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technological+process

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41 cribar

v.

1 to sieve.

2 to screen out, to select.

* * *

cribar

► verbo transitivo

1 (colar) to sift, sieve

2 figurado (seleccionar) to screen

* * *

VT to sieve, sift

* * *

verbo transitivo to sieve, sift

* * *

= sift, screen out, filter (out), winnow, strain, vet.

Ex. Thus many non-relevant documents have been retrieved and examined in the process of sifting relevant and non-relevant documents.

Ex. Most journals rely for a substantial part of their income on advertisements; how would advertisers view the prospect of being selectively screened out by readers?.

Ex. Central libraries are an important part of the interlending system and by ensuring regional utilisation of public library resources and thus filtering requests they protect research libraries.

Ex. Not only are entries weeded in order to be subject-specific, but those weeded entries are winnowed even further so that only useful information is left.

Ex. Sampling for immature stages of mosquito was done weekly between May 1999 and January 2000 by straining them from the water in ravines and gutters.

Ex. All three types of material, when first received by DG XIII, are submitted to the Technological Information and Patents Division of DG XIII in order to vet items for possible patentable inventions.

* * *

verbo transitivo to sieve, sift

* * *

= sift, screen out, filter (out), winnow, strain, vet.

Ex: Thus many non-relevant documents have been retrieved and examined in the process of sifting relevant and non-relevant documents.

Ex: Most journals rely for a substantial part of their income on advertisements; how would advertisers view the prospect of being selectively screened out by readers?.

Ex: Central libraries are an important part of the interlending system and by ensuring regional utilisation of public library resources and thus filtering requests they protect research libraries.

Ex: Not only are entries weeded in order to be subject-specific, but those weeded entries are winnowed even further so that only useful information is left.

Ex: Sampling for immature stages of mosquito was done weekly between May 1999 and January 2000 by straining them from the water in ravines and gutters.

Ex: All three types of material, when first received by DG XIII, are submitted to the Technological Information and Patents Division of DG XIII in order to vet items for possible patentable inventions.

* * *

cribar [A1 ]

vt

to sieve, sift

* * *

cribar ( conjugate cribar) verbo transitivo
to sieve, sift
cribar sustantivo femenino
1 Agr to sift
2 figurado to filter, narrow down: vamos a cribar todas las propuestas, let's narrow down the proposals
' cribar' also found in these entries:
English:
sieve

* * *

cribar vt

1. [con tamiz] to sieve

2. [seleccionar] to screen out, to select

* * *

cribar

v/t sift, sieve; fig

select

* * *

cribar vt

: to sift

Spanish-English dictionary > cribar
42 dividir

v.

1 to divide.

el río divide en dos la ciudad the river divides o splits the city in two

Ellos dividen el dinero They divide the money.

Ellas dividen el trabajo They divide the work.

Ella divide los tipos de plantas She divides=classifies the plant types.

Los pleitos dividen a los casados Fights divide married couples.

2 to share out.

nos dividimos las tareas domésticas we shared the household chores between us

3 to divide by (Mat).

dividir 12 entre 3 divide 12 by 3

15 dividido por 3 igual a 5 15 divided by 3 is 5

* * *

dividir

► verbo transitivo

1 to divide

■ dividir 4 entre 2 to divide 4 by 2

2 (separar) to divide, separate

■ el río divide las dos comarcas the river separates the two counties

3 (repartir) to divide, split

■ el hombre dividió la herencia entre sus hijos the man divided the inheritance between his children

► verbo pronominal dividirse

1 (separarse) to divide, split up

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

divide y vencerás divide and conquer, divide and rule

* * *

verb

to divide, split

* * *

1. VT

1) (=partir) to divide

los dividieron en tres grupos — they split them (up) o divided them into three groups

las obras de Ibsen se pueden dividir en dos etapas — Ibsen's works can be divided into two periods

dividía su tiempo entre el cargo y su familia — he divided his time between his job and his family

la bodega del barco está dividida en cuatro secciones — the hold of the ship is divided into four sections

2) (Mat) to divide (entre, por by)

doce dividido entre o por cuatro son tres — twelve divided by four is three

3) (=repartir) [+ ganancias, posesiones] to split up, divide up; [+ gastos] to split

hemos dividido el premio entre toda la familia — we have split up o divided up the prize among the whole family

4) (=separar) to divide

los Pirineos dividen España y Francia — the Pyrenees divide France from Spain

5) (=enemistar) to divide

utilizó el chantaje para dividirnos — he used blackmail to divide us

la guerra dividió al país — the war divided the country

- divide y vencerás

2.

VI (Mat) to divide (entre, por into)

se me ha olvidado dividir — I've forgotten how to do division o how to divide

3.

See:

dividirse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

a) ( partir) to divide

lo dividió en partes iguales/por la mitad — he divided it (up) into equal portions/in half

seis dividido por or entre dos es igual a tres — (Mat) six divided by two equals o is three

b) ( repartir) to divide, share (out)

dividieron la herencia entre los hermanos — the inheritance was shared (out) among the brothers

c) ( separar)

el río divide el pueblo en dos — the river cuts the village in two

d) ( enemistar) <partido/familia> to divide

divide y vencerás — divide and conquer
2.
dividir vi (Mat) to divide
3.
dividirse v pron

a) célula to split; grupo/partido to split up; camino/río to divide

nos dividimos en dos grupos — we split up into two groups

b) obra/período

su obra se divide en cuatro períodos — his work can be divided into four periods

el cuerpo humano se divide en... — the human body is made up of...

c) ( repartirse) to divide up, share out

* * *

= break down, partition, tell out into, sort out + Nombre + from + Nombre, split up, drive + a wedge between, dissect, segment, split, break out, parcel out, splinter, section, balkanize, rive, rend.

Ex. The holdings are broken down into several volumes, shown as the next level of the pyramid.

Ex. Punctuation is present in order to partition the elements of a citation and should contribute to its comprehension.

Ex. The finished paper was sorted for imperfections and told out into quires and reams for sale.

Ex. Ward's study is likely to remain a standard reference source for years to come, but trying to sort out the generalities from the particularities is a very difficult business.

Ex. In any case it is best to split up the work among all those involved, having an adult in charge of each group.

Ex. While the current problems associated with serial economics have driven a wedge between vendors, librarians and publishers, they should be cooperating and communicating in order to withstand the information explosion.

Ex. GMMA has developed a layered approach to visual indexing that dissects the objects, style and implication of each image, so that the indexing system can accommodate all potential approaches to the material.

Ex. So, the state-of-the-art in speech recognition requires the speaker to pronounce words with definite pauses between them, or else it starts with segmenting the speech on the basis of its acoustical features.

Ex. In the mechanised paper fibre process individual pages are soaked and split so that acid-free paper can be put between the two layers.

Ex. Turnaround managers want current financial and working capital analyses broken out by cost/profit centres.

Ex. Can libraries parcel out digitization responsibilities among themselves?.

Ex. The computers in education movement has further splintered rather than integrated these communities.

Ex. They have achieved this by dividing their building into public-oriented and research-oriented levels and sectioning each level into thematic areas.

Ex. The scholarly system has become balkanized into autonomous, even antagonistic, cultures or camps based on differing technological competencies and interests.

Ex. The novel presents a social world riven by contradictions that can best be understood through Marxian categories.

Ex. Christian Science, a faith that has epitomize a quiet, disciplined spirituality, is being rent by discord.

----

* divide y vencerás = divide-and-conquer.

* dividir Algo en partes iguales = divide + Nombre + in equal parts.

* dividir con una cortina = curtain off.

* dividir en = divide (into), partition into, split into, divide onto.

* dividir en dos = halve, bisect, rend in + two.

* dividir en partes = break into + parts.

* dividir en trozos = split into + bits.

* dividir en zonas = zone.

* dividir por medio = rend in + two.

* dividir + Posesivo + fuerzas = fragment + Posesivo + energies, fragment + Posesivo + energies.

* dividirse = branch, fork.

* dividirse en partes = fall into + parts.

* producir dividendos = pay + dividends.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

a) ( partir) to divide

lo dividió en partes iguales/por la mitad — he divided it (up) into equal portions/in half

seis dividido por or entre dos es igual a tres — (Mat) six divided by two equals o is three

b) ( repartir) to divide, share (out)

dividieron la herencia entre los hermanos — the inheritance was shared (out) among the brothers

c) ( separar)

el río divide el pueblo en dos — the river cuts the village in two

d) ( enemistar) <partido/familia> to divide

divide y vencerás — divide and conquer
2.
dividir vi (Mat) to divide
3.
dividirse v pron

a) célula to split; grupo/partido to split up; camino/río to divide

nos dividimos en dos grupos — we split up into two groups

b) obra/período

su obra se divide en cuatro períodos — his work can be divided into four periods

el cuerpo humano se divide en... — the human body is made up of...

c) ( repartirse) to divide up, share out

* * *

dividir(en)

(v.) = divide (into), partition into, split into, divide onto

Ex: AACR2 divides works of mixed responsibility into two groups.

Ex: External databases can be partitioned into two major categories: bibliographic and non-bibliographic or full-text databases.

Ex: The notation is non-expressive, and is split into groups of three digits as in DC.

Ex: Many databases are divided onto several discs, usually by time period.

= break down, partition, tell out into, sort out + Nombre + from + Nombre, split up, drive + a wedge between, dissect, segment, split, break out, parcel out, splinter, section, balkanize, rive, rend.

Ex: The holdings are broken down into several volumes, shown as the next level of the pyramid.

Ex: Punctuation is present in order to partition the elements of a citation and should contribute to its comprehension.

Ex: The finished paper was sorted for imperfections and told out into quires and reams for sale.

Ex: Ward's study is likely to remain a standard reference source for years to come, but trying to sort out the generalities from the particularities is a very difficult business.

Ex: In any case it is best to split up the work among all those involved, having an adult in charge of each group.

Ex: While the current problems associated with serial economics have driven a wedge between vendors, librarians and publishers, they should be cooperating and communicating in order to withstand the information explosion.

Ex: GMMA has developed a layered approach to visual indexing that dissects the objects, style and implication of each image, so that the indexing system can accommodate all potential approaches to the material.

Ex: So, the state-of-the-art in speech recognition requires the speaker to pronounce words with definite pauses between them, or else it starts with segmenting the speech on the basis of its acoustical features.

Ex: In the mechanised paper fibre process individual pages are soaked and split so that acid-free paper can be put between the two layers.

Ex: Turnaround managers want current financial and working capital analyses broken out by cost/profit centres.

Ex: Can libraries parcel out digitization responsibilities among themselves?.

Ex: The computers in education movement has further splintered rather than integrated these communities.

Ex: They have achieved this by dividing their building into public-oriented and research-oriented levels and sectioning each level into thematic areas.

Ex: The scholarly system has become balkanized into autonomous, even antagonistic, cultures or camps based on differing technological competencies and interests.

Ex: The novel presents a social world riven by contradictions that can best be understood through Marxian categories.

Ex: Christian Science, a faith that has epitomize a quiet, disciplined spirituality, is being rent by discord.

* divide y vencerás = divide-and-conquer.

* dividir Algo en partes iguales = divide + Nombre + in equal parts.

* dividir con una cortina = curtain off.

* dividir en = divide (into), partition into, split into, divide onto.

* dividir en dos = halve, bisect, rend in + two.

* dividir en partes = break into + parts.

* dividir en trozos = split into + bits.

* dividir en zonas = zone.

* dividir por medio = rend in + two.

* dividir + Posesivo + fuerzas = fragment + Posesivo + energies, fragment + Posesivo + energies.

* dividirse = branch, fork.

* dividirse en partes = fall into + parts.

* producir dividendos = pay + dividends.

* * *

dividir [I1 ]

vt

1 (partir) to divide

dividió la tarta en partes iguales he divided the cake (up) into equal portions

dividió a la clase en cuatro equipos she divided o split the class (up) into four teams

seis dividido dos igual tres or seis dividido por dos es igual a tres or seis dividido entre dos es igual a tres ( Mat) six divided by two equals o is three

divide 96 por or entre 12 ( Mat) divide 96 by 12

2 (repartir) to divide, share, share out

dividieron la herencia entre los hermanos the inheritance was shared (out) o divided among the brothers

3

(separar): el río divide el pueblo en dos the river cuts o divides the village in two

4 (apartar, enemistar) to divide

esa cuestión dividió profundamente al sindicato the issue caused deep division within the union

los científicos están divididos en esa materia scientists are divided on that subject

divide y vencerás/reinarás divide and conquer/rule

■ dividir

vi

( Mat) to divide

todavía no sabe dividir she still can't do division, she still doesn't know how to divide

■ dividirse

v pron

1 «célula» to split; «grupo/partido» to split up

nos dividimos en dos grupos we split up into two groups

el río se divide en dos brazos the river divides into two branches

no me puedo dividir ( fam); I only have one pair of hands ( colloq), I can't be in two places at once ( colloq)

2

«obra/período»: su obra podría dividirse en cuatro períodos básicos his work could be divided into four basic periods

el cuerpo humano se divide en cabeza, tronco y extremidades the human body is made up of the head, the torso and the extremities

3 (repartirse) to divide up, share out

* * *

dividir ( conjugate dividir) verbo transitivo
a) ( partir) to divide;

◊ lo dividió en partes iguales he divided it (up) into equal portions

b) ( repartir) to divide, share (out)

c) ( enemistar) ‹partido/familia› to divide

verbo intransitivo (Mat) to divide
dividirse verbo pronominal
a) [ célula] to split;

[grupo/partido] to split up;
[camino/río] to divide
b) dividir en algo [obra/período] to be divided into sth

c) ( repartirse) to divide up, share out

dividir verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to divide: dividieron la herencia entre los cuatro, they divided the inheritance among the four of them
tienes que dividir entre tres, you must divide by three
' dividir' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
descomponer
- partir
- rompecabezas
- seccionar
- cortar
- distribuir
- mitad
- separar
English:
carve up
- cut
- divide
- equally
- partition
- quarter
- separate
- share
- split
- split up
- tear
- zone
- break
- halve
- stream
- way

* * *

dividir

♦ vt

1. [separar] to divide (en into); [átomo] to split (en into);
dividió la hoja en tres partes she divided the page into three parts;

dividió a los alumnos en grupos de cinco he split o divided the pupils into groups of five;

el río divide en dos la ciudad the river divides o splits the city in two

2. [repartir] to share out ( entre among);
el resto de los beneficios fue dividido entre los empleados the rest of the profits were shared out o divided among the employees;

dividimos las tareas domésticas entre todos we shared the household chores between all of us

3. [desunir] to divide;

un asunto que tiene dividida a la comunidad científica an issue that has divided the scientific community;

el testamento dividió a los hermanos the will set the brothers against one another

4. [en matemáticas] to divide;

dividir 12 entre 3 divide 12 by 3;

15 dividido entre o [m5] por 3 igual a 5 15 divided by 3 is 5

♦ vi
[en matemáticas] to divide;
Comp

divide y vencerás divide and rule

♦ See also the pronominal verb dividirse

* * *

dividir

v/t divide

* * *

dividir vt

1) : to divide, to split

2) : to distribute, to share out

♦ See also the reflexive verb dividirse

* * *

dividir vb

1. (en general) to divide

dividió la tarta en ocho trozos she divided the cake into eight pieces

si divido 30 entre 5, el resultado es 6 if I divide 30 by 5, the result is 6

2. (repartir) to split [pt. & pp. split]

dividió el dinero entre sus dos hijos he split the money between his two sons

Spanish-English dictionary > dividir
43 industrialización

f.

industrialization.

* * *

industrialización

► nombre femenino

1 industrialization

* * *

SF industrialization

* * *

femenino industrialization

* * *

= industrialism, industrialisation [industrialization, -USA].

Ex. Gerould College, a co-educational undergraduate institution, is located on the outskirts of a peaceful, hideaway village in the Northeast, far from the rumbling tempo of industrialism.

Ex. Developing nations have come to recognise that industrial and technological information is a key element in accelerating the process of industrialisation.

* * *

femenino industrialization

* * *

= industrialism, industrialisation [industrialization, -USA].

Ex: Gerould College, a co-educational undergraduate institution, is located on the outskirts of a peaceful, hideaway village in the Northeast, far from the rumbling tempo of industrialism.

Ex: Developing nations have come to recognise that industrial and technological information is a key element in accelerating the process of industrialisation.

* * *

industrialización

feminine

industrialization

* * *

industrialización sustantivo femenino
industrialization
industrialización sustantivo femenino industrialization
' industrialización' also found in these entries:
English:
industrialization

* * *

industrialización nf

industrialization

* * *

industrialización

f industrialization

* * *

industrialización nf, pl - ciones : industrialization

Spanish-English dictionary > industrialización
44 parche

m.

1 patch.

2 poultice (emplasto).

3 botch job (chapuza).

pres.subj.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: parchar.

* * *

parche

► nombre masculino

1 patch

2 figurado (chapuza) botch job

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

poner un parche a algo to patch something up

* * *

noun m.

patch

* * *

SM

1) (=pieza) patch; [para un ojo] eye patch

- pegar un parche a algn

parche de nicotina — nicotine patch

2) [provisional] temporary remedy, stopgap solution

poner parches — to paper over the cracks

3) (Med) (=cataplasma) poultice; Chile (=tirita) sticking plaster, Band-Aid ® (EEUU)

4) (Mús) (=piel de tambor) drumhead; (=tambor) drum

- dar el parche

* * *

masculino

a) ( remiendo) patch

eso es poner parches al problema — that's just papering over the cracks

ojo or oído al parche! — (fam) watch out! (colloq)

b) ( para un ojo) (eye) patch; ( en herida) patch

colocarse el parche antes de la herida — (Chi fam) to take precautions

c) ( en la piel) mark, blotch

d) ( del tambor) drumhead

- parche curita

* * *

= patch, poultice, sticking plaster, fix, quick fix, bug fix, kludge, stopgap [stop-gap], band aid, band-aid solution.

Ex. The article 'Shreds and patches: macrostatistics on libraries in the European Community' is a summary of the results of a study to compile economic and statistical data.

Ex. The article 'The application of Carbopol poultices on paper objects' discusses the characteristics and ageing process of Carbopol gels in relation to their application on paper.

Ex. The article in question is entitled 'The world and sticking plasters: or, how can we help developing countries?'.

Ex. A technological fix which prevents people from sending mail to more than a fixed number of people at once is needed.

Ex. The author calls for more market research rather than just tinkering or applying fashionable cosmetic quick fixes.

Ex. The company will continue to provide maintenance releases and bug fixes on all the systems for an indefinite period.

Ex. The article 'The elegant kludge' describes Windows 95 new features and points out some of the architectural anachronisms from the earlier Windows 3.1.

Ex. The author describes the role of CD-ROM technology as both temporary stopgap and long term solution to the problem of direct access to online databases.

Ex. This is a selection of US museums dedicated to some rather unusual and extraordinary subjects and exhibits, including beverage cans, sugar packets, band aids, hygiene products, road asphalt and navel fluff.

Ex. This decision is frequently a short-term band-aid solution with negative long-term implications.

----

* hecho a base de parches = patchwork.

* parche ocular = eye patch [eyepatch].

* parche para el ojo = eye patch [eyepatch].

* poner parches = patch up, patch.

* * *

masculino

a) ( remiendo) patch

eso es poner parches al problema — that's just papering over the cracks

ojo or oído al parche! — (fam) watch out! (colloq)

b) ( para un ojo) (eye) patch; ( en herida) patch

colocarse el parche antes de la herida — (Chi fam) to take precautions

c) ( en la piel) mark, blotch

d) ( del tambor) drumhead

- parche curita

* * *

= patch, poultice, sticking plaster, fix, quick fix, bug fix, kludge, stopgap [stop-gap], band aid, band-aid solution.

Ex: The article 'Shreds and patches: macrostatistics on libraries in the European Community' is a summary of the results of a study to compile economic and statistical data.

Ex: The article 'The application of Carbopol poultices on paper objects' discusses the characteristics and ageing process of Carbopol gels in relation to their application on paper.

Ex: The article in question is entitled 'The world and sticking plasters: or, how can we help developing countries?'.

Ex: A technological fix which prevents people from sending mail to more than a fixed number of people at once is needed.

Ex: The author calls for more market research rather than just tinkering or applying fashionable cosmetic quick fixes.

Ex: The company will continue to provide maintenance releases and bug fixes on all the systems for an indefinite period.

Ex: The article 'The elegant kludge' describes Windows 95 new features and points out some of the architectural anachronisms from the earlier Windows 3.1.

Ex: The author describes the role of CD-ROM technology as both temporary stopgap and long term solution to the problem of direct access to online databases.

Ex: This is a selection of US museums dedicated to some rather unusual and extraordinary subjects and exhibits, including beverage cans, sugar packets, band aids, hygiene products, road asphalt and navel fluff.

Ex: This decision is frequently a short-term band-aid solution with negative long-term implications.

* hecho a base de parches = patchwork.

* parche ocular = eye patch [eyepatch].

* parche para el ojo = eye patch [eyepatch].

* poner parches = patch up, patch.

* * *

parche

masculine

A

1 (remiendo) patch

le puse unos parches en los codos I put patches on the elbows

la nueva ley sólo le pone parches al problema the new law only papers over the cracks

estar como un parche to stick out like a sore thumb

¡ojo or oído al parche! ( fam); watch out! ( colloq)

ser un parche to be an eyesore

2 (para un ojo) eye patch, patch

3 (en la piel) mark, blotch

tenía dos parches de color en las mejillas her cheeks were flushed

4 ( Chi) (curita) Band-Aid® ( AmE), sticking plaster ( BrE)

colocarse el parche antes de la herida ( Chi fam); to take precautions

Compuestos:

● parche anticonceptivo

contraceptive patch

● parche curita

( Chi) Band-Aid® ( AmE), sticking plaster ( BrE)

● parche de nicotina

nicotine patch

● parche transdérmico

transdermal patch

B (del tambor) drumhead

C ( Inf) patch

* * *

parche sustantivo masculino
patch;
◊ parche de nicotina nicotine patch

parche sustantivo masculino
1 patch
2 Med (cataplasma) plaster: lleva un parche de nicotina, she wears a nicotine patch
3 pey (chapuza, pegote) botch-up: no se trata de que le pongas un parche, sino de que rehagas el artículo, it's not a question of making the best of a bad job, it's more a question of re-writing the whole article again

' parche' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
parchar
- rodillera
English:
patch
- nicotine

* * *

parche nm

1. [de tela, goma] patch;

poner un parche a algo to put a patch on sth;

Comp
Fam
¡oído o [m5] ojo al parche! watch out!

Comp
Chile parche curita Br sticking plaster, US Band-Aid®;
parche de nicotina nicotine patch;

parche poroso Br medicated plaster, US medicated Band-Aid®

2. [en el ojo] eyepatch

3. [emplasto] poultice

4. [solución transitoria] makeshift solution;

la ley es sólo un parche al problema de la inmigración this law merely provides a makeshift solution to the problem of immigration;

la empresa sobrevive poniendo parches a sus problemas the company survives by papering over the cracks

5. Informát patch

6. [piel de tambor] drumhead

7. [tambor] drum

* * *

parche

m

1 para ojo, agujero patch

2 fig ( remedio temporal) band-aid, patch-up

* * *

parche nm

: patch

* * *

parche n patch [pl. patches]

Spanish-English dictionary > parche
45 plan de actuación

(n.) = action plan, business plan, plan of action, action statement, road map [roadmap], plan for action, response plan

Ex. This article outlines the background to an EC library action plan over 5 years supported by some 5 million Ecu.

Ex. Orchestrated technological implementation must be a part of every library's business plan.

Ex. Libraries in the UK have welcomed the plan of action for Libraries in the European Community.

Ex. The revised mission lends substance and form to the process that follows: the development of goals, objectives, and action statements.

Ex. The Computing Information Directory (CID) has been a road map to the computing literature since 1981.

Ex. Even in casual discussions between the director and department heads ideas may come up which are suddenly translated into plans for action or procedural changes.

Ex. This article describes a disaster exercise drill involving a broken ceiling and mud and water damage to books, designed to test response plans to salvage operations.

* * *

(n.) = action plan, business plan, plan of action, action statement, road map [roadmap], plan for action, response plan

Ex: This article outlines the background to an EC library action plan over 5 years supported by some 5 million Ecu.

Ex: Orchestrated technological implementation must be a part of every library's business plan.

Ex: Libraries in the UK have welcomed the plan of action for Libraries in the European Community.

Ex: The revised mission lends substance and form to the process that follows: the development of goals, objectives, and action statements.

Ex: The Computing Information Directory (CID) has been a road map to the computing literature since 1981.

Ex: Even in casual discussions between the director and department heads ideas may come up which are suddenly translated into plans for action or procedural changes.

Ex: This article describes a disaster exercise drill involving a broken ceiling and mud and water damage to books, designed to test response plans to salvage operations.

Spanish-English dictionary > plan de actuación
46 reacio

adj.

1 obstinate, hesitant, averse, balky.

2 reluctant.

3 recalcitrant, obstinate.

* * *

reacio

► adjetivo

1 reluctant, unwilling

■ se mostró reacio a venir con nosotros he was reluctant to come with us

* * *

(f. - reacia)

adj.

reluctant

* * *

ADJ reluctant

ser reacio a — to resist, resist the idea of

ser reacio a hacer algo — to be reluctant o unwilling to do sth

* * *

- cia adjetivo reluctant

se mostró reacio a aceptarlo — he was unwilling o reluctant to accept it

* * *

= reluctant, coy, reticent, disinclined, resistive, averse, refractory.

Ex. Then there are those children made to think themselves failures because of the hammer-blow terms like dull, backward, retarded, underprivileged, disadvantaged, handicapped, less able, slow, rejected, remedial, reluctant, disturbed.

Ex. Although it is coy about admitting the fact it is only mentioned twice in the whole of the thirty pages of publicity material it is in effect a generalized and modernized Thesaurofacet: a facetted classification with a thesaurus structure forming an integral part.

Ex. Some library members are still reticent about using technological innovations such as microfiche readers so it may be only library staff who use the catalogue.

Ex. Many librarians are disinclined to make the necessary effort to collect statistics.

Ex. This game was developed in order to facilitate the therapeutic process for those children who are `inhibited, constrained or resistive'.

Ex. The advantage of an acoustic pulse as the averse stimulus is discussed.

Ex. However, these mushy words do little to reveal the refractory person uttering them.

----

* mostrarse reacio a = baulk at [balk at].

* persona reacia a la lectura = aliterate.

* reacio a = refractory to.

* reacio a + Infinitivo = unwilling to + Infinitivo.

* reacio a la toma de riesgos = risk-averse.

* reacio al cambio = resistant to change.

* ser reacio a = be averse to, be reluctant, be loath to.

* * *

- cia adjetivo reluctant

se mostró reacio a aceptarlo — he was unwilling o reluctant to accept it

* * *

= reluctant, coy, reticent, disinclined, resistive, averse, refractory.

Ex: Then there are those children made to think themselves failures because of the hammer-blow terms like dull, backward, retarded, underprivileged, disadvantaged, handicapped, less able, slow, rejected, remedial, reluctant, disturbed.

Ex: Although it is coy about admitting the fact it is only mentioned twice in the whole of the thirty pages of publicity material it is in effect a generalized and modernized Thesaurofacet: a facetted classification with a thesaurus structure forming an integral part.

Ex: Some library members are still reticent about using technological innovations such as microfiche readers so it may be only library staff who use the catalogue.

Ex: Many librarians are disinclined to make the necessary effort to collect statistics.

Ex: This game was developed in order to facilitate the therapeutic process for those children who are `inhibited, constrained or resistive'.

Ex: The advantage of an acoustic pulse as the averse stimulus is discussed.

Ex: However, these mushy words do little to reveal the refractory person uttering them.

* mostrarse reacio a = baulk at [balk at].

* persona reacia a la lectura = aliterate.

* reacio a = refractory to.

* reacio a + Infinitivo = unwilling to + Infinitivo.

* reacio a la toma de riesgos = risk-averse.

* reacio al cambio = resistant to change.

* ser reacio a = be averse to, be reluctant, be loath to.

* * *

reacio - cia

adjective

reluctant

es reacio a todo tipo de innovaciones he is reluctant to accept any kind of change, he is opposed to o he resists any kind of change

se mostró reacio a aceptarlo he was unwilling o reluctant to accept it

* * *

reacio
◊ - cia adjetivo

reluctant
reacio,-a adjetivo reluctant, unwilling: es reacio a las novedades, he's averse to change ➣ Ver nota en averse

' reacio' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
reacia
- reticente
English:
averse
- hesitant
- reluctant

* * *

reacio, -a adj

reluctant;

ser reacio a hacer algo to be reluctant to do sth;

es muy reacio a hacer reclamaciones he's very reluctant to complain;

se mostró reacio a firmar el acuerdo he was reluctant to sign the agreement;

ser reacio a los cambios to be resistant to change

* * *

reacio

adj reluctant (a to)

* * *

reacio, - cia adj

: resistant, opposed

* * *

reacio adj reluctant

Spanish-English dictionary > reacio
47 seleccionar

v.

to pick, to select.

* * *

seleccionar

► verbo transitivo

1 to select

* * *

verb

to select

* * *

VT to select, pick, choose

* * *

verbo transitivo to select, choose

* * *

= cull, identify, make + selections, recruit, seek out, select, sift, single out, sort through, screen out, screen, pick, winnow, search out, vet, make + choices.

Ex. The contents of an extract will often be culled from the results, conclusions or recommendations, i.e. the concluding segments, of the document.

Ex. Once identified, all of these searchable elements are merged into an existing file or dictionary of searchable elements.

Ex. You can make selections from them exactly as you can from the command menu.

Ex. Reduced establishments have made it very difficult to recruit new IT talent.

Ex. Her article urges librarians not to buy inferior biographies simply to fill gaps in their collections but to seek out the best of the genre.

Ex. An extract is one o more portions of a document selected to represent the whole document.

Ex. Thus many non-relevant documents have been retrieved and examined in the process of sifting relevant and non-relevant documents.

Ex. Conference proceedings are singled out for special attention because they are an important category of material in relation to abstracting and indexing publications.

Ex. Thus, in order to search the index, the searcher will seek some type of assistance in sorting through these large numbers of entries which are likely to be found under various headings.

Ex. Most journals rely for a substantial part of their income on advertisements; how would advertisers view the prospect of being selectively screened out by readers?.

Ex. Employers should take a preventive role in protecting women's general health, for example, screening women workers for cervical cancer.

Ex. The network itself is assumed to be unreliable; any portion of the network could disappear at any moment ( pick your favorite catastrophe -- these days backhoes cutting cables are more of a threat than bombs).

Ex. Not only are entries weeded in order to be subject-specific, but those weeded entries are winnowed even further so that only useful information is left.

Ex. On any one occasion there will always be children who do not want to borrow or buy, but they are still learning to live with books and how to search out the ones that interest them.

Ex. All three types of material, when first received by DG XIII, are submitted to the Technological Information and Patents Division of DG XIII in order to vet items for possible patentable inventions.

Ex. Frequently it is necessary for the librarian or information worker to make choices concerning record size and field size.

----

* menú de Seleccione un Fichero = Select a File menu.

* seleccionar como relevante = hit.

* seleccionar cuidadosamente = handpick.

* seleccionar de antemano = preselect.

* seleccionar en pantalla usando el contraste de colores = highlight.

* seleccionar registros = mark + records.

* seleccionar una función = invoke + function.

* seleccionar y presentar en un documento = package.

* sin seleccionar = unselected.

* * *

verbo transitivo to select, choose

* * *

= cull, identify, make + selections, recruit, seek out, select, sift, single out, sort through, screen out, screen, pick, winnow, search out, vet, make + choices.

Ex: The contents of an extract will often be culled from the results, conclusions or recommendations, i.e. the concluding segments, of the document.

Ex: Once identified, all of these searchable elements are merged into an existing file or dictionary of searchable elements.

Ex: You can make selections from them exactly as you can from the command menu.

Ex: Reduced establishments have made it very difficult to recruit new IT talent.

Ex: Her article urges librarians not to buy inferior biographies simply to fill gaps in their collections but to seek out the best of the genre.

Ex: An extract is one o more portions of a document selected to represent the whole document.

Ex: Thus many non-relevant documents have been retrieved and examined in the process of sifting relevant and non-relevant documents.

Ex: Conference proceedings are singled out for special attention because they are an important category of material in relation to abstracting and indexing publications.

Ex: Thus, in order to search the index, the searcher will seek some type of assistance in sorting through these large numbers of entries which are likely to be found under various headings.

Ex: Most journals rely for a substantial part of their income on advertisements; how would advertisers view the prospect of being selectively screened out by readers?.

Ex: Employers should take a preventive role in protecting women's general health, for example, screening women workers for cervical cancer.

Ex: The network itself is assumed to be unreliable; any portion of the network could disappear at any moment ( pick your favorite catastrophe -- these days backhoes cutting cables are more of a threat than bombs).

Ex: Not only are entries weeded in order to be subject-specific, but those weeded entries are winnowed even further so that only useful information is left.

Ex: On any one occasion there will always be children who do not want to borrow or buy, but they are still learning to live with books and how to search out the ones that interest them.

Ex: All three types of material, when first received by DG XIII, are submitted to the Technological Information and Patents Division of DG XIII in order to vet items for possible patentable inventions.

Ex: Frequently it is necessary for the librarian or information worker to make choices concerning record size and field size.

* menú de Seleccione un Fichero = Select a File menu.

* seleccionar como relevante = hit.

* seleccionar cuidadosamente = handpick.

* seleccionar de antemano = preselect.

* seleccionar en pantalla usando el contraste de colores = highlight.

* seleccionar registros = mark + records.

* seleccionar una función = invoke + function.

* seleccionar y presentar en un documento = package.

* sin seleccionar = unselected.

* * *

seleccionar [A1 ]

vt

to select, choose, pick

* * *

seleccionar ( conjugate seleccionar) verbo transitivo
to select, choose
seleccionar verbo transitivo to select
' seleccionar' also found in these entries:
English:
pick
- select

* * *

seleccionar vt

to pick, to select

* * *

seleccionar

v/t choose, select

* * *

seleccionar vt

elegir: to select, to choose

* * *

seleccionar vb to select

Spanish-English dictionary > seleccionar
48 separar

v.

1 to separate.

las hojas se han pegado y no las puedo separar the pages have stuck together and I can't separate them o get them apart

son muchas las cosas que nos separan there are many differences between us

María separó las galletas Mary separated the cookies.

2 to move away.

separa un poco las sillas move the chairs apart a bit

3 to put aside.

4 to split, to draw apart, to pull away, to pull apart.

El adulterio separa a las parejas Adultery splits couples.

5 to set apart, to put away.

6 to abduce.

* * *

separar

► verbo transitivo

1 (gen) to separate

2 (hacer grupos) to separate, sort out

■ separa las lentejas de los garbanzos separate the lentils from the chickpeas

3 (guardar aparte) to set aside, put aside

■ te he separado un trozo de pastel I've put aside a piece of cake for you

4 (apartar) to move away (de, from)

■ separa la mesa de la pared move the table away from the wall

5 (de empleo, cargo) to remove (de, from), dismiss (de, from)

6 figurado (mantener alejado) to keep away (de, from)

► verbo pronominal separarse

1 (tomar diferente camino) to separate, part company

2 (matrimonio) to separate

3 (apartarse) to move away (de, from)

4 (desprenderse) to separate (de, from), come off (de, -)

5 (de amigo etc) to part company (de, with)

6 separarse de (dejar algo) to part with

■ no me separaré nunca de este libro I shall never part with this book

* * *

verb

1) to separate

2) divide

•

- separarse

* * *

1. VT

1) (=apartar) to separate

la maestra nos separó para que no habláramos — the teacher split us up o separated us so that we wouldn't talk

si no los llegan a separar se matan — if no one had pulled them apart o separated them, they would have killed each other

separe la última sección del formulario — detach the bottom of the form

separar algn/algo de algn/algo — to separate sb/sth from sb/sth

al nacer los separaron de sus padres — they were taken (away) o separated from their parents at birth

los separaron del resto de los pasajeros — they were split up o separated from the rest of the passengers

separa el sofá de la pared — move the sofa away from the wall

separe la cazuela de la lumbre — take the pot off the heat

- separar el grano de la paja

2) (=distanciar)

nada conseguirá separarnos — nothing can come between us

éramos buenos amigos, pero la política nos separó — we were good friends but politics came between us

el trabajo la mantiene separada de su familia — work keeps her away from her family

hasta que la muerte nos separe — till death us do part

3) (=existir entre)

la distancia que separa Nueva York de Roma — the distance between New York and Rome

el abismo que separa a los ricos de los pobres — the gulf between o separating (the) rich and (the) poor

4) (=deslindar)

los Pirineos separan España de Francia — the Pyrenees separate Spain from France

unas barreras de protección separaban el escenario de la plaza — there were crash barriers separating the stage from the rest of the square

la frontera que separa realidad y ficción — the dividing line between reality and fiction, the line that separates reality from o and fiction

5) (=dividir) to divide

separa las palabras en sílabas — divide the words into syllables

los separé en varios montones — I sorted them out into several piles

6) (=poner aparte)

¿me puedes separar un poco de tarta? — can you put aside some cake for me?

7) (=destituir) [de un cargo] to remove, dismiss

ser separado del servicio — (Mil) to be discharged

2.

See:

separarse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) (apartar, alejar) to separate; < boxeadores> to separate, part

separa la cama de la pared — move the bed away from the wall

no se aconseja separar a la madre de su ternero — it is not advisable to take the calf away from its mother

b) ( dividir un todo) to divide

separar las palabras en sílabas — divide the words into syllables

2)

a) ( deslindar) to separate, divide

una valla separa los dos campos — there is a fence separating the two fields

los separan profundas diferencias — they are divided by deepseated differences

separar algo DE algo — to separate something from something

b) ( despegar)

no puedo separar estas dos fotos — I can't get these two photographs apart

separa las lonchas de jamón — separate the slices of ham

3) (frml) ( destituir) to dismiss (frml)

fue separado de su cargo/sus funciones — he was removed from office/relieved of his duties (frml)
2.
separarse v pron

a) matrimonio to separate

se separaron hace un mes — they separated o split up a month ago

es hijo de padres separados — his parents are separated

separarse DE alguien — to separate from somebody

b) (apartarse, alejarse) to split up

a mitad de camino nos separamos — we split up half way

no se separen, que los pequeños se pueden perder — please stay together in case the children get lost

separarse DE algo/alguien: esta niña no se separa del televisor this child is always glued to the television; no me he separado nunca de mis hijos I've never been away o apart from my children; no se separen de su equipaje — do not leave your luggage unattended

c) (guardar, reservar) to put o set aside

* * *

= carry off, cut off, detach, put by, segregate, separate, sift, screen out, tell out into, sort out + Nombre + from + Nombre, drive + a wedge between, hive off, disaggregate, sever, prise + Nombre + apart, unbundle, spread out, sift out, cleave, tease apart, balkanize, sunder, decouple, strip off, splay.

Ex. The 'sweated' rags were pounded to a pulp (or stuff) by water-powered hammers, impurities being carried off through filters by running water.

Ex. The stages are not cut off from one another, are not sharply defined.

Ex. The words from the deleted abstract in the abstract word file will be detached when DOBIS/LIBIS is not busy with other work.

Ex. The raw material of white paper was undyed linen -- or in very early days hempen -- rags, which the paper-maker bought in bulk, sorted and washed, and then put by in a damp heap for four or five days to rot.

Ex. In summary, the advantages of the electronic catalog is the ability to segregate the fast searches from the slowest.

Ex. The description of the component part is separated from that of the host document by a double slash.

Ex. Thus many non-relevant documents have been retrieved and examined in the process of sifting relevant and non-relevant documents.

Ex. Most journals rely for a substantial part of their income on advertisements; how would advertisers view the prospect of being selectively screened out by readers?.

Ex. The finished paper was sorted for imperfections and told out into quires and reams for sale.

Ex. Ward's study is likely to remain a standard reference source for years to come, but trying to sort out the generalities from the particularities is a very difficult business.

Ex. While the current problems associated with serial economics have driven a wedge between vendors, librarians and publishers, they should be cooperating and communicating in order to withstand the information explosion.

Ex. Non-fiction is normally shelved according to the Dewey decimal system with perhaps a major category such as autobiography and biography hived off as a completely separate ad hoc classification.

Ex. Outcomes can be disaggregated along age, class, ethnic, racial, & gender dimensions.

Ex. This art is is mass produced, often mechanically, and thus severed from tradition.

Ex. The symbiotic relationship between scholarly discourse and scholarly publication that has existed for 3 centuries is being prised apart by new technology.

Ex. It is recommended that CD-ROM producers unbundle the retrieval software from the data.

Ex. For instance, in reproduction of Renoir's work under the subject IMPRESSIONISM, Renoir's works would not stand together in the catalog but be spread out according to their titles.

Ex. Whichever he chooses he will still have to sift out and categorize the numerous errors that disfigure all the early texts of the play.

Ex. Ethnic and racial differences cleaved the American working class.

Ex. The author and his colleagues embarked on a series of studies to tease apart hereditary and environmental factors thought to be implicated in schizophrenia.

Ex. The scholarly system has become balkanized into autonomous, even antagonistic, cultures or camps based on differing technological competencies and interests.

Ex. Both novels tell essentially the same story, that of a woman sundered from her high estate and her betrothed.

Ex. The physical library will probably become less viable over time and so it is important to decouple the information professional from the library unit.

Ex. They gathered a whole sackful, stripped off the husks, and filled the sack again.

Ex. Walk your feet up the wall, then take the belt and place it on your upper arms right above your elbows to keep your arms from splaying.

----

* Hasta que la muerte nos separe = Till death do us part.

* que se puede separar = detachable.

* separar aun más = widen + the gap between... and.

* separar con una cortina = curtain off.

* separar de = wean from, isolate from, divide from, wean away from.

* separar el grano de la paja = divide into + Adjetivo + sheep and + Adjetivo + goats, sort the + Adjetivo + sheep from the + Adjetivo + goats, separate + the wheat from the chaff, sort out + the wheat from the chaff, sift + the wheat from the chaff.

* separar haciendo palanca = pry + Nombre + out, prise + Nombre + out.

* separar la realidad de la ficción = distinguish + fact from fiction.

* separar las manos = spread out + hands.

* separar + Nombre + de + Nombre = discern + Nombre + from + Nombre.

* separarse = drift apart, part, divorce, go (our/their) separate ways, fork.

* separarse (de) = become + parted from, move away from, turn away from, secede (from).

* separarse descendiendo = droop away from.

* separar una pelea = break up + fight, break up + fight.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) (apartar, alejar) to separate; < boxeadores> to separate, part

separa la cama de la pared — move the bed away from the wall

no se aconseja separar a la madre de su ternero — it is not advisable to take the calf away from its mother

b) ( dividir un todo) to divide

separar las palabras en sílabas — divide the words into syllables

2)

a) ( deslindar) to separate, divide

una valla separa los dos campos — there is a fence separating the two fields

los separan profundas diferencias — they are divided by deepseated differences

separar algo DE algo — to separate something from something

b) ( despegar)

no puedo separar estas dos fotos — I can't get these two photographs apart

separa las lonchas de jamón — separate the slices of ham

3) (frml) ( destituir) to dismiss (frml)

fue separado de su cargo/sus funciones — he was removed from office/relieved of his duties (frml)
2.
separarse v pron

a) matrimonio to separate

se separaron hace un mes — they separated o split up a month ago

es hijo de padres separados — his parents are separated

separarse DE alguien — to separate from somebody

b) (apartarse, alejarse) to split up

a mitad de camino nos separamos — we split up half way

no se separen, que los pequeños se pueden perder — please stay together in case the children get lost

separarse DE algo/alguien: esta niña no se separa del televisor this child is always glued to the television; no me he separado nunca de mis hijos I've never been away o apart from my children; no se separen de su equipaje — do not leave your luggage unattended

c) (guardar, reservar) to put o set aside

* * *

= carry off, cut off, detach, put by, segregate, separate, sift, screen out, tell out into, sort out + Nombre + from + Nombre, drive + a wedge between, hive off, disaggregate, sever, prise + Nombre + apart, unbundle, spread out, sift out, cleave, tease apart, balkanize, sunder, decouple, strip off, splay.

Ex: The 'sweated' rags were pounded to a pulp (or stuff) by water-powered hammers, impurities being carried off through filters by running water.

Ex: The stages are not cut off from one another, are not sharply defined.

Ex: The words from the deleted abstract in the abstract word file will be detached when DOBIS/LIBIS is not busy with other work.

Ex: The raw material of white paper was undyed linen -- or in very early days hempen -- rags, which the paper-maker bought in bulk, sorted and washed, and then put by in a damp heap for four or five days to rot.

Ex: In summary, the advantages of the electronic catalog is the ability to segregate the fast searches from the slowest.

Ex: The description of the component part is separated from that of the host document by a double slash.

Ex: Thus many non-relevant documents have been retrieved and examined in the process of sifting relevant and non-relevant documents.

Ex: Most journals rely for a substantial part of their income on advertisements; how would advertisers view the prospect of being selectively screened out by readers?.

Ex: The finished paper was sorted for imperfections and told out into quires and reams for sale.

Ex: Ward's study is likely to remain a standard reference source for years to come, but trying to sort out the generalities from the particularities is a very difficult business.

Ex: While the current problems associated with serial economics have driven a wedge between vendors, librarians and publishers, they should be cooperating and communicating in order to withstand the information explosion.

Ex: Non-fiction is normally shelved according to the Dewey decimal system with perhaps a major category such as autobiography and biography hived off as a completely separate ad hoc classification.

Ex: Outcomes can be disaggregated along age, class, ethnic, racial, & gender dimensions.

Ex: This art is is mass produced, often mechanically, and thus severed from tradition.

Ex: The symbiotic relationship between scholarly discourse and scholarly publication that has existed for 3 centuries is being prised apart by new technology.

Ex: It is recommended that CD-ROM producers unbundle the retrieval software from the data.

Ex: For instance, in reproduction of Renoir's work under the subject IMPRESSIONISM, Renoir's works would not stand together in the catalog but be spread out according to their titles.

Ex: Whichever he chooses he will still have to sift out and categorize the numerous errors that disfigure all the early texts of the play.

Ex: Ethnic and racial differences cleaved the American working class.

Ex: The author and his colleagues embarked on a series of studies to tease apart hereditary and environmental factors thought to be implicated in schizophrenia.

Ex: The scholarly system has become balkanized into autonomous, even antagonistic, cultures or camps based on differing technological competencies and interests.

Ex: Both novels tell essentially the same story, that of a woman sundered from her high estate and her betrothed.

Ex: The physical library will probably become less viable over time and so it is important to decouple the information professional from the library unit.

Ex: They gathered a whole sackful, stripped off the husks, and filled the sack again.

Ex: Walk your feet up the wall, then take the belt and place it on your upper arms right above your elbows to keep your arms from splaying.

* Hasta que la muerte nos separe = Till death do us part.

* que se puede separar = detachable.

* separar aun más = widen + the gap between... and.

* separar con una cortina = curtain off.

* separar de = wean from, isolate from, divide from, wean away from.

* separar el grano de la paja = divide into + Adjetivo + sheep and + Adjetivo + goats, sort the + Adjetivo + sheep from the + Adjetivo + goats, separate + the wheat from the chaff, sort out + the wheat from the chaff, sift + the wheat from the chaff.

* separar haciendo palanca = pry + Nombre + out, prise + Nombre + out.

* separar la realidad de la ficción = distinguish + fact from fiction.

* separar las manos = spread out + hands.

* separar + Nombre + de + Nombre = discern + Nombre + from + Nombre.

* separarse = drift apart, part, divorce, go (our/their) separate ways, fork.

* separarse (de) = become + parted from, move away from, turn away from, secede (from).

* separarse descendiendo = droop away from.

* separar una pelea = break up + fight, break up + fight.

* * *

separar [A1 ]

vt

A

1 (apartar, alejar) to separate

dos transeúntes intentaron separarlos two passersby tried to separate o part them

ha hecho todo lo posible por separarnos he has done everything he can to split us up

las consonantes dobles no se separan en español in Spanish, double consonants should not be split up

la maestra las separó porque charlaban mucho the teacher separated them o split them up because they were talking so much

separa la cama de la pared move the bed away from the wall

no se aconseja separar a la madre de su ternero it is not advisable to take the calf away from its mother

separar la yema de la clara separate the white from the yolk

separar los machos de las hembras to separate the males from the females

2 (dividir un todo) to divide

separar las palabras en sílabas divide the words into syllables

la guerra separó a muchas familias the war divided many families

3 (guardar, reservar) to put o set aside

sepárame un trocito para Pablo, que va a venir más tarde can you put o set aside a slice for Pablo, he'll be coming later

separa la ropa que llevarás puesta put the clothes you're going to wear on one side

B

1 (deslindar) to separate, divide

una valla separa a los hinchas de los dos equipos there is a fence separating the fans of the two teams

los separan profundas diferencias they are divided by deepseated differences

separar algo DE algo to separate sth FROM sth

los Andes separan Argentina de Chile the Andes separate Argentina from Chile

2

(despegar): no puedo separar estas dos fotos I can't get these two photographs apart

separa las lonchas de jamón separate the slices of ham

no separe la etiqueta antes de rellenarla do not remove o detach the label before filling it in

C ( frml) (destituir) to dismiss ( frml)

fue separado de su cargo/sus funciones he was removed from office/relieved of his duties ( frml)

separar del servicio ( Mil) to discharge

■ separarse

v pron

1 «matrimonio» to separate

se separaron tras diez años de matrimonio they separated o split up after ten years of marriage

es hijo de padres separados his parents are separated

separarse DE algn to separate FROM sb

se separó de su marido en octubre she separated from her husband in October

2 (alejarse, apartarse) to split up

a mitad de camino nos separamos we split up half way

los socios se separaron en 1996 they dissolved their partnership in 1996 ( frml), the partners split up in 1996

no se separen, que los pequeños se pueden perder please don't split up o divide up o please stay together in case the children get lost

separarse DE algo/algn:

esta niña no se separa del televisor this child is always glued to the television

no me he separado nunca de mis hijos I've never been away o apart from my children

no se separen de su equipaje do not leave your luggage unattended

* * *

separar ( conjugate separar) verbo transitivo
1
a) (apartar, alejar) to separate;

◊ separar los machos de las hembras to separate the males from the females;

separa la cama de la pared move the bed away from the wall
b) ( dividir un todo) to divide

c) (guardar, reservar) to put o set aside

2
a) ( actuar de división) [valla/línea] to separate;

◊ los Andes separan a Chile de Argentina the Andes separate Chile from Argentina

b) ( despegar):

◊ no puedo separar estas dos fotos I can't get these two photographs apart

separarse verbo pronominal
a) [ matrimonio] to separate;

separarse DE algn to separate from sb
b) ( seguir direcciones distintas) to split up;

◊ a mitad de camino nos separamos we split up half way

c) (apartarse, alejarse):

◊ no se separen, que los pequeños se pueden perder please stay together in case the children get lost;

no me he separado nunca de mis hijos I've never been away o apart from my children
separar verbo transitivo
1 (aumentar la distancia física) to move apart
2 (poner aparte) to separate: separa las rosas de los claveles, separate the roses from the carnations
3 (reservar) to save
4 (algo pegado, grapado) to detach
5 (distanciar, disgregar) to divide
' separar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abrir
- desgajar
- desunir
- paja
- quitar
- segregar
- aislar
- apartar
- cortar
- desmontar
- desprender
English:
detach
- divide
- divorce
- fence off
- part
- peel off
- prise
- pull apart
- screen off
- separate
- sort out
- space
- split up
- twist off
- wall off
- fence
- pull
- screen
- sort
- splay
- split
- wall

* * *

separar

♦ vt

1. [alejar, dividir, aislar] to separate (de from);
lo han separado de sus hijos they've taken his children away from him;

tuvo que venir la policía para separarlos the police had to be called to break them up o separate them;

el muro que separa los dos campos the wall separating o that separates the two fields;

separar algo en grupos/partes iguales to divide sth into groups/equal parts;

son muchas las cosas que nos separan there are many differences between us;

quiere separar su vida privada de su vida pública she wants to keep her private life separate from her public life

2. [apartar, dejar espacio entre] to move away (de from);
separe el cuerpo del volante keep your body away from the steering wheel;

separa un poco las sillas move the chairs apart a bit;

separa bien las piernas open your legs wide

3. [desunir, quitar]
las hojas se han pegado y no las puedo separar the pages have stuck together and I can't separate them o get them apart;

separe la carne del caldo remove the meat from the stock;

no separaba los ojos del reloj she never took her eyes off the clock

4. [reservar] to put aside

5. [destituir]
separar de to remove o dismiss from;

fue separado del cargo he was removed (from his post), he was dismissed (from his job);

separaron al coronel del servicio the colonel was removed from active service

♦ See also the pronominal verb separarse

* * *

separar

v/t separate

* * *

separar vt

1) : to separate, to divide

2) : to split up, to pull apart

♦ separarse vr

* * *

separar vb

1. (en general) to separate

los Pirineos separan España de Francia the Pyrenees separate Spain from France

2. (apartar) to move away

separó la silla de la pared she moved the chair away from the wall

Spanish-English dictionary > separar
49 vigilancia

f.

1 vigilance (cuidado).

2 security.

tras la fuga aumentaron la vigilancia after the escape security was increased

3 arousal.

* * *

vigilancia

► nombre femenino

1 (acción) surveillance

■ está bajo vigilancia he's under surveillance

2 (cuidado) vigilance, watchfulness

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

torre de vigilancia lookout post

* * *

noun f.

vigilance

* * *

SF

1) (=custodia) vigilance

los niños pequeños requieren vigilancia constante — small children require constant vigilance

burlaron la vigilancia de sus guardianes — they evaded the watchful eye of their guards

tener bajo vigilancia — [+ paciente] to keep under observation; [+ prisionero] to keep under surveillance

vigilancia intensiva — (Med) intensive care

2) (=servicio) security

la vigilancia del hotel es excelente — security at the hotel is excellent

* * *

femenino

a) (atención, cuidado) vigilance, watchfulness; (por guardias, la policía)

habrá que extremar la vigilancia — security will have to be tightened up

estar bajo vigilancia — to be under surveillance o watch

servicio de vigilancia — security patrol

vigilancia policial — police surveillance

b) ( servicio) security service

* * *

= surveillance, oversight, vigilance, policing, watch.

Ex. Professionals are expected to be highly skilled and motivated, which I certainly am, so that little external surveillance over us should be required.

Ex. This article argues that it is essential that the press and public continue their oversight of the criminal justice process.

Ex. Factors that might adversely impact the ethical behaviour of the publishing, vending and librarianship community are examined, and the need for professionalism and vigilance of the community is emphasised.

Ex. The article has the title ' Policing fraud and deceit: the legal aspects of misconduct in scientific enquiry'.

Ex. During his watch, the US economy as well as the global monetary situation have been thrown into a precarious situation.

----

* concesión de permisos de vigilancia = surveillance licensing.

* extremar la vigilancia = be extra vigilant.

* mantener bajo vigilancia = keep under + observation.

* sin vigilancia = unattended.

* sistema de vigilancia = surveillance system.

* sistema de vigilancia electrónica = electronic surveillance system.

* torre de vigilancia = watchtower.

* vigilancia ciudadana = community policing, community policing.

* vigilancia de la frontera = border control.

* vigilancia tecnológica = technological surveillance.

* * *

femenino

a) (atención, cuidado) vigilance, watchfulness; (por guardias, la policía)

habrá que extremar la vigilancia — security will have to be tightened up

estar bajo vigilancia — to be under surveillance o watch

servicio de vigilancia — security patrol

vigilancia policial — police surveillance

b) ( servicio) security service

* * *

= surveillance, oversight, vigilance, policing, watch.

Ex: Professionals are expected to be highly skilled and motivated, which I certainly am, so that little external surveillance over us should be required.

Ex: This article argues that it is essential that the press and public continue their oversight of the criminal justice process.

Ex: Factors that might adversely impact the ethical behaviour of the publishing, vending and librarianship community are examined, and the need for professionalism and vigilance of the community is emphasised.

Ex: The article has the title ' Policing fraud and deceit: the legal aspects of misconduct in scientific enquiry'.

Ex: During his watch, the US economy as well as the global monetary situation have been thrown into a precarious situation.

* concesión de permisos de vigilancia = surveillance licensing.

* extremar la vigilancia = be extra vigilant.

* mantener bajo vigilancia = keep under + observation.

* sin vigilancia = unattended.

* sistema de vigilancia = surveillance system.

* sistema de vigilancia electrónica = electronic surveillance system.

* torre de vigilancia = watchtower.

* vigilancia ciudadana = community policing, community policing.

* vigilancia de la frontera = border control.

* vigilancia tecnológica = technological surveillance.

* * *

vigilancia

feminine

1 (atención, cuidado) vigilance, alertness, watchfulness

2

(por guardias, la policía): habrá que extremar la vigilancia security will have to be tightened

el edificio está bajo vigilancia the building is under surveillance o watch, guards keep watch on o guards patrol the building

servicio de vigilancia security patrol

burlaron la vigilancia policial they escaped police surveillance o the police patrols

3 (servicio) security service

* * *

vigilancia sustantivo femenino (atención, cuidado) vigilance;
(por guardias, la policía) surveillance;
◊ estar bajo vigilancia to be under surveillance;

servicio de vigilancia security patrol
vigilancia sustantivo femenino vigilance, watchfulness
bajo vigilancia, under surveillance

' vigilancia' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cuidada
- cuidado
- guardia
- patrulla
- redoblar
- reforzar
- ronda
- UVI
- ver
- burlar
- estrecho
- observación
- resguardo
- unidad
English:
guard
- observation
- scrutiny
- stake-out
- surveillance
- unit
- watch
- watchdog committee
- watchfulness
- marshal
- vigilance

* * *

vigilancia nf

1. [atención]
los niños jugaban bajo la atenta vigilancia de su madre the children were playing under the watchful eye of their mother;

mantener la vigilancia sobre alguien to keep a watch on sb

2. [con aparatos] surveillance;

equipo de vigilancia surveillance equipment;

sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica/ambiental epidemiological surveillance systems/environmental monitoring systems;

están al cargo de la vigilancia en todo el edificio they are in charge of security for the whole building

Comp
Med vigilancia intensiva intensive care
3. [vigilantes] guards, security

* * *

vigilancia

f watchfulness, vigilance

* * *

vigilancia nf

: vigilance, watchfulness

bajo vigilancia: under surveillance

* * *

vigilancia n surveillance

está bajo vigilancia he's under surveillance

Spanish-English dictionary > vigilancia
50 совершенствование технологии

1) General subject: advances in technologic productivity

2) Engineering: technological advancement

3) Economy: improvement in techniques, process improvement, technological development

4) Makarov: advances in technological productivity

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > совершенствование технологии
51 производствен

production (attr.)

производствен план a production plan

производствени отношения relations of production

производствен процес a process of produc-tion; a production process

производствени разходи costs. of production, production cost, working expenses

производствена практика practical training

производствен стаж length of service; industrial record/experience

производствено съвещание a conference on production, a conference on current problems of work/production

производствена травма an industrial injury

* * *

произво̀дствен,

прил. production (attr.); \производствен график load chart; \производствен стаж length of service; industrial record/experience; \производствена практика practical training, in-the-job practice; \производствена травма industrial injury; \производствени мощности production facilities; \производствени отношения relations of production; \производствени процеси industrial and technological processes; \производствени разходи costs of production, production cost, working expenses; \производствено време job time; \производствено съвещание conference on production, conference on current problems of work/production.

* * *

industrial: производствен injury - производствена травма; production: a process of производствен - производствен процес, производствен costs - производствени разходи

* * *
1. production (attr.) 2. ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕН а практика practical training 3. ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕН план a production plan 4. ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕН процес a process of produc-tion;a production process 5. ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕН стаж length of service;industrial record/experience 6. ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕНa травма an industrial injury 7. ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕНo съвещание a conference on production, a conference on current problems of work/production 8. ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕНи отношения relations of production 9. ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕНи разходи costs. of production, production cost, working expenses

Български-английски речник > производствен
52 Pilkington, Sir Lionel Alexander Bethune (Alastair)

SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology

[br]

b. 7 January 1920 Calcutta, India

[br]

English inventor of the float-glass process.

[br]

Pilkington was educated at Sherborne School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in mechanical science. He spent one year at Cambridge followed by war service, which lasted until 1945. He returned to complete his degree and then joined Pilkington, the well-known glass manufacturer at St Helens' Lancashire, in 1947. Sir Alastair is not, however, related to the Pilkington family of glassmakers.

The forming of perfectly flat glass that retained its fire finish had eluded glassmakers for centuries. Until the 1950s the only way of making really flat glass was to form plate glass by continuous casting between steel rollers. This destroyed the fire finish, which had to be restored by expensive grinding and polishing. The process entailed the loss of 20 per cent of good glass. The idea of floating glass on molten metal occurred to Sir Alastair in October 1952, and thereafter he remained in charge of development until commercial success had been achieved. The idea of floating molten glass on molten tin had been patented in the United States as early as 1902, but had never been pursued. The Pilkington process in essence was to float a ribbon of molten glass on a bath of molten tin in an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, to prevent oxidation of the tin. It was patented in Britain in 1957 and in the USA two years later. The first production glass issued from the plant in May 1957, although the first good glass did not appear until July 1958. The process was publicly announced the following year and was quickly taken up by the industry. It is now the universal method for manufacturing high quality flat glass.

Having seen through the greatest single advance in glassmaking and one of the most important technological developments this century, Sir Alastair became Chairman of Pilkingtons until 1980 and President thereafter.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted 1970. FRS 1969. Honorary Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1991.

Bibliography

1969, "Float glass process—the review lecture", Royal Society (13 February). 1975, "Floating windows", Proceedings of the Royal Institution, Vol. 48.

1976, "Float glass—evolution and revolution over 60 years", Glass Technology, Vol. 17, no. 5.

1963, "The development of float glass", Glass Industry, (February).

Further Reading

J.Jewkes et al., 1969, The Sources of Invention, 2nd ed., London: Macmillan.

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Pilkington, Sir Lionel Alexander Bethune (Alastair)
53 Pötsch, Friedrich Hermann

SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology

[br]

b. 12 December 1842 Biendorf, near Köthen, Germany

d. 9 June 1902 Dresden, Germany

[br]

German mine surveyor, inventor of the freezing process for sinking shafts.

[br]

Pötsch was the son of a forest officer and could not easily attend school, with the consequences that it took him a long time to obtain the scholarly education needed to enable him to begin work on a higher level with the mining administration in the duchy of Anhalt in 1868. Seven years later, he was licensed as a Prussian mining surveyor and in this capacity he worked with the mining inspectorate of Aschersleben. During that time he frequently came across shafts for brown-coal mines which had been sunk down to watery strata but then had to be abandoned. His solution to the problem was to freeze the quicksand with a solution of chloride; this was better than the previous attempts in England to instal cooling coils at the bottom of the shaft. Pötsch's conception implied the construction of ice walls with the means of boreholes and refrigerators. By his method a set of boreholes was driven through the watery strata, the smaller pipes contained within the main bore pipes, providing a channel through which calcium chloride was pumped, returning through the longer pipe until the ground was frozen solid. He obtained a patent in 1883 and many leading international journals reported on the method the same year.

In 1884 he established the Internationale Gesselschaft für Schacht-, Brucken-und Tunnelbau in Magdeburg and he also became Director of the Poetsch-Sooy-Smith Freezing Company in New Jersey, which constructed the first freezing shaft in America in 1888.

However, Pötsch was successful only for a short period of time and, being a clumsy entrepreneur, he had to dissolve his company in 1894. Unfortunately, his decision to carry out the complete shaft-sinking business did not allow him to concentrate on solving upcoming technical problems of his new process. It was Louis Gebhardt (1861–1924), his former engineer, who took care of development, especially in co-operation with French mining engineers, and thus provided the basis for the freezing process becoming widely used for shaft-sinking in complicated strata ever since.

[br]

Bibliography

1886, Das Gefrierverfahren. Methode für schnelles, sicheres und lotrechtes Abteufen von Schächten im Schwimmsande und uberhaupt im wasserreichen Gebirge; für Herstellung tiefgehender Bruckenpfeiler und für TunnelBauten in rolligem und schwimmendem Gebirge, Freiberg.

1889, Geschichtliches über die Entstehung und Herausbildung des Gefrierverfahrens, Magdeburg.

1895, Das Gefrierverfahren und das kombinierte Schachtabbohr-und Gefrierverfahren (Patent Pötsch), Freiberg.

Further Reading

D.Hoffmann, 1962, AchtJahrzehnte Gefrierverfahren nach Putsch, Essen: Glückauf (the most substantial biography; also covers technological aspects).

G.Gach, 1986, In Schacht und Strecke, Essen: Glückauf, pp. 31–53 (provides information on the development of specialized mining companies in Germany originating in the freezing process).

WK

Biographical history of technology > Pötsch, Friedrich Hermann
54 Artificial Intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inﬂated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins ﬂy? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can ﬂy, so robins probably can ﬂy."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
55 технологическая операция

1) Engineering: pass, process step, processing step, working operation

2) Construction: process operation

3) Economy: flow of work

4) Mechanics: noncritical job

5) Business: operation

6) Sakhalin energy glossary: trip (ТЭО стр.)

7) Microelectronics: process, processing procedure

8) Automation: manufacturing operation, production step

9) Quality control: technological operation

10) Cables: production operation

11) Makarov: job

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > технологическая операция
56 технологические параметры

1) Engineering: process conditions

2) Oil: technological parameters

3) Sakhalin energy glossary: operational parameters

4) Programming: process variables

5) Automation: process-dependent parameters

6) Quality control: fabricating characteristics

7) Aluminium industry: technology performance data

8) Water supply: design parameters (например, насоса)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > технологические параметры
57 технологический

1) General subject: engineering, techie, technologic

2) Medicine: technical

3) Engineering: process

4) Accounting: technological

5) Astronautics: process-oriented

6) Microelectronics: fabrication, manufacturing, processing, production

7) Makarov: access (обеспечивающий доступ к чему-л. для обработки)

8) Pharmacy: in-process

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > технологический
58 технологический параметр

1) Engineering: process variable

2) Mathematics: duty parameter

3) Economy: technological parameter

4) Quality control: manufacturing parameter

5) Chemical weapons: process variable (переменная)

6) Makarov: process parameter

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > технологический параметр
59 технологический режим

1) General subject: process parameters, process flow pattern (AD), processing method

2) Engineering: operating practice, operating schedule, process conditions, production cycle

3) Construction: processing behavior

4) Metallurgy: technical regime

5) Oil: operating practices

6) Makarov: technological mode

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > технологический режим
60 технологическое оборудование

1) General subject: (основное) plant, plant and equipment, production (manufacturing) equipment

2) Naval: process equipment

3) Engineering: fabrication system, process environment, processing equipment

4) Law: plant

5) Economy: manufacturing equipment

6) Electronics: fabrication facilities

7) Oil: processing facilities

8) Astronautics: support equipment

9) Advertising: technological equipment

10) Sakhalin energy glossary: production facilities

11) Microelectronics: fabrication equipment, production equipment, production system

12) Automation: manufacturing machinery, production machinery

13) Quality control: preproduction equipment

14) Makarov: basic equipment, basic plant, major equipment, major plant, process plant

15) oil&gas: main equipment (УКПГ)

16) Cement: processing units

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > технологическое оборудование

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См. также в других словарях:

technological process — 1) a way of applying science to achieve a practical end. 2) the active state of technology occurring at many levels of complexity. Technological activity employs all types and levels of technological knowledge, and consumes technological… … Mechanics glossary
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technological process — technologinis procesas statusas T sritis Standartizacija ir metrologija apibrėžtis Nuosekliai atliekamų technologinių operacijų eilė. atitikmenys: angl. technological process vok. Arbeitsablauf, m; Bearbeitungsfolge, f; Fertigungsablauf, m;… … Penkiakalbis aiškinamasis metrologijos terminų žodynas
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technological process — Смотри технологический процесс … Энциклопедический словарь по металлургии
Technological convergence — This article is about technology convergence including convergence of media technology. For consolidation of media ownership, see Concentration of media ownership. Technological convergence is the tendency for different technological systems to… … Wikipedia
process — Kaldo process L D process technological process Thomas process … Mechanics glossary
process — technologinis vyksmas statusas T sritis radioelektronika atitikmenys: angl. process; technological process vok. technologischer Prozeß, m rus. технологический процесс, m pranc. procédé technologique, m ryšiai: palygink – technologija … Radioelektronikos terminų žodynas
Technological escalation — describes the fact that whenever two parties are in competition, each side tends to employ continuing technological improvements to defeat the other. Technology is defined here as a creative invention, be it an object or a method of using an… … Wikipedia
Technological evolution — is the name of a science and technology studies theory describing technology development, developed by Czech philosopher Radovan Richta. Theory of technological evolution According to Richta and later Bloomfield [Bloomfield, Masse. Mankind in… … Wikipedia

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