marshlands

salt marsh.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 salt marsh

* * *

SF (=pantano) salt marsh; (=tierras de arena) mud flats pl

* * *

femenino marsh

* * *

= wetland, marsh, salt marsh [saltmarsh], marshland, salt marshland, coastal wetland.

Ex. The library will be open to the public and will cover all subjects concerning the various aspects of lakes, streams, rivers, estuaries and wetlands.

Ex. Follow-up activities are discussed as well as the need for more educational programs dealing with sand dunes and saltwater marshes.

Ex. The reasons for these differences and the problems of survival of anthills on a salt marsh are discussed.

Ex. Around 85 per cent of the Mesopotamian marshlands have been lost mainly as a result of drainage and damming.

Ex. The technology of dyking and draining salt marshlands was widespread in coastal Europe, and was introduced along the eastern North American seaboard wherever needed.

Ex. Eurasian wigeons prefer coastal wetlands, bays, freshwater and brackish lagoons and other sheltered marine habitats.

* * *

femenino marsh

* * *

* * *

marsh

marismas marshes, marshland, wetlands

* * *

* * *

marisma nf

marsh, salt marsh

* * *

f salt marsh

* * *

marisma nf

: marsh, salt marsh

quagmire, swamp, morass.

* * *

= quagmire, marshland, marsh.

Ex. The title of the article is 'Charting a course through the quagmire of copyright law' = El título del artículo es "Cómo trazar un rumbo en el embrollo de la ley de copyright".

Ex. Around 85 per cent of the Mesopotamian marshlands have been lost mainly as a result of drainage and damming.

Ex. Follow-up activities are discussed as well as the need for more educational programs dealing with sand dunes and saltwater marshes.

* * *

marsh, swamp, bog, mire.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 marsh, bog

* * *

* * *

SF marsh, swamp

* * *

femenino swamp

* * *

= bog, marsh, mire, morass, marshland, fen.

Ex. The article is entitled 'Wild beasts and unapproachable bogs'.

Ex. Follow-up activities are discussed as well as the need for more educational programs dealing with sand dunes and saltwater marshes.

Ex. This international network of specialists promote, encourage and co-ordinate the conservation of mires and related ecosystems.

Ex. Before him was a morass over which a bridge had been thrown to the solid ground beyond.

Ex. Around 85 per cent of the Mesopotamian marshlands have been lost mainly as a result of drainage and damming.

Ex. The country is very marshy, and full of fens and woods.

* * *

femenino swamp

* * *

* * *

swamp

* * *

* * *

ciénaga nf

marsh, bog

* * *

f marsh

* * *

ciénaga nf

: swamp, bog

(n.) = diking [dyking]

Ex. The technology of dyking and draining salt marshlands was widespread in coastal Europe, and was introduced along the eastern North American seaboard wherever needed.

* * *

(n.) = damming

Ex. Around 85 per cent of the Mesopotamian marshlands have been lost mainly as a result of drainage and damming.

* * *

(n.) = damming

Ex. Around 85 per cent of the Mesopotamian marshlands have been lost mainly as a result of drainage and damming.

* * *

(n./adj.) = Mesopotamian

Ex. Around 85 per cent of the Mesopotamian marshlands have been lost mainly as a result of drainage and damming.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 HISTORIA Mesopotamian

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 HISTORIA Mesopotamian

* * *

= Mesopotamian.

Ex. Around 85 per cent of the Mesopotamian marshlands have been lost mainly as a result of drainage and damming.

* * *

1 marsh, bog.

2 swampland, bog, marsh, marshland.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 marsh

* * *

SM marshland

* * *

= swamp, marsh, morass, marshland.

Ex. The area of new technology in copyright has been justly called 'a swamp'.

Ex. Follow-up activities are discussed as well as the need for more educational programs dealing with sand dunes and saltwater marshes.

Ex. Before him was a morass over which a bridge had been thrown to the solid ground beyond.

Ex. Around 85 per cent of the Mesopotamian marshlands have been lost mainly as a result of drainage and damming.

* * *

* * *

marshland

* * *

pantanal nm

marsh, bog

* * *

m marshland

marshland, bogs, wet marshland, carr.

* * *

(n.) = marshland, marsh, marshy area, fen

Ex. Around 85 per cent of the Mesopotamian marshlands have been lost mainly as a result of drainage and damming.

Ex. Follow-up activities are discussed as well as the need for more educational programs dealing with sand dunes and saltwater marshes.

Ex. Within the national park, the road passes a very marshy area where there is an excellent chance to observe moose.

Ex. The country is very marshy, and full of fens and woods.

* * *

1) Forestry: reclamation of marshland

2) Ecology: marshland reclamation, reclamation of marshlands

marsh (-land)

swamp, morass (и прен.); bog, fen

slough (и прен.), mire; muskeg

* * *

бла̀то,

ср., -а̀ marsh(-land); swamp, morass (и прен.); bog, fen; slough (и прен.), mire; muskeg; пресушавам \блатоа drain swamps/marshlands; торфено \блатоо peat-bog.

* * *

mere(поет.); backwater; bog{bOg}; curragh; marsh; mire; morass; muskeg; slough{slau}; slump; swamp

* * *

SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering, Ports and shipping, Railways and locomotives

[br]

[br]

[br]

William Jessop inherited from his father a natural ability in engineering, and because of his father's association with John Smeaton in the construction of Eddystone Lighthouse he was accepted by Smeaton as a pupil in 1759 at the age of 14. Smeaton was so impressed with his ability that Jessop was retained as an assistant after completion of his pupilage in 1767. As such he carried out field-work, making surveys on his own, but in 1772 he was recommended to the Aire and Calder Committee as an independent engineer and his first personally prepared report was made on the Haddlesey Cut, Selby Canal. It was in this report that he gave his first evidence before a Parliamentary Committee. He later became Resident Engineer on the Selby Canal, and soon after he was elected to the Smeatonian Society of Engineers, of which he later became Secretary for twenty years. Meanwhile he accompanied Smeaton to Ireland to advise on the Grand Canal, ultimately becoming Consulting Engineer until 1802, and was responsible for Ringsend Docks, which connected the canal to the Liffey and were opened in 1796. From 1783 to 1787 he advised on improvements to the River Trent, and his ability was so recognized that it made his reputation. From then on he was consulted on the Cromford Canal (1789–93), the Leicester Navigation (1791–4) and the Grantham Canal (1793–7); at the same time he was Chief Engineer of the Grand Junction Canal from 1793 to 1797 and then Consulting Engineer until 1805. He also engineered the Barnsley and Rochdale Canals. In fact, there were few canals during this period on which he was not consulted. It has now been established that Jessop carried the responsibility for the Pont-Cysyllte Aqueduct in Wales and also prepared the estimates for the Caledonian Canal in 1804. In 1792 he became a partner in the Butterley ironworks and thus became interested in railways. He proposed the Surrey Iron Railway in 1799 and prepared for the estimates; the line was built and opened in 1805. He was also the Engineer for the 10 mile (16 km) long Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, the Act for which was obtained in 1808 and was the first Act for a public railway in Scotland. Jessop's advice was sought on drainage works between 1785 and 1802 in the lowlands of the Isle of Axholme, Holderness, the Norfolk Marshlands, and the Axe and Brue area of the Somerset Levels. He was also consulted on harbour and dock improvements. These included Hull (1793), Portsmouth (1796), Folkestone (1806) and Sunderland (1807), but his greatest dock works were the West India Docks in London and the Floating Harbour at Bristol. He was Consulting Engineer to the City of London Corporation from 1796to 1799, drawing up plans for docks on the Isle of Dogs in 1796; in February 1800 he was appointed Engineer, and three years later, in September 1803, he was appointed Engineer to the Bristol Floating Harbour. Jessop was regarded as the leading civil engineer in the country from 1785 until 1806. He died following a stroke in 1814.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering

[br]

[br]

[br]

At the beginning of the seventeenth century, several wealthy men in England joined forces as "adventurers" to put their money into land ventures. One such group was responsible for the draining of the Fens. The first need was to find engineers who were versed in the processes of land drainage, particularly when that land was at, or below, sea level. It was natural, therefore, to turn to the Netherlands to find these skilled men. Joachim Liens was one of the first of the Dutch engineers to go to England, and he started work on the Great Level; however, no real progress was made until 1621, when Cornelius Vermuyden was brought to England to assist in the work.

Vermuyden had grown up in a district where he could see for himself the techniques of embanking and reclaiming land from the sea. He acquired a reputation of expertise in this field, and by 1621 his fame had spread to England. In that year the Thames had flooded and breached its banks near Havering and Dagenham in Essex. Vermuyden was commissioned to repair the breach and drain neighbouring marshland, with what he claimed as complete success. The Commissioners of Sewers for Essex disputed this claim and whthheld his fee, but King Charles I granted him a portion of the reclaimed land as compensation.

In 1626 Vermuyden carried out his first scheme for drainage works as a consultant. This was the drainage of Hatfield Chase in South Yorkshire. Charles I was, in fact, Vermuyden's employer in the drainage of the Chase, and the work was undertaken as a means of raising additional rents for the Royal Exchequer. Vermuyden was himself an "adventurer" in the undertaking, putting capital into the venture and receiving the title to a considerable proportion of the drained lands. One of the important elements of his drainage designs was the principal of "washes", which were flat areas between the protective dykes and the rivers to carry flood waters, to prevent them spreading on to nearby land. Vermuyden faced bitter opposition from those whose livelihoods depended on the marshlands and who resorted to sabotage of the embankments and violence against his imported Dutch workmen to defend their rights. The work could not be completed until arbiters had ruled out on the respective rights of the parties involved. Disagreements and criticism of his engineering practices continued and he gave up his interest in Hatfield Chase. The Hatfield Chase undertaking was not a great success, although the land is now rich farmland around the river Don in Doncaster. However, the involved financial and land-ownership arrangements were the key to the granting of a knighthood to Cornelius Vermuyden in January 1628, and in 1630 he purchased 4,000 acres of low-lying land on Sedgemoor in Somerset.

In 1629 Vermuyden embarked on his most important work, that of draining the Great Level in the fenlands of East Anglia. Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford, was given charge of the work, with Vermuyden as Engineer; in this venture they were speculators and partners and were recompensed by a grant of land. The area which contains the Cambridgeshire tributaries of the Great Ouse were subject to severe and usually annual flooding. The works to contain the rivers in their flood period were important. Whilst the rivers were contained with the enclosed flood plain, the land beyond became highly sought-after because of the quality of the soil. The fourteen "adventurers" who eventually came into partnership with the Earl of Bedford and Vermuyden were the financiers of the scheme and also received land in accordance with their input into the scheme. In 1637 the work was claimed to be complete, but this was disputed, with Vermuyden defending himself against criticism in a pamphlet entitled Discourse Touching the Great Fennes (1638; 1642, London). In fact, much remained to be done, and after an interruption due to the Civil War the scheme was finished in 1652. Whilst the process of the Great Level works had closely involved the King, Oliver Cromwell was equally concerned over the success of the scheme. By 1655 Cornelius Vermuyden had ceased to have anything to do with the Great Level. At that stage he was asked to account for large sums granted to him to expedite the work but was unable to do so; most of his assets were seized to cover the deficiency, and from then on he subsided into obscurity and poverty.

While Cornelius Vermuyden, as a Dutchman, was well versed in the drainage needs of his own country, he developed his skills as a hydraulic engineer in England and drained acres of derelict flooded land.

[br]

KM / LRD