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21 kościół
( budynek) church; ( organizacja) Church* * *mi-o- Gen. -a Loc. - ele1. (= świątynia) church; kościół parafialny parish church; kościół garnizonowy garrison church; iść pod kościół przen. start begging; chodzić do kościoła go to church; słyszał, że dzwonią, ale nie wie, w którym kościele in the right church but in the wrong pew; wrongly heard, wrongly answered.2. (= wierni) Church, Christendom.3. (= wyznanie chrześcijańskie) Church; Kościół anglikański the Anglican Church, the Church of England; Kościół grekokatolicki the Greek Orthodox Church; Kościół katolicki the Catholic Church; Kościół prawosławny the (Eastern) Orthodox Church; Kościół rzymskokatolicki the Roman-Catholic Church; Kościół unicki the Uniate Church; Ojciec/Doktor Kościoła rel. Father/Doctor of the Church.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > kościół
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22 congregación
f.congregation, crowd, assembly of people, assembly.* * *1 (reunión) assembly2 RELIGIÓN congregation* * *noun f.* * *SF1) (=asamblea) gathering, assembly; (=sociedad) brotherhood, guild2) (Rel) congregation* * *1) ( junta) assembly, meeting2) ( orden religiosa) order; ( en el Vaticano) congregation* * *= congregation, flock, convening, concourse.Ex. The public library's sole reason for being is to help people get along in the world, to help school children get better grades, to help preachers write better sermons that will keep the congregation awake, to help newspapermen find facts.Ex. The priest is just another body, however, a dark blot on the landscape, a mere spectator who becomes transparent in the eyes of his flock.Ex. Convenings are one day events that focus on a specific substantive issue.Ex. The remains were followed by a large concourse of people and were laid to rest in the Catholic cemetery, near Bancroft Nebraska.----* referido a una congregación de feligreses = congregational.* * *1) ( junta) assembly, meeting2) ( orden religiosa) order; ( en el Vaticano) congregation* * *= congregation, flock, convening, concourse.Ex: The public library's sole reason for being is to help people get along in the world, to help school children get better grades, to help preachers write better sermons that will keep the congregation awake, to help newspapermen find facts.
Ex: The priest is just another body, however, a dark blot on the landscape, a mere spectator who becomes transparent in the eyes of his flock.Ex: Convenings are one day events that focus on a specific substantive issue.Ex: The remains were followed by a large concourse of people and were laid to rest in the Catholic cemetery, near Bancroft Nebraska.* referido a una congregación de feligreses = congregational.* * *A (junta) assembly, meetingB1 (orden religiosa) order2 (en el Vaticano) congregationCompuesto:la congregación de los fieles the Roman Catholic Church* * *
congregación sustantivo femenino congregation
' congregación' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
hipnótica
- hipnótico
English:
sisterhood
* * *congregación nf1. [junta] gathering, assembly2. [de laicos] orderla congregación de los fieles the Roman Catholic Church3. [en el Vaticano] congregationCongregación para la Doctrina de la Fe Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith* * *f REL congregation* * * -
23 eliza
[from Lat. "ecclesia" from Greek "ekklesia", cf. B "eleiza"] iz.1. Kristau. church; \elizara da he's gone to church; \elizaratu to go to church; \elizarakoan when he {went || came} to church; \eliza lagun branch church; \eliza batean ehortzi zuten he was buried in a church; herriko \eliza the village church2. ( erakunde bezala) church; \elizaz ezkondu to have a church wedding; \elizan sartu to join the church; \elizatik erauzi to excommunicateb. E\eliza Ama Santuaren aginduak the directives of the Holy Mother Church ; E\elizaren aldizkariak Church magazines ; E\elizaaren dogmak dogmas of the Church; E\elizako Aitak the Church Fathersc. E\eliza Anglikarra Anglican Church; E\eliza Katolikoa the Catholic Church; E\eliza Luteranoa, E\eliza Luthertarra Lutheran Church; \eliza Ortodoxoa the Orthodox Church; \eliza Presbiteriarra the Presbyterian Church; Azken Egunetako Santuen Jesu Kristoren E\eliza The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints; ekialdeko \eliza the eastern church Oharra: ikus oharra church sarreran -
24 Education
In Portugal's early history, education was firmly under the control of the Catholic Church. The earliest schools were located in cathedrals and monasteries and taught a small number of individuals destined for ecclesiastical office. In 1290, a university was established by King Dinis (1261-1325) in Lisbon, but was moved to Coimbra in 1308, where it remained. Coimbra University, Portugal's oldest, and once its most prestigious, was the educational cradle of Portugal's leadership. From 1555 until the 18th century, primary and secondary education was provided by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). The Catholic Church's educational monopoly was broken when the Marquis of Pombal expelled the Jesuits in 1759 and created the basis for Portugal's present system of public, secular primary and secondary schools. Pombal introduced vocational training, created hundreds of teaching posts, added departments of mathematics and natural sciences at Coimbra University, and established an education tax to pay for them.During the 19th century, liberals attempted to reform Portugal's educational system, which was highly elitist and emphasized rote memorization and respect for authority, hierarchy, and discipline.Reforms initiated in 1822, 1835, and 1844 were never actualized, however, and education remained unchanged until the early 20th century. After the overthrow of the monarchy on the Fifth of October 1910 by Republican military officers, efforts to reform Portugal's educational system were renewed. New universities were founded in Lisbon and Oporto, a Ministry of Education was established, and efforts were made to increase literacy (illiteracy rates being 80 percent) and to resecularize educational content by introducing more scientific and empirical methods into the curriculum.Such efforts were ended during the military dictatorship (192632), which governed Portugal until the establishment of the Estado Novo (1926-74). Although a new technical university was founded in Lisbon in 1930, little was done during the Estado Novo to modernize education or to reduce illiteracy. Only in 1964 was compulsory primary education made available for children between the ages of 6 and 12.The Revolution of 25 April 1974 disrupted Portugal's educational system. For a period of time after the Revolution, students, faculty, and administrators became highly politicized as socialists, communists, and other groups attempted to gain control of the schools. During the 1980s, as Portuguese politics moderated, the educational system was gradually depoliticized, greater emphasis was placed on learning, and efforts were made to improve the quality of Portuguese schools.Primary education in Portugal consists of four years in the primary (first) cycle and two years in the preparatory, or second, cycle. The preparatory cycle is intended for children going on to secondary education. Secondary education is roughly equivalent to junior and senior high schools in the United States. It consists of three years of a common curriculum and two years of complementary courses (10th and 11th grades). A final year (12th grade) prepares students to take university entrance examinations.Vocational education was introduced in 1983. It consists of a three-year course in a particular skill after the 11th grade of secondary school.Higher education is provided by the four older universities (Lisbon, Coimbra, Oporto, and the Technical University of Lisbon), as well as by six newer universities, one in Lisbon and the others in Minho, Aveiro, Évora, the Algarve, and the Azores. There is also a private Catholic university in Lisbon. Admission to Portuguese universities is highly competitive, and places are limited. About 10 percent of secondary students go on to university education. The average length of study at the university is five years, after which students receive their licentiate. The professoriate has four ranks (professors, associate professors, lecturers, and assistants). Professors have tenure, while the other ranks teach on contract.As Portugal is a unitary state, the educational system is highly centralized. All public primary and secondary schools, universities, and educational institutes are under the purview of the Ministry of Education, and all teachers and professors are included in the civil service and receive pay and pension like other civil servants. The Ministry of Education hires teachers, determines curriculum, sets policy, and pays for the building and upkeep of schools. Local communities have little say in educational matters. -
25 Lefèbvre, Monseigneur Marcel
(1905-1991)Integrist Catholicarchbishop. Archbishop of Dakar, Senegal, then bishop of Tulle, France. In 1970 Lefèbvre defied the Catholic church in protest against its modernisation, and the phasing out of mass in Latin, and formed a schismatic movement, the Society (or Fraternity) of St. Pius X., based at a seminary in Switzerland. In 1975, he ordained 13 priests in defiance of the Vatican, and in 1976 was excluded from the Catholic church. Thereafter, his supporters took over the St. Nicolas du Chardonnet church in Paris. After a number of unsuccessful attempts at conciliation, the Vatican excommunicated Lefèbvre in 1988. The integrist and traditionalist Society of St Pius X still exists, and is now active in some fifty countries, including the USA and Great Britain. It appears to be a wealthy organisation.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Lefèbvre, Monseigneur Marcel
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26 Fátima
Village in central Portugal, site of a Catholic shrine and pilgrimage center, and place associated with the cult of Our Lady of Fátima. Near this small village in the so-called "Cove of the Lions," the Virgin Mary reportedly appeared before three peasant children, on the 13th of each month, from May to October 1917. The children were told that they were being addressed by Our Lady of the Rosary, and that a chapel should be built there in her honor. Fátima soon became, in effect, the Portuguese Lourdes, one of the great Catholic shrines and pilgrimage centers. In 1932, the Catholic Church authorized devotion to Our Lady of Fátima, and a large shrine and basilica were constructed near the site of the incidents. In 1967, Pope Paul VI visited Fátima. Fátima has become a center of devotion for millions of persons in recent decades, as well as the topic of a continuing controversy between believers and skeptics and critics. Debates about the significance of what happened at Fátima in 1917 and the aftermath will continue, but it is a fact that the development of Fátima as a Catholic shrine and pilgrimage center occurred amidst a Catholic revival in Portugal during the first third of the 20th century. -
27 ceremonia
f.1 ceremony (acto).ceremonia de apertura opening ceremonyceremonia de clausura closing ceremonyceremonia inaugural opening ceremonyceremonia iniciática o de iniciación initiation ceremony2 ceremony, pomp (pompa, boato).recibieron a los reyes con gran ceremonia they welcomed the king and queen with great pomp3 ritual, rite, ceremony, liturgy.4 formality, ceremony, protocol, ceremoniousness.* * *1 ceremony2 (cumplido) deference, ceremony\con mucha ceremonia / con gran ceremonia with great pomp* * *noun f.* * *SF1) (=acto) ceremonyceremonia religiosa — religious ceremony, (religious) service
2) (=afectación) formality, ceremoniousnesses muy llano y le molesta tanta ceremonia — he's very straightforward and all this formality annoys him
¡déjate de ceremonias! — don't stand on ceremony!
sin ceremonia: el rey nos habló sin ceremonias — the king spoke to us plainly o without any ceremony
* * *femenino ceremony* * *= fuss, ritual, ceremony, rite, function, rite of passage, ritual of passage.Ex. Hernandez decided that if he wished to survive in this restrictive atmosphere his options were clearly the following: don't make waves, do a good job with no fuss of which he could be proud, and try to gain Balzac's respect.Ex. For example, a textbook on 'Social anthropology' will contain information on a large number of concepts such as social structure, kinship, marriage, ritual, etc.Ex. The types of materials include imperial writings, noble diaries, books on protocol and ceremonies, books relating to imperial tombs and early Chinese material.Ex. This is a list of uniform titles for liturgical works of the Latin rites of the Catholic Church.Ex. The workshop consisted of an inaugural function, a series of lectures, a panel discussion and a valedictory function.Ex. These books deal with stories involving ' rites of passage' for boys and girls who are coming of age in different countries.Ex. For some people class reunions act as a ritual of passage, while for others it may seems like a painful reminder of time marching on.----* ceremonia de apertura = opening ceremony.* ceremonia de clausura = closing ceremony.* ceremonia de entrega de premios = award(s) ceremony.* ceremonia de entrega de títulos = graduation ceremony.* ceremonia de graduación = commencement, graduation day, graduation ceremony.* ceremonia de inauguración = opening ceremony.* ceremonia de iniciación = initiation ritual, rite of passage.* ceremonia del matrimonio = marriage ceremony.* ceremonia del té = tea ceremony.* ceremonia inaugural = unveiling ceremony, inaugural ceremony, opening ceremony.* ceremonia nupcial = wedding ceremony.* ceremonia privada = private ceremony.* con mucha ceremonia = ceremoniously.* gustar la ceremonia = stand on + ceremony.* maestro de ceremonias = master of ceremonies, toastmaster.* sin ceremonias = unceremonious, unceremoniously.* traje de ceremonia = regalia.* * *femenino ceremony* * *= fuss, ritual, ceremony, rite, function, rite of passage, ritual of passage.Ex: Hernandez decided that if he wished to survive in this restrictive atmosphere his options were clearly the following: don't make waves, do a good job with no fuss of which he could be proud, and try to gain Balzac's respect.
Ex: For example, a textbook on 'Social anthropology' will contain information on a large number of concepts such as social structure, kinship, marriage, ritual, etc.Ex: The types of materials include imperial writings, noble diaries, books on protocol and ceremonies, books relating to imperial tombs and early Chinese material.Ex: This is a list of uniform titles for liturgical works of the Latin rites of the Catholic Church.Ex: The workshop consisted of an inaugural function, a series of lectures, a panel discussion and a valedictory function.Ex: These books deal with stories involving ' rites of passage' for boys and girls who are coming of age in different countries.Ex: For some people class reunions act as a ritual of passage, while for others it may seems like a painful reminder of time marching on.* ceremonia de apertura = opening ceremony.* ceremonia de clausura = closing ceremony.* ceremonia de entrega de premios = award(s) ceremony.* ceremonia de entrega de títulos = graduation ceremony.* ceremonia de graduación = commencement, graduation day, graduation ceremony.* ceremonia de inauguración = opening ceremony.* ceremonia de iniciación = initiation ritual, rite of passage.* ceremonia del matrimonio = marriage ceremony.* ceremonia del té = tea ceremony.* ceremonia inaugural = unveiling ceremony, inaugural ceremony, opening ceremony.* ceremonia nupcial = wedding ceremony.* ceremonia privada = private ceremony.* con mucha ceremonia = ceremoniously.* gustar la ceremonia = stand on + ceremony.* maestro de ceremonias = master of ceremonies, toastmaster.* sin ceremonias = unceremonious, unceremoniously.* traje de ceremonia = regalia.* * *1 (acto) ceremonyla ceremonia de asunción del mando the inauguration ceremonyla ceremonia de la boda the wedding service2 ( fam) (solemnidad) ceremonyno andemos con ceremonias let's not stand on ceremonylo hizo todo sin ceremonia she did it all without any fuss ( colloq)* * *
ceremonia sustantivo femenino
ceremony;
ceremonia sustantivo femenino ceremony
' ceremonia' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
boda
- clausura
- graduación
- inaugural
- naturalidad
- pompa
- acto
- comienzo
- entierro
- iniciar
- íntimo
- lindo
- nupcial
- palabra
- premiación
English:
ceremony
- commencement
- do
- gown
- graduation
- initiation
- low-key
- marriage
- palace
- participate
- presentation
- robe
- formality
- frill
- informality
- unchanged
* * *ceremonia nf1. [acto] ceremony;ceremonia de apertura/de clausura opening/closing ceremony;Amceremonia de transmisión de mando ceremonial handover of power2. [pompa, boato] ceremony, pomp;recibieron a los reyes con gran ceremonia they welcomed the king and queen with great pomp;se casaron sin ceremonia ni formalidades de ningún tipo their wedding was a very quiet and modest affair* * *f ceremony;sin ceremonias without ceremony* * *ceremonia nf: ceremony♦ ceremonial adj* * *ceremonia n ceremony [pl. ceremonies] -
28 Hansom, Joseph Aloysius
SUBJECT AREA: Land transport[br]b. 26 October 1803 York, Englandd. 29 June 1883 Fulham, London, England[br]English architect and inventor, originator of the Hansom cab.[br]In 1816 he was apprenticed to his father, who was a joiner. After a year his abilities in design and construction were so marked that it was decided that he would have more scope as an architect. He was accordingly apprenticed to a Mr Phillips in York, becoming a clerk to Phillips in 1820. While he served his time he also worked on his own account and taught at a night school. In 1825 he married Hannah Glover and settled in Halifax, where he became Assistant to another architect. In 1828 he became a partner of Edward Welch, with whom he built a number of churches in the north of England. He designed the Town Hall for Birmingham and was responsible for the constructional work until 1833, but he had to become bond because the builders caused him to become bankrupt. He was appointed Manager of the business affairs of Dempster Hemming of Caldicote Hall, which included the landed estates, banking and coal-mining. It was during this period that he designed the "Patent Safety Cab" named after him and popular in Victorian days. The safety element consisted in lowering the centre of gravity by the use of the cranked axle. Hansom sold his rights for £10,000 to a company proposing to exploit the patent, but he was never paid, for the company got into difficulties; Hansom became its temporary Manager in 1839 and put matters right, for which he was paid £300, all he ever made out of the Hansom Cab. In 1842 he brought out the first issue of The Builder, but lack of capital caused him to retire from the journal. He devoted himself from then on to domestic and ecclesiastical architecture, designing many churches, colleges, convents and schools all over Britain and even in Australia and South America. Of note is St Walburga's church, Preston, Lancashire, whose spire is 306 ft (93 m) high. At various times he was in partnership with his younger brother, his eldest son, and with E.W.Pugin with whom he had a disagreement. He was a Catholic and much of his work was for the Catholic Church.[br]Further Reading1882, The Builder (8 July).1882, Illustrated London News (15 July).IMcNBiographical history of technology > Hansom, Joseph Aloysius
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29 rito
m.1 rite (religion).2 ritual (costumbre).3 custom, usage.* * *1 RELIGIÓN rite2 figurado (costumbre) ritual\ritos funerarios funeral rites* * *noun m.* * *SM rite* * ** * *= rite, rite of passage, ritual of passage.Ex. This is a list of uniform titles for liturgical works of the Latin rites of the Catholic Church.Ex. These books deal with stories involving ' rites of passage' for boys and girls who are coming of age in different countries.Ex. For some people class reunions act as a ritual of passage, while for others it may seems like a painful reminder of time marching on.----* rito de iniciación = rite of passage, ritual of passage, initiation ritual.* rito de la fertilidad = fertility rite.* rito expiatorio = sacrificial rite.* rito funerario = funerary rite.* rito religioso = religious rite.* últimos ritos, los = final rites, the.* * ** * *= rite, rite of passage, ritual of passage.Ex: This is a list of uniform titles for liturgical works of the Latin rites of the Catholic Church.
Ex: These books deal with stories involving ' rites of passage' for boys and girls who are coming of age in different countries.Ex: For some people class reunions act as a ritual of passage, while for others it may seems like a painful reminder of time marching on.* rito de iniciación = rite of passage, ritual of passage, initiation ritual.* rito de la fertilidad = fertility rite.* rito expiatorio = sacrificial rite.* rito funerario = funerary rite.* rito religioso = religious rite.* últimos ritos, los = final rites, the.* * *1 ( Relig) riterito iniciático or de iniciación initiation rite2 (costumbre) ritual* * *
rito sustantivo masculino (Relig) rite;
( costumbre) ritual
rito sustantivo masculino
1 Rel rite
rito de iniciación, initiation rite
rito de paso, rite of passage
rito satánico, satanic rite
2 ceremony: se casaron por el rito judío, they got married in a Jewish ceremony
3 (ritual) ritual: tuvimos que cumplir con el rito de la cena familiar navideña, we had to keep up the tradition of having a family Christmas dinner
' rito' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
mortuoria
- mortuorio
English:
rite
* * *rito nm1. Rel riterito iniciático initiation rite2. [costumbre] ritual* * *m rite* * *rito nm: rite, ritual -
30 usanza
f.custom, usage.a la vieja o antigua usanza in the old way o style* * *1 literal fashion, custom\a la antigua usanza in the old style* * *SF usage, customa usanza india, a usanza de los indios — according to Indian custom
* * *femenino (liter)* * *= rite.Ex. This is a list of uniform titles for liturgical works of the Latin rites of the Catholic Church.----* a la antigua usanza = old-style.* * *femenino (liter)* * *= rite.Ex: This is a list of uniform titles for liturgical works of the Latin rites of the Catholic Church.
* a la antigua usanza = old-style.* * *( liter)bailes tradicionales a la antigua usanza old-style folk dancesvestidos a la usanza india dressed in Indian costume, wearing Indian clothes* * *
usanza f (moda, costumbre) custom
trajes a la antigua usanza, old style costumes
' usanza' also found in these entries:
English:
usage
* * *usanza nfuna mujer vestida a la usanza del XVI a woman dressed in the style of the 16th century;es un caballero a la antigua usanza he's a gentleman in the old style* * *f usage, custom* * *usanza nf: custom, usage -
31 Kirche
Kir·che <-, -n> [ʼkɪrçə] f1) (Gebäude, Gottesdienst) church2) ( bestimmte Glaubensgemeinschaft) Church, religion;die Bekennende \Kirche hist the Confessional [or Confessing] Church (in Germany under National Socialism);die evangelische \Kirche the Protestant Church;die katholische \Kirche the Catholic Church;aus der \Kirche austreten to leave the Church3) ( Institution) ChurchWENDUNGEN:die \Kirche im Dorf lassen ( fam) to not get carried away;die \Kirche ums Dorf tragen to do things in a roundabout way -
32 ritual
adj.ritual.m.ritual, ceremony, rite.* * *► adjetivo1 ritual1 ritual\ser de ritual to be customary* * *noun adj.* * *1.ADJ ritual2.SM ritualde ritual — ritual, customary
* * *adjetivo/masculino ritual* * *= ritual, rite, ritual of passage.Ex. For example, a textbook on 'Social anthropology' will contain information on a large number of concepts such as social structure, kinship, marriage, ritual, etc.Ex. This is a list of uniform titles for liturgical works of the Latin rites of the Catholic Church.Ex. For some people class reunions act as a ritual of passage, while for others it may seems like a painful reminder of time marching on.----* ritual de iniciación = initiation ritual, rite of passage.* ritual en el que se consumen alucinógenos = mushroom ritual.* * *adjetivo/masculino ritual* * *= ritual, rite, ritual of passage.Ex: For example, a textbook on 'Social anthropology' will contain information on a large number of concepts such as social structure, kinship, marriage, ritual, etc.
Ex: This is a list of uniform titles for liturgical works of the Latin rites of the Catholic Church.Ex: For some people class reunions act as a ritual of passage, while for others it may seems like a painful reminder of time marching on.* ritual de iniciación = initiation ritual, rite of passage.* ritual en el que se consumen alucinógenos = mushroom ritual.* * *adj/mritual* * *
ritual adjetivo / noun masculine
ritual
ritual adjetivo & sustantivo masculino ritual
' ritual' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
enraizada
- enraizado
- entierro
- rito
English:
dance
- ritual
- mask
- occult
* * *♦ adjritual♦ nmritual* * *m/adj ritual* * *ritual adj & nm: ritual♦ ritualmente adv* * *ritual n ritual -
33 Protestants
As long as the Portuguese Inquisition was active, few non-Catholics resided in the country. Any person discovered to be a Protestant—and possession of a Bible was a certain sign—could be arrested, jailed, and threatened with execution by the Inquisition, especially before 1760. After the extinction of the Inquisition by 1821, a few Protestant missions arrived during the 1840s and 1850s. Evangelical Christian missionaries became active, especially British Protestants who came to travel or reside in, as well as to distribute bibles to Portugal. These included the celebrated British writer, traveler, and missionary, George Borrow, whose book The Bible in Spain in the mid-19th century became a classic.Even after the Inquisition ceased operations, restrictions on non-Catholics remained. Despite the small number of initial converts, there were active denominations in the 19th century among the Plymouth Brethren, Scotch Presbyterians, Methodists, and Anglicans. Some Protestant missions were founded in Portugal, as well as in her African colonies in the 1870s and 1880s. Among the legal restrictions against Protestants and other non-Catholics were those on building edifices that physically resembled churches, limits on property-owning and hours of worship, laws that prevented non-Catholic organizations from legal recognition by the government, discrimination against Protestant denominations with pacifist convictions, and discrimination against Protestants in conscription (the draft) selection. In the 1950s and 1960s, the middle to late years of the Estado Novo regime, small groups of Pentecostals, Mormons, and Jehovah's Witnesses settled in Portugal, and the numbers of their congregations grew more rapidly than those of earlier arrivals, but traditional restrictions against freedom of worship continued.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974 and the 1976 Constitution, such restrictions against Protestant worship and residence ended. Protestant churches were now recognized as legal entities with the right to assemble and to worship. During the period when military conscription was in force, that is, up to 2004, those Protestants who were conscientious objectors could apply for alternative military service. Protestant missionary activity, nevertheless, continued to experience resistance from the Catholic Church. In recent decades, there has been a rapid growth among the Protestant communities, although their expansion in Portugal does not equal the growth in Protestant numbers found in Brazil and Angola. By the early 1990s, the number of Protestants was estimated to be between 50,000 and 60,000 persons, but by 2008 this figure had more than doubled. The number still remained at only 2 percent of the population with religious affiliation. -
34 jerarquía
f.1 hierarchy, ladder of authority, rank, line of authority.2 authority.* * *1 hierarchy2 (grado) scale3 (categoría) rank4 (persona) high-ranking person* * *noun f.* * *SF hierarchy* * *a) ( organización) hierarchyb) (categoría, rango) rank* * *= hierarchy, ladder, tree, pecking order, ranking order, ranking.Ex. Figure 12.1 shows a small hierarchy of subjects, or a group of ranked subjects which incorporates some statement of the relationships between those subjects.Ex. Special attention should be given to Figure 2, which proposes two lattices (or ladders) for career movement in libraries.Ex. 'Tree' will show related terms linked by the tree structure; 'explode' will automatically expand the search term to include those terms in the same tree, using OR logic.Ex. Libraries have a peculiar pecking order -- public, academic, special.Ex. Library applications may require special arrangements in order to overcome certain difficulties posed by a pre-determined ranking order.Ex. Those documents with sufficiently high rankings will be deemed relevant and eventually retrieved.----* jerarquía "es un tipo de" = is-a hierarchy.* jerarquía de poder = scalar chain.* jerarquía social = social hierarchy.* * *a) ( organización) hierarchyb) (categoría, rango) rank* * *= hierarchy, ladder, tree, pecking order, ranking order, ranking.Ex: Figure 12.1 shows a small hierarchy of subjects, or a group of ranked subjects which incorporates some statement of the relationships between those subjects.
Ex: Special attention should be given to Figure 2, which proposes two lattices (or ladders) for career movement in libraries.Ex: 'Tree' will show related terms linked by the tree structure; 'explode' will automatically expand the search term to include those terms in the same tree, using OR logic.Ex: Libraries have a peculiar pecking order -- public, academic, special.Ex: Library applications may require special arrangements in order to overcome certain difficulties posed by a pre-determined ranking order.Ex: Those documents with sufficiently high rankings will be deemed relevant and eventually retrieved.* jerarquía "es un tipo de" = is-a hierarchy.* jerarquía de poder = scalar chain.* jerarquía social = social hierarchy.* * *1 (organización) hierarchyla jerarquía eclesiástica/militar the ecclesiastical/military hierarchy2 (categoría, rango) rankno se aprovechaba de su jerarquía he didn't abuse his position o rank* * *
jerarquía sustantivo femenino
jerarquía sustantivo femenino
1 hierarchy: el papa encabeza la jerarquía de su Iglesia, the Pope is at the top of the Catholic ecclesiastical hierarchy
2 (grado, escalafón) rank
' jerarquía' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
degradar
- nivel
- suma
- sumo
- abajo
- arriba
- burocrático
- escalar
- igual
- inferior
- primero
- sobre
- subalterno
- superior
English:
deputy
- grade
- hierarchy
- senior
- seniority
- tier
- high
- pecking order
* * *jerarquía nf1. [autoridades] hierarchy;la jerarquía católica del país the leaders of the Catholic church in the country;las altas jerarquías de la nación the nation's leaders2. [rango] rank;en esta oficina hay varias jerarquías there is a clear hierarchy in this office* * *f hierarchy* * *jerarquía nf1) : hierarchy2) rango: rank -
35 Inquisition, Portuguese
Known also as the Holy Office of the Inquisition, Portugal's Inquisition was established in 1536 under King João III and was finally abolished only in 1821. The initial motives for establishing this institution were more political than religious; King João III saw it as an instrument to increase central power and royal control in Portugal. Permission for its foundation was granted by the papacy in Rome, but the Inquisition's judges and officers were appointed by the Portuguese king, not by the papacy. Seven years after its establishment, the Inquisition's first victims were burned at the stake in Évora. Eventually, the Holy Office of the Inquisition became a kind of state within a state, with its own bureaucracy, censors who acted as a "thought police" over the faithful as well as over heretics or dissidents, and police who maintained their own prisons. The period of this infamous institution's greatest power to persecute, prosecute, and execute heretics was during the 16th and 17th centuries. During the administration of the Marquis of Pombal (1750-77), the Inquisition's power was curtailed. By 1821, when it was abolished by reformist governments, the Inquisition no longer had much significance.For centuries, however, the Inquisition generated fear and was able to amass wealth, goods, and property confiscated from victims. In the history of Portuguese politics and culture, the Inquisition has symbolized cruel oppression, the spirit of discrimination, and religious persecution of heretics and minorities, including Jews who were often forcibly converted. It created an era of censorship of intellectual activity, injustice, bigotry, racism, and anti-Semitism, and raised questions about the role and power of the Catholic Church in society and the relationship between the Church and state. Some opponents of the Estado Novo quite justifiably compared the Inquisition's control of free thought and action with that of the Estado Novo in its day. -
36 Music
Portugal's musical tradition began in the 15th century when songs ( cantigas) written by court troubadours were set to music. Early in the 16th century the cathedral in Coimbra became a center for the composition of polyphonic music and produced several composers of note. Portugal's musical tradition was carried throughout the Portuguese overseas empire. The playwright Gil Vicente used incidental music in his religious plays, some of which could be described as protomusicals. Until the 17th century, musical training was controlled by the Catholic Church, and the clergy dominated the field of composition. During this 18th century, Portuguese mon-archs lavished money and attention on music teachers and composers, which gave Portugal the best and liveliest court music anywhere in Europe. During the period, the Italian Domenico Scarlatti was court choirmaster, which infused Portuguese church music and opera with the Neapolitan style. A Portuguese, João de Sousa Carvalho, was one of the most popular composers of opera and musical drama in Europe during the second half of the 18th century.Perhaps the best-known Portuguese composer is João Domingos Bomtempo. Bomtempo wrote music in the classical style and, as head of the National Academy of Music, assured that the classical style remained integral to Portuguese music until well into the Romantic era. Gradually, Romantic music from Europe was accepted, having been introduced by Alfredo Keil, a Portuguese painter, musician, and opera composer of German descent. Portugal's only Romantic composer of note, Keil wrote the music for A Portuguesa, the official Portuguese national anthem since 1911.The most widely known musical form of Portugal is the fado. Meaning fate, fado is singing that expresses a melancholic longing intermingled with sadness, regret, and resignation. There are at least two variations of fado: the Lisbon fado and the Coimbra or university student fado. Its origins are hotly debated. The most famous Portuguese fado singer was Amália Rodrigues (1920-99); presently, Mariza holds that claim. -
37 katoliko
iz. Kristau. Catholic; ez \katolikoa a non-Catholic io. Catholic; Eliza K\katolikoa the Catholic Church -
38 римско-католический
1) General subject: Roman Catholic2) Religion: Latin (Of or relating to the part of the Catholic Church that until recently used a Latin rite and forms the patriarchate of the Pope), RomanУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > римско-католический
-
39 Richtung
f; -, -en1. direction; (Weg) way; (Kurs) course; in die falsche / entgegengesetzte Richtung gehen oder fahren go in the wrong / opposite direction, go the wrong / opposite way; aus allen Richtungen from all directions, from all around ( oder all over the place); in allen Richtungen in all directions; in Richtung ( auf) ... (Akk) in the direction of, towards; in welcher Richtung liegt...? which direction is... from here?; in südlicher Richtung fahren: in a southerly direction, south(wards); liegen: to the south; in welche Richtung gehen Sie? which way ( oder direction) are you going?; er kommt aus dieser Richtung he’ll be coming from that direction; die Richtung verlieren lose (one’s) direction; die Richtung stimmt it’s the right direction; fig. it’s OK, you’ve got the right idea; eine andere Richtung einschlagen go in a different direction; fig. take a different course; die Richtung ändern change course; in eine bestimmte Richtung lenken fig. be heading in a certain direction; ein Schritt in die richtige Richtung fig. a step in the right direction; eine gefährliche Richtung nehmen fig. take a dangerous course3. (Tendenz) trend; POL. auch tendency; eines Einzelnen: auch views Pl.; in einer Partei: faction; eine bestimmte Richtung vertreten be representative of a certain trend; die wesentliche Richtung der neuen Politik the main thrust of the new policy* * *die Richtung(Kurs) direction; course; way; aim;(Tendenz) trend; tendency* * *Rịch|tung ['rɪçtʊŋ]f -, -en1) directionin Richtung Hamburg — towards (Brit) or toward (US) Hamburg, in the direction of Hamburg; (auf Autobahn) towards (Brit) or toward (US) Hamburg
in Richtung Süden — towards (Brit) or toward (US) the south, in a southerly direction; (auf Autobahn) on the southbound carriageway (Brit) or lane
in nördliche Richtung — northwards, towards (Brit) or toward (US) the north, in a northerly direction
die Autobahn/der Zug Richtung Hamburg — the Hamburg autobahn/train
nach allen Richtungen, in alle Richtungen — in all directions
die Richtung ändern or wechseln — to change direction(s)
die Richtung anzeigen — to indicate the direction, to point the way; (mit Fahrzeug) to indicate which way one is going to turn
eine Richtung nehmen or einschlagen — to head or drive/walk etc in a direction
eine neue Richtung bekommen — to change course, to take a new turn or direction
einem Gespräch eine bestimmte Richtung geben — to turn a conversation in a particular direction
in die gleiche Richtung gehen or zielen (fig) — to point in the same direction
er will sich nach keiner Richtung hin festlegen — he won't commit himself in any way at all
ein Schritt in die richtige/falsche Richtung — a step in the right/wrong direction
in jeder Richtung — each way, in each direction; (fig
2) (= Tendenz) trend; (in der Kunst, einer Partei) line, trend; (= die Vertreter einer Richtung) movement; (= Denkrichtung, Lehrmeinung) school of thoughtPicasso begann eine völlig neue Richtung in der Malerei — Picasso started a completely new direction in painting
sie gehören den verschiedensten politischen Richtungen an — they have the most varied political sympathies
die ganze Richtung passt uns nicht! — that's not the sort of thing we want
* * *die1) ((the) place or point to which one moves, looks etc: What direction did he go in?; They were heading in my direction (= towards me); I'll find my way all right - I've a good sense of direction.) direction2) (the direction in which something is going; the general meaning: I couldn't hear you clearly, but I did catch the drift of what you said.) drift3) (a track or direction: He pointed out the line of the new road; a new line of research.) line* * *Rich·tung<-, -en>[ˈrɪçtʊŋ]f1. (Himmelsrichtung) directionaus welcher \Richtung kam das Geräusch? which direction did the noise come from?eine \Richtung einschlagen [o nehmen] to go in a directionwelche \Richtung hat er eingeschlagen? which direction did he go in?in \Richtung einer S. gen in the direction of sthwir fahren in \Richtung Süden/Autobahn we're heading south/in the direction of the motorwayin alle \Richtungen, nach allen \Richtungen in all directions2. (Tendenz) movement, trendsie vertritt politisch eine gemäßigte \Richtung she takes a politically moderate lineich versuchte, dem Gespräch eine andere \Richtung zu geben I tried to steer the conversation in another directiondie Labourpartei hat ihrer Politik eine andere Richtung gegeben the Labour Party have changed course with their policiesirgendwas in der [o dieser] \Richtung something along those lines; Betrag something around that markin dieser \Richtung in this direction* * *die; Richtung, Richtungen1) directiondie Richtung ändern od. wechseln — change direction; <ship, aircraft> change course
nach/aus allen Richtungen — in/from all directions
der Zug/die Autobahn Richtung Ulm — the train to Ulm/the motorway in the direction of Ulm
2) (fig.): (Tendenz) movement; trend; (die Vertreter einer Richtung) (in der Kunst, Literatur) movement; (in einer Partei) faction; (DenkRichtung) school of thought* * *in die falsche/entgegengesetzte Richtung gehen oderfahren go in the wrong/opposite direction, go the wrong/opposite way;aus allen Richtungen from all directions, from all around ( oder all over the place);in allen Richtungen in all directions;in Richtung (auf) … (akk) in the direction of, towards;in welcher Richtung liegt …? which direction is … from here?;er kommt aus dieser Richtung he’ll be coming from that direction;die Richtung verlieren lose (one’s) direction;eine andere Richtung einschlagen go in a different direction; fig take a different course;die Richtung ändern change course;in eine bestimmte Richtung lenken fig be heading in a certain direction;ein Schritt in die richtige Richtung fig a step in the right direction;eine gefährliche Richtung nehmen fig take a dangerous courseeine bestimmte Richtung vertreten be representative of a certain trend;die wesentliche Richtung der neuen Politik the main thrust of the new policy* * *die; Richtung, Richtungen1) directiondie Richtung ändern od. wechseln — change direction; <ship, aircraft> change course
nach/aus allen Richtungen — in/from all directions
der Zug/die Autobahn Richtung Ulm — the train to Ulm/the motorway in the direction of Ulm
2) (fig.): (Tendenz) movement; trend; (die Vertreter einer Richtung) (in der Kunst, Literatur) movement; (in einer Partei) faction; (DenkRichtung) school of thought* * *-en f.course n.direction n.line n.route n.trend n. -
40 richtung
f; -, -en1. direction; (Weg) way; (Kurs) course; in die falsche / entgegengesetzte Richtung gehen oder fahren go in the wrong / opposite direction, go the wrong / opposite way; aus allen Richtungen from all directions, from all around ( oder all over the place); in allen Richtungen in all directions; in Richtung ( auf) ... (Akk) in the direction of, towards; in welcher Richtung liegt...? which direction is... from here?; in südlicher Richtung fahren: in a southerly direction, south(wards); liegen: to the south; in welche Richtung gehen Sie? which way ( oder direction) are you going?; er kommt aus dieser Richtung he’ll be coming from that direction; die Richtung verlieren lose (one’s) direction; die Richtung stimmt it’s the right direction; fig. it’s OK, you’ve got the right idea; eine andere Richtung einschlagen go in a different direction; fig. take a different course; die Richtung ändern change course; in eine bestimmte Richtung lenken fig. be heading in a certain direction; ein Schritt in die richtige Richtung fig. a step in the right direction; eine gefährliche Richtung nehmen fig. take a dangerous course3. (Tendenz) trend; POL. auch tendency; eines Einzelnen: auch views Pl.; in einer Partei: faction; eine bestimmte Richtung vertreten be representative of a certain trend; die wesentliche Richtung der neuen Politik the main thrust of the new policy* * *die Richtung(Kurs) direction; course; way; aim;(Tendenz) trend; tendency* * *Rịch|tung ['rɪçtʊŋ]f -, -en1) directionin Richtung Hamburg — towards (Brit) or toward (US) Hamburg, in the direction of Hamburg; (auf Autobahn) towards (Brit) or toward (US) Hamburg
in Richtung Süden — towards (Brit) or toward (US) the south, in a southerly direction; (auf Autobahn) on the southbound carriageway (Brit) or lane
in nördliche Richtung — northwards, towards (Brit) or toward (US) the north, in a northerly direction
die Autobahn/der Zug Richtung Hamburg — the Hamburg autobahn/train
nach allen Richtungen, in alle Richtungen — in all directions
die Richtung ändern or wechseln — to change direction(s)
die Richtung anzeigen — to indicate the direction, to point the way; (mit Fahrzeug) to indicate which way one is going to turn
eine Richtung nehmen or einschlagen — to head or drive/walk etc in a direction
eine neue Richtung bekommen — to change course, to take a new turn or direction
einem Gespräch eine bestimmte Richtung geben — to turn a conversation in a particular direction
in die gleiche Richtung gehen or zielen (fig) — to point in the same direction
er will sich nach keiner Richtung hin festlegen — he won't commit himself in any way at all
ein Schritt in die richtige/falsche Richtung — a step in the right/wrong direction
in jeder Richtung — each way, in each direction; (fig
2) (= Tendenz) trend; (in der Kunst, einer Partei) line, trend; (= die Vertreter einer Richtung) movement; (= Denkrichtung, Lehrmeinung) school of thoughtPicasso begann eine völlig neue Richtung in der Malerei — Picasso started a completely new direction in painting
sie gehören den verschiedensten politischen Richtungen an — they have the most varied political sympathies
die ganze Richtung passt uns nicht! — that's not the sort of thing we want
* * *die1) ((the) place or point to which one moves, looks etc: What direction did he go in?; They were heading in my direction (= towards me); I'll find my way all right - I've a good sense of direction.) direction2) (the direction in which something is going; the general meaning: I couldn't hear you clearly, but I did catch the drift of what you said.) drift3) (a track or direction: He pointed out the line of the new road; a new line of research.) line* * *Rich·tung<-, -en>[ˈrɪçtʊŋ]f1. (Himmelsrichtung) directionaus welcher \Richtung kam das Geräusch? which direction did the noise come from?eine \Richtung einschlagen [o nehmen] to go in a directionwelche \Richtung hat er eingeschlagen? which direction did he go in?in \Richtung einer S. gen in the direction of sthwir fahren in \Richtung Süden/Autobahn we're heading south/in the direction of the motorwayin alle \Richtungen, nach allen \Richtungen in all directions2. (Tendenz) movement, trendsie vertritt politisch eine gemäßigte \Richtung she takes a politically moderate lineich versuchte, dem Gespräch eine andere \Richtung zu geben I tried to steer the conversation in another directiondie Labourpartei hat ihrer Politik eine andere Richtung gegeben the Labour Party have changed course with their policiesirgendwas in der [o dieser] \Richtung something along those lines; Betrag something around that markin dieser \Richtung in this direction* * *die; Richtung, Richtungen1) directiondie Richtung ändern od. wechseln — change direction; <ship, aircraft> change course
nach/aus allen Richtungen — in/from all directions
der Zug/die Autobahn Richtung Ulm — the train to Ulm/the motorway in the direction of Ulm
2) (fig.): (Tendenz) movement; trend; (die Vertreter einer Richtung) (in der Kunst, Literatur) movement; (in einer Partei) faction; (DenkRichtung) school of thought* * *…richtung f im subst1. allg, im wörtl Sinn: direction;Flugrichtung direction of flight;Marschrichtung direction of march2. fig:Moderichtung fashion trend;Musikrichtung trend in music* * *die; Richtung, Richtungen1) directiondie Richtung ändern od. wechseln — change direction; <ship, aircraft> change course
nach/aus allen Richtungen — in/from all directions
der Zug/die Autobahn Richtung Ulm — the train to Ulm/the motorway in the direction of Ulm
2) (fig.): (Tendenz) movement; trend; (die Vertreter einer Richtung) (in der Kunst, Literatur) movement; (in einer Partei) faction; (DenkRichtung) school of thought* * *-en f.course n.direction n.line n.route n.trend n.
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