Перевод: с исландского на английский

с английского на исландский

the+cut

  • 1 SKÖR

    * * *
    (pl. -ar), f.
    1) score, notch, incision;
    2) a rift in a rock or precipice (hleypr hann ofan fyrir skorina).
    * * *
    f., gen. skarar, [skara], a rim, edge; allt út að skörinni, the rim of ice, Eb. 236; víða um ísinn … þeir lendu útan at skörinni, Fms. viii. 404: = tjald-skör, hljóp konungr ór lyptingunni, var hann svá reiðr at hann hljóp út um skarirnar, Fas. i. 373; spretta skörunr, ii. 187, 206, Bs. ii. 108: the phrase, skríða til skarar, to slide to the very edge, to fight it out, Sd. 189; skal nú til skarar skríða með okkr Knúti bróður mínum, Fms. xi. 15, the metaphor prob. from running or racing to the edge of the ice.
    2. the joints in a ship’s planking, see skara and skarsúð; þá er skipit hljóp af stokkunum bilaði í skarar nökkurar, Fms. viii. 196; húfr skörum hvelfðr, a hull covered with skarar, vi. (in a verse); þunn skör, the thin planks, Lex. Poët.
    3. a row of benches or steps; it appears from this word that in the ancient halls the seats sloped upwards, in tiers, as in a theatre; skyldi sá sitja á skörinni fyrir hásætinu, on the bench next before the high seat, Hkr. i. 49; sitja í hásæti, skör lægra enn konungr, one bench, one step lower, Fms. i. 7, Fb. ii. 137; sem hann er lauss, þykkir honum skör rýmra, Fas. ii. 225; var konungr í sömu stofu ok sömu skör um vetrinn, Fms. x. 1, v. l.; fót-skör, a foot-stool; or skör fóta = fótskemill.
    4. = skari (better skor), Þiðr. 288, 291, 311, 350.
    5. the hair, prob. from being cut so as to make a rim round the head, cp. brúna-skurðr: skör nam at dyja, Þkv. i; skör var fyrir enni, hair cut into a forelock on the forehead, Rm. 15; skör jarpa, Hðm. 21; skarar jarpar, Gkv. 2. 19; þær skálar er und skörum vóru, Vkv. 23, 33; döglings skör dreyra runna, his gory locks, Gkv. 1. 13; alda gengr of skör drengjum, Kormak; háfjall skarar, skarar fjall, skarar haugr, the high mount of the hair, the ‘knoll of the hair,’ = the head, Hým. 23, Hkr. i. (in a verse), Lex. Poët.: skör is used of men’s hair only, not of women, hence in the law, ef kona klæðisk karlklæðum eða skerr sér skör, eða ferr með vápn, þat varðar fjörbaugs-garð, Grág. i. 358: the word is obsolete in prose, except Grág. l. c., or in the saying, skömm eru skarar lýtin, cp. Mkv. 19: and in the phrase, mun Guðrún eiga at búa um rauda skör Bolla, G. will have to dress B.’s gory locks, Ld. 244; cp. vinna skarar rauðar, Ó. H. (in a verse); svá segir mér hugr um at rautt mun sjá í skörina, my mind tells me that there will be bloody locks, Valla L. 210: skapa skor (i. e. skör?) ok jafna ú-jafnað, to shape the cut, and make even the uneven, Fbr. 16 new Ed., skarar-fagr, adj. fair-haired, Fms. x. (in a verse).

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > SKÖR

  • 2 snið

    n. [sníða; Germ. schnitt], a slice; meitla af endanum til sniðs fyrstu róarinnar, Mar.; nú skal hann þiggja af-snið þyrnisins, the cut-off piece, Karl. 546: a cut, of clothes, fata-snið: the phrase, á snið, askance; höggva á snið, to cut aslant.
    2. plur. the cut edges of a book; bók í gyltum, rauðum sniðum, a gilt-edged, red-edged book.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > snið

  • 3 KLÆÐI

    n.
    1) cloth, stuff (ensk klæði með mörgum litum);
    2) garment (maðr í rauðu klæði);
    3) esp. in pl., clothes, apparel, dress (hvar fyrir berr þú rauð klæði?); fara í klæði, to put on clothes; fara af or ór klæðum, to take off one’s clothes; bera klæði (kasta klæðum) á vápn, to throw clothes over the weapons (to stop a fight).
    * * *
    n., irreg. gen. pl. klæðna, Barl. 80, 83, Str. 21; [A. S. clæð; Engl. cloth; O. H. G. chleit; Germ. kleid; Dutch kleed; Swed. and Dan. klæde]
    I. cloth, stuff; mæla vaðmál ok lérept ok klæði öll, Grág. i. 497; vestr til Englands at kaupa sér klæði ok önnur föng, … hlaða skipit með hveiti ok hunangi, víni ok klæðum, Eg. 69; Ensk klæði með mörgum litum, 517; gaf konungr Þorgilsi laufgrænt klæði fimtán álna langt, Sturl. iii. 131; vel þér þau klæði til hosna er brúnuð sé at lit, en ekki önnur klæði nema skarlat sé, Sks. 286; skaltú taka þér klæði er vér eigum bezt, Fas. iii. 265; fimtán álnir klæðis brúnat at lit, en klæðit var gersemi, Bs. i. 433; kennir hann klæði þau í kyrtlum hirðmanna, er hann hafði ræntr verit, 434; þrjátigi stikur klæðis, 875; tvíbreitt, þríbreitt klæði, tvíeln klæði, N. G. L. iii. 205, 208; hálflit klæði, chequered cloth, Fms. ii. 70: in mod. usage distinction is made between the foreign machine-made klæði and the home-made vaðmál, q. v.; klæðis-treyja, klæðis-fat, opp. to vaðmáls-treyja, vaðmáls-fat.
    II. a garment; Arinbjörn hafði látið göra klæði þat við vöxt Egils, Eg. 516; eitt gullhlað, ok rautt klæði, Nj. 35; maðr í rauðu klæði, Fms. x. 367; ef klæði rifnar af manni, K. Þ. K. 88:—fjaðr-k., dún-k., feather or down cloth; söðul-k., a saddle cloth.
    2. esp. in plur., clothes, apparel, dress; váskufl yztan klæða, Nj. 32; laza klæði sín, Anal. 292; vönduð öll klæði, Eb. 34; hvar fyrir berr þú rauð klæði, þar sem þau eru klerkum fyrirboðin at bera? Því, sagði hann, at ek hefi engi önnur til, … hann kom inn litlu síðar með brún klæði er erkibiskup hafði sjálfr borit,—Ber þessi klæði hátíðis-daga, Bs. i. 800; kasta klæðum, bera klæði á vápn, to throw clothes over the weapons, in a brawl, to hinder bloodshed, Vápn. 28: bedclothes, hann lét bera í vind klæði þau er hón hafði haft áðr, Eg. 567; und klæðum, Ísl. ii. 252 (in a verse); klæða ílát, klæða örk, a clothes chest, 655 xxx. 7, Js. 78; klæða hirðir, keeper of a wardrobe, Stj. 649; klæða hlaði, a pile of clothes, Grett. 160; klæða kaup = klæðaskipti, Fbr. 94 new Ed.; klæða spell, spoiling, damaging one’s dress, N. G. L. i. 163; klæða verð, the price of clothes, Gþl. 259:—vás-klæði, over-clothes; rekkju-klæði, bedclothes; her-klæði, armour; lín-klæði, linen clothes; lit-klæði, chequered clothes, all of them in plur.
    COMPDS: klæða-búnaðr, klæða-búningr, m. apparel, Bs. i. 134, Fms. i. 69, Stj. 697; þeir höfðu mjök líkan klæða-búnað ok vápna, Hkr. i. 344. klæða-faldr, m. the hem of a garment, N. T. klæða-föll, n. pl. the folds of a garment, Mar.: medic. = kvennatíðir. klæða-mangari, a, m. a clothesmonger, Rétt. 13. 9. klæða-skipti, n. pl., göra k., to change clothes, Stj. 518, Fbr. 161, Sturl. iii. 100, Ld. 286. klæða-skurðr, m. the cut of clothes, Rétt. klæða-snið, n. the cut, fashion of clothes, Hkr. iii. 181, Fas. ii. 344.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > KLÆÐI

  • 4 skor

    * * *
    (pl. -ar), f.
    1) score, notch, incision;
    2) a rift in a rock or precipice (hleypr hann ofan fyrir skorina).
    * * *
    f., pl. skorar, a score, notch, incision; setja þrjár skorar á dyra-stoð, N. G. L. i. 55; bera, þola skor, to ‘thole a score,’ stand a cut, of a good silver coin (bad coins were merely silvered over), Grág. i. 392, 500; hvítr í skor, white in the cut, of silver, Hkr. i. 185.
    2. [North. E. scar, scaur], a rift in a rock or precipice; hleypr hann ofan fyrir skorina, Gísl. 158; er þú vatt þá sjau í skorinni, Nj. 146; svelta sem refr í skor, Fas. iii. 180, 636; fóta-festi í einni lítilli skor, Barl. 56; Skorar-geirr, a nickname, Nj.: the name of a cloven mountain north of Broadfirth in Icel., milli Skorar og Jökuls: berg-skor, hellis-skor, kletta-skor.
    II. a tally or stick for counting, a score or notch being made for every twenty; ef skip skal skipa … þá skal skorar ( they scored the roll) selja ármanni í hönd, ok augljós nef þau öll göra at bryggju-sporði, er skorat er fyrir, N. G. L. i. 202; hence,
    2. a score, a tale of twenty; ellefu skorar af karlmönnum, sjau skorar af börnum, 415. 16.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > skor

  • 5 MÍMIR

    m. name of the wise giant of Norse mythology, the keeper of the holy well Mímis-brunnr, m. = the burn of Mimir, the well of wisdom, in which Odin pawned his eye for wisdom, a myth which is explained as symbolical of the heavenly vault with its single eye, the sun, setting in the sea, Vsp. 22. Mímir also occurs in the following compds, hregg-mímir = the ‘tempest-sky,’ and vett-mímir = the top sky = the uppermost heaven, Edda (Gl.), which are among the nine heavens, such as the ancients fancied it, which shews a connection of this name with the sky; Sökk-mímir, the M. of the depth, is the name of a giant (representing the sky of the Inferno?), Gm. Again, another myth says that Odin carried with him the cut off head of the giant Mímir ( Míms-höfuð), which told him all hidden things, Vsp. 47, Yngl. S. ch. 7, Edda: Odin is called Míms-vinr, m. = the friend of Mímir, Stor. Míms-synir, m. pl. the sons of Mímir = the winds (?), Vsp.
    II. hold-mímir, flesh-maimer (?), is the poët. name of a sword, Edda (Gl.); cp. also Ulf. mimz = κρέας, 1 Cor. viii. 13, (= a chop, butcher’s meat?). ☞ Is the word to be derived from maiming, cutting, and is the likeness to Lat. memor only accidental? cp. also the following word.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > MÍMIR

  • 6 KROF

    n. cut-up carcase of a slaughtered animal (cf. sauðarkrof).
    * * *
    n. [cp. kryfja, and a lost strong verb krjúfa, krauf, krofinn, to embowel]:— the cut-up carcase of a slaughtered animal; nauts-k., sauðar-k., Dipl. v. 18, Sturl. iii. 262, Fas. ii. 114.

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  • 7 hár-skurðr

    m. the cut of the hair, N. G. L. i. 345, Fms. ii. 189.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > hár-skurðr

  • 8 miða

    (að), v. to take note, mark (E. hafði glöggt miðat á um kveldit, hvar konungrinn hvíldi); m. við e-t, to mark a distance or place by another object (hlað hér vörðu, ok miða svá við þar sem eldrinn brennr).
    * * *
    að, to shew, mark a place; miða til, en er læknirinn miðaði til hvar hann skyldi af skera, when the leech shewed where to make the cut, Fms. iii. 31:—miða á e-t, Eymundr hafði glöggt miðat á um kveldit hvar konungr hvíldi í tjaldinu, Fb. ii. 129; miðaði hann svá glöggt á, at þar sem hann sagði fannsk kista, Bs. i. 829: hann miðar glöggt, hversu …, he marks closely, how …, Hom. (St.):—miða við e-t, to mark a distance or place by another object; hlað hér vörðu, ok miða svá við þar sem eldrinn brennr, Gísl. 147: metaph., hvað er að miða við það, ‘tis no proper thing to compare with, it cannot be compared:—impers., e-u miðar, a thing moves, advances; honum miðar ekki.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > miða

  • 9 HÖGGVA

    * * *
    (høgg; hjó, hjoggum or hjuggum; höggvinn and högginn), v.
    1) to strike, smite (with a sharp weapon);
    høggr sá, er hlífa skyldi, he strikes who ought to shield;
    höggva sverði (or með sverði), to strike with a sword;
    höggva e-n bana-högg, to give one his deathblow;
    2) to cut down, destroy (þeir hjoggu drekann mjök);
    3) to put to death, behead (suma lét hann hengja eða höggva);
    to kill, slaughter (höggva hest, búfé, kýr, naut);
    4) to fell trees (hann hefir höggvit í skógi mínum);
    5) to strike, bite (of a snake, boar);
    ormrinn hjó hann til bana, the snake struck him dead;
    6) with preps.:
    höggva e-t af, to hew or cut off (höggva af kampa ok skegg);
    höggva e-t af sér, to ward of;
    höggva eptir e-m, to cut at one, = höggva til e-s (hjá eptir honum með sverði);
    höggva í höfuð e-m, to give one a blow on the head;
    höggva e-t niðr, to cut down (var merki hans niðr höggvit);
    to kill, butcher (I. hefir áðr niðr höggvit brœðr sína tvá);
    höggva e-t ór, to cut out;
    fig. to make even, smooth (láta konung ok erkibisup ór höggva slíkar greinir);
    höggva e-t í sundr, to hew asunder;
    höggva til e-s, to strike (cut) at one, = höggva eptir e-m;
    höggva upp tré, to cut down a tree;
    höggva upp skip, to break a ship up;
    7) refl. to be cut, hacked (hjást skjöldr Helga);
    þótti honum nú taka mjök um at höggvast, things looked hard;
    recipr., to exchange blows, fight (þeir hjuggust nökkura stund).
    * * *
    also spelt heyggva, Sæm. (Kb.); pres. höggr, mod. also heggr; pl. höggum, mod. höggvum; pret. hjó, hjótt, hjó, mod. hjó, hjóst, hjó; pl. hjoggum and hjuggum, mod. only the latter form; a Norse pret. hjoggi = hjó, D. N. ii. 331; pret. subj. hjöggi and heyggi, mod. hjyggi; part. högginn, mod. but less correct, höggvinn, which also is freq. in the Editions; but in the MSS. usually abbreviated, högḡ, höggͭ, = högginn, höggit: [not recorded in Ulf.; A. S. heawan; Engl. hew, hack; Hel. hauwan; O. H. G. houwan; Germ. hauen; Dan. hugge; Swed. hugga]:—höggva denotes to strike with an edged tool, slá and drepa with a blunt one:
    1. to strike, smite with a sharp weapon; höggr sá er hlífa skyldi, he strikes who ought to shield, a saying: to deal blows with a weapon, hann görði ymist hjó eða lagði, Nj. 8; hann hjó títt ok hart, passim; höggva báðum höndum, 29; h. sverði, öxi, strike with, i. e. to brandish, a sword, axe, Fms. v. 168, Gs. 6; h. til e-s, to deal a blow to one, smite, Grág. ii. 7, Al. 78; h. e-n bana-högg, to smite with a deathblow, Eg. 220: to cut down, destroy, þeir hjuggu drekann mjök, Fms. vii. 249: to maim, ef maðr höggr hund eða björn til háðungar manni, Grág. ii. 121; h. rauf á hjálmi, Al. 78: the phrases, h. sik í lends manns rétt, Fms. ix. 399: spec. phrases, höggðú allra manna armastr, nú hjóttu Noreg ór hendi mér! Ek þóttumk nú Noreg í hönd þér höggva, Ó. H. 184.
    2. to put to death, behead, Fms. vii. 250, 251, xi. 148–152: to kill, högg þú hestinn, Nj. 92: to kill cattle, slaughter, h. bú, búfé, kýr, geitr, naut, Landn. 293, Eg. 532, Fms. vi. 95, xi. 123, Fb. i. 186: höggva strandhögg, Eg. 81.
    3. to fell trees; höggva skög, Grág. ii. 294; h. keyrivönd, id.: absol., hann hefir höggit í skógi mínum, Nj. 98, passim: to cut grass (rarely), ef maðr höggr hey á hlut annars manns, N. G. L. ii. 112; upp höggvit gras, cut grass, Dipl. iv. 9, Jm. 7, (else always slá of mowing.)
    4. to bite, of snakes (högg-ormr); Miðgarðsormr hjó hann til bana, Edda 155; naðran hjó fyrir flagbrjóskat, 76: of a wound from a boar’s tusk, ef svín höggr mann, Gþl. 190: the phrase, h. hest sporum, to prick a horse with the spur, Mag. 9.
    II. with prepp.; höggva af, to hew or cut off; h. af kampa ok skegg, to cut off the beard, K. Þ. K.; h. af lim, Sks. 555; to kill, slaughter, h. af fé, Ld. 64; höggva af sér, to parry off, Fms. v. 13:—h. niðr, to cut down, i. 38; to kill, butcher, vii. 261, Orkn. 120; hjuggu þeir niðr mungát sitt (by cutting casks to pieces), Fms. vii. 249:—h. upp, to cut down a tree, Greg. 48, Matth. iii. 10; h. upp skip, to break a ship up, Fms. iii. 228, ix. 381; h. upp hús, to break a house up, viii. 166:—h. ór, to cut out, metaph. to make even; vóru margar greinir þær er ór þurfti at h. milli biskups ok leikmanna, Bs. i. 751; láta konung ok erkibiskup ór h. ( smooth) sagðar greinir, 773.
    III. reflex. to be cut, hacked; hjósk skjöldr Helga, Dropl. 24.
    2. recipr. to exchange blows, fight; þeir hjuggusk nokkura stund, Háv. 56; þeir h. til í ákafa, Bret. 74.
    3. metaph., höggvask í mitt mál, to begin abruptly, in the middle of a sentence; taka heldr at upphafi til, en höggvask í mitt mál, Landn. 275, v. l.; ef enn höggsk nokkurr í ok mælir svá, cuts in, objects, Skálda 168: þótti honum nú taka mjök um at höggvask, things looked hard, Grett. 142; þótti honum hart um höggvask, Bs. i. 423.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > HÖGGVA

  • 10 SKERA

    * * *
    (sker; skar, skárum; skorinn), v.
    1) to cut (þeir skáru böndin);
    skera e-n á háls, to cut one’s throat (Karkr þræll skar hann á háls);
    skera út ór, to cut right through;
    2) to slaughter (skera sauði, kálf, kið, dilk, geldinga);
    3) to shape, cut (hann skar hár hans ok negl);
    4) to cut, mow, reap (skera akr);
    5) to carve, cut out (á brúðum stólsins var skorinn Þórr, ok var þat líkneski mikit);
    6) skera e-m höfuð, to make faces at one;
    láta skapat skera, to let fate decide;
    7) with preps. and advs.:
    skera e-t af, to cut off;
    skera lítt af manni, to speak one’s mind;
    skera niðr kvikfé, to slaughter the live stock (for want of fodder);
    skera ór e-u, to decide, settle (skera ór vanda-málum);
    nú er þat vili várr, at einn veg skeri ór, that the case be settled;
    skera upp herör, þingboð, to dispatch a war-arrow, gathering-stick;
    skera upp akr, to reap a field;
    8) refl., skerast, to stretch, branch, of a fjord, valley;
    fjörðr skarst langt inn í landit, stretched far into the land;
    höfðarnir skárust á víxl, the headlands stretched across, overlapped one another;
    s. í setgeira-brœkr, to put on a mzn’s breeches;
    ef nökkut skerst í, if anything happens;
    skarst allt í odda með þeim, þat sem við bar, they fell at odds about everything that happened;
    s. ór e-u máli, to withdraw (shrink) from a cause (gangi nú allir til mín ok sveri eiða, at engi skerist ór þessu máli);
    s. undan e-u, to refuse, decline doing a thing (mun lokit okkrum samförum, ef þú skerst undan förinni);
    s. undan, to hang back (Þeir fýstu hann at sættast, en hann skarst undan).
    * * *
    sker, pret. skar, pl. skáru; subj. skæri; part. skorinn: [A. S. sceran; Engl. shear; Germ. scheren; Dan. skjære]:—to cut; skera með knífi, klippa með söxum, Str. 9; þeir skáru böndin, Fms. iv. 369; hann skar af nokkurn hlut, x. 337; s. tungu ór höfði manni, Grág. ii. 11; hann skar ór egg-farveginn ór sárinu, Þórð. 54 new Ed.; þann flekk skera ór með holdi ok blóði, Fms. ii. 188; s. á háls, Nj. 156; skera ór út ór, to cut sheer through, 244, Fms. i. 217.
    2. to slaughter, Gr. σφάττειν; skera sauði, kálf, kið, geldinga, Landn. 292, K. Þ. K. 134, Bs. i. 646, Hkr. i. 170, Sturl. i. 94, Eb. 318; hann skar síðan dilkinn, þess iðraðisk hann mest er hann hafði dilkinn skorit, Grett. 137; þá höfðu þeir skorit flest allt sauðfé, en einn hrút létu þeir lifa, 148; Þóroddr hafði þá ok skorit í bú sitt sem hann bar nauðsyn til, Eb. 316; s. gæss, Korm. 206, 208; skera niðr kvíkfé, Vápn. 30; skera af, id., Korm.; kýrin var skorin af.
    3. to cut, shape; skorinn ok skapaðan, Barl 166: of clothes, klæði skorin eða úskorin, Grág. i. 504; óskorin klæði öll, N. G. L. i. 210; var skorit um pell nýtt, Fms. vii. 197; veittú mér þat, at þú sker mér skyrtu, Auðr, Þórkatli bónda mínum … At þú skyldir s. Vesteini bróður mínum skyrtuna, Gísl. 15; skikkju nýskona, Fms. vi. 52: of the hair, þá skar Rögnvaldr jarl hár hans, en áðr hafði verit úskorit tíu vetr, ii. 189; hann hafði þess heit strengt at láta eigi s. hár sitt né kemba, fyrr en hann væri einvalds-konungr yfir Noregi, Eg. 6; hann skar hár hans ok negl, Ó. H.; ef maðr deyr með úskornum nöglum, Edda 41; s. mön á hrossum, Bjarn. 62.
    4. [Scot. shear, of reaping], to shear, cut, reap; skera akr eða slá eng, to ‘shear an acre’ or mow a meadow, Gþl. 360; ax úskorit, Gkv. 2. 22; sá akra yðra ok skera, ok planta vingarða, Stj. 644; skera korn, K. Á. 176; sær ok skerr, Gþl. 329.
    5. to carve, cut; glugg einn er á var skorinn hurðinni, Fms. iii. 148; s. jarðar-men, Nj. 227; skáru á skíði, Vsp.; var á framstafninum karls-höfuð, þat skar hann sjálfr, Fagrsk. 75; skar Tjörvi þau á knífs-skepti sínu, Landn. 248; skera fjöl, kistil, brík, as also skera út c-ð, to carve out (skurðr); skornir drekar, carved dragon-heads, Lex. Poët.; skera hluti, to mark the lots, Fms. vii. 140 (see hlutr); skera or skera upp herör, to ‘carve out,’ i. e. to despatch a war-arrow, like the Scot. ‘fiery cross,’ Eg. 9, Fms. i. 92, vi. 24, x. 388, Gþl. 82, Js. 41; s. boð, id., Gþl. 84, 370, 371.
    6. special phrases; skera e-m höfuð, to make faces at one, metaphor from carving the pole, see níð; hann rétti honum fingr ok skar honum höfuð, Grett. 117 A; skera af manni, to be blunt with one (see skafa); þarf ekki lengr yfir at hylma, né af manni at skera, Mork. 138; þú ert röskr maðr ok einarðr, ok skerr (v. l. skefr) lítt af manni, Nj. 223; skerr hann til mjök (he begs, presses hard) ef Hneitir legði leyfi til, Sturl. i. 11: allit., skapa ok s., to ‘shave and shear,’ i. e. to make short work rf a thing, decide, Eg. 732, Hrafn. 29; láta skapat skera, to let fate decide, Fms. viii. 88.
    7. skera ór, to decide, settle (ór-skurðr); biskup skerr ekki ór um skilnað, Grág. i. 328; ef eigi skera skrár ór, 7; föru-nautar hans skáru skýrt ór, Ölk. 36; þótti þá ór skorit, Ld. 74; s. ór vanda-málum, Str. 30; nú er þat vili várr, at einn veg skeri ór, to end it either way, Fb. ii. 57.
    II. reflex. to stretch, branch, of a landscape, fjord, valley; sá fjörðr skersk í landnorðr frá Steingríms-firði, Ld. 20; sá þeir at skárusk í landit inn firðir stórir, Eb. 5 new Ed.; fjörðr skarsk langt inn í landit, Krók.; höfðarnir skárusk á víxl, the headlands stretched across, overlapped one another, id.; í dal þeim er skersk vestr í fjöll, milli Múla ok Grísar-tungu, Ld. 146; vág-skorinn, a shore with many bays; skorið fjörðum, scored with many fjords; þar skersk inn haf þat er kallask Caspium mare, Stj. 72.
    2. phrases, hón skarsk í setgeira-brækr, Ld. 136; ef nokkut skersk í, happens, Gþl. 20, Fbr. 102 new Ed.; Þórðr sagði eitthvað skyldu í skerask, Þórð. 67; þat skarsk í odda með e-m, to be at odds, Fbr.
    3. to yield so much in meat and so much in tallow, of cattle when killed; skerask með tveim fjórðungum mörs, með tíu mörkum, sauðirnir skárust vel, ílla.
    4. skerask ór e-n máli, to withdraw from a cause, Nj. 191; betra hefði þér verit at renna eigi frá mágum þínum ok skerask nú eigi ór sættum, 248: skerask undan e-u. to refuse, decline, Hrafn. 12, Stj. 425, Róm. 362; ef þú skersk undan förinni, Ld. 218; ef þeir játa þessi ferð, þá mun ek eigi undan skerask, Fms. iii. 70; þeir fystu hann í at sættask, en hann skarsk undan, Nj. 250; at ek munda eigi undan s. þér at veita, 180.
    5. pass., boga-strengrinn skarsk, Fas. ii. 537; klæðin skárusk, Fms. v. 268; tré-ör skal út skerask í bygðir, Gþl. 13

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > SKERA

  • 11 SNÍÐA

    (snið; sneið, sniðum; sniðinn), v.
    1) to cut; s. e-t af e-u, to cut off (sneið þrælinn höfuðit af jarli); s. e-t í sundr, to cut asunder; s. til, to make a cut, to set about a thing;
    * * *
    sníð, pret. sneitt, sneið, pl. sniðu; imperat. sníð, sníddu; part. sniðinn; a weak pret. sníddi (analogous to líddi from líða), Fas. iii. 21 (in a verse), 356, l. 1: [Ulf. sneiþan = θερίζειν; A. S. snîðan; Germ. schneiden; Dan. snyden; Shetl. sny]:—to slice, lop, cut, prop. to prune trees, as the Gothic shews, cp. sniðill, Al. 120; burt sníð þú grein lastanna, Pass.; sníðu vér löstu af verkum várum, Greg. 32; sumir orm sniðu, Bkv. 4; sníðit or hann sina-magni, cut his sinew-power, ham-string him, Vkv.; skör sniðin hjörvi, Edda (Ht.); skeið sneið, she cut the waves, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hann sníðr hann sundr í miðju, Nj. 97; sneið Karkr höfuð af jarli, Fms. i. 217; svá at sneið í sundr kjálkana ok barkann, vii. 191; sneið Egill af honum skeggit. Eg. 564: sniða um, to circumcise (um-sniðning), Stj. 353, MS. 625. 86; sniða, líma ok niðr-setja, of masonry, Fms. xi. 428: to cut cloth, of tailoring, sníða skyrtu, Gísl. 97; so also sniða skó or skæði: metaph., s. af, hann sneið af neðan þat er saurugt hafði orðit, Fs. 51; bjórar er menn sniða ór skóm sínum fyrir tá eðr hæli, Edda 42; so in mod. usage, s. fat, klæði, dúk: sniða til, to make a cut; hvar til skyldi s. um kvánfangit, Finnb. 296.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > SNÍÐA

  • 12 BÍTA

    * * *
    (að), v.
    2) bita út (útbita), with dat., to extend, distend, stretch out.
    * * *
    beit, bitu, bitið; pres. bít; imperat. bít, 2nd pers. bittú; poët. forms with the negative, beitat, Eg. (in a verse); subj. bítia, Hkv. 2. 31, [Ulf. beitan; Engl. bite; Germ. beizen]:—to bite, Lat. mordere:
    I. properly,
    1. with the teeth, Eg. 508, N. G. L. i. 351; b. menn (of a dog), Grág. ii. 119; b. skarð ór, Eg. 605: of a horse, N. G. L. i. 392: foxes killing sheep, Bs. ii. 138, N. G. L. ii. 34 (wolf):—to sting, of wasps, gnats, Landn. 146.
    2. of grazing animals; b. gras, lauf, skóg, Grág. ii. 229, (hence beit, pasture); hvar hestar þínir bitu gras, Fs. 57: absol. to graze, Karl. 71.
    3. of sharp instruments, weapons (vápnbitinn); engir vóru ósárir nema þeir er eigi bitu járn, except those whom iron could not bite, Eg. 33; sverðit beit ekki, did not cut, Nj. 45, Edda 7; ljárnir bíta, 48; fótrinn brotnaði en eigi beit, the sword did not cut but broke the leg, Bjarn. 66.
    β. e-m bítr, one’s weapon ( scythe) cuts well, bites; allt bitu honum annan veg vápnin, Eg. 93.
    4. of a ship, to cruise; hér er skip … er vér köllum bíta ( bite the wind) allra skipa bezt, the best sailer, Fs. 27: impers., beit þeim eigi fyrir Reykjanes, they could not clear cape R., Landn. 30.
    5. in fishing, to bite, take the bait; bítr vel á um daginn, the fishes did bite, Ld. 40; bíta mætti beitfiskr, q. v.
    6. bíta á vörrinni, to bite the lip as a token of pain or emotion, Nj. 68; hann hafði bitið á kampinum, had bitten the beard, 209.
    II. metaph.:
    α. of frost, cold, sickness, and the like.
    β. to bite, sting, hurt; hvat mun oss heldr b. orð hans, why should his speech sting us any more? Grett. 95 A; eigi veit ek prestr, nema orðin þín hafi bitið, thy words have bit, Fms. vii. 39.
    γ. as a law term; sekt, sök bítr, the guilt strikes the convict, when brought home to him, hence sakbitinn, guilty; pá menn er hvártveggja hafa bitið, lög, réttindi ok svá dómar, convicted in the face of law and justice, Sks. 655 B; um þau mál sem sekt bítr, i. e. unlawful cases, liable to punishment, K. Á. 148; um þat er sekt bítr, Grett. 133 A (new Ed. 1853), Sks. 655.
    δ. b. á e-n, to cut deep, affect, make an impression upon; the phrase, láta ekki á sig b., to stand proof against all; þetta lét Kjartan á sik b., K. felt pain from it, Ld. 204; láttu þetta ekki á þik b., do not mind it, id.; rennr þat öðrum opt mjök í brjóst, er á suma bítr ekki (of the conscience), 655 xi.
    ε. e-t bítr fyrir, something ‘bites off,’ i. e. is decisive, makes a thing impossible or out of question; þat annat ( the other reason) er þó bítr skjótara, which is still more decided against it, Fms. ii. 266; þeir kváðust þenna kost eigi vilja, ok kváðu þat tvennt til vera er fyrir beit, two decided obstacles, reasons against it, Sturl. iii. 47; þú ert miklu œri maðr at aldri, en svá at vér hafim her lögtekna í Jómsborg, ok bítr þat fyrir, that puts it out of question, makes it impossible, Fms. x. 93; Þorgilsi þykir nú þetta ráð mega fyrir bíta, Th. thought this would be quite sufficient,—fyrir hlíta would here be better,—Ld. 264; þeir höfðu jafnan minna hlut ór málum, þó þetta bití nú fyrir, they always got the worst of it, though this was a thorough beating, Fas. i. 144; (þat er) lögmanni ok lögréttumönnum þykir fyrir b., seems a decisive proof, cuts the case off at once, N. G. L. ii. 21; b. e-m at fullu, to prove fatal to, tell fully upon; hafa mik nú at fullu bitið hans ráð, Fs. 8; Njáls bíta ráðin, a proverb quoted by Arngrim in Brevis Comment., written A. D. 1593, denoting the sagacity of Njal’s schemes; beit þetta ráð, it was effective, Fs. 153; e-m bítr við at horfa, Band. 7 C, is no doubt a false reading, = býðr, which is the reading l. c. of the vellum MS. 2845, vide bjóða.
    III. recipr. of horse fight, Rd. 298.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > BÍTA

  • 13 BRAUT

    * * *
    I)
    (pl. brautir), f.
    1) road (cut through rocks, forests, etc.); ryðja braut, to cut a road;
    2) as adv. away, either with or without the prep. ‘á’ or ‘í’ (fara, ganga, komast braut or á braut, brauta; vera í braut or brautu; kasta e-u í braut, hverfa í braut, vera í braut or brautu). Cf. brott, burt.
    m. compds., see brott.
    from brjóta.
    * * *
    f., dat. brautu, pl. ir, [a purely Scandin. word, formed from brjóta, braut, as Engl. road from Ital. rotta, via rupta]:— a road cut through rocks, forests, or the like, and distinguished from vegr, stigr, gata (path, track); Önundr konungr lét brjóta vegu um markir ok mýrar ok fjallvegu, fyrir því var hann Braut-Önundr kallaðr, Hkr. i. 46; ryðja b., to cut a road, Ísl. ii. 400; braut … eigi breiðari en götu breidd, Eg. 582.
    II. as adv. away, either with or without the prep. ‘á’ or ‘í,’ á braut or á brautu, which is the oldest form; but the common form in the old writers is brot, or with a double consonant, brott; later by metath. burt, burtu [Dan.-Swed. bort], which are the mod. forms, but not found in very early MSS.: it occurs in a verse in the Skálda—reið Brynhildar bróðir | ‘bort’ sá er hug né ‘skorti:’—braut, brautu; braut hvarf or sal sæta, Korm. (in a verse), Hm. 88; þraut, fer ek einn á brautu, Grett. (in a verse); in the Grág. freq., esp. in the old fragment Ed. A. D. 1852, pp. 19–26, where Kb. reads brott; the Miracle-book, Bs. i. 333 sqq., constantly gives braut; so also Ó. H. vellum of the middle of the 13th century: brott, Eg. 603, Nj. 132, Grág. i. 275: burt, burtu, in MSS. of the 15th century; the MSS. freq. use an abbreviated spelling b∞t (∞ denoting ro and or), so that it is difficult to see whether it is to be read brot or burt or bort. It is used with or without notion of motion; the acc. forms braut, brott, burt, originally denote going away; the dat. brautu, burtu, being away; but in common use both are used indiscriminately; þat var brott frá öðrum húsum, far off from other bouses, Eg. 203; vera rekinn brott (braut), to be driven away, Nj. 132; fara braut, to go away, Fms. x. 216; af landi brott, Grág. i. 275, 331, 145, 258, 264, cp. also Nj. 10, 14, 26, 52, 196, Fms. ix. 431, Eg. 319, 370, and endless instances.
    COMPDS: brautargengi, brautarmót, brautartak.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > BRAUT

  • 14 FYRIR

    * * *
    prep.
    I. with dat.
    1) before, in front of (ok vóru fyrir honum borin merkin);
    fyrir dyrum, before the door;
    2) before one, in one’s presence;
    hón nefndist fyrir þeim Gunnhildr, she told them that her name was G.;
    3) for;
    hann lét ryðja fyrir þeim búðina, he had the booth cleared for them, for their reception;
    4) before one, in one’s way;
    fjörðr varð fyrir þeim, they came to a fjord;
    sitja fyrir e-m, to lie in wait for one;
    5) naut. term. before, off;
    liggja fyrir bryggjum, to lie off the piers;
    fyrir Humru-mynni, off the Humber;
    6) before, at the head of, over;
    vera fyrir liði, to be over the troops;
    vera fyrir máli, to lead the case;
    sitja fyrir svörum, to undertake the defence;
    7) of time, ago;
    fyrir þrem nóttum, three nights ago;
    fyrir stundu, a while ago;
    fyrir löngu, long ago;
    vera fyrir e-u, to forebode (of a dream);
    8) before, above, superior to;
    Hálfdan svarti var fyrir þeim brœðrum, H. was the foremost of the brothers;
    9) denoting disadvantige, harm, suffering;
    þú lætr Egil vefja öll mál fyrir þér, thou lettest E. thwart all thy affairs;
    tók at eyðast fyrir herm lausa-fé, her money began to fail;
    10) denoting obstacle, hindrance;
    mikit gøri þer mér fyrir þessu máli, you make this case hard for me;
    varð honum lítit fyrir því, it was a small matter for him;
    Ásgrími þótti þungt fyrir, A. thought that things looked bad;
    11) because of, for;
    hon undi sér hvergri fyrir verkjum, she had no rest for pains;
    fyrir hræðslu, for fear;
    illa fœrt fyrir ísum, scarcely, passable for ice;
    gáðu þeir eigi fyrir veiðum at fá heyjanna, because of fishing, they neglected to make hay;
    fyrir því at, because, since, as;
    12) against;
    gæt þín vel fyrir konungi ok hans mönnum, guard thee well against the king and his men;
    beiða griða Baldri fyrir alls konar háska, against all kinds of harm;
    13) fyrir sér, of oneself;
    mikill fyrir sér, strong, powerful;
    minnstr fyrir sér, smallest, weakest;
    14) denoting manner or quality, with;
    hvítr fyrir hærum, while with hoary hair;
    II. with acc.
    1) before, in front of;
    halda fyrir augu sér, to hold (one’s hands) before one’s eyes;
    2) before, into the presence of;
    stefna e-m fyrir dómstól, before a court;
    3) over;
    hlaupa fyrir björg, to leap over a precipice;
    kasta fyrir borð, to throw overboard;
    4) in one’s way, crossing one’s way;
    ríða á leið fyrir þá, to ride in their way, so as to meet them;
    5) round, off;
    sigla fyrir nes, to weather a point;
    6) along, all along;
    fyrir endilangan Noreg, all along Norway, from one end to the other;
    draga ör fyrir odd, to draw the arrow past the point;
    7) of time, fyrir dag, before day;
    fyrir e-s minni, before one’s memory;
    8) for, on behalf of;
    vil ek bjóða at fara fyrir þik, I will offer to go for thee, in thy stead;
    lögvörn fyrir mál, a lawful defence for a case;
    9) for, for the benefit of;
    þeir skáru fyrir þá melinn, they cut the lyme-grass for them (the horses);
    10) for, instead of, in place of, as;
    11) for, because of (vilja Gunnar dauðan fyrir höggit);
    fyrir þín orð, for thy words (intercession);
    fyrir sína vinsæld, by reason of his popularity;
    12) denoting value, price;
    fyrir þrjár merkr, for three marks;
    fyrir hvern mun, by all means, at any cost;
    13) in spite of, against (giptast fyrir ráð e-s);
    14) joined with adverbs ending in -an, governing acc. (fyrir austan, vestan, sunnan, norðan, útan innan, framan, handan, ofan, neðan);
    fyrir austan, sunnan fjall, east, south of the fell;
    fyrir neðan brú, below the bridge;
    fyrir handan á, beyond the river;
    fyrir innan garð, inside the fence;
    III. as adverb or ellipt.
    1) ahead, before, opp. to eptir;
    þá var eigi hins verra eptir ván, er slíkt fór fyrir, when this came first, preceded;
    2) first;
    mun ek þar eptir gera sem þér gerit fyrir, I shall do to you according as you do first;
    3) at hand, present, to the fore;
    föng þau, er fyrir vóru, stores that were at hand;
    þar var fyrir fjöldi boðsmanna, a host of guests was already present (before the bride and bridegroom came);
    4) e-m verðr e-t fyrir, one takes a certain step, acts so and so;
    Kolbeini varð ekki fyrir, K. was at a loss what to do;
    e-t mælist vel (illa) fyrir, a thing is well (ill) spoken or reported of (kvæðit mæltist vel fyrir).
    * * *
    prep., in the Editions spelt differently; in MSS. this word is usually abbreviated either  (i. e. firir), or Ꝼ̆, fur͛, fvr͛ (i. e. fyrir); in some MSS. it is idiomatically spelt with i, fir͛, e. g. Arna-Magn. 382 (Bs. i. 263 sqq.); and even in the old Miracle-book Arna-Magn. 645 (Bs. i. 333 sqq.), just as ifir is written for yfir ( over); in a few MSS. it is written as a monosyllable fyr, e. g. D. I. i. 475, Mork. passim; in Kb. (Sæm.-Edda) occurs fyr telia, Vsp. I; fyr norðan, 36; fyr dyrum, Gm. 22; fyr vestan ver, Hkv. 2. 8; in other places as a dissyll. fyrir, e. g. Hm. 56, Gm. 54, Skm. 34, Ls. 15, Am. 64, Hkv. 2. 2, 19 (quoted from Bugge’s edition, see his preface, p. xvi); fyr and fyrir stand to one another in the same relation as ept to eptir, und to undir, of ( super) to yfir: this monosyllabic form is obsolete, save in the compds, where ‘for-’ is more common than ‘fyrir-;’ in some cases both forms are used, e. g. for-dæming and fyrir-dæming; in others only one, but without any fixed rule: again, the forms fyri, fyre, or fire, which are often used in Edd., are just as wrong, as if one were to say epti, undi, yfi; yet this spelling is found now and then in MSS., as, fyre, Ó. H. (facsimile); fire, Grág. Sb. ii. 288 (also facsimile): the particles í and á are sometimes added, í fur, Fms. iv. 137; í fyrir, passim; á fur, Haustl. 1. [Ulf. faur and faura; A. S. fore and for; Engl. for and fore-; Germ. für and vor; Dan. for; Swed. för; Gr. προ-; Lat. pro, prae.]
    WITH DAT., chiefly without the notion of movement.
    A. LOCAL:
    I. before, in front of; fyrir dyrum, before the doors, at the doors, Nj. 14, Vsp. 53, Hm. 69, Edda 130; niðr f. smiðju-dyrum, Eg. 142:—ahead, úti fyrir búðinni, Nj. 181; kómusk sauðirnir upp á fjallit f. þeim, ahead of them, 27; vóru fyrir honum borin merkin, the banner was borne before him, 274; göra orð fyrir sér, to send word before one, Fms. vii. 207, Hkr. iii. 335 (Ó. H. 201, l. c., frá sér):—also denoting direction, niðri í eldinum f. sér, beneath in the fire before them, Nj. 204; þeir sá f. sér bæ mikinn, they saw before them a great building, i. e. they came to a great house, Eg. 546; öðrum f. sér ( in front) en öðrum á bak sér, Grág. i. 5.
    2. before one, before one’s face, in one’s presence; úhelgaða ek Otkel f. búum, before the neighbours, Nj. 87; lýsi ek f. búum fimm, 218; lýsa e-u ( to proclaim) f. e-m, Ld. 8; hann hermdi boð öll f. Gizuri, Nj. 78; hón nefndisk f. þeim Gunnhildr, told them that her name was G., Fms. i. 8; kæra e-t f. e-m, Ó. H. 60; slíkar fortölur hafði hann f. þeim, Nj. 200; the saying, því læra börnin málið að það er f. þeim haft, bairns learn to speak because it is done before them, i. e. because they hear it; hafa gott (íllt) f. e-m, to give a good (bad) example, e. g. in the presence of children; lifa vel f. Guði, to live well before God, 623. 29; stór ábyrgðar-hluti f. Guði, Nj. 199; sem þeir sjá réttast f. Guði, Grág. i. (pref.); fyrir öllum þeim, Hom. 89; á laun f. öðrum mönnum, hidden from other men, unknown to them, Grág. i. 337, Jb. 378; nú skaltú vera vin minn mikill f. húsfreyju minni, i. e. when you talk to my wife, Nj. 265; fyrir Drottni, before the Lord, Merl. 2. 78.
    3. denoting reception of guests, visitors; hann lét ryðja f. þeim búðina, he had the room cleared for them, for their reception, Nj. 228; Valhöll ryðja fyr vegnu fólki, i. e. to clear Valhalla for slain folk, Em. I; ryðja vígvöll f. vegundum, Nj. 212; ljúka upp f. e-m, to open the door for one, Fms. xi. 323, Stj. 5; rýma pallinn f. þeim, Eg. 304; hann lét göra eld f. þeim, he had a fire made for them, 204; þeir görðu eld. f. sér, Fms. xi. 63; … veizlur þar sem fyrir honum var búit, banquets that were ready for him, Eg. 45.
    II. before one, in one’s way; þar er díki varð f. þeim, Eg. 530; á (fjörðr) varð f. þeim, a river, fjord, was before them, i. e. they came to it, 133, 161; at verða eigi f. liði yðru, 51; maðr sá varð f. Vindum, that man was overtaken by the V., Hkr. iii. 363; þeirra manna er f. honum urðu, Eg. 92.
    2. sitja f. e-m, to lie in wait for one, Ld. 218, Nj. 107; lá f. henni í skóginum, Edda (pref.); sitja f. rekum, to sit watching for wrecks, Eg. 136 (fyrir-sát).
    3. ellipt., menn urðu at gæta sín er f. urðu, Nj. 100; Egill var þar f. í runninum, E. was before (them), lay in ambush, Eg. 378; hafði sá bana er f. varð, who was before (the arrow), i. e. he was hit, Nj. 8.
    4. verða f. e-u, to be hit, taken, suffer from a thing; ef hann verðr f. drepi, if he be struck, Grág. ii. 19; verða f. áverka, to be wounded, suffer injury, Ld. 140; verða f. reiði konungs, to fall into disgrace with the king, Eg. 226; verða f. ósköpum, to become the victim of a spell, spell-bound, Fas. i. 130; sitja f. hvers manns ámæli, to be the object of all men’s blame, Nj. 71; vera eigi f. sönnu hafðr, to be unjustly charged with a thing, to be innocent.
    III. a naut. term, before, off; liggja f. bryggjum, to lie off the pier, Ld. 166; skip fljóta f. strengjum, Sks. 116; þeir lágu f. bænum, they lay off the town, Bs. i. 18; liggja úti f. Jótlands-síðu, off Jutland, Eg. 261; hann druknaði f. Jaðri, off the J., Fms. i. II; þeir kómu at honum f. Sjólandi, off Zealand, x. 394; hafa úti leiðangr f. landi, Hkr. i. 301; f. Humru-minni, off the Humber, Orkn. 338, cp. Km. 3, 8, 9, 13, 19, 21; fyrir Nesjum, off the Ness, Vellekla; fyrir Tungum, Sighvat; fyrir Spáni, off Spain, Orkn. 356.
    IV. before, at the head of, denoting leadership; smalamaðr f. búi föður síns, Ver. 26 (of king David); vera f. liði, to be over the troops, Eg. 292, Nj. 7; vera f. máli, to lead the case, Band. 8; vera forstjóri f. búi, to be steward over the household, Eg. 52; ráða f. landi, ríki, etc., to rule, govern, Ó H. 33, Nj. 5; hverr f. eldinum réði, who was the ringleader of the fire, Eg. 239; ráða f. e-u, to rule, manage a thing, passim: the phrase, sitja f. svörum, to respond on one’s behalf, Ölk. 36, Band. 12; hafa svör f. e-m, to be the chief spokesman, Fms. x. 101, Dipl. v. 26.
    V. special usages; friða f. e-m, to make peace for one, Fms. vii. 16, Bs. i. 65; bæta f. e-m, to make things good for one, Hom. 109; túlka, vera túlkr, flytja (etc.) f. e-m, to plead for one, Fms. iii. 33, Nj. 128,—also spilla f. e-m, to disparage one, Eg. 255; haga, ætla f. e-u, to manage, arrange for one, Ld. 208, Sturl. i. 14, Boll. 356; rífka ráð f. e-m, to better one’s condition, Nj. 21; ráða heiman-fylgju ok tilgjöf f. frændkonu sinni, Js. 58; standa f. manni, to stand before, shield a man, stand between him and his enemy, Eg. 357, Grág. ii. 13; vera skjöldr f. e-m, 655 xxxii. 4; hafa kostnað f. e-u, to have the expences for a thing, Ld. 14; vinna f. e-m, to support one by one’s work, Sks. 251; starfa f. fé sínu, to manage one’s money, Ld. 166; hyggja f. e-u, to take heed for a thing, Nj. 109; hyggja f. sér, Fs. 5; hafa forsjá f. e-m, to provide for one, Ld. 186; sjá f. e-u, to see after, Eg. 118, Landn, 152; sjá þú nokkut ráð f. mér, Nj. 20: ironic. to put at rest, Háv. 40: ellipt., sjá vel f., to provide well for, Nj. 102.
    B. TEMP. ago; fyrir þrem nóttum, three nights ago; fyrir stundu, a while ago, Nj. 80; fyrir litlu, a little while ago, Fms. i. 76, Ld. 134; fyrir skömmu, a sbort while ago; fyrir löngu, a long while ago, Nj. 260, Fms. i. 50; fyrir öndverðu, from the beginning, Grág. i. 80, ii. 323, 394, Finnb. 342; fyrir þeim, before they were born, Fms. i. 57.
    2. the phrase, vera f. e-u, to forebode; vera f. stórfundum, Nj. 107, 277; þat hygg ek vera munu f. siða-skipti, Fms. xi. 12; þessi draumr mun vera f. kvámu nökkurs manns, vii. 163; dreyma draum f. e-u, 8; fyrir tiðendum, ii. 65:—spá f. e-m, to ‘spae’ before, prophecy to one, Nj. 171.
    C. METAPH.:
    I. before, above; þóttu þeir þar f. öllum ungum mönnum, Dropl. 7; þykkisk hann mjök f. öðrum mönnum, Ld. 38; ver f. hirðmönnum, be first among my herdsmen, Eg. 65; Hálfdan svarti var f. þeim bræðrum, H. was the foremost of the brothers, Fms. i. 4; þorgrímr var f. sonum Önundar, Grett. 87; var Haraldr mest f. þeim at virðingu, Fms. i. 47.
    II. denoting help, assistance; haun skal rétta vættið f. þeim, Grág. i. 45 (vide above A. IV and V).
    2. the following seem to be Latinisms, láta lífit f. heilagri Kristni, to give up one’s life for holy Christianity, = Lat. pro, Fms. vii. 172; ganga undir píslir fyrir Guðs nafni, Blas. 38; gjalda önd mína f. önd þinni, Johann. 17; gefa gjöf f. sál sinni ( pro animâ suâ), H. E. i. 466; fyrir mér ok minni sál, Dipl. iv. 8; færa Guði fórnir f. e-m, 656 A; heita f. e-m, biðja f. e-m, to make a vow, pray for one (orare pro), Fms. iii. 48, Bs. i. 70; biðja f. mönnum, to intercede for, 19, Fms. xi. 287: even with a double construction, biðja f. stað sinn (acc., which is vernacular) ok heilagri kirkju (dat., which is a Latinism), x. 127.
    III. denoting disadvantage, harm, suffering; þú lætr Egil vefja öll mál fyrir þér, thou lettest Egil thwart all thy affairs, Eg. 249; únýtir hann þá málit fyrir sér, then he ruins his own case, Grág. i. 36, Dropl. 14, 16; Manverjar rufu safnaðinn f. Þorkatli, the Manxmen broke up the assembly, i. e. forsook Thorkel, Fms. ix. 422; kom upp grátr f. henni, she burst into tears, 477; taka fé f. öðrum, to take another’s money, N. G. L. i. 20; knörr þann er konungr lét taka fyrir Þórólfi, Landn. 56; ef hross verðr tekit f. honum, if a horse of his be taken, Grág. i. 436; hann tók upp fé fyrir öllum, he seized property for them all, Ó. H. 60; e-t ferr ílla f. e-m, a thing turns out ill for one; svá fór f. Ólófu, so it came to pass for O., Vígl. 18; loka dyrr f. e-m, to lock the door in one’s face, Edda 21: þeir hafa eigi þessa menn f. yðr drepit, heldr f. yðrar sakir þessi víg vegit, i. e. they have not harmed you, but rather done you a service in slaying those men, Fbr. 33; tók at eyðask f. henni lausa-fé, her money began to fail, Nj. 29; rak á f. þeim storma ok stríðviðri, they were overtaken by gales and bad weather, Vígl. 27; Víglundr rak út knöttinn f. Jökli, V. drove the ball for J., i. e. so that he had to run after it, 24; sá er skar tygil f. Þóri, he who cut Thor’s line, Bragi; sverð brast f. mér, my sword broke, Korm. 98 (in a verse); brjóta e-t f. e-m, to break a thing for one, Bs. i. 15 (in a verse); Valgarðr braut krossa fyrir Merði ok öll heilög tákn, Nj. 167; árin brotnaði f. honum, his oar broke; allar kýrnar drápust fyrir honum, all his cows died.
    2. denoting difficulty, hindrance; sitja f. sæmd e-s, to sit between oneself and one’s honour, i. e. to hinder one’s doing well, Sturl. 87; mikit göri þér mér f. þessu máli, you make this case sore for me, Eb. 124; þér er mikit f. máli, thy case stands ill, Fms. v. 325; ekki er Guði f. því, it is easy for God to do, 656 B. 9; varð honum lítið f. því, it was a small matter for him, he did it easily, Grett. III; mér er minna f. því, it is easier for me, Am. 60; þykkja mikit f. e-u, to be much grieved for a thing, do it unwillingly, Nj. 77; Icel. also say, þykja fyrir (ellipt.), to feel hurt, be displeased:—ellipt., er þeim lítið fyrir at villa járnburð þenna, it is a small matter for them to spoil this ordeal, Ó. H. 140; sem sér muni lítið f. at veiða Gunnar, Nj. 113; fast mun f. vera, it will be fast-fixed before (one), hard to move, Ld. 154; Ásgrími þótti þungt f., A. thought that things looked sad (heavy), Nj. 185; hann var lengi f., he was long about it, Fms. x. 205; hann var lengi f. ok kvað eigi nei við, he was cross and said not downright no, Þorf. Karl. 388.
    IV. in a causal sense, for, because of, Lat. per, pro; sofa ek né mákat fugls jarmi fyrir, I cannot sleep for the shrill cry of birds, Edda 16 (in a verse); hon undi sér hvergi f. verkjum, she had no rest for pains, Bjarn. 69; fyrir gráti, tárum, = Lat. prae lacrymis; fyrir harmi, for sorrow; f. hlátri, for laughter, as in Engl.; þeir æddust f. einni konu, they went mad for the sake of one woman, Sól. 11; ílla fært f. ísum, scarce passable for ice, Fms. xi. 360; hætt var at sitja útar f. Miðgarðs-ormi, Edda 35; hann var lítt gengr f. sárinu, he could hardly walk for the wound, Fbr. 178; fyrir hræðslu, for fear, Hbl. 26; heptisk vegrinn f. þeim meinvættum sem …, Fs. 4; gáðu þeir eigi f. veiðum at fá heyjanna, because of fishing they took no care to make hay, Landn. 30; fyrir riki konungs, for the king’s power, Eg. 67, 117; fyrir ofríki manna, Grág. i. 68; fyrir hví, for why? Eluc. 4; fyrir hví þeir væri þar, Eg. 375; fyrir því, at …, for that, because, Edda 35, Fms. i. 22, vii. 330, Ld. 104; en fyrir því nú at, now since, Skálda 171; nú fyrir því at, id., 169: the phrase, fyrir sökum, for the sake of, because of, passim; vide sök.
    V. by, by the force of; öxlin gékk ór liði fyrir högginu, the shoulder was disjointed by the force of the stroke, Háv. 52.
    2. denoting contest; falla f. e-m, to fall before one, i. e. fighting against one, Fms. i. 7, iv. 9, x. 196; verða halloki f. e-m, to be overcome in fighting one, Ld. 146; látask f. e-m, to perish by one, Eb. 34; hafa bana f. e-m, to be slain by one, Nj. 43; þeir kváðu fá fúnað hafa f. honum, 263; mæddisk hann f. þeim, he lost his breath in fighting them, Eg. 192; láta ríki f. e-m, to lose the kingdom before another, i. e. so that the latter gains it, 264; láta lausar eignir mínar f. þér, 505; láta hlut sinn f. e-m, Fs. 47; standask f. e-m, to stand one’s ground before one, Edda (pref.); hugðisk hann falla mundu f. sjóninni einni saman, that he would sink before his glance, 28, Hým. 12; halda hlut f. e-m, Ld. 54; halda frið ok frelsi f. várum óvinum, Fms. viii. 219; fara mun ek sem ek hefi áðr ætlað f. þínum draum ( thy dream notwithstanding), Ld. 216; þér farit hvárt er þér vilit f. mér, you go wherever you like for me, so far as I am concerted, Fær. 37; halda vöku f. sér, to keep oneself awake, Fms. i. 216.
    β. with verbs, flýja, hlaupa, renna, stökkva f. e-m, to fly, leap, run before one, i. e. to be pursued, Bs. i. 774, Grág. ii. 359; at hann rynni f. þrælum hans, Ld. 64; fyrir þessum úfriði stökk Þangbrandr til Noregs, 180; skyldi hann ganga ór á f. Hofsmönnum, Landn. 178; ganga f. e-u, to give way before, yield to a thing, Fms. i. 305, x. 292; vægja f. e-m, to yield to one, give way, Eg. 21, 187, Nj. 57, Ld. 234.
    VI. against; verja land f. e-m, Eg. 32; verja landit f. Dönum ok öðrum víkingum, Fms. i. 23; til landvarnar f. víkingum, Eg. 260; landvarnar-maðr f. Norðmönnum, Fms. vi. 295; gæta brúarinnar f. bergrisum, Edda 17; gæt þín vel f. konungi ok hans mönnum, guard thee well against the king and his men, Eg. 113; góð aðstoð f. tröllum ok dvergum, Bárð. 163; beiða Baldri griða f. allskonar háska, Edda 36; auðskæðr f. höggum, Eg. 770.
    VII. in the sense of being driven before; fyrir straumi, veðri, vindi, before the stream, wind, weather (forstreymis, forvindis), Grág. ii. 384, Fms. vii. 262; halda f. veðri, to stand before the wind, Róm. 211.
    2. rýrt mun verða f. honum smá-mennit, he will have an easy game with the small people, Nj. 94: ellipt., hafði sá bana er f. varð, 8; sprakk f., 16, 91.
    VIII. fyrir sér, of oneself, esp. of physical power; mikill f. sér, strong, powerful; lítill f. sér, weak, feeble, Nj. 20, Ísl. ii. 368, Eg. 192; þér munuð kalla mik lítinn mann f. mér, Edda 33; minnstr f. sér, smallest, weakest, Eg. 123; gildr maðr f. sér, Ísl. ii. 322, Fms. ii. 145; herðimaðr mikiil f. sér, a hardy man, Nj. 270; hvat ert þú f. þér, what kind of fellow art thou? Clem. 33; vera einn f. sér, to be a strange fellow, Grett. 79 new Ed.; Icel. also say, göra mikið (lítið) f. sér, to make oneself big ( little).
    β. sjóða e-t f. sér, to hesitate, saunter, Nj. 154; mæla f. munni, to talk between one’s teeth, to mutter, Orkn. 248, Nj. 249.
    IX. denoting manner or quality; hvítr f. hærum, white with hoary hairs, Fms. vi. 95, Fas. ii. 540; gráir fyrir járnum, grey with steel, of a host in armour, Mag. 5; hjölt hvít f. silfri, a hilt white with silver = richly silvered, Eb. 226.
    X. as adverb or ellipt.,
    1. ahead, in front, = á undan, Lat. prae, opp. to eptir; þá var eigi hins verra eptir ván, er slíkt fór fyrir, as this came first, preceded, Nj. 34; at einhverr mundi fara heim fyrir, that some one would go home first (to spy), Eg. 580; Egill fór f., E. went in before, id.; at vér ríðim þegar f. í nótt, 283.
    β. first; hann stefndi f. málinu, en hann mælti eptir, one pronounced the words first, but the other repeated after him, Nj. 35; mun ek þar eptir göra sem þér gerit f., I shall do to you according as you do first, 90:—temp., sjau nóttum f., seven nights before, Grág. ii. 217.
    2. to the fore, at hand, present; þar var fyrir fjöldi boðsmanna, a host of guests was already to the fore, i. e. before the bride and bridegroom came, Nj. 11; úvíst er at vita hvar úvinir sitja á fleti fyrir, Hm. 1; skal þá lögmaðr þar f. vera, he shall be there present, Js. 3; heima í túni fyrir, Fær. 50; þar vóru fyrir Hildiríðar-synir, Eg. 98; var honum allt kunnigt fyrir, he knew all about the localities, 583; þeim ómögum, sem f. eru, who are there already, i. e. in his charge, Grág. i. 286: of things, föng þau er f. vóru, stores that were to the fore, at hand, Eg. 134.
    3. fore, opp. to ‘back,’ of clothes; slæður settar f. allt gullknöppum, Eg. 516; bak ok fyrir, back and front, = bak ok brjóst, Mar.
    XI. in the phrase, e-m verðr e-t fyrir, a thing is before one, i. e. one takes that and that step, acts so and so in an emergency; nú verðr öðrum þeirra þat f., at hann kveðr, now if the other part alleges, that …, Grág. i. 362; Kolbeini varð ekki f., K. had no resource, i. e. lost his head, Sturl. iii. 285:—the phrase, e-t mælisk vel (ílla) fyrir, a thing is well ( ill) reported of; víg Gunnars spurðisk ok mæltisk ílla fyrir um allar sveitir, Nj. 117, Sturl. ii. 151; mun þat vel f. mælask, people will like it well, Nj. 29, Þórð. 55 new Ed.; ílla mun þat f. mælask at ganga á sættir við frændr sína, Ld. 238; ok er lokit var, mæltisk kvæðit vel f., the people praised the poem, Fms. vii. 113.
    XII. in special senses, either as prep. or adv. (vide A. V. above); segja leið f. skipi, to pilot a ship, Eg. 359; segja f. skipi, to say a prayer for a new ship or for any ship going to sea, Bs. i. 774, Fms. x. 480; mæla f. e-u, to dictate, Grág. ii. 266; mæla f. minni, to bring out a toast, vide minni; mæla f. sætt, i. 90; skipa, koma e-u f., to arrange, put right; ætla f. e-u, to make allowance for; trúa e-m f. e-u, to entrust one with; það fer mikið f. e-u (impers.), it is of great compass, bulky; hafa f. e-u, to have trouble with a thing; leita f. sér, to enquire; biðjask f., to say one’s prayers, vide biðja; mæla fyrir, segja f., etc., to order, Nj. 103, Js. 3: of a spell or solemn speaking, hann mælti svá f., at …, Landn. 34; spyrjask f., to enquire, Hkr. ii. 333; búask f., to prepare, make arrangement, Landn. 35, Sks. 551; skipask f., to draw up, Nj. 197; leggjask f., to lie down in despair, Bs. i. 194; spá fyrir, to ‘spae’ before, foretell; þeir menn er spá f. úorðna hluti, Fms. i. 96; segja f., to foretell, 76, Bb. 332; Njáll hefir ok sagt f. um æfi hans, Nj. 102; vita e-t f., to ‘wit’ beforehand, know the future, 98; sjá e-t f., to foresee, 162; ef þat er ætlat f., fore-ordained, id.
    WITH ACC., mostly with the notion of movement.
    A. LOCAL:
    I. before, in front of; fyrir dyrrin, Nj. 198; láta síga brýnn f. brár, Hkv. Hjörv. 19; halda f. augu sér, to hold (one’s hands) before one’s eyes, Nj. 132; leggja sverði fyrir brjóst e-m, to thrust a sword into his breast, 162, Fs. 39.
    2. before one, before a court; stefna e-m f. dómstól, Fms. xi. 444; ganga, koma f. e-n, to go, come before one, Fms. i. 15, Eg. 426, Nj. 6, 129, passim; fyrir augu e-s, before one’s eyes, Stj. 611.
    3. before, so as to shield; hann kom skildinum f. sik, he put the shield before him, Nj. 97, 115; halda skildi f. e-n, a duelling term, since the seconder had to hold one’s shield, Ísl. ii. 257.
    4. joined to adverbs such as fram, aptr, út, inn, ofan, niðr, austr, vestr, suðr, norðr, all denoting direction; fram f., forward; aptr f., backward, etc.; hann reiddi öxina fram f. sik, a stroke forward with the axe, Fms. vii. 91; hann hljóp eigi skemra aptr en fram fyrir sik, Nj. 29; þótti honum hann skjóta brandinum austr til fjallanna f. sik, 195; komask út f. dyrr, to go outside the door, Eg. 206:—draga ofan f. brekku, to drag over the hill, Ld. 220; hrinda f. mel ofan, to thrust one over the gravel bank, Eg. 748; hlaupa f. björg, to leap over a precipice, Eb. 62, Landn. 36; elta e-n f. björg, Grág. ii. 34; hlaupa (kasta) f. borð, to leap ( throw) overboard, Fms. i. 178, Hkr. iii. 391, Ld. 226; síga ( to be hauled) niðr f. borgar-vegg, 656 C. 13, Fms. ix. 3; hlaupa niðr f. stafn, Eg. 142; niðr f. skaflinn, Dropl. 25; fyrir brekku, Orkn. 450, Glúm. 395 (in a verse).
    II. in one’s way, crossing one’s way; þeir stefndu f. þá, Fms. ix. 475; ríða á leið f. þá, to ride in their way, so as to meet them, Boll. 348; hlaupa ofan f. þá, Nj. 153; vóru allt komin f. hann bréf, letters were come before him, in his way, Fms. vii. 207; þeir felldu brota f. hann, viz. they felled trees before him, so as to stop him, viii. 60, ix. 357; leggja bann f. skip, to lay an embargo on a ship, Ld. 166.
    III. round, off a point; fyrir nesit, Nj. 44; út f. Holm, out past the Holm, Fms. vii. 356: esp. as a naut. term, off a point on the shore, sigla f. England, Norðyrnbraland, Þrasnes, Spán, to sail by the coast of, stand off England, Northumberland, … Spain, Orkn. 338, 340, 342, 354; fyrir Yrjar, Fms. vii. (in a verse); fyrir Siggju, Aumar, Lista, Edda 91 (in a verse); er hann kom f. Elfina, when be came off the Gotha, Eg. 80; leggja land f. skut, to lay the land clear of the stern, i. e. to pass it, Edda l. c.; göra frið f. land sitt, to pacify the land from one end to another, Ld. 28; fyrir uppsprettu árinnar, to come to ( round) the sources of the river, Fms. iii. 183; fyrir garðs-enda, Grág. ii. 263; girða f. nes, to make a wall across the ness, block it up, cp. Lat. praesepire, praemunire, etc., Grág. ii. 263; so also binda f. op, poka, Lat. praeligare, praestringere; hlaða f. gat, holu, to stop a hole, opening; greri f. stúfinn, the stump (of the arm or leg) was healed, closed, Nj. 275; skjóta slagbrandi f. dyrr, to shoot a bolt before the door, to bar it, Dropl. 29; láta loku (lás) f. hurð, to lock a door, Gísl. 28; setja innsigli f. bréf, to set a seal to a letter, Dipl. i. 3: ellipt., setr hón þar lás fyrir, Ld. 42, Bs. i. 512.
    2. along, all along; f. endilanga Danmörk, f. endilangan Noreg, all along Denmark, Norway, from one end to the other, Fms. iv. 319, xi. 91, Grett. 97:—öx álnar f. munn, an axe with an ell-long edge, Ld. 276; draga ör f. ödd, to draw the arrow past the point, an archer’s term, Fms. ii. 321.
    IV. with verbs, fyrir ván komit, one is come past hope, all hope is gone, Sturl. i. 44, Hrafn. 13, Fms. ii. 131; taka f. munn e-m, to stop one’s mouth; taka f. háls, kverkar, e-m, to seize one by the throat, etc.; taka mál f. munn e-m, ‘verba alicujus praeripere,’ to take the word out of one’s mouth, xi. 12; taka f. hendr e-m, to seize one’s hands, stop one in doing a thing, Eb. 124; mod., taka fram f. hendrnar á e-m.
    B. TEMP.: fyrir dag, before day, Eg. 80; f. miðjan dag, Ld. 14; f. sól, before sunrise, 268; f. sólar-lag, before sunset; f. miðjan aptan, Nj. 192; f. náttmál, 197; f. óttu, Sighvat; f. þinglausnir, Ölk. 37; f. Jól, Nj. 269; f. fardaga, Grág. ii. 341; viku f. sumar, 244; f. mitt sumar, Nj. 138; litlu f. vetr, Eg. 159; f. vetrnætr, Grág. ii. 217; f. e-s minni, before one’s memory, Íb. 16.
    C. METAPH.:
    I. above, before; hann hafdi mest fyrir aðra konunga hraustleikinn, Fms. x. 372.
    II. for, on behalf of; vil ek bjóða at fara f. þik, I will go for thee, in thy stead, Nj. 77; ganga í skuld f. e-n, Grág. i. 283; Egill drakk … ok svá f. Ölvi, Eg. 210; kaupa e-t f. e-n, Nj. 157; gjalda gjöld f. e-n, Grág. i. 173; verja, sækja, sakir f. e-n, Eg. 504; hvárr f. sik, each for oneself, Dipl. v. 26; sættisk á öll mál f. Björn, Nj. 266; tók sættir f. Björn, Eg. 168; svara f. e-t, Fms. xi. 444; hafa til varnir f. sik, láta lýrit, lög-vörn koma f.; færa vörn f. sik, etc.; verja, sækja sakir f. sik, and many similar law phrases, Grág. passim; biðja konu f. e-n, to woo a lady for another, Fms. x. 44; fyrir mik, on my behalf, for my part, Gs. 16; lögvörn f. mál, a lawful defence for a case, Nj. 111; hafa til varnar f. sök, to defend a case, Grág. i. 61; halda skiladómi f. e-t, Dipl. iv. 8; festa lög f. e-t, vide festa.
    III. in a distributive sense; penning f. mann, a penny per man, K. Þ. K. 88; fyrir nef hvert, per nose = per head, Lv. 89, Fms. i. 153, Ó. H. 141; hve f. marga menn, for how many men, Grág. i. 296; fyrir hverja stiku, for each yard, 497.
    IV. for, for the benefit of; brjóta brauð f. hungraða, Hom. 75; þeir skáru f. þá melinn, they cut the straw for them (the horses), Nj. 265; leggja kostnað f. e-n, to defray one’s costs, Grág. i. 341.
    V. for, instead of; hann setti sik f. Guð, Edda (pref.); hafa e-n f. Guð (Lat. pro Deo), Stj. 73, Barl. 131; geta, fá, kveðja mann f. sik, to get a man as one’s delegate or substitute, Grág. i. 48 passim; þeir höfðu vargstakka f. brynjur, Fs. 17; manna-höfuð vóru f. kljána, Nj. 275; gagl f. gás ok grís f. gamalt svín, Ó. H. 86; rif stór f. hlunna, Háv. 48; buðkr er f. húslker er hafðr, Vm. 171; auga f. auga, tönn f. tönn, Exod. xxi. 24; skell f. skillinga, Þkv. 32.
    VI. because of, for; vilja Gunnar dauðan fyrir höggit, Nj. 92, Fms. v. 162; eigi f. sakleysi, not without ground, i. 302; fyrir hvat (why, for what) stefndi Gunnarr þeim til úhelgi? Nj. 101; ok urðu f. þat sekir, Landn. 323; hafa ámæli f. e-t, Nj. 65, passim.
    2. in a good sense, for one’s sake, for one; fyrir þín orð, for thy words, intercession, Ísl. ii. 217; vil ek göra f. þín orð, Ld. 158, Nj. 88; fyrir sína vinsæld, by his popularity, Fms. i. 259: the phrase, fyrir e-s sök, for one’s sake, vide sök: in swearing, a Latinism, fyrir trú mína, by my faith! (so in Old Engl. ‘fore God), Karl. 241; fyrir þitt líf, Stj. 514; ek særi þik f. alla krapta Krists ok manndóm þinn, Nj. 176. VII. for, at, denoting value, price; fyrir þrjár merkr, for three marks, Eg. 714; er sik leysti út f. þrjú hundruð marka, Fms. ix. 421; ganga f. hundrað, to pass or go for a hundred, D. I. i. 316:—also of the thing bought, þú skalt reiða f. hana þrjár merkr, thou shall pay for her three marks, Ld. 30; fyrir þik skulu koma mannhefndir, Nj. 57; bætr f. víg, Ísl. ii. 274; bætr f. mann, Eg. 259, passim; fyrir áverka Þorgeirs kom legorðs-sökin, Nj. 101:—so in the phrase, fyrir hvern mun, by all means, at any cost; fyrir öngan mun, by no means, Fms. i. 9, 157, Gþl. 531:—hafði hverr þeirra mann f. sik, eða tvá …, each slew a man or more for himself, i. e. they sold their lives dearly, Ó. H. 217.
    2. ellipt., í staðinn f., instead of, Grág. i. 61; hér vil ek bjóða f. góð boð, Nj. 77; taka umbun f., Fms. vii. 161; svara slíku f. sem …, Boll. 350; þér skulut öngu f. týna nema lífinu, you shall lose nothing less than your head, Nj. 7.
    VIII. by means of, by, through; fyrir þat sama orð, Stj.; fyrir sína náttúru, Fms. v. 162; fyrir messu-serkinn, iii. 168; fyrir þinn krapt ok frelsis-hönd, Pass. 19. 12; svikin f. orminn, by the serpent, Al. 63,—this use of fyrir seems to be a Latinism, but is very freq. in eccl. writings, esp. after the Reformation, N. T., Pass., Vídal.; fyrir munn Davíðs, through the mouth of David, etc.:—in good old historical writings such instances are few; þeir hlutuðu f. kast ( by dice), Sturl. ii. 159.
    IX. in spite of, against; fyrir vilja sinn, N. G. L. i. 151; fyrir vitorð eðr vilja e-s, against one’s will or knowledge, Grág. ii. 348; kvángask (giptask) f. ráð e-s, i. 177, 178, Þiðr. 190; nú fara menn f. bann ( in spite of an embargo) landa á milli, Gþl. 517; hann gaf henni líf f. framkvæmd farar, i. e. although she had not fulfilled her journey ( her vow), Fms. v. 223; fyrir várt lof, vi. 220; fyrir allt þat, in spite of all that, Grett. 80 new Ed.; fyrir ráð fram, heedlessly; fyrir lög fram, vide fram.
    X. denoting capacity, in the same sense as ‘at,’ C. II, p. 27, col. 1; scarcely found in old writers (who use ‘at’), but freq. in mod. usage, thus, eigi e-n f. vin, to have one for a friend, in old writers ‘at vin;’ hafa e-n f. fífl, fól, to make sport of one.
    2. in old writers some phrases come near to this, e. g. vita f. vist, to know for certain, Dipl. i. 3; vita f. full sannindi, id., ii. 16; hafa f. satt, to take for sooth, believe, Nj. 135; koma f. eitt, to come ( turn) all to one, Lv. 11, Nj. 91, Fms. i. 208; koma f. ekki, to come to naught, be of no avail, Ísl. ii. 215; fyrir hitt mun ganga, it will turn the other way, Nj. 93; fyrir hann er einskis örvænt orðs né verks, from him everything may be expected, Ísl. ii. 326; hafa e-s víti f. varnað, to have another’s faults for warning, Sól. 19.
    XI. joined with adverbs ending in -an, fyrir austan, vestan, sunnan, norðan, útan, innan, framan, handan, ofan, neðan, either with a following acc. denoting. direction, thus, fyrir austan, sunnan … fjall, east, south of the fell, i. e. on the eastern, southern side; fyrir neðan brú, below the bridge; fyrir útan fjall = Lat. ultra; fyrir innan fjall = Lat. infra; fyrir handan á, beyond the river; fyrir innan garð, inside the yard; fyrir ofan garð, above, beyond the yard, etc.; vide these adverbs:—used adverb., fyrir sunnan, in the south; fyrir vestan, in the west; fyrir norðan, in the north; fyrir austan, in the east,—current phrases in Icel. to mark the quarters of the country, cp. the ditty in Esp. Árb. year 1530; but not freq. in old writers, who simply say, norðr, suðr …, cp. Kristni S. ch. 1: absol. and adverb., fyrir ofan, uppermost; fyrir handan, on the other side:—fyrir útan e-t, except, save, Anal. 98, Vkv. 8; fyrir fram, vide fram.
    ☞ For- and fyrir- as prefixes, vide pp. 163–167 and below:
    I. fore-, for-, meaning before, above, in the widest sense, local, temp., and metaph. furthering or the like, for-dyri, for-nes, for-ellri, for-beini, etc.
    β. before, down, for-brekkis, -bergis, -streymis, -vindis, -viðris, etc.
    2. in an intens. sense = before others, very, but not freq.; for-dyld, -góðr, -hagr, -hraustr, -kostuligr, -kuðr, -lítill, -ljótr, -prís, -ríkr, -snjallr.
    II. (cp. fyrir, acc., C. IX), in a neg. or priv. sense; a few words occur even in the earliest poems, laws, and writers, e. g. for-að, -átta, -dæða, -nám, -næmi, -sending, -sköp, -verk, -veðja, -viða, -vitni, -ynja, -yrtir; those words at least seem to be original and vernacular: at a later time more words of the same kind crept in:
    1. as early as writers of the 13th and 14th centuries, e. g. for-boð, -bænir, -djarfa, -dæma (fyrir-dæma), -taka (fyrir-taka), -þóttr; fyrir-bjóða, -fara, -göra, -koma, -kunna, -líta, -muna, -mæla, -vega, -verða.
    2. introduced in some words at the time of the Reformation through Luther’s Bible and German hymns, and still later in many more through Danish, e. g. for-brjóta, -drífa, -láta, -líkast, -merkja, -nema, -sorga, -sóma, -standa, -svara, -þénusta, and several others; many of these, however, are not truly naturalised, being chiefly used in eccl. writings:—it is curious that if the pronoun be placed after the verb (which is the vernacular use in Icel.) the sense is in many cases reversed; thus, fyrir-koma, to destroy, but koma e-u fyrir can only mean to arrange; so also fyrir-mæla, to curse, and mæla fyrir, to speak for; for-bænir, but biðja fyrir e-m, etc.; in the latter case the sense is good and positive, in the former bad and negative; this seems to prove clearly that these compds are due to foreign influence.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > FYRIR

  • 15 SLÁ

    * * *
    I)
    (slæ; sló, slógum; sleginn; pret. also sleri), v.
    1) to smite, strike (slá e-n högg, kinnhest);
    2) slá hörpu, fiðlu, to strike the harp, fiddle;
    slá leik, to strike up, begin, a game;
    slá vef, to strike the web, to weave;
    3) to hammer, forge (slá gull, silfr, sverð);
    slá e-t e-u, to mount with (járnum sleginn);
    4) to cut grass, mow (slá hey, töðu, tún, eng);
    5) to slay, kill (síns bróður sló hann handbana);
    6) fig., slá kaupi, to strike a bargain;
    slá máli í sátt, to refer a matter to arbitration;
    slá hring um, to surround;
    slá manngarð, mannhring, to form a ring of men round;
    slá eldi í e-t, to set fire to;
    slá landtjöldum, to pitch a tent, or also, to strike a tent, take it down;
    slá festum, to unmoor a ship;
    slá netjum, to put out the nets;
    slá hundum lausum, to slip the hounds;
    7) with preps.:
    slá e-t af, to cut off;
    slá e-n af, to kill, slaughter;
    slá á e-t, to take to a thing;
    slá á glens ok glúmur, to take to play and sport;
    slá e-u á sik, to take upon one-self;
    slá á sik sótt, to feign illness;
    slá á sik úlfúð, to show anger or ill-will;
    ekki skaltu slíku á þik slá, do not betake thyself to that;
    impers., sló á hann hlátri, he was taken with a fit of laughter;
    sló ótta á marga, many were seized with fear;
    því slær á, at, it so happens that;
    ljóssi sleri (= sló) fyrir hann, a light flashed upon him;
    slá í deilu, to begin quarrelling (eitt kveld, er þeir drukku, slógu þeir í deilu mikla);
    impers., slær í e-t, it arises;
    slær þegar í bardaga, it came to a fight;
    slá niðr e-u, to put an end to;
    nú er niðr slegit allri vináttu, now there is an end to all friendship;
    slá sér niðr, to lie down, take to one’s bed;
    slá e-n niðr, to kill;
    slá e-u saman, to join (þeir slá þá saman öllu liðinu í eina fylking);
    slá til e-s, to aim a blow at one, strike at one;
    slá undan höfuð-bendunum, to slacken the stays;
    slá e-u upp, to spread a report;
    slá upp herópi, to raise the war-cry;
    impers., loganum sló upp ór keröldunum, the flame burst out of the vessels;
    slá út e-u, to pour out (þá er full er mundlaugin, gengr hón ok slær út eitrinu);
    slá e-u við, to take into use (þá var slegit við öllum búnaði);
    slá við segli, to spread the sail;
    ek hefi þó náliga öllu við slegit, því er ek hefi í minni fest, I have put forth almost all that I recollected;
    slá beizli við hest, to put a bridle on a horse;
    e-u slær yfir, it comes over, arises (slær yfir þoku svá myrkri, at engi þeirra sá annan);
    8) refl., slást;
    (sláða, sláðr), v. to bar (hliðit var slát rammliga).
    (pl. slár), f. bar, bolt, cross-beam (slá ein var um þvert skipit).
    * * *
    pres. slæ, slær, slær; pl. slám (m. sláum), sláið, slá: pret. sló, slótt, slóttú (mod. slóst, slóstu), sló; pl. slógu (slósk = slógusk, Sturl. ii. 208 C): subj. slægi: imperat. slá, sláðú: part. sleginn: a pret. sleri or slöri occurs as a provincialism in the old vellum Ágrip—sløru, Fms. x. 403; sleri, 394; slæri, i. e. slöri, 379: [Ulf. slahan = τύπτειν, παίειν; A. S. sleân, slæge; Engl. slay; Dan.-Swed. slaa; O. H. G. slahan; Germ. schlagen.]
    A. To smite, strike, Dropl. 13; slá með steini, Fms. viii. 388; slá e-n til bana, ii. 183; slá e-n högg, kinnhest, i. 150, ix. 469, 522, Ld. 134; slá knött, Vígl. 24; slá til e-s, to strike at one, Finnb. 306, Sturl. ii. 24 C; slá í höfuð e-m, Fms. v. 173.
    2. slá hörpu, fiðlu, to strike the harp, fiddle, Vsp. 34, Fdda 76, Am. 62, Bs. i. 155, Fb. i. 348, Fms. vii. 356 (in a verse), Sks. 704, Grett. 168 (hörpu-sláttr); slá hljóðfæri, Fms, iii. 184; slá slag, to strike up a tune; hann sló þann slag, … sló hann þá Gýgjar-slag… þann streng er hann hafði ekki fyrr slegit, Fas. iii. 222, 223, cp. drápa and drepa: slá leik, to strike up for a dance or game to begin, hann sá at leikr var sleginn skamt frá garði, Sturl. ii. 190; so in embroidery (see borð), slá danz, 117, Karl. 52: slá eld, to strike fire, Fms. ix. 234: slá vef, to strike the loom, in weaving, xi. 49, Darr.; slá borða, Fas. i. 193, 205.
    3. to hammer, forge; slá hamri, Vkv. 18; slá sverð, Þiðr. 21; slá þvertré af silfri í hofit, Landn. 313; slá saum, Fms. ii. 218, ix. 377, Stj. 451; hann sló gull rautt, Vkv. 5; slá herspora, Fms. vii. 183; sleginn fram broddr ferstrendr, Eg. 285; slá öxar eða gref, Stj. 451: to mount, járnum sleginn, Fms. v. 339, Fas. iii. 574: to strike off, of coin.
    4. to mow, cut grass; slegin tún, Nj. 112; þrælar níu slógu hey, Edda 48; ek mun láta bera út ljá í dag ok slá undir sem mest … slá töðu, Eb. 150, Fb. i. 522; slá teig þann er heitir Gullteigr, Ísl. ii. 344; slá afrétt, Grág. ii. 303; slá eng, 281, Gþl. 360: absol., þeir slóu (sic) allir í skyrtum, Ísl. ii. 349, Grág. ii. 281.
    5. to slay, smite, kill, Stj. passim, but little used in classical writings, where drepa is the word; sverði sleginn, 656 C. 4; slá af, to slay. Bs. ii. 56, 89, Stj. 183; slá af hest, to kill a horse, send it to the knacker: to smite with sickness, slá með likþrá, blindleik, blindi, Stj.; harmi sleginn, Fms. iii. 11.
    II. metaph. phrases; slá kaupi, to strike a bargain, Ld. 30, Fms. ii. 80; slá máli í sátt, to put it to arbitration, Fms. x. 403; slá kaupi saman, Fb. ii. 79: slá fylking, to dress up a line of battle, Fms. viii. 408; slá öllu fólki í mannhringa, x. 229; slá hring um, to surround, Nj. 275. Fas. ii. 523; slá manngarð, mannhring, to form a ring of men round, Eg. 80, 88, Fms. viii. 67, x. 229; eldi um sleginn, Sól.: slá í lás, to slam, lock, Sturl. i. 63: slá eldi í, to set fire to, Fms. vii. 83, xi. 420, Hdl. 47; slá beisli við hest, to put a bridle in a horse’s mouth. Fas. ii. 508: slá landtjöldum, to pitch a tent, Eg. 291, Fms. ii. 264; or also, to strike a tent, take it down, Fær. 147; slá landtjalds-stöngunum, to loosen them, Hkr. i. 26; slá festum, to unmoor a ship, ii. 222, Fms. viii. 288, 379; slá undan höfuð-bendunum, to slacken the stays, Al. 67; slá netjum, to put out the nets. Bs. ii. 145; slá hundum (or slá hundum lausum, Fms. ii. 174, x. 326), to slip the hounds, Hom. 120.
    2. with prepp.; slá e-n við, to display; slá við segli, to spread the sail, Fas. ii. 523; þá var slegit við öllum búnaði, all was taken into use, Fms. x. 36; ek hefi þó náliga öllu við slegit, því er ek hefi í minni fest, I have put forth all that I recollected, Bs. i. 59: slá e-n upp, to spread a report (upp-sláttr), Fms, viii. 232, ix. 358: slá niðr, to throw down, Hom. 110; hann sló sér niðr, he lay down, Fms. ii. 194; hann slær sér niðr ( takes to his bed) sem hann sé sjúkr, Stj. 520; nú er niðr slegit allri vináttu, an end to all friendship, Fms. vi. 286, xi. 72: slá út, to throw out, N. G. L. i. 31; slá út eitrinu, to pour it out, Edda 40: slá saman liðinu, to join the army, Fms. x. 268: slá upp ópi, to strike up, raise a cry, viii. 414, Fb. ii. 125: slá í sundr kjöptunum, ii. 26: slá á e-t, to take to a thing; slá á glens ok glímur, he took to play and sport, Fms. ii. 182; hann sló á fagrmæli við þá, begun flattering, Nj. 167; slá í rán, to betake oneself to robbery, Stj. 400: slá á heit, to take to making a vow, Fs. 91: slá á, to take on oneself; slá á sik sótt, to feign illness, Fms. vi. 32; slá á sik úlfúð, to show anger, ill-will, Eb. 114; skaltú ekki slíku á þik slá, at þrá eptir einni konu, do not betake thyself to that, Ísl. ii. 250: slá e-u af, to put off; eg hefi slegið því af.
    III. impers., it strikes or breaks out to a thing, i. e. the thing happens; loganum sló út um keröldin, flames broke out round the casks, Fms. i. 128; þá sleri ljósi fyrir hann sem elding væri, x. 394; sló á hann hlátri, he was taken in a fit of laughter, vii. 150; sló ópi á herinn, the men fell a-shouting, viii. 225; þá sleri á uþefjani ok ýldu, x. 379; sló þá í verkjum fyrir brjóstið, Sturl. ii. 127 C. Bs. i. 119; sló þá felmt ok flótta á liðit, the men were panic-stricken and took to flight, Fms. i. 45; þótt þunga eðr geispa slái á hana, vi. 199; sló mikilli hræðslu á konu þá, viii. 8; sló ifa í skap honum, 655 xii. 3, Stj. 424; því slær á ( it so happens), at hann réttir höndina í ljósit, Bs. i. 462; slær þegar í bardaga, it came to a fight, Fms. xi. 32; sló með þeim í mestu deilu, x. 99; í kappmæli, Fb. i. 327; hér slær í allmikit úefni, Nj. 246; var mjök í gadda slegit, at hann mundi fá hennar (cp. Dan. klapped og klart), 280; þá sló því á þá, at þeir fóru í á með net, Bs. i. 119.
    B. Reflex. to throw oneself, betake oneself; slósk hón at fram eldinum, she rushed to the fireside, Fms iv. 339; slásk á bak e-m, to go behind another, Sturl. i. 197 C; slásk aptr, to draw back; gæta þess at eigi slægisk aptr liðit, Ó. H. 214; þeir kómu í Valadal, ok slósk (sic = slógusk) þar inn, broke into the houses, Sturl. ii. 208 C; þá slógusk í Suðreyjar víkingar, Vikings infested, invaded the islands, Fms. i. 245; slásk í för með e-m, to join another in a journey, xi. 129; ef nokkurr slæsk í mat eðr mungát, ok rækir þat meirr enn þingit, Gþl. 15; hann slósk á tal við Guðrúnu, entered into conversation with G., Nj. 129; slásk í sveit með e-m, Ó. H. 202; slásk á spurdaga við e-n, to ask questions, Sks. 302 B; slásk á svikræði, Fms. vi. 179. ☞ The slæsk in Ld. 144 is an error for slævask, see sljófa.
    II. recipr. to fight; hann slóst við Enska í hafi, Ann. 1420, cp. Dan. slaaes, but it is unclass., for berjask is the right word.
    III. part. sleginn; með slegnu hári, with dishevelled hair, Finnb. 250: hón var mörgu sleginn, whimsical, Gþl. 3 (= blandin): sleginn, surrounded, Akv. 14, 29; sleginn regni, beaten with rain, Vtkv. 5: sleginn, coined, N. G. L. i. 5.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > SLÁ

  • 16 undan

    prep. with dat. and adv.
    1) from under, from beneath;
    hann hjó undan honum fótinn, he cut his leg off;
    hann spratt upp undan borðinu, he sprang up from (sitting at) the table;
    hann spratt upp undan garðinum, from under the fence;
    halda skipum undan landi, to stand aivayfrom the shore;
    2) without motion;
    skerit var út undan firðinum, the skerry was just off the mouth of the fjord;
    G. prestr undan Felli, from Fell;
    3) from, away;
    snúa undan e-m, to turn away from;
    heimta fé mitt undan Hrúti, to claim my property out of Hrut’s hands;
    4) ahead of, before (ganga, fara undan e-m);
    5) as adv. (hann lætr fara undan sauðfé þat, er skjarrast var);
    komast undan, to escape.
    * * *
    prep. with dat. and adv. from under, from underneath; hann kastaði í pallinn undan sér hásætinu, he threw the cushion away from the seat he sat on, Nj. 175; hjó undan honum fótinn, cut his foot from under him, cut his leg off, 9; madr kippti fótum undan honum, svá at hann féll, Fms. ii. 149; hann hafði rétt fingrinn út undan húðinni, Nj. 208; berjask undan skildi eða buklara, Sks. 374 B; hann spratt upp undan borðinu, he sprang up from the table, Nj. 152; spratt upp u. garðinum, up from under the fence, where he had been hidden, 170; róa fram undan eyjunni, Fms. ii. 305; sjá þeir renna skip undan eyjum fram, x. 205; halda skipum undan landi, to keep with his ship from under the land, stand off land, i. 225; gaf byr undan landi, Ísl. ii. 243; þá er hann var þrévetr, gékk hann eigi u. konum, Eb. 320; hestisk Þórólfr á hann en graðungrinn gékk eigi u. at heldr, 324 (of a vicious bull).
    2. without motion, of position; skerit var út undan firðinum, the skerry was out at sea just off the fjord, Háv. 49; ísar liggja langt undan landi, lie off the land, Sks. 173 B; … skeri, þat er vika u. landi, Landn. 134; undan þríhyrningi, from (the farm) Th., Nj. 93, 103; undan Felli, from Fell, Sturl. i. 9.
    3. from, away, in the sense of retreating, pursuing, shunning, escaping, flying from a thing; snúa undan, to turn away from, Nj. 95; get ek þess at þú vilir eigi renna u. þeim, id.; komask undan, to escape; ríða undan. 105; varpa sér undan, 91; ef þetta berr undan, escapes, 63: metaph., fara undan, to keep aloof, withdraw from, refuse, 99; þeir þágu þá undan, got them relieved. 163; frelsa e-n undan valdi e-s, Fms. x. 142; skilja undan, see skilja; ganga undan, to pass away, be lost, i. 23; láta jarl ráða svá miklu ríki undan yðr, 52; Styrr dró alla menn undan Þorgesti, Eb. 108; heimta fé mitt undan Hrúti, claim it from under Rut’s hand, call on Rut to yield it up, Nj. 31; hve þér mundi undan, ef þú hefðir nökkut þat gört er frami væri at, Ísl. ii. 358 (a corrupt passage).
    4. ahead of, before, both as prep. and adv.; ganga, fara undan e-m, to go before, ahead of, opp. to eptir; hann lætr fara undan sauðfé þat er skjarrast var, Ld. 96; hann var á undan mér alla leiðina; farðú á undan, eg skal koma á eptir, freq. in mod. usage; the ancients here mostly use fyrir, q. v.
    5. lömb undan ám, a lamb under a ewe (born of it); kið undan geitum, kálfar undan kú, Grág. ii. 305: so in mod. usage, hann er u. henni Hyrnu, of the young and the dam; so also, smjör undan tuttugu kúm, tíu ám, Fb. ii. 529.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > undan

  • 17 MEITA

    (-tta, -ttr), v. to cut; m. manar, skegg, to cut the mane, beard.
    * * *
    t, [Ulf. maitan = κόπτειν; Germ. metzeln; cp. Germ. messer = knife]:—to cut; meita knífi, Fb. ii. 522 (in a verse); manar meita, to cut the mane, Akv. 37; ekki hafði hann látið meita skegg sitt né skera hár fyrir hrygðar sakir, Stj. 538.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > MEITA

  • 18 RÍSTA

    * * *
    I)
    (-sta, -str), v. to cut, = rísta.
    f. scratch, slash.
    * * *
    pres. ríst; pret. reist, reist, reist, pl. ristu; part, ristinn; in mod. usage weak, pres. risti, Skíða R. 27; pret. risti, ristir, risti; part, ristr, which forms freq. occur on the Swed. Runic stones, e. g. rúnar þær er Bali risti, Baut. passim: [Dan. riste]:—to cut, slash; tak ál kvikan ok ríst hann, Pr. 471; hón reist á mér kviðinn, Ld. 214; ok reist rifin öll ofan allt á lendar, Hkr. i. 108; þá reist hann frá höfuðsmátt brynjuna í gögnum niðr, Sæm. 139, Skv. 1. 15; torfa var ristin ór velli, Ld. 58; kesjan reist ór skildinum, Eg. 378; Þormóðr reist í sundr línbrók sína, Fbr. 60; Trausti reist af skyrtu sinni, Vígl. 68 new Ed.; ristu þeir sundr í strengi feldi sína, Ó. H. 152; þeir létu rísta árar á útborða, Fms. viii. 417; þat skyldi engan krók rísta, make no circuit, Ld. 96; Maríu-súðin (the ship) reist langan krók, cut a great curve, Fms. viii. 222.
    II. to carve; Rafn lá í bekk ok reist spán, þvíat hann var hagr ( carving spoons), Sturl. i. 140; ek hefi ristið ( I have carved her image) á hepti mínu, Landn. 248 (in a verse); ristin röng, the carved ribs in a ship, Fms. vi. (in a verse); ríkula ristin rít, the richly-carved shield, vii. (in a verse).
    2. to slice; rísta tvá reitu, Grág. i. 65; hann setr sporann við eyra Gunnari ok rístr mikla ristu, Nj. 82; r. sjá kili, Ht. 101; r. báru hlýri, Mork. 228 (in a verse).
    3. to carve, scratch, of characters, Hm. 143, 144, Sdm. 6, 9–11, 15, 18; þurs ríst ek þér ok þrjá stafi … svá ek þat af ríst sem ek þat á reist, Skm. 36; r. rúnar, staf, rístum rún á horni, Eg. (in a verse); skal-at maðr rúnar rísta … tíu launstafi ristna, … Egill reist rúnar ok lagði undir hægindit, Eg. 566; Egill brá þá knífi sínum ok stakk í lófa sér, hann tók við horninu ok reist á rúnar, ok reið á blóðinu, ok kvað, 211; rísta tréníð, Grág.; þvíat allan þeirra kveðskap ok sameign höfðu þau ristið á speldi, Fas. ii. 551; hann reist með fingri sínum krossmark, 645. 69; at þú mættir yrkja erti-kvæði eptir Böðvar, en ek man r. á kefli, Eg. 605, Fb. i. 251; Gísli hafði kefli ok reist á rúnar, ok falla niðr spænirnir, Gísl. 67; tekr Gisli kefli, rístr á rúnar ok kastar inn, 45; mun ek kveða þar um kvæði, en þú skalt r. eptir á kefli, Grett. 144; eptir þat tekr hann at yrkja kvæðit, en þeir r. eptir á speldi, Fas. ii. 558; Íslendingr sá rúnar ristnar á kistunni, Fms. vi. 271; rúnar er ristið hafa Njarðar-dætr níu, Sól.: also passim on the Dan. and Swed. Runic stones.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > RÍSTA

  • 19 AF

    of
    * * *
    prep. w. dat.
    I. Of place:
    1) off, from;
    G. hljóp af hesti sínum, G. jumped off his horse;
    ganga af mótinu, to go away from the meeting;
    Flosi kastaði af sér skikkjunni, threw off his cloak;
    Gizzur gekk af útsuðri at gerðinu, from the south-west;
    hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he had taken off his shoes;
    Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér, throw him off;
    tók Gísli þá af sér vápnin, took off his arms;
    bréf af Magnúsi konungi, a letter from king Magnus;
    hverr af öðrum, one after another, in succession;
    vil ek þú vinnir af þér skuldina, work off the debt;
    muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my hand;
    rísa af dauða, to rise from the dead;
    vakna af draumi, to awaken from a dream;
    lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from off a horse;
    vindr stóð af landi, the wind blew from the land;
    2) out of;
    verða tekinn af heimi, to be taken out of the world;
    gruflar hón af læknum, she scrambles out of the brook;
    Otradalr var mjök af vegi, far out of the way.
    Connected with út; föstudaginn fór út herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town.
    II. Of time; past, beyond:
    af ómagaaldri, able to support oneself, of age;
    ek em nú af léttasta skeiði, no longer in the prime of life;
    þá er sjau vikur eru af sumri, when seven weeks of summer are past;
    var mikit af nótt, much of the night was past.
    III. In various other relations:
    1) þiggja lið af e-m, to receive help from one;
    hafa umboð af e-m, to be another’s deputy;
    vera góðs (ills) maklegr af e-m, to deserve good (bad) of one;
    féll þar lið mart af Eyvindi, many of Eyvind’s men fell there;
    þá eru þeir útlagir ok af goðorði sínu, have forfeited their goðorð;
    þá skalt þú af allri fjárheimtunni, forfeit all the claim;
    ek skal stefna þér af konunni, summon thee to give up;
    2) off, of;
    höggva fót, hönd, af e-m, to cut off one’s foot, hand;
    vil ek, at þú takir slíkt sem þér líkar af varningi, whatever you like of the stores;
    þar lá forkr einn ok brotit af endanum, with the point broken off;
    absol., beit hann höndina af, bit the hand off;
    fauk af höfuðit, the head flew off;
    3) of, among;
    hinn efniligasti maðr af ungum mönnum, the most promising of the young men;
    4) with;
    hláða, (ferma) skip af e-u, to load (freight) a ship with;
    fylla heiminn af sínu kyni, to fill the world with his offspring;
    5) of (= ór which is more frequent);
    húsit var gert af timbr stokkum, was built of trunks of trees;
    6) fig., eigi vita menn hvat af honum er orðit, what has become of him;
    hvat hefir þú gert af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar?;
    7) denoting parentage, descent, origin;
    ok eru af þeim komnir Gilsbekkingar, are descended from them;
    kominn af Trójumönnum, descended from the Trojans;
    8) by, of (after passive);
    ek em sendr hingat af Starkaði, sent hither by;
    ástsæll af landsmónnum, beloved of;
    9) on account of, by reason of, by;
    úbygðr at frosti ok kulda, because of frost and cold;
    ómáli af áverkum, speechless from wounds;
    af ástæld hans, by his popularity;
    af því, therefore;
    af hví, wherefor why;
    af því at, because;
    10) by means of, by;
    framfœra e-n af verkum sínum, by means of his own labour;
    af sínu fé, by one’s own means;
    absol., hann fekk af hina mestu sœmd, derived great honour from it;
    11) with adjectives, in regard to;
    mildr af fé, liberal of money;
    góðr af griðum, merciful;
    12) used absol. with a verb, off away;
    hann bað hann þá róa af fjörðinn, to row the firth off;
    ok er þeir höfðu af fjörðung, when they had covered one forth of the way;
    sofa af nóttina, to sleep the night away.
    * * *
    prep. often used elliptically by dropping the case, or even merely adverbially, [Ulf. af; A. S. and Engl. of, off; Hel. ab; Germ. ab; Gr. άπό; Lat. a, ab.] With dat. denoting a motion a loco; one of the three prepp. af, ór, frá, corresponding to those in loco—á, í, við, and ad locum—á, í, at. It in general corresponds to the prepp. in loco—á, or in locum— til, whilst ór answers more to í; but it also frequently corresponds to yfir, um or í. It ranges between ór and frá, generally denoting the idea from the surface of, while ór means from the inner part, and frá from the outer part or border. The motion from a hill, plain, open place is thus denoted by af; by ór that from an enclosed space, depth, cavity, thus af fjalli, but ór of a valley, dale; af Englandi, but ór Danmörk, as mörk implies the notion of a deep wood, forest. The wind blows af landi, but a ship sets sail frá landi; frá landi also means a distance from: af hendi, of a glove, ring; ór hendi, of whatever has been kept in the hand (correl. to á hendi and í hendi). On the other hand af is more general, whilst frá and ór are of a more special character; frá denoting a departure, ór an impulse or force; a member goes home af þingi, whereas ór may denote an inmate of a district, or convey the notion of secession or exclusion from, Eb. 105 new Ed.; the traveller goes af landi, the exile ór landi: taka e-t af e-m is to take a thing out of one’s hand, that of taka frá e-m to remove out of one’s sight, etc. In general af answers to Engl. of, off, ór to out of, and frá to from: the Lat. prepp. ab, de, and ex do not exactly correspond to the Icelandic, yet as a rule ór may answer to ex, af sometimes to ab, sometimes to de. Of, off, from among; with, by; on account of by means of, because of concerning, in respect of.
    A. Loc.
    I. With motion, off, from:
    1. prop. corresp. to á,
    α. konungr dró gullhring af hendi sér (but á hendi), Ld. 32; Höskuldr lætr bera farm af skipi, unload the ship (but bera farm á skip), id.; var tekit af hestum þeirra, they were unsaddled, Nj. 4; Gunnarr hafði farit heiman af bæ sínum, he was away from home, 82; Gunnarr hljóp af hesti sínum, jumped off his horse (but hl. á hest), 83; hlaupa, stökkva af baki, id., 112, 264 ; Gunnarr skýtr til hans af boganum, from the bow, where af has a slight notion of instrumentality, 96; flýja af fundinum, to fly from off the battle-field, 102; ríða af Þríhyrningshálsum, 206; út af Langaholti, Eg. 744 ; sunnan ór Danmörk ok af Saxlandi, 560; ganga af mótinu, to go from the meeting, Fms. vii. 130; af þeirra fundi reis María upp ok fór, 625. 85 ; Flosi kastaði af ser skikkjunni, threw his cloak off him (but kasta á sik),Nj. 176; taka Hrungnis fót af honum, of a load, burden, Edda 58; land þat er hann fiskði af, from which he set off to fish, Grág. i. 151, is irregular, frá would suit better; slíta af baki e-s, from off one’s back, ii. 9 ; bera af borði, to clear the table, Nj. 75.
    β. where it more nearly answers to í; þeir koma af hafi, of sailors coming in (but leggja í haf), Nj. 128 ; fara til Noregs af Orkneyjum (but í or til O.), 131; þeim Agli fórst vel ok komu af hafi i Borgarfjörð, Eg. 392 ; hann var útlagi ( outlawed) af Noregi, where ór would be more regular, 344; af Islandi, of a traveller, Fms. x. 3; búa her af báðum ríkjunum, to take a levy from, 51; hinir beztu bændr ór Norðlendingafjórðungi ok af Sunnlendingafjórðungi, the most eminent Southerners and Northerners, 113; Gizzurr gékk af útsuðri at gerðinu, from south-west, Sturl. ii. 219; prestar af hvárutveggja biskupsdæmi, from either diocess, Dipl. ii. 11; verða tekinn af heimi, to be taken out of the world, 623. 21; gruflar hon af læknum, scrambles out of the brook, Ísl. ii. 340; Egill kneyfði af horninu í einum drykk, drained off the horn at one draught, literally squeezed every drop out of it, Eg. 557; brottuaf herbúðunurn, Fms. x. 343.
    γ. of things more or less surrounding the subject, corresp. to yfir or um; láta þeir þegar af sér tjöldin, break off, take down the tents in preparing for battle, Eg. 261; kyrtillinn rifnaði af honum, his coat burst, caused by the swollen body, 602; hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he untied his shoes (but binda á sik), 716; Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér, throw him off, of one clinging to one’s body, 747; tók Gísli þá af sér vápnin, took off his arms, Fms. vii. 39. Of putting off clothes; fara af kápu, Nj. 143; far þú eigi af brynjunni, Bs. i. 541; þá ætlaði Sigurðr at fara af brynjunni, id.; þá var Skarphéðinn flettr af klæðunum, Nj. 209: now more usually fara or klæðum, fötum, exuere, to undress.
    δ. connected with út; föstudaginn for út herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town, Nj. 274; ganga út af kirkjunni, to go out of the church, now út úr, Fms. vii. 107: drekki hann af þeirri jörðunni, of something impregnated with the earth, Laekn. 402.
    ε. more closely corresponding to frá, being in such cases a Latinism (now frá); bréf af páfa, a pope’s bull, Fms. x. 6; rit af hánum, letter from him, 623. 52; bréf af Magnúsi konungi, a letter from king Magnus, Bs. i. 712; farið þér á brautu af mér í eilífan eld, Hom. 143; brott af drottins augliti, Stj. 43.
    ζ. denoting an uninterrupted continuity, in such phrases as land aflandi, from land to land, Eg. 343, Fas. ii. 539; skip af skipl. from ship to ship, Fms. v. 10; brann hvat af öðru, one after another, of an increasing fire, destroying everything, i. 128; brandr af brandi brenn, funi kveykist af funa, one from another, Hm. 56; hverr af öðrum, one after another, in succession, also hverr at öðrum, Eb. 272, 280 (where at in both passages).
    2. metaph., at ganga af e-m dauðum, to go from, leave one dead on the spot, of two combatants; en hann segiz bani hins ef hann gekk af dauðum manni, Grág. ii. 88, Hkr. 1. 327; undr þykir mér er bróðir þinn vildi eigi taka af þér starf þetta, would not take this toil from thee, Nj. 77; þegnar hans glöddust af honum, were fain of him, Fms. x. 380; at koma þeim manni af sér er settr var á fé hans, to get rid of, Ld. 52; vil ek þú vinriir af þér skuldina, work off the debt, Njarð. 366; reka af sér, to repel, Sturl. ii. 219; hann á þá sonu er aldri munu af oss ganga, who will never leave us, whom we shall never get rid of, Fas. i. 280; leysa e-n af e-u, to relieve, 64; taka e-n af lífi, to kill, Eg. 48, 416, Nj. 126; af lífdögum, Fms. vii. 204; ek mun ná lögum af því máli, get the benefit of the law in this case, Eg. 468; muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my hand, 414; rísa af dauða, to rise from death, Fms. ii. 142; guð bætti honum þó af þessi sótt, healed him of this sickness, ix. 390; vakna af sýn, draumi, svefni, to awaken from a vision, dream, sleep, 655 xxxii. I, Gísl. 24, Eb. 192, Fas. i. 41. Rather with the notion out of, in the phrase af sér etc., e. g. sýna e-t af scr, to shew, exhibit a disposition for or against, Ld. 18; gera mikit af sér, to shew great prowess, Ísl. ii. 368; éf þú gerir eigi meira af þér um aðra leika, unless you make more of thyself, Edda 32; Svipdagr hafði mikit af sér gert, fought bravely, Fas. i. 41; góðr (illr) af sér, good ( bad) of oneself, by nature; mikill af sjálfum sér, proud, bold, stout, Nj. 15; ágætastr maðr af sjálfum sér, the greatest hero, Bret.: góðr af ser, excellent, Hrafn. 7; but, on the contrary, af sér kominn, ruinous, in decay; this phrase is used of old houses or buildings, as in Bs. i. 488 = Sturl. l. c.; af sér kominn af mæði can also be said of a man fallen off from what he used to be; kominn af fotum fram, off his legs from age, Sturl. i. 223, Korm. 154 (in a verse).
    II. WITHOUT MOTION:
    1. denoting direction from, but at the same time continuous connection with an object from which an act or thing proceeds, from; tengja skip hvárt fram af stafni annars, to tie the ships in a line, stem to stern, Fms. i. 157, xi. 111; svá at þeir tóku út af borðum, jutted out of the boards, of rafters or poles, iv. 49; stjarna ok af sem skaft, of a comet, ix. 482; lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from off a horse, Grág. ii. 264; hon svarar af sínu sæti sem álpt af baru, Fás. i. 186; þar er sjá mátti utau af firði, af þjóðleið, that might be seen from the fareway on the sea when sailing in the firth, Hkr. ii. 64; þá mun hringt af (better at) Burakirkju, of bells rung at the church, Fms. xi. 160; gengr þar af Meðalfellsströnd, projects from, juts out, of a promontory, Ld. 10.
    2. denoting direction alone; upp af víkinni stóð borg mikil, a burg inland from the inlet, Eg. 161; lokrekkja innar af seti, a shut bed inward from the benches in the hall, Ísl. ii. 262; kapella upp af konungs herbergjum, upwards from, Fms. x. 153; vindr stóð af landi, the wind stood off the land, Bárð. 166.
    β. metaph., stauda af e-u, vide VI. 4.
    γ. ellipt., hallaði af norðr, of the channel, north of a spot, Boll. 348; also, austr af, suðr af, vestr af, etc.
    3. denoting absence; þingheyendr skulu eigi vera um nótt af þingi ( away from the meeting), eðr lengr, þá eru þeir af þingi ( away from (be meeting) ef þeir eru or ( out of) þingmarki, Grág. i. 25; vera um nótt af várþingi, 115; meðan hann er af landi héðan, abroad, 150.
    β. metaph., gud hvíldi af öllum verkum sínum á sjaunda degi, rested from his labours, Ver. 3.
    4. denoting distance; þat er komit af þjóðleið, out of the high road, remote, Eg. 369; af þjóðbraut, Grág. ii. 264, i. 15; Otradalr (a farm) var mjök af vegi, far out of the way, Háv. 53.
    B. TEMP, past, from, out of, beyond:
    1. of a person’s age, in the sense of having past a period of life; af ómaga aldri, of age, able to support oneself, Grág. i. 243; af aeskualdri, stricken in years, having past the prime of life, Eg. 202; lítið af barnsaldri, still a child, Ld. 74; ek em nú af léttasia skeiði, no longer in the prime of life, Háv. 40.
    2. of a part or period of time, past; eigi síðar en nótt er af þingi, a night of the session past, Grág. i. 101; þá er sjau vikur eru af sumri, seven weeks past of the summer, 182; tíu vikur af sumri, Íb. 10; var mikit af nótt, much of the night was past, Háv. 41; mikið af vetri, much of the winter was past, Fas. ii. 186; þriðjungr af nótt, a third of the night past, Fms. x. 160; stund af degi, etc.; tveir mánoðr af sumri, Gþl. 103.
    3. in adverbial phrases such as, af stundu, soon; af bragði, at once; af tómi, at leisure, at ease; af nýju, again; af skyndingu, speedily; af bráðungu, in a hurry, etc.
    C. In various other relations:
    I. denoting the passage or transition of an object, concrete or abstract, of, from.
    1. where a thing is received, derived from, conferred by a person or object; þiggja lið af e-m, to derive help from, Edda 26; taka traust af e-m, to receive support, comfort from, Fms. xi. 243; taka mála af e-m, to be in one’s pay, of a soldier, Eg. 266; halda land af e-m, to hold land of any one, 282; verða viss af e-m, to get information from, 57, Nj. 130; taka við sök af manni (a law term), to undertake a case, suit, Grág. i. 142; hafa umboð af e-m, to be another’s deputy, ii. 374; vera góðs (ills) maklegr af e-m, to deserve good (bad) of, Vd. 88 (old Ed., the new reads frá), Fs. 45; afla matar af eyjum, to derive supplies from, Eb. 12.
    2. where an object is taken by force:
    α. prop. out of a person’s hand; þú skalt hnykkja smíðit af honum, wrest it out of his hand, Nj. 32; cp. taka, þrífa, svipta e-u (e-t) af e-m, to wrest from.
    β. metaph. of a person’s deprival of anything in general; hann tók af þér konuna, carried thy wife off, Nj. 33; tók Gunnarr af þér sáðland þitt, robbed thee of seedland, 103; taka af honum tignina, to depose, degrade him, Eg. 271; vinna e-t af e-m, to carry off by force of arms, conquer, Fms. iii. 29; drepa menn af e-m, for one, slay one’s man, Eg. 417; fell þar lið mart af Eyvindi, many of Eyvind’s people fell there, 261.
    γ. in such phrases as, hyggja af e-u (v. afhuga), hugsa af e-u, to forget; hyggja af harmi; sjá af e-u, to lose, miss; var svá ástúðigt með þeim, at livargi þóttist mega af öðrum sjá, neither of them could take his eyes off the other, Sturl. i. 194; svá er mörg við ver sinn vær, at varla um sér hon af hoiuun nær, Skálda 163.
    3. denoting forfeiture; þá eru þeir útlagir, ok af goðorði sínu, have forfeited their priesthood, Grág. i. 24; telja hann af ráðunum fjár síns alls, to oust one, on account of idiocy or madness, 176; verða af kaupi, to be off the bargain, Edda 26; þá skalt þú af allri fjárheimtunni, forfeit all the claim, Nj. 15; ek skal stefna þér af konunni, summon thee to forfeit, a case of divorce, id.; ella er hann af rettarfari um hana, has forfeited the suit, Grág. i. 381.
    β. ellipt., af ferr eindagi ef, is forfeited, Grág. i. 140.
    II. denoting relation of a part to a whole, off, of, Lat. de; höggva hönd, höfuð, fót af e-um, to cut one’s hand, head, foot off, Nj. 97, 92, Bs. i. 674; höggva spjót af skapti, to sever the blade from the shaft, 264; hann lét þá ekki hafa af föðurarfi sínum, nothing of their patrimony, Eg. 25; vil ek at þú takir slíkt sem þér líkar af varningi, take what you like of the stores, Nj. 4; at þú eignist slíkt af fé okkru sem þú vili, 94.
    β. ellipt., en nú höfum vér kjörit, en þat er af krossinum, a slice of, Fms. vii. 89; Þórðr gaf Skólm frænda sínum af landnámi sínu, a part of, Landn. 211; hafði hann þat af hans eigu er hann vildi, Sturl. ii. 169; þar lá forkr einn ok brotið af endanum, the point broken off, Háv. 24, Sturl. i. 169.
    γ. absol. off; beit hann höndina af, þar sem nú heitir úlfliðr, bit the hand off, Edda 17; fauk af höfuðit, the head flew off, Nj. 97; jafnt er sem þér synist, af er fótrinn, the foot is off, id.; af bæði eyru, both ears off, Vm. 29.
    2. with the notion of—among; mestr skörungr af konum á Norðrlöndum, the greatest heroine in the North, Fms. i. 116; hinn efniligasti maðr af ungum mönnum í Austfjörðum, the most hopeful of youths in the Eastfirths, Njarð. 364; af ( among) öllurn hirðmönnuni virði konungr mest skáld sín, Eg. 27; ef hann vildi nokkura kaupa af þessum konum, Ld. 30; ör liggr þar útiá vegginum, ok er sú af þeirra örum, one of their own arrows, Nj. 115.
    β. from, among, belonging to; guð kaus hana af ollum konum sér til móður, of the Virgin Mary, Mar. A. i. 27.
    γ. metaph., kunna mikit (lítið) af e-u, to know much, little of, Bragi kann mest af skáldskap, is more cunning of poetry than any one else, Edda 17.
    δ. absol. out of, before, in preference to all others; Gunnarr bauð þér góð boð, en þú vildir eingi af taka, you would choose none of them, Nj. 77; ráða e-t af, to decide; þó mun faðir minn mestu af ráða, all depends upon him, Ld. 22; konungr kveðst því mundu heldr af trúa, preferred believing that of the two, Eg. 55; var honum ekki vildara af ván, he could expect nothing better, 364.
    3. with the additional sense of instrumentality, with; ferma skip af e-u, to freight a ship with, Eg. 364; hlaða mörg skip af korni, load many ships with corn, Fms. xi. 8; klyfja tvá hesta af mat, Nj. 74; var vágrinn skipaðr af herskipum, the bay was covered with war ships, 124; fylla ker af glóðum, fill it with embers, Stj. 319; fylla heiminn af sínu kyni, to fill the world with his offspring, Ver. 3.
    III. denoting the substance of which a thing is made, of; used indifferently with ór, though ór be more frequent; þeir gerðu af honum jörðina, af blóði hans sæinn ok vötnin, of the creation of the world from the corpse of the giant Ymir; the poem Gm. 40, 41, constantly uses ór in this sense, just as in modern Icelandic, Edda 5; svá skildu þeir, at allir hlutir væri smíðaðir af nokkru efni, 147 (pref.); húsit var gert af timbrstokkum, built of trunks of timber, Eg. 233; hjöhin vóru af gulli, of gold, golden, Fms. i. 17; af osti, of cheese, but in the verse 1. c. ór osti, Fms. vi. 253; línklæði af lérepti, linen, Sks. 287.
    2. metaph. in the phrases, göra e-t af e-n ( to dispose of), verða af ( become of), hvat hefir þú gört af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar? Njarð. 376; hvat af motrinuni er orðit, what has become of it? of a lost thing, Ld. 208; hverfr Óspakr á burt, svá eigi vita menn hvat af honum er orðit, what has become of him? Band. 5.
    IV. denoting parentage, descent, origin, domicile, abode:
    1. parentage, of, from, used indifferently with frá; ok eru af þeim komnir Gilsbekkingar, descend from them, but a little below—frá honum eru konmir Sturlungar, Eb. 338, cp. afkvæmi; af ætt Hörðakára, Fms. i. 287; kominn af Trojumönnum, xi. 416; af Ása-ætt (Kb. wrongly at), Edda I.
    β. metaph., vera af Guði (theol.), of God, = righteous, 686 B. 9; illr ávöxtr af íllri rót, Fms. ii. 48; Asia er kölluð af nafni nokkurar konu, derives her name from, Stj. 67; af honum er bragr kallaðr skáldskapr, called after his name, Edda 17.
    2. of domicile; af danskri tungu, of Danish or Scandinavian origin, speaking the Danish tongue, Grág. ii. 73; hvaðan af löndum, whence, native of what country? Ísl.
    β. especially denoting a man’s abode, and answering to á and í, the name of the farm (or country) being added to proper names, (as in Scotland,) to distinguish persons of the same name; Hallr af Síðu, Nj. 189; Erlingr af Straumey, 273; Ástríðr af Djúpárbakka, 39; Gunnarr af Hlíðarenda (more usual frá); þorir haklangr konungr af Ögðum, king of Agdir, Eg. 35, etc.; cp. ór and frá.
    V. denoting a person with whom an act, feeling, etc. originates, for the most part with a periphrastic passive:
    1. by, the Old Engl. of; as, ek em sendr hingað af Starkaði ok sonum hans, sent hither by, Nj. 94; inna e-t af hendi, to perform, 257; þó at alþýða væri skírð af kennimönnum, baptized of, Fms. ii. 158; meira virðr af mönnum, higher esteemed, Ld. 158; ástsæll af landsmönnum, beloved, íb. 16; vinsæll af mönnum, Nj. 102; í allgóðu yfirlæti af þeim feðgum, hospitably treated by them, Eg. 170; var þá nokkut drukkið af alþjóð, there was somewhat hard drinking of the people, Sturl. iii. 229; mun þat ekki upp tekið af þeim sükudólgum mínum, they will not clutch at that, Nj. 257; ef svá væri í hendr þér búit af mér, if í had so made everything ready to thy hands, Ld. 130; þá varð fárætt um af föður hans, his father said little about it, Fms. ii. 154.
    2. it is now also sometimes used as a periphrase of a nom., e. g. ritað, þýtt af e-m, written, translated, edited by, but such phrases scarcely occur in old writers.
    VI. denoting cause, ground, reason:
    1. originating from, on account of, by reason of; af frændsemis sökum, for kinship’s sake, Grág. ii. 72; ómáli af áverkum, speechless from wounds, 27; af manna völdum, by violence, not by natural accident, of a crime, Nj. 76; af fortölum Halls, through his pleading, 255; af ástsæld hans ok af tölum þeirra Sæmundar, by his popularity and the eloquence of S., Íb. 16; af ráðum Haralds konungs, by his contriving, Landn. 157; úbygðr af frosti ok kulda, because of frost and cold, Hkr. i. 5.
    β. adverbially, af því, therefore, Nj. 78; af hví, why? 686 B. 9; þá verðr bóndi heiðinn af barni sínu, viz. if he does not cause his child to be christened, K. Þ. K. 20.
    2. denoting instrumentality, by means of; af sinu fé, by one’s own means, Grág. i. 293; framfæra e-n af verkum sinum, by means of one’s own labour, K. Þ. K. 142; draga saman auð af sökum, ok vælum ok kaupum, make money by, 623. I; af sínum kostnaði, at hi s own expense, Hkr. i. 217.
    β. absol., hún fellir á mik dropa svá heita at ek brenn af öll, Ld. 328; hann fékk af hina mestu sæmd, derived great honotur from it, Nj. 88; elli sótti á hendr honum svá at hann lagðist í rekkju af, he grew bedridden from age, Ld. 54; komast undan af hlaupi, escape by running, Fms. viii. 58; spinna garn af rokki, spin off a wheel (now, spinna á rokk), from a notion of instrumentality, or because of the thread being spun out (?), Eb. 92.
    3. denoting proceeding, originating from; lýsti af höndum hennar, her hands spread beams of light, Edda 22; allir heimar lýstust ( were illuminated) af henni, id.; en er lýsti af degi, when the day broke forth, Fms. ii. 16; lítt var lýst af degi, the day was just beginning to break, Ld. 46; þá tók at myrkja af nótt, the ‘mirk-time’ of night began to set in, Eg. 230; tók þá brátt at myrkva af nótt, the night grew dark, Hkr. ii. 230.
    4. metaph., standa, leiða, hljótast af, to be caused by, result from; opt hlýtst íllt af kvenna hjali, great mischief is wrought by women’s gossip (a proverb), Gísl. 15, 98; at af þeim mundi mikit mein ok úhapp standa, be caused by, Edda 18; kenna kulda af ráðum e-s, to feel sore from, Eb. 42; þó mun her hljótast af margs manns bani, Nj, 90.
    5. in adverbial phrases, denoting state of mind; af mikilli æði, in fury, Nj. 116; af móð, in great emotion, Fms. xi. 221; af áhyggju, with concern, i. 186; af létta, frankly, iii. 91; af viti, collectedly, Grág. ii. 27; af heilu, sincerely, Eg. 46; áf fári, in rage; af æðru, timidly, Nj. (in a verse); af setning, composedly, in tune, Fms. iii. 187; af mikilli frægð, gallantly, Fas. i. 261; af öllu afli, with all might, Grág. ii. 41; af riki, violently, Fbr. (in a verse); af trúnaði, confidently, Grág. i. 400.
    VII. denoting regard to, of, concerning, in respect of, as regards:
    1. with verbs, denoting to tell of, be informed, inquire about, Lat. de; Dioscorides segir af grasi því, speaks of, 655 xxx. 5; er menn spurðu af landinu, inquired about it, Landn. 30; halda njósn af e-u, Nj. 104; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, Eg. 546, Band. 8.
    β. absol., hann mun spyrja, hvárt þér sé nokkut af kunnigt hversu for með okkr, whether you know anything about, how, Nj. 33; halda skóla af, to hold a school in a science, 656 A. i. 19 (sounds like a Latinism); en ek gerða þik sera mestan mann af öllu, in respect of all, that you should get all the honour of it, Nj. 78.
    2. with adjectives such as mildr, illr, góðrafe-u, denoting disposition or character in respect to; alira manna mildastr af fo, very liberal, often-banded, Fms. vii. 197; mildr af gulli, i. 33; góðr af griðum, merciful, Al. 33; íllr af mat en mildr af gulli, Fms. i. 53; fastr af drykk, close, stingy in regard to, Sturl. ii. 125; gat þess Hildigunnr at þú mundir góðr af hestinum, that you would be good about the horse, Nj. 90, cp. auðigr at, v. at, which corresponds to the above phrases; cp. also the phrase af sér above, p. 4, col. I, ll. 50 sqq.
    VIII. periphrasis of a genitive (rare); provincialis af öllum Predikaraklaustrum, Fms. x. 76; vera af hinum mesta fjandskap, to breathe deep hatred to, be on bad terms with, ix. 220; af hendi, af hálfu e-s, on one’s behalf, v. those words.
    IX. in adverbial phrases; as, af launungu, secretly; af hljóði, silently; v. those words.
    β. also used absolutely with a verb, almost adverbially, nearly in the signification off, away; hann bað þá róa af fjörðinn, pass the firth swiftly by rowing, row the firth off, Fms. ix. 502; var pá af farit þat seni skerjóttast var, was past, sailed past, Ld. 142; ok er þeir höfðu af fjórðung, past one fourth of the way, Dropl. 10: skína af, to clear up, of the skv, Eb. 152; hence in common language, skína af sér, when the sun breaks forth: sofa af nóttina, to sleep it away, Fms. ii. 98; leið af nóttin, the night past away, Nj. 53; dvelja af stundir, to kill the time, Band. 8; drepa af, to kill; láta af, to slaughter, kill off;
    γ. in exclamations; af tjöldin, off with the awnings, Bs. i. 420, Fins, ix. 49.
    δ. in the phrases, þar af, thence; hér af, hence, Fms. ii. 102; af fram, straight on, Nj. 144; now, á fram, on, advance.
    X. it often refers to a whole sentence or to an adverb, not only like other prepp. to hér, hvar, þar, but also redundantly to hvaðan, héðan, þaðan, whence, hence, thence.
    2. the preposition may sometimes be repeated, once elliptically or adverbially, and once properly, e. g. en er af var borit at borðinu, the cloth was taken off from the table, Nj. 176; Guð þerrir af (off, away) hvert tár af ( from) augum heilagra manna, God wipes off every tear from the eyes of his saints, 655 xx. vii. 17; skal þó fyrst bætr af lúka af fé vegaiula, pay off, from, Gþl. 160, the last af may be omitted—var þá af borið borðinu—and the prep. thus be separated from its case, or it may refer to some of the indecl. relatives er or sem, the prep. hvar, hér, þar being placed behind them without a case, and referring to the preceding relative, e. g. oss er þar mikit af sagt auð þeim, we have been told much about these riches, Band. 24; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, in short, shortly. Eg. 546; þaðan af veit ek, thence í infer, know, Fms. i. 97.
    XI. it is moreover connected with a great many verbs besides those mentioned above, e. g. bera af, to excel, whence afbragð, afbrigði; draga af, to detract, deduct, hence afdráttr; veita ekki af, to be hard with; ganga at, to be left, hence afgangr; standast af um e-t, to stand, how matters stand; sem af tekr, at a furious rate; vita af, to be conscious, know about (vide VII).
    D. As a prefix to compounds distinction is to be made between:
    I. af privativum, denoting diminution, want, deduction, loss, separation, negation of, etc., answering indifferently to Lat. ab-, de-, ex-, dis-, and rarely to re- and se-, v. the following COMPDS, such as segja, dicere, but afsegja, negare; rækja, colere, but afrækja, negligere; aflaga, contra legem; skapligr, normalis, afskapligr, deformis; afvik, recessus; afhús, afhellir, afdalr, etc.
    II. af intensivum, etymologically different, and akin to of, afr-, e. g. afdrykkja = ofdrykkja, inebrietas; afbrýði, jealously; afbendi, tenesmus; afglapi, vir fatuus, etc. etc. Both the privative and the intensive af may be contracted into á, esp. before a labial f, m, v, e. g. á fram = af fram; ábrýði = afbrýði; ávöxtr = afvöxtr; áburðr = afburðr; ávíta = afvíta (?). In some cases dubious. With extenuated and changed vowel; auvirðiligr or övirðiligr, depreciated, = afv- etc., v. those words.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > AF

  • 20 ÓR

    * * *
    prep. with dat.
    1) out of, from; tekinn ór jörðu, taken out of the earth; vakna ór svefni, to wake out of sleep; Ísland bygðist ór Noregi, from Norway; ór Mön, from the Isle of Man; er þá bar ór hafi, from the sea; spyrja ór kaupstefnu, to ask news from the market; hús ór húsi, from house to house; ráðast ór hernaði, to leave off freebooting;
    2) denoting the substance of which a thing is made, of, out of; ór Ymis holdi var jörð um sköpuð, out of Y.’s flesh the earth was made, hjölt ór gulli, a golden hilt;
    3) out of, from among (þessir féllu ór liði Haralds);
    4) denoting cause; deyja ór sárum, sótt, to die of wounds, sickness;
    5) beyond; svá mikill snjór, at þat var ór dœnum, beyond exaniple, unexampled; ór hófi, beyond measure; þurru mjök vinsældir hans ór því sem vóru, his popularily dwindled from what it had been;
    6) ór því, after (nú skal segja, hvat gørðist ór því F. var í burtu farinn);
    7) absol., hann skar ór spjótit, he cut the spear clean through.
    * * *
    or or, written with o in older vellums, or now and then even with y, yr; in later MSS. with u, ur, which in mod. Icel. is sounded long, úr. In other Teut. languages this prep. has been lost as an independent word; only the Goth. has us = ἐκ, ἀπό, and the O. H. G. ar, ir, ur, which in mid. H. G. was lost and replaced by the adverb aus, O. H. G. uz, answering to Icel. út. Engl. out, a word altogether different from ór, see Grimm’s Dict. s. v. er; ur, however, survived as a prefixed particle in a countless number of compds, in A. S. â-, in O. H. G. ar-, ir-, in mid. H. G. and Germ. er-; causal verbs are formed by means of this prefixed particle, e. g. Goth. us-wakjan, A. S. â-weccan, Engl. to awaken, O. H. G. ar-wechan, Germ. er-wecken. In the Scandin. languages, on the other hand, the independent prep. has been preserved in its fullest extent, whereas the prefixed particle is rare, mostly wiih adjectives, and is sounded and spelt ör-, e. g. ör-endr = exanimis; seldom er-, for erlendr (q. v.) is different; ór- or úr- seems to belong only to words of later formation, as ór-lausn, ór-skurðr, úr-kast, úr-þvætti, refuse; úr-hættis, out of time (from skera ór, kasta úr). These compds will be given under the head of ör- and úr-. The quantity of the root-vowel in the particle or, ur is an unsettled question; the German and Saxon forms er-, ar-, as also the Icel. prefixed ör-, seem to indicate a short, the present Icel. pronunciation úr- a long, vowel. The MSS. in these cases give no help; in this Dictionary it has been assumed as long (ór) in deference to the majority of Editions and the present Icel. spelling and pronunciation.
    A. Out of, from; as remarked in the introduction to the prep. af, the prep. ór (p. 3, col. 2) denotes from the inside of a thing ( out of which), and in most cases corresponds to í, so that the same case which goes with ór would also go with í, (and thus it answers to í with dat., see í A. I-III); tekinn ór jörðu, taken out of the earth (answering to í jörðu, of anything lying in the earth), Fms. i. 51; ór skóginum, vi. 225; yr afrétt, Grág. ii. 233; yr héraði, Ísl. ii. 322, 333; fara ór landi, to leave the country, Fms. vi. 284; ór Þrándheimi, Eg. 32 (opp. to í Þrándheimi); ór Tungu, Nj. 95, 192; Ísland bygðisk ór Noregi. from Norway, Íb. 4; austan ór Smálöndum, Nj. 122; ór Breiðafirði, Ísl. ii. 368; ór Eyjum (all names compounded from Ey), Landn. passim; ór Mön, from the Isle of Man, Nj. 138; ór Hrafnistu (an island), 164; ór Þjóttu (a Norse island), Fms. iv. 275; ór Skógi, Skógum, Nj. 89; ór Gili, 113; ór Mörk, 192; ór Þórólfsfelli, 39; ór Saurbæ, 164; ór Garði, Landn., Nj. 164; cp. i, p. 315, col. 2 (A. loc. II); er þá bar ór hafi, Fms. ii. 64; ór lopti, passim; úr eldi, Nj. 132; ór vötnum, Fms. i. 226; ór höll, xi. 16; ór Valhöllu, Nj. 132; ór tjaldi, Fms. ii. 268; ór garði, Nj. 54; ór kirkju, Fms. ix. 471; ór poka, Ld. 202; hús ór húsi, from house to house, Bs. i. 386; flokk ór flokki, Karl. 244; ór gólfinu, Ld. 53; ór húsum, Grág. ii. 336; ór norðri, suðri, vestri, austri, Eg. 133: ór hendi, out of one’s hand, Greg. 62, Nj. 84: the phrase, bíða ór stað, to bide ‘out of’ one’s place, i. e. to bide without moving, Ó. H. (in a verse).
    2. with adverbs; ofan ór fjalli, Eg. 766: niðr ór, Fms. iii 94; fram ór, out of; út úr, out of, (Goth. ût-;us, whence arose the mod Germ. aus); út ór hringinum, Ld. 276.
    3. ok ræðr lækr ór henni til sævar, Dipl. ii. 2; festina er ór var fjötrinum, Edda 20; þit skulut spyrja ór kaupstefnu, to ask news from the meeting, Ísl. ii. 346; ráðask ór hernaði, to leave off freebooting, Eg. 2; komask ór barnæsku, Sturl. i. 226; vakna ór svefni, to wake out of sleep, 623. 14; rísa upp ór dauða, 655 ix. C. 1; segjask ór lögum, to secede, Íb. 11; vera ór sögunni, to be out of the story, Nj. 22, 120; falla ór minni, Bs. i. 39.
    B. Metaph., denoting forfeiture; þá er hann útlagr ok ór goðorði sínu, Grág. i. 33; ok ór öllum skrúðanum, and stripped off all their ornaments, Nj. 132.
    2. of a part of the whole; þessir téllu ór liði Haralds, Eg. 11; kveðja fimm búa yr sóknar kvið, Grág ii. 208; ryðja búa ór kviði, kvöð, Nj. 110; menn sakna Skeggja ór flokkinum, Grett. 30 new Ed.; maðr andask ór kvöðinni, Band. 14 new Ed.; Joseph var ór kyni Davíðs, Post.; þriðjungr ór feti, Rb. 482.
    3. denoting cause; andask, deyja ór sárum, sótt, to die of wounds, sickness. Eg. 36, Landn. 217, Fms. ii. 164, Sks. 594.
    4. of the substance of which a thing is made (see af C. III); ór járni, of iron, Nj. 272; ór gulli, silfri, Akv. 7; þat er ór jörðu, Eluc. 9; ór Ymis holdi var jörð of sköpuð, en ór sveita siár, björg or beinum, baðinr ór hari, en or hausi himin, en or hans heila, etc., Vþm.; úr hári, ullu, etc.; ór osti, Fms. vi. 253.
    5. of changing from one state to another, from; ek veil ekki hvat ór honum er orðit, 623. 53; verða at ösku ór miklu mannvirki, Al. 48; görir heimska ór herskum, Hm. 93; auka ór því sem áðr hafði verit, beyond what it was, Al. 145, Nj. 192; hefir þú nokkut samit þik ór því sem var, Ísl. ii. 211: þurru mjök vinsældir hans ór því sem vóru, they dwindled from what they had been, Fms. x. 160; ór hófi (cp. öróf, öræfi), exceeding, out of measure; allt ór hófi, Al. 54; fégjarn ór hófi, Rb. 370; ganga ór dæmum, beyond example, unexampled. Fms. i. 214, viii. 52.
    II. ellipt. and adverb. usages; annarra brjóstum ór, Hm.; skar ór spjótið, to cut through, Hkr. i. 37; ok skar út ór, Fms. i. 217.
    III. with verbs; fara ór, to take off a garment, Nj. 279; ganga ýr, to withdraw, 86, 113; fyrr en ór sliti (ór-slit), till it was all over, 105; skera ór, to decide; leysa ór, to read a riddle, answer, Fms. ii. 283; ráða ór (ór-ræði), to solve a difficulty, Nj. 177, 243; ok hefir þú ílla ór haft við mik, thou hast behaved badly towards me, Fs. 140.
    IV. ór því, since; nú er at segja hvat görðisk í Noregs ór því hann var í burtu farinn, Fas. ii. 84: causal, since, úr því þú vilt það, since thou wishest it, mod.
    V. double prepp. as adv. ellipt. and as prep.; tók ór verk allan yr augum hans, Bs. i. 336; at ór sé grátraust ór skapi hans, Nj. 82.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > ÓR

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