use; quantities are found in the great deposits (in cairns and fens) of the earliest Iron Age, but only in a single instance in a deposit of the Brass Age (which ends about the beginning of our era), vide Ann. for Nord. Oldk. 1868, p. 118; and such is the sense of the word in the three places that it occurs in old heathen poems: magical Runes were written on glass, Sdm. 17: metaph., nú er grjót þat at gleri orðit, now those stones are turned into gler, of an altar ‘glassed’ with sacrificial blood, Hdl, 5; cp. also the curious reading, bresta í gleri, to be shivered, to break into shivers, Hým. 29,—the reading of Kb., ‘í tvau,’ is a gloss on the obsolete phrase:— glæs also occurs twice or thrice in A. S. poetry, but not in the oldest, as Beowulf, vide Grein. For window-panes glass is of much later date, and came into use with the building of cathedrals: a Danish cathedral with glass panes is mentioned in Knytl. S. ch. 58 (year 1085); in Icel. the first panes brought into the country were probably those presented by bishop Paul to the cathedral at Skalholt in the year 1195; the ancient halls and dwellings had no windows in the walls, but were lighted by louvres and by round openings (gluggr) in the roof, covered with the caul (of a new-born calf, called skjall or líkna-belgr) stretched on a frame or a hoop and called skjár: these are still used in Icel. farms; and Icel. distinguish between the round small caul windows (skjár or skjá-gluggar) and glass windows (gler-gluggar):—háll sem gler, slippery as glass, of ice, Nj. 144: in eccl. and later writings, Hom. 127, Sks. 424, Vm. 21, Fas. iii. 393: in the saying, sjaldan brýtr gæfu-maðr gler.
    COMPDS: gleraugu, glergluggr, glerhallr, glerhálka, glerhiminn, glerkaleikr, glerker, glerlampr, glerpottr, glersteinar, glertölur, Glerá.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > GLER

  • 20 penningr

    (-s, -ar), m.
    1) a piece of property, article (hann skipar upp gózit, var þar hverr penningr valinn í);
    2) coin, money (enskir penningar);
    3) penny = 1/10 of an eyrir.
    * * *
    m., mod. peningr, with a single n; the double n is borne out by rhymes, penningi, kenna, Bragi; a contr. form pengar also occurs, Dipl. i. 8, iii. 4, Bs. i. 699, Mar.: [cp. Engl. penny; Germ. pfennig; Dan. contr. penge; from Lat. pecunia]:—a penny, in sing. a coin, coined piece; in plur. also gener. = money: the word occurs as early as in Bragi, the oldest of Norse poets, who calls the round shield with the painted ring (see baugr) ‘the penny of Walhalla,’ for the halls of the ancients were hung with shields; it also occurs in the Ls. 40. It is probably one of the earliest borrowed Gr.-Lat. words in the Scandin. language; Byzantine and Roman coins up to the end of the 2nd century A. D. have been discovered in Danish cairns and fens (coins of the last decennium of the 2nd century have been discovered in a ‘mose fund’ in Sleswig); see also the remarks s. v. kinga; but money for trade-purposes was little used until after the introduction of Christianity, and the first mint-masters were English; Enskir penningar, English coins, English money, Eg. 767; see the curious records in the Saga, ch. 55, 61, but esp. 88; gull-p., a gold coin; silfr-p., a silver coin: for a coin used as a token see the story in Gísl. 14, 24.
    II. a small coin, a penny, a subdivision of an ounce; but the value varies, thus, thirty pence to an ounce, N. G. L. i. 225; sixty to an ounce, Grág. i. 500; tuttugu penningar vegnir í örtog, MS. 732. 16; ten to an ounce, Grág. i. 357; lögsilfr et forna, þat er tíu penningar göra eyri, ii. 188; penning er tíu væri fyrir alin vaðmáls, Hkr. ii. 231; ef pennings er vert eðr meira, 188; hálfum vegnum penningi miðr en hálfan sjótta eyri, 175; þrjá penninga Enska, Fms. ix. 442, v. l.; hann fann grafsilfr ok tók af tuttugu penninga, Landn. 146; þrjá penninga ok tvær örtogar, N. G. L. i. 76; bæta fjórum penningum ok tveim örtogum, id.; þrem penningum minna en eyri = an ounce minus three pennies, 77; þrjá penninga ok fimm ærtogar, … áttján penninga, … tólf penninga, … tvá hluti fimta pennings ok eyri; tvá hluti sétta pennings þat er fimtungi minna en full öln, 78, 79; þrír penningar taldir eru við einn veginn, 732. 16; hálf önnur örtug ok tveir peningar, Dipl. iii. 4; hann görði penning þann er ekki stóð minna en eyri, he made a coin which weighed not less than an ounce, Gísl. 14; gjalda Rúma-skatt einn penning taldan (Peter’s penny), K. Á. 194:—in translations, þrjátigi penninga, 655 vii. 3 ( triginti argenteis of the Vulgate, Gen. xxxvii. 28); tveim hundruðum penninga, 655 xi. 4 (=διακοσίων δηναρίων, John vi. 7); en hver sú kona sem hefir tíu peninga … eg hefi minn pening aptr fundið, Luke xv. 8, 9:—phrases, fyrir-göra hverjum penningi fjár síns, to forfeit every penny, K. Á. 144; hvern penning, every penny, Eg. 72; aldrei fær hann af því er ek á einn penning, MS. 4. 11; vert eins pennings, a penny’s worth, 4. 13; hvárki öln né penning, neither an ell nor a penny, i. e. not a whit, Ls 40.
    III. in plur. money; ríkr at penningum, monied, Dropl. 35; penninga upptekt, Fms. v. 162; mildr af penningum, i. 257; fá e-m góða penninga, vii. 319; svá marga penninga sem hér verðr brestr í, Dipl. ii. 10, iv. 3; fríðra penga, i. 8; frami ok fagrligir penningar, Fs. 6; til veraldligra pengi, Mar.; góðs ok penninga, Fms. iii. 91: sing. collect., Al. 4.
    COMPDS: penningalauss, penningaleysi, penningaríkr, penningaskortr.
    IV. in mod. Icel. usage penningr is used of cattle, live stock; sauð-peningr, sheep; naut-p., neat cattle; mjalta peninginn, to milk the sheep. This curious usage is due to an analogy with the old word fé, q. v.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > penningr

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