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21 Hornblower, Jonathan
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 1753 Cornwall (?), Englandd. 1815 Penryn, Cornwall, England[br]English mining engineer who patented an early form of compound steam engine.[br]Jonathan came from a family with an engineering tradition: his grandfather Joseph had worked under Thomas Newcomen. Jonathan was the sixth child in a family of thirteen whose names all began with "J". In 1781 he was living at Penryn, Cornwall and described himself as a plumber, brazier and engineer. As early as 1776, when he wished to amuse himself by making a small st-eam engine, he wanted to make something new and wondered if the steam would perform more than one operation in an engine. This was the foundation for his compound engine. He worked on engines in Cornwall, and in 1778 was Engineer at the Ting Tang mine where he helped Boulton \& Watt erect one of their engines. He was granted a patent in 1781 and in that year tried a large-scale experiment by connecting together two engines at Wheal Maid. Very soon John Winwood, a partner in a firm of iron founders at Bristol, acquired a share in the patent, and in 1782 an engine was erected in a colliery at Radstock, Somerset. This was probably not very successful, but a second was erected in the same area. Hornblower claimed greater economy from his engines, but steam pressures at that time were not high enough to produce really efficient compound engines. Between 1790 and 1794 ten engines with his two-cylinder arrangement were erected in Cornwall, and this threatened Boulton \& Watt's near monopoly. At first the steam was condensed by a surface condenser in the bottom of the second, larger cylinder, but this did not prove very successful and later a water jet was used. Although Boulton \& Watt proceeded against the owners of these engines for infringement of their patent, they did not take Jonathan Hornblower to court. He tried a method of packing the piston rod by a steam gland in 1781 and his work as an engineer must have been quite successful, for he left a considerable fortune on his death.[br]Bibliography1781, British patent no. 1,298 (compound steam engine).Further ReadingR.Jenkins, 1979–80, "Jonathan Hornblower and the compound engine", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 11.J.Tann, 1979–80, "Mr Hornblower and his crew, steam engine pirates in the late 18th century", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 51.J.Farey, 1827, A Treatise on the Steam Engine, Historical, Practical and Descriptive, reprinted 1971, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles (an almost contemporary account of the compound engine).D.S.L.Cardwell, 1971, From Watt to Clausius. The Rise of Thermo dynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann.H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press.R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press.RLH -
22 Marli
MARLI, MARLY LACEA very simple and light hexagonal mesh net, named after a village near Versailles, where it originated. The plain mesh ground was powdered with small round rosettes. Originally it was made of cotton, but at Bayeux it was also made of very fine linen yarn for a foundation to applique laces; during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era it was also made of silk, or of silk mixed with linen, and was called coarse or fine according to the size of the mesh. Marli which was the precursor of the tulle was greatly in vogue from the time of Louis XVI until the middle of the 19th century for dresses and trimmings. -
23 Marly Lace
MARLI, MARLY LACEA very simple and light hexagonal mesh net, named after a village near Versailles, where it originated. The plain mesh ground was powdered with small round rosettes. Originally it was made of cotton, but at Bayeux it was also made of very fine linen yarn for a foundation to applique laces; during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era it was also made of silk, or of silk mixed with linen, and was called coarse or fine according to the size of the mesh. Marli which was the precursor of the tulle was greatly in vogue from the time of Louis XVI until the middle of the 19th century for dresses and trimmings. -
24 downward
1. adjectivenach unten nachgestellt; nach unten gerichtet2. adverbdownward gradient or slope — Gefälle, das
* * ** * *down·ward[ˈdaʊnwəd, AM -wɚd]\downward revision Abwärtskorrektur fto be on a \downward trend sich akk im Abwärtstrend befinden, zurückgehenat last inflation is on a \downward path endlich ist die Inflation[srate] rückläufig* * *['daʊnwəd]1. advlook, point, extend, move nach untenface downward(s) (person) — mit dem Gesicht nach unten; (book)
movement downward(s) (in price, value) — Rückgang m
to move downward(s) (figure, rate) — sinken, fallen
everyone from the Queen downward(s) —
downward(s) — mit der Wirtschaft geht es rapide bergab
2. adjstroke nach untenshe made a bold downward stroke with the paintbrush — sie machte einen kühnen Pinselstrich nach unten
downward slope — Abhang m
downward spiral —
the dollar resumed its downward path or slide against the yen — der Dollar fiel weiter gegen den Yen
to put downward pressure on wages/prices — die Löhne/Preise (nach unten) drücken
* * *downward [ˈdaʊnwə(r)d]A adv1. hinab, abwärts, nach unten, hinunter:face downward mit dem Gesicht nach unten2. fluss-, stromab(wärts)3. fig abwärts, bergab:he went downward in life es ging bergab mit ihmdownward from Shakespeare to the twentieth century von Shakespeare (herab) bis zum 20. JahrhundertB adj (adv downwardly)1. Abwärts…, sich neigend, nach unten gerichtet oder führend:downward movement Abwärtsbewegung f (a. fig);downward prices sinkende Preise;3. absteigend (Linie eines Stammbaums etc)4. bedrückt, pessimistisch* * *1. adjectivenach unten nachgestellt; nach unten gerichtetdownward movement/trend — (lit. or fig.) Abwärtsbewegung, die/-trend, der
2. adverbdownward gradient or slope — Gefälle, das
* * *adj.absteigend adj.abwärts adj.herunter adj. -
25 Handkerchief
Handkerchief of linen. Same as Romals. ———————— This word is not met with earlier than the 16th century and was corrupted by the addition of " pocket " or " neck." It is called a " hand-cloth " in the dialect of Lincolnshire, and is probably identical with the " swat-cloth " of the Anglo-Saxons. We thus trace this pocket companion to its primitive state of a cloth or towel to wipe the face or hands with. It has variously been ornamented with fringes of gold, red and white silk and silver, and richly embroidered and trimmed with gold lace. Handkerchiefs were fashionable in the reign of Elizabeth. ———————— DRAPERY - Drapery made by tacking one corner of square pieces of material to a foundation skirt. These squares may be large or small, and if they are of soft material they fall into graceful lines. -
26 onward
on·ward[ˈɒnwəd, AM ˈɑ:nwɚd]the \onward march of history/time das Fortschreiten der Geschichte/Zeit\onward and upward steil nach obenII. adv1. (into the future)from that day/time \onward von diesem Tag/dieser Zeit anfrom our foundation \onward we have been an independent organization seit unserer Gründung sind wir eine unabhängige Organisation2. (of direction) weiterto travel \onward to other destinations an weitere Bestimmungsorte weiterreisen* * *['ɒnwəd]1. adj1) (lit)onward movement — Weiterbewegung f; (on journey) Weiterreise f; (of goods) Weitertransport m
2) (fig)the onward march of time/progress — das Fortschreiten der Zeit/der Vormarsch des Fortschritts
2. advvoran, vorwärts; march weiterfrom today/this time onward — von heute/der Zeit an
3. interjvoran, vorwärts* * *A adv1. vorwärts, weiter:from the tenth century onward vom 10. Jahrhundert an2. weiter vorn:it lies farther onward es liegt noch ein Stück weiterB adj nach vorn, Vorwärts…:* * *adj.fortschreitend adj.vorwärts adj.weiter adj. adv.fortschreitend adv. -
27 Tapet
A 16th century term in England for the foundation cloth which was embroidered in tapestry designs. From the Greek " tapeta." -
28 Opus Filatorum
Mediaeval name for darning embroidery on a square mesh foundation during the 14th century. Now known as " filet brode." -
29 Velours A Cotes
French velveteen of the early 19th century. Usually made with a foundation diagonal twill weave (Batavia) about 30 ends per inch of 30's to 40's cotton yarn. A rib consisting of from 6 to 18 ends was between each row of pile.
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