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  • 1 East Timor

       Colony of Portugal from the 16th century to December 1975, with an area of 40,000 square kilometers (18,989 square miles). East Timor is located on the eastern portion of the island of Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. From 1975 to August 1999, when it was forcibly annexed and occupied by Indonesia, until May 2002, when it achieved full independence, East Timor was, in effect, a ward of the United Nations.
       In the 16th century, the Portuguese established trading posts on the island, but for centuries few Portuguese settled there, and the "colony" remained isolated and neglected. After the Dutch won control of Indonesia, there was a territorial dispute with Portugal as to who "owned" what on the island of Timor. In 1859, this question was decided as the Dutch and Portuguese governments formally divided the island into a Dutch portion (west) and the Portuguese colony (east) and established the frontier. From the late 19th century to World War I, Portugal consolidated its control of East Timor by means of military campaigns against the Timorese tribes. In addition to colonial officials, a few Portuguese missionaries and merchants occupied East Timor, but few Portuguese ever settled there.
       East Timor's geographic location close to the north coast of Australia and its sharing of one island in the Dutch colony catapulted it into world affairs early in World War II. To forestall a Japanese invasion of Timor, a joint Dutch-Australian expedition landed on 17 December 1941; the Portuguese authorities neither resisted nor cooperated. In February 1942, when Japanese troops landed in Timor, the small allied force fled to the hills and later was evacuated to Australia. Japan occupied all of Timor and the remainder of the Dutch East Indies until Japan's surrender in September 1945. Portugal soon reassumed control.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, East Timorese nationalist parties hoped for rapid decolonization and independence with Lisbon's cooperation. But on 28 November 1975, before a preoccupied Portugal could work out a formal transfer of power, the Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor (FRETILIN), then in control of the former colony's capital, declared independence, and, on 7 December 1975, Indonesian armed forces swiftly invaded, occupied, and annexed East Timor. In the following years, a tragic loss of life occurred. Portugal refused to recognize Indonesia's sovereignty over East Timor and claimed legal sovereignty before the United Nations.
       As Indonesia persistently and brutally suppressed Timorese nationalist resistance, world media attention focused on this still remote island. Several sensational international and Indonesian events altered the status of occupied East Timor, following the continuation of FRETILIN guerrilla resistance. In November 1991, world media disseminated information on the Indonesian forces' slaughter of East Timorese protesters at a cemetery demonstration in the capital of Dili. In 1996, two East Timorese, Bishop Belo and José Ramos Horta, each a symbol of East Timorese resistance and the desire for independence, shared the Nobel Peace Prize. Then, in 1998, in Indonesia, the Suharto regime collapsed and was replaced by a more democratic government, which in January 1999 pledged a free referendum in East Timor. On 30 August 1999, the referendum was held, and nearly 80 percent of the East Timorese voters voted for independence from Indonesia.
       However, Indonesian armed forces and militias reacted brutally, using intimidation, murder, mayhem, and razing of buildings to try to reverse the people's will. Following some weeks of confusion, a United Nations (UN) armed forces, led by Australia, took control of East Timor and declared it a UN protectorate, to last until East Timor was secure from Indonesian aggression and prepared for full independence. East Timor had changed from a Portuguese colony to an Indonesian protectorate/colony to a fledgling nation-in-the-making.
       The status of East Timor as a ward of the UN was made official on 25 October 1999, as the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor began to prepare the country for independence. Appalling conditions prevailed: 70 percent of the country's buildings had been destroyed and nearly half of the population of 800,000 had been driven out of East Timor into uneasy refuge in West Timor, under Indonesian control. A territory without an economy, East Timor lacked police, civil servants, schools, and government records.
       With UN assistance, general elections were held in the spring of 2002; the majority of parliamentary seats were won by FRETILIN, and José "Xanana" Gusmão was elected the first president. On 20 May 2002, East Timor became independent. World luminaries adorned the independence celebrations: UN secretary-general Kofi Annan, former U.S. president Bill Clinton, and other celebrities attended. But East Timor's travails continued with civil strife and uncertainty.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > East Timor

  • 2 Ostindien

    the East Indies pl.

    Danish-English dictionary > Ostindien

  • 3 Empire, Portuguese overseas

    (1415-1975)
       Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.
       There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).
       With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.
       The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.
       Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:
       • Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)
       Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.
       Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).
       • Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.
       • West Africa
       • Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.
       • Middle East
       Socotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.
       Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.
       Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.
       Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.
       • India
       • Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.
       • Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.
       • East Indies
       • Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.
       After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.
       Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.
       Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.
       The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.
       Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.
       In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas

  • 4 India

    1 India
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    * * *
    * * *
    * * *
    la India

    Ex: Although university education in modern India dates back to 1856, libraries developed haphazardly and were more embellishments than an integral part of the academic programme.

    * Cachemira de la India = Indian Kashmir.

    * * *
    la India India
    * * *

    Multiple Entries:
    India    
    india
    India sustantivo femenino:

    indio,-a adjetivo & sustantivo masculino y femenino Indian
    fila india, single file
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar hacer el indio, to play the fool

    ' india' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    fila
    - indio
    - reserva
    - autóctono
    - condimento
    - el
    - hindú
    - India
    - tinta
    - venir
    English:
    brave
    - correspond
    - file
    - for
    - guide
    - India
    - motherland
    - originally
    - Asian
    - be
    - cashew (nut)
    - hemp
    - Indian
    - native
    - single
    * * *
    India nf
    (la) India India
    las Indias Occidentales the West Indies;
    las Indias Orientales the East Indies
    * * *
    :
    (la) India India

    Spanish-English dictionary > India

  • 5 Sari

    SARI, SARRIE
    A shawl which is the feminine counterpart of the dhuti or dhooti, usually 40-in. wide and 7 yards to 8 yards long, worn as a skirt by the native women of India and the East Indies. Made in many qualities, but all have a woven or printed border at each side and a very fancy deep heading at each end. The sari is such a commonly used cloth that qualities range from a cheap grey with plain coloured borders up to expensive ones with silk or even gold thread borders. It is worn by the Mohammedan women in India, wrapped several times around the loins and part hanging down over the legs serves as a skirt, while the other end passes over the head and hangs down on one side. The Hindu women wear the Boonnee which is similar. The grey or white sari differs from the grey or white dhuti in having the border more than 3/4-in. wide. The coloured sari is made in a great variety of colours and patterns and is generally worn by women of those classes in which the bordered grey or white dhuti is not worn by men. Saris are also made and sold in sets of two or more. These include Nilambari with blue ground, Patapati with printed designs. Anarasi of pineapple colour and Pachan worn by the aborigines of Ranchi.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Sari

  • 6 Sarrie

    SARI, SARRIE
    A shawl which is the feminine counterpart of the dhuti or dhooti, usually 40-in. wide and 7 yards to 8 yards long, worn as a skirt by the native women of India and the East Indies. Made in many qualities, but all have a woven or printed border at each side and a very fancy deep heading at each end. The sari is such a commonly used cloth that qualities range from a cheap grey with plain coloured borders up to expensive ones with silk or even gold thread borders. It is worn by the Mohammedan women in India, wrapped several times around the loins and part hanging down over the legs serves as a skirt, while the other end passes over the head and hangs down on one side. The Hindu women wear the Boonnee which is similar. The grey or white sari differs from the grey or white dhuti in having the border more than 3/4-in. wide. The coloured sari is made in a great variety of colours and patterns and is generally worn by women of those classes in which the bordered grey or white dhuti is not worn by men. Saris are also made and sold in sets of two or more. These include Nilambari with blue ground, Patapati with printed designs. Anarasi of pineapple colour and Pachan worn by the aborigines of Ranchi.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Sarrie

  • 7 batea

    f.
    1 painted tray or hamper of Japanned wood which comes from the East Indies.
    2 trough for bathing hands and feet.
    3 boat made in the form of a trough, punt.
    4 flat car.
    5 washing trough.
    6 washing pan.
    7 flat-bottomed boat, punt.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: batear.
    * * *
    1 (barco) flat-bottomed boat
    2 (bandeja) tray
    3 (artesa) trough
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=bandeja) tray
    2) LAm (=artesa para lavar) washing trough
    3) (Min) washing pan
    4) (Ferro) flat car, low waggon
    5) (Náut) flat-bottomed boat, punt
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( bandeja) tray; ( para mariscos) bed
    b) ( barco) flat-bottomed boat
    2) (AmL)
    a) ( recipiente) shallow pan o tray ( for washing)
    b) ( comedero) trough
    * * *
    = punt, skiff.
    Ex. The tour includes a boat trip through this region on a punt typical of the region.
    Ex. A ferryman in a traditional costume will pole the skiff through a seemingly endless labyrinth of brooks, rivers and canals which earned the land the name of Venice of the North.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( bandeja) tray; ( para mariscos) bed
    b) ( barco) flat-bottomed boat
    2) (AmL)
    a) ( recipiente) shallow pan o tray ( for washing)
    b) ( comedero) trough
    * * *
    = punt, skiff.

    Ex: The tour includes a boat trip through this region on a punt typical of the region.

    Ex: A ferryman in a traditional costume will pole the skiff through a seemingly endless labyrinth of brooks, rivers and canals which earned the land the name of Venice of the North.

    * * *
    A
    1 (bandeja) tray
    3 (barco) flat-bottomed boat
    B ( AmL)
    1 (recipiente) shallow pan o tray ( for washing etc)
    salir con su batea de babas ( Méx fam); to do something foolish
    2 (comedero) trough
    * * *

    Del verbo batear: ( conjugate batear)

    batea es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    batea    
    batear
    batea sustantivo femenino

    b) (AmL) ( recipiente) shallow pan o tray ( for washing)

    batear ( conjugate batear) verbo intransitivo
    to bat
    verbo transitivo
    to hit
    batear
    I verbo intransitivo to bat
    II verbo transitivo to hit: el jugador no consiguió batear la pelota, the batter failed to hit the ball
    ' batea' also found in these entries:
    English:
    punt
    * * *
    batea nf
    1. [embarcación] flat-bottomed boat
    2. batea mejillonera = raft for farming mussels
    3. Am [artesa] trough [for washing clothes];
    Ven
    ni lava ni presta la batea he's a dog in the manger
    * * *
    f
    1 ( bandeja) tray
    2 MAR flat-bottomed boat
    * * *
    batea nf
    1) : tray, pan
    2) : flat-bottomed boat, punt

    Spanish-English dictionary > batea

  • 8 Screw Tree Fibre

    A fibre derived from the bast of the Helicteres Asoca, a native of the East Indies. The fruit is twisted, hence the name. The fibre is used for cordage, gunny bags, and blinds for verandahs.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Screw Tree Fibre

  • 9 Abrome Fibre

    Fine silky fibres yielded by the Abroma Augusta plant, a native of the East Indies. The fibre is obtained from the white bark and used for cordage and many purposes for which jute is employed. Owing to their whiteness and cleanliness it is suggested as a substitute for silk. Also known as Devil's cotton and perennial Indian hemp.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Abrome Fibre

  • 10 Kapok

    This is a white fibre obtained from the Erisdendron anfractuosum, a tree grown in the East Indies. Kapok is of no use for spinning, and is principally used as a stuffing material for pillows, etc. It is very soft, smooth, light in weight, and very buoyant in water. The floss obtained from the so-called red silk cotton tree is also incorrectly called Kapok (see Bombax cotton)

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Kapok

  • 11 tabaxir

    m.
    tabasheer, a silicious concretion formed in the joints of the bamboo, opal-like, and used in the East Indies as a medicine. (Botany)

    Spanish-English dictionary > tabaxir

  • 12 Arree Fibre

    A fibre obtained from a species of Bauhinia and known as Mountain Ebony. It is a bark fibre and used for ropes and cordage. The plant is a climber growing in the East Indies, Jamaica and Brazil.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Arree Fibre

  • 13 Ban

    A fine fabric woven with fibre derived from banana leaves, woven in the East Indies. ———————— The Spanish term for a fine muslin.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Ban

  • 14 Spathodea

    Fibre yielded by the Spathodea Rheedii, a native of the East Indies. Used locally for net making.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Spathodea

  • 15 Ostindia

    subst. the East Indies

    Norsk-engelsk ordbok > Ostindia

  • 16 gibbon

    n. gibbon, small tailless arboreal ape (found in the East Indies and southern Asia)

    Holandés-inglés dicionario > gibbon

  • 17 sarangosti

    m.
    saragosti, a gum used in the East Indies, instead of pitch and tar, to caulk ships. (Nautical)

    Spanish-English dictionary > sarangosti

  • 18 Basto

    A local name given to sized shirtings shipped to many parts of the East Indies, 34-in., 38 yards, coloured headings, heavy-sized warp and coarse weft, such as 52 X 40, 20/12's, etc.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Basto

  • 19 Gajum

    A measure for cloth used in parts of the East Indies, about 37/38-in.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Gajum

  • 20 Indes

    (dated) ɛ̃d nom propre féminin pluriel Histoire
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    Indes† nprfpl Hist les Indes the Indies.
    Indes occidentales Hist West Indies; Indes orientales Hist East Indies.
    [ɛ̃d] nom propre féminin pluriel
    les Indes occidentales/orientales HISTOIRE the West/East Indies

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > Indes

Страницы

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