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1 WHAT,
evidently mana as in mana i coimas Eldaron[?] "what is the coimas [lembas] of the Eldar?" (PM:396). See also WHO. Where "what" means "that which", it may be translated by a relative pronoun, as in lá carita i hamil mára "not to do what you judge good" –VT42:33 -
2 WHO
(interrogative pronoun) man (so in Nam and MC:222; MC:221 one place has men, but that is evidently an error, for man occurs in the same text. In FS and LR:59/63, man is translated "what". Either Tolkien later adjusted the meaning of the word, or man covers the meaning of both "who" and "what", but mana is seemingly attested in PM:396 as a distinct word for "what".) NOTE: this "who" is used only in questions. As for "who" as a relative pronoun, as in "the man who did this", see THAT \#3. –Nam/MC:222 -
3 BOON
The wod mána is said to mean “any good or fortunate thing, a boon or ‘blessing’, a grace, being esp. used of some thing/person/event that helps or amends an evil or difficulty”). Hence the exclamation yé mána (ma) = “what a blessing, what a good thing!” (VT49:41) -
4 NO
ui, possibly with uito as an emphatic variant (VT49:28-29), lá (also meaning "not)". Ui (uito) and lá are probably used to deny facts, or what others present as facts. In a context of refusal, the interjection vá is to be preferred. It is derived from a stem that "expressed refusal to do what others might wish or urge, or prohibition of some action by others”. Cf also lala, lau, laumë "no, no indeed not, on the contrary; also used for asking incredulous questions". Prefixes "no-, un-": ú-, il-. SAY NO váquet- (forbid, refuse) (1st pers. sg aorist and past váquetin, váquenten are given), ava- (refuse) (pa.t. avanë is given; this verb was "little used in ordinary language". Other forms occur in VT49:13, all with the ending -n “I”: Aorist avan, present ávan or ávëan, future avuvan > auvan, past avanen or aunen, perfect avávien. In one version, the forms ávëan and avanen are marked as poetic or archaic.) –LA, WJ:371 cf. 370, GŪ/UGU/VT46:20, WJ:370, KWET -
5 WHEN
The question-word “at what time?” is unattested, though paraphrases are possible (e.g. *mana i lú yassë menuvas? “what’s the time that he will go?” for “when will he go?”) “When” introducing a statement of time appears as írë in Fíriel’s Song (írë Anarinya queluva, “when my sun faileth”, LR:72). Another example has yá (in a phrase translated “when winter comes”, VT49:23), but different meanings (“formerly, ago”) are ascribed to the word yá elsewhere, possibly leaving írë less ambiguous (though this word itself must be distinguished from írë “desire”). In phrases like “the day when we came”, yassë “in which” may be used. -
6 WHICH
ya (known from the Arctic sentece and attested with a plural locative ending in Nam: yassen "which-in, wherein". See WHO concerning relative pronouns.) –Nam, RGEO:66 (relative pronoun) ya, yá; this relative pronoun may receive case endings, e.g. yassen "in which, wherein" (pl.) in Namárië. See THAT \#3. – It is unclear what the interrogative "which" would be in Quenya; maybe mana "what" (?) can be substituted. –VT43:34, VT47:21 -
7 MORE
ambë (adverb), amba (adjective/noun), “used of any kind of measurement spatial, temporal, or quantitative” (note that amba is also the adverb “up”). Early material lists lil as a term for “more”. ONE MORE enta (another). (Note: a homophone means "that yonder"). MOREOVER, FURTHERMORE, WHAT IS MORE entë, yëa, yé (Note: yé is also an interjection "lo! now see!") See FURTHERMORE. –PE17:91, PE14:80, VT47:15, 31 -
8 ACCOMODATE
camta- (sic; the cluster mt seems unusual for Quenya, and while the source does not explicitly say that this word is Quenya, it is difficult to understand what other language could be intended) (to [make] fit, suit, adapt) –VT44:14 -
9 ADAPT
camta- (sic; the cluster mt seems unusual for Quenya; while the source does not explicitly say that this word is Quenya, it is difficult to understand what other language could be intended) (to [make] fit, suit, accomodate) –VT44:14 -
10 BE ABLE
(and the English present tense can) is expressed by various verbs: pol- (to be physically able), lerta- (be free to do, there being no restraint, physical or other), ista- (know how to; pa.t. sintë), hence e.g. polin quetë “I can speak” (because mouth and tongue are free), lertan quetë "I can/may speak” (because I am free to do so, there being no obstacle of promise, secrecy, or duty), istan quetë “I can/know how to speak” (I have learnt language). Where the absence of a physical restraint is considered, the verb lerta- can be used in much the same sense as pol- (VT41:6). Another way of expressing “can” involves the verb ec-, and what would be the subject in English appears in the dative case instead: Ecë nin carë sa, “I can do it” (it is possible for me to do it), ecuva nin carë sa “I may do that” (in the future). –VT49:20, 34 -
11 FIT
(adj.) mára (useful, good); TO (MAKE) FIT camta- (sic; the cluster mt seems unusual for Quenya, but while the source does not explicitly say that this word is Quenya, it is difficult to understand what other language could be intended) (suit, accomodate, adapt) –MAG, VT44:14 -
12 LIKE
(vb): “I like it” can be paraphrased as nas mara nin, “it is good to me” (good from my perspective) (VT49:30). The idiom thus involves the verb “to be” + mara (read mára) “good” + a dative form representing what in English is the subject. (prep) ve (as) The expression “like that” (= “so, also”) may be translated ta as in ta mára “so good” –Nam/RGEO:66, 67, VT49:12 -
13 MAKE
\#car- (1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build". The same verb is translated "form" in WJ:391: i carir quettar, "those who form words". According to Etym the past tense is carnë, though FS and SD:246 have cárë. Past participle \#carna *"made" is attested in Vincarna *"newly-made" in MR:305; the longer participial form carina occurs in VT43:15, read probably *cárina with a long vowel to go with such late participial forms like rácina "broken"). MAKING carmë (glossed "art" in UT:396 and is also translated "production", but cf. the following:) NAME-MAKING Essecarmë (an Eldarin seremony in which the father of a child announces its name.) MAKE FAST avalerya- (bind, restrain, deprive of liberty). TO (MAKE) FIT camta- (sic; the cluster mt seems unusual for Quenya, and while the source does not explicitly say that this word is Quenya, it is difficult to understand what other language could be intended) (suit, accomodate, adapt). MAKE FOR IT mína- (desire to go in some direction, to wish to go to a place, have some end in view). –KAR, WJ:391, MR:214, VT41:5, 6, VT44:14, VT39:11 -
14 SUIT
camta- (sic; the cluster mt seems unusual for Quenya, and while the source does not explicitly say that this word is Quenya, it is difficult to understand what other language could be intended) (to [make] fit, accomodate, adapt) –VT44:14
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