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21 difficulté
difficulté [difikylte]feminine noun• être or se trouver en difficulté [personne] to find o.s. in difficulties ; [entreprise] to be having problems* * *difikylteen difficulté — in difficulties ou trouble
2) ( obstacle) difficultydifficultés à or pour faire — difficulty (in) doing
3) ( objection)* * *difikylte nfavoir de la difficulté à faire — to have difficulty doing, to have difficulty in doing
en difficulté (bateau, alpiniste) — in trouble, in difficulties, (entreprise) in difficulties, (élève) struggling
* * *difficulté nf1 ( peine) difficulty; toute la difficulté est là therein lies the difficulty; aimer/fuir la difficulté to enjoy/to avoid difficulties; reconnaître la difficulté d'une tâche/d'une situation to admit that a task/a situation is difficult; avoir/éprouver de la difficulté à faire to have/to experience difficulty (in) doing; avec difficulté with difficulty; en difficulté [avion, bateau, personne, famille, secteur] in difficulties ou trouble; mettre qn/se mettre en difficulté to put sb/to put oneself in a difficult position;2 ( obstacle) difficulty, problem; la principale/seconde difficulté a été de faire the main/second difficulty was to do; avoir des difficultés scolaires or à l'école to have problems at school; connaître/avoir des difficultés financières/techniques to experience/to have financial/technical difficulties; ne présenter aucune difficulté to present no difficulty; sans difficulté(s) without any difficulty; non sans difficultés not without difficulty; avoir des difficultés en français/algèbre to have difficulty with ou in French/algebra; avoir des difficultés à or pour faire to have difficulty (in) doing; avoir des difficultés de stationnement/logement/trésorerie to have problems parking/with housing/with one's finances;3 ( objection) objection; faire des difficultés to raise objections (pour faire about doing); elle n'a fait aucune difficulté she didn't raise a single objection.[difikylte] nom féminin1. [caractère ardu] difficulty[gêne] difficultyavoir de la difficulté à marcher to have difficulty walking, to walk with difficultyfaire des difficultés to create problems, to make a fussavoir des difficultés avec quelqu'un to have difficulties ou problems with somebody[ennui - financier]3. [point difficile] difficulty4. [impénétrabilité - d'une œuvre, d'un auteur] difficult ou abstruse nature————————en difficulté locution adjectivale & locution adverbiale[nageur] in difficulties[navire, avion] in distressa. [scolairement] a child with learning difficultiesb. [psychologiquement] a child with behavioural problemsa. [sur le plan affectif] a couple who are having problemsb. [financièrement] a couple with money problemsmettre quelqu'un en difficulté to put somebody in a difficult ou an awkward situation————————sans difficulté locution adverbiale -
22 Grupo de Trabajo de Ingeniería de Internet
Grupo de Trabajo de Ingeniería de Internet (IETF)Ex: The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) is another volunteer organization; it meets regularly to discuss operational and near-term technical problems of the Internet.
Spanish-English dictionary > Grupo de Trabajo de Ingeniería de Internet
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23 Aufgabe
Auf·ga·be1. Auf·ga·be <-, -n> f1) ( Verpflichtung) job, task;jds \Aufgabe sein, etw zu tun to be sb's job [or task] [or responsibility] to do sth;(Haus\Aufgabe) homework no pl3) ( zu lösendes Problem) question;eine schwierige \Aufgabe lösen to solve a difficult problem4) ( Zweck) purpose6) (das Abschicken von Briefen, Päckchen) posting, sending off1) ( Verzicht auf weiteren Kampf) surrender;\Aufgabe des Kampfes cessation of fightingSieg durch \Aufgabe ( in Boxen) technical knockout3) ( das Aufgeben)5) ( Einstellung) closing down, giving up6) ( das Abbrechen) abandonment, dropping -
24 Chapelon, André
[br]b. 26 October 1892 Saint-Paul-en-Cornillon, Loire, Franced. 29 June 1978 Paris, France[br]French locomotive engineer who developed high-performance steam locomotives.[br]Chapelon's technical education at the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, Paris, was interrupted by extended military service during the First World War. From experience of observing artillery from the basket of a captive balloon, he developed a method of artillery fire control which was more accurate than that in use and which was adopted by the French army.In 1925 he joined the motive-power and rolling-stock department of the Paris-Orléans Railway under Chief Mechanical Engineer Maurice Lacoin and was given the task of improving the performance of its main-line 4–6–2 locomotives, most of them compounds. He had already made an intensive study of steam locomotive design and in 1926 introduced his Kylchap exhaust system, based in part on the earlier work of the Finnish engineer Kyläla. Chapelon improved the entrainment of the hot gases in the smokebox by the exhaust steam and so minimized back pressure in the cylinders, increasing the power of a locomotive substantially. He also greatly increased the cross-sectional area of steam passages, used poppet valves instead of piston valves and increased superheating of steam. PO (Paris-Orléans) 4–6–2s rebuilt on these principles from 1929 onwards proved able to haul 800-ton trains, in place of the previous 500-ton trains, and to do so to accelerated schedules with reduced coal consumption. Commencing in 1932, some were converted, at the time of rebuilding, into 4–8–0s to increase adhesive weight for hauling heavy trains over the steeply graded Paris-Toulouse line.Chapelon's principles were quickly adopted on other French railways and elsewhere.H.N. Gresley was particularly influenced by them. After formation of the French National Railways (SNCF) in 1938, Chapelon produced in 1941 a prototype rebuilt PO 2–10–0 freight locomotive as a six-cylinder compound, with four low-pressure cylinders to maximize expansive use of steam and with all cylinders steam-jacketed to minimize heat loss by condensation and radiation. War conditions delayed extended testing until 1948–52. Meanwhile Chapelon had, by rebuilding, produced in 1946 a high-powered, three-cylinder, compound 4–8–4 intended as a stage in development of a proposed range of powerful and thermally efficient steam locomotives for the postwar SNCF: a high-speed 4–6–4 in this range was to run at sustained speeds of 125 mph (200 km/h). However, plans for improved steam locomotives were then overtaken in France by electriflcation and dieselization, though the performance of the 4–8–4, which produced 4,000 hp (3,000 kW) at the drawbar for the first time in Europe, prompted modification of electric locomotives, already on order, to increase their power.Chapelon retired from the SNCF in 1953, but continued to act as a consultant. His principles were incorporated into steam locomotives built in France for export to South America, and even after the energy crisis of 1973 he was consulted on projects to build improved, high-powered steam locomotives for countries with reserves of cheap coal. The eventual fall in oil prices brought these to an end.[br]Bibliography1938, La Locomotive à vapeur, Paris: J.B.Bailière (a comprehensive summary of contemporary knowledge of every function of the locomotive).Further ReadingH.C.B.Rogers, 1972, Chapelon, Genius of French Steam, Shepperton: Ian Allan.1986, "André Chapelon, locomotive engineer: a survey of his work", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 58 (a symposium on Chapelon's work).Obituary, 1978, Railway Engineer (September/October) (makes reference to the technical significance of Chapelon's work).PJGR -
25 оборудование
- technique
- technical equipment
- tackle
- stock-in-trade
- set-up
- rigging
- rig
- provisions
- product
- plant stock
- plant
- paraphernalia
- outfit
- machinery
- machine
- layout
- instrumentation
- instrument
- installation
- HW
- hardware environment
- hardware
- H/W
- gear
- fixing
- fitment
- facility
- equipment
- environment
- assets
- appliance
- apparatus
- accessories
оборудование
оборудование
Совокупность связанных между собой частей или устройств, из которых по крайней мере одно движется, а также элементы привода, управления и энергетические узлы, которые предназначены для определенного применения, в частности для обработки, производства, перемещения или упаковки материала. К термину «оборудование» относят также машину и совокупность машин, которые так устроены и управляемы, что они функционируют как единое целое для достижения одной и той же цели.
[ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]
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[IEV number 151-11-25 ]
оборудование
Оснащение, материалы, приспособления, устройства, механизмы, приборы, инструменты и другие принадлежности, используемые в качестве частей электрической установки или в соединении с ней.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007]EN
equipment
single apparatus or set of devices or apparatuses, or the set of main devices of an installation, or all devices necessary to perform a specific task
NOTE – Examples of equipment are a power transformer, the equipment of a substation, measuring equipment.
[IEV number 151-11-25 ]
equipment
material, fittings, devices, components, appliances, fixtures, apparatus, and the like used as part of, or in connection with, the electrical equipment of machines
[IEC 60204-1-2006]FR
équipement, m
matériel, m
appareil unique ou ensemble de dispositifs ou appareils, ou ensemble des dispositifs principaux d'une installation, ou ensemble des dispositifs nécessaires à l'accomplissement d'une tâche particulière
NOTE – Des exemples d’équipement ou de matériel sont un transformateur de puissance, l’équipement d’une sous-station, un équipement de mesure.
[IEV number 151-11-25]Тематики
EN
- accessories
- apparatus
- appliance
- assets
- environment
- equipment
- facility
- fitment
- fixing
- gear
- H/W
- hardware
- hardware environment
- HW
- installation
- instrument
- instrumentation
- layout
- machinery
- outfit
- paraphernalia
- plant
- plant stock
- product
- provisions
- rig
- rigging
- set-up
- stock-in-trade
- tackle
- technical equipment
- technique
DE
FR
- machine
- matériel, m
- équipement, m
3.1 оборудование (machine): Соединенные вместе друг с другом детали или устройства, одно из которых, по крайней мере, является подвижным, в том числе с приводными устройствами, элементами управления и питания и т.д., которые предназначены для определенного применения, как например переработка, обработка, перемещение или упаковка материала (ИСО/ТО 12100-1).
Источник: ГОСТ ЕН 12626-2006: Безопасность металлообрабатывающих станков. Станки для лазерной обработки
3.14 оборудование (equipment): Машины, оборудование, фиксированные или передвижные устройства, управляющие элементы и средства измерений, регистрирующая или предотвращающая система, которые, отдельно или совместно, предназначены для генерирования, передачи, измерения, регулирования и преобразования энергии или обработки материала и потенциальные источники воспламенения которых могут вызвать взрыв.
Источник: ГОСТ Р МЭК 61241-10-2007: Электрооборудование, применяемое в зонах, опасных по воспламенению горючей пыли. Часть 10. Классификация зон, где присутствует или может присутствовать горючая пыль оригинал документа
3.7 оборудование (equipment): Машины, аппараты, стационарные или передвижные установки и устройства, элементы их систем управления и контрольно-измерительные приборы, системы обнаружения или предупреждения, которые совместно или раздельно предназначаются для выработки, передачи, хранения, измерения, контроля и преобразования энергии, а также для обработки материалов, способные вызвать взрыв от собственных потенциальных источников воспламенения.
3.1 оборудование (equipment): Машины, аппараты, стационарные или передвижные установки и устройства, элементы их систем управления и контрольно-измерительные приборы, системы обнаружения или предупреждения, которые совместно или раздельно предназначаются для выработки, передачи, хранения, измерения, контроля и преобразования энергии, а также для обработки материалов, способных вызвать взрыв от собственных источников воспламенения (ЕН 13237 [4] и ГОСТ Р ЕН 1127-2).
Примечание - Если оборудование, поставленное потребителю, включает в себя взаимосвязанные части, например крепежные детали, трубы и т.п., то они рассматриваются как часть оборудования.
3.14 оборудование (equipment): Машины, оборудование, фиксированные или передвижные устройства, управляющие элементы и средства измерений, регистрирующая или предотвращающая система, которые, отдельно или совместно, предназначены для генерирования, передачи, измерения, регулирования и преобразования энергии или обработки материала и потенциальные источники воспламенения которых могут вызвать взрыв.
Источник: ГОСТ Р МЭК 61241.10-2007: Электрооборудование, применяемое в зонах, опасных по воспламенению горючей пыли. Часть 10. Классификация зон, где присутствует или может присутствовать горючая пыль оригинал документа
3.2 оборудование (equipment): Машины, аппараты, стационарные или передвижные устройства, составляющие систем управления и аппаратура, устройства обнаружения и предупреждения, которые совместно или как отдельные единицы предназначены для генерирования, передачи, хранения, измерения, контроля и преобразования энергии и/или переработки материала и которые способны инициировать взрыв через свой собственный источник воспламенения.
Примечание - В настоящем стандарте термин «оборудование» включает в себя системы, предназначенные для поставок потребителю в качестве законченного объекта. Он также включает внешние электрические кабели и/или трубопроводы, образующие части таких систем. Искробезопасность электрических аппаратов и систем также входит в данное выше определение.
3.6 оборудование (equipment): Одна или несколько частей системы; элемент оборудования является единицей продукции производства, способной выполнять заданные функции самостоятельно или в составе системы.
(МЭК 61513, статья 3.17, модифицированное)
Источник: ГОСТ Р МЭК 61226-2011: Атомные станции. Системы контроля и управления, важные для безопасности. Классификация функций контроля и управления оригинал документа
3.1 оборудование (equipment): Машины или группы машин, включая элементы управления.
Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 17359-2009: Контроль состояния и диагностика машин. Общее руководство по организации контроля состояния и диагностирования оригинал документа
3.17 оборудование (equipment): Одна или более частей системы. Элемент оборудования - отдельная (обычно заменяемая) часть системы.
[МЭК 61226, модифицировано]
Примечание 1 - См. также «компонент», «система контроля и управления».
Примечание 2 - Оборудование может включать в себя программное обеспечение.
Примечание 3 - Термины «оборудование», «компонент» и «модуль» часто применяют как синонимы. Отношение между ними пока не стандартизованы.
Источник: ГОСТ Р МЭК 61513-2011: Атомные станции. Системы контроля и управления, важные для безопасности. Общие требования оригинал документа
3.14 оборудование (equipment): Машины, оборудование, фиксированные или передвижные устройства, управляющие элементы и средства измерений, регистрирующая или предотвращающая система, которые, отдельно или совместно, предназначены для генерирования, передачи, измерения, регулирования и преобразования энергии или обработки материала, и потенциальные источники воспламенения которых могут вызвать взрыв.
3.63 оборудование (equipment): Сущность, которая является автономной или связанной с автоматизированной системой и которая выполняет функции обработки, транспортирования или хранения материалов.
Источник: ГОСТ Р 54136-2010: Системы промышленной автоматизации и интеграция. Руководство по применению стандартов, структура и словарь оригинал документа
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > оборудование
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26 профессионально-техническая задача
Aviation medicine: technical-vocational taskУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > профессионально-техническая задача
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27 कर्मन् _karman
कर्मन् -m. Viśvakarmā; शक्रस्य नु सभा दिव्या भास्वरा कर्मनिर्मिता Mb.2.7.1. -n. [कृ-मनिन् Uṇ.4.144]1 Action, work, deed.-2 Execution, performance; प्रीतो$स्मि सो$हं यद् भुक्तं वनं तैः कृतकर्मभिः Rām.5.63.3.-3 Business, office, duty; संप्रति विषवैद्यानां कर्म M.4.-4 A religious rite (it may be either नित्य, नैमित्तिक or काम्य).-5 A specific action, moral duty.-6 (a) Performance of religious rites as opposed to speculative religion or knowledge of Brahman (opp. ज्ञान); अपरो दहृने स्वकर्मणां ववृते R.8.2. (b) Labour, work.-7 Product, result.-8 A natural or active property (as support of the earth).-9 Fate, the certain consequence of acts done in a former life; कर्मायत्तं फलं पुंसां बुद्धिः कर्मानुसारिणी Bh.2.89,94.-1 (In gram.) The object of of an action; कर्तुरीप्सिततमं कर्म P.I.4.49.-11 (In Vaiś. Phil.) Motion considered as one of the seven categories of things; (thus defined:-- एकद्रव्यमगुणं संयोगविभागेष्वनपेक्षकारणं कर्म Vaiś. Sūtra. (It is five-fold:-- उत्क्षेपणं ततो$वक्षेपणमाकुञ्चनं तथा । प्रसारणं च गमनं कर्माण्येतानि पञ्च च ॥ Bhāṣā P.6.)-12 Organ of sense. प्रजापतिर्ह कर्माणि ससृजे Bṛi. Up.1.5.21.-13 Organ of action; कर्माणि कर्मभिः कुर्वन् Bhāg.11.3.6.-14 (In Astr.) The tenth lunar mansion.-15 Practice, training; सर्वेषां कर्मणा वीर्यं जवस्तेजश्च वर्धते Kau. A.2.2.-Comp. -अक्षम a. incapable of doing anything.-अङ्गम् part of any act; part of a sacrificial rite (as प्रयाज of the Darśa sacrifice).-अधिकारः the right of performing religious rites.-अनुरूप a.1 according to action or any par- ticular office.-2 according to actions done in a pre- vious existence.-अनुष्ठानम् practising one's duties.-अनुसारः consequence of, or conformity to, acts.-अन्तः 1 the end of any business or task.-2 a work, busi- ness, execution of business.-3 a barn, a store of grain &c. Ms.7.62 (कर्मान्तः इक्षुधान्यादिसंग्रहस्थानम् Kull.)-4 cultivated ground.-5 a worker; कच्चिन्न सर्वे कर्मान्ताः Rām.2.1.52.-अन्तरम् 1 difference or contrariety of action.-2 penance, expiation.-3 suspension of a religious action.-4 another work or action; कर्मान्तर- नियुक्तासु निर्ममन्थ स्वयं दधि Bhāg.1.9.1.-अन्तिक a. final. (-कः) a servant, workman, Rām.1.13.7.-अपनुत्तिः f. removing, sending away of कर्म; जन्मकर्माप- नुत्तये Bhāg.12.2.17.-अर्ह a. fit or suitable to an act or the rite. (-र्हः) a man.-आख्या f. Name received from the act performed; तस्मात् छिन्नगमनो$श्वो$पि छाग इति कर्माख्या भविष्यति । ŚB. on MS.6.8.37.-आजीवः one who maintains himself by some profession (as that of an artisan &c.)-आत्मन् a. endowed with the princi- ples of action, active; कर्मात्मनां च देवानां सो$सृजत्प्राणिनां प्रभुः Ms.1.22. (-m.) the soul.-आयतनम् see कर्मेन्द्रियम्; शव्दः स्पर्शो रसो गन्धो रूपं चेत्यर्थजातयः । गत्युक्त्युत्सर्गशिल्पानि कर्मायतनसिद्धयः Bhāg.11.22.16.-आशयः receptacle or accumulation of (good and evil) acts; निर्हृत्य कर्माशयमाशु याति परां गतिम् Bhāg.1.46.32.-इन्द्रियम् an organ of action, as distinguished from ज्ञानेन्द्रिय; (they are:- वाक्पाणिपादपायूपस्थानि; Ms.2.99; see under इन्द्रिय also) कर्मेन्द्रियाणि संयम्य Bg.3.6,7.-उदारम् any valiant or noble act, magnanimity, prowess.-उद्युक्त a. busy, engaged, active, zealous.-करः 1 a hired labourer (a servant who is not a slave); आ तस्य गोः प्रतिदानात् कर्मकारी आगबीनः कर्मकरः Mbh. on P.V.2.14. कर्मकराः स्थपत्यादयः Pt.1; Śi.14.16.-2 Yama.-कर्तृ m. (in gram.) an agent who is at the same time the object of the action; e. g. पच्यते ओदनः, it is thus defined:- क्रियमाणं तु यत्कर्म स्वयमेव प्रसिध्यति । सुकरैः स्वैर्गुणैः कर्तुः कर्मकर्तेति तद्विदुः ॥ न चान्तरेण कर्मकर्तारं सकर्मका अकर्मका भवन्ति Mbh. on P.I.3.27-काण्डः, -ण्डम् that department of the Veda which relates to ceremonial acts and sacrificial rites and the merit arising from a due performance thereof.-कारः 1 one who does any business, a mechanic, artisan (technically a worker not hired).-2 any labourer in general (whether hired or not).-3 a black-smith; हरिणाक्षि कटाक्षेण आत्मानमवलोकय । न हि खङ्गो विजानाति कर्मकारं स्वकारणम् ॥ Udb.-4 a bull.-कारिन् m. a labourer, artisan, workman.-कार्मुकः, -कम् a strong bow.-कीलकः a washerman.-कृत्यम् activity, the state of active exertion; यः प्रथमः कर्मकृत्याय जज्ञे Av.4.24.6.-क्षम a. able to perform any work or duty; आत्मकर्मक्षमं देहं क्षात्रो धर्म इवाश्रितः R.1.13.-क्षेत्रम् the land of religious acts, i. e. भरतवर्ष; Bhāg.5.17.11. cf. कर्मभूमि.-गतिः f. the course of fate; अथ कर्मगतिं चित्रां दृष्ट्वा$स्य हसितं मया Ks.59.159.-गृहीत a. caught in the very act (as a thief.).-ग्रन्थिः f. a term in Jaina metaphysics connoting 'weakness in the form of वासनाs produced by अज्ञान'.-घातः leaving off or suspending work.-च(चा)ण्डालः 1 'base in deed', a man of very low acts or deeds; Vasiṣṭha mentions these kinds:-- असूयकः पिशुनश्च कृतघ्नो दीर्घरोषकः । चत्वारः कर्मचाण्डाला जन्मतश्चापि पञ्चमः ॥-2 one who com- mits an atrocious deed; अपूर्वकर्मचण्डालमयि मुग्धे विमुच्च माम् U.1.46.-3 N. of Rāhu.-चेष्टा active exertion, action. कर्मचेष्टास्वहः Ms.1.66.-चोदना 1 The motive impelling one to ritual acts. ज्ञानं ज्ञेयं परिज्ञाता त्रिविधा कर्मचोदना Bg.18.18.-2 any positive rule enjoining a religious act.-च्छेदः The loss caused by absence on duty; Kau. A.2.7.-जः a. resulting from an act; सिद्धिर्भवति कर्मजा Bg.4.12. कर्मजा गतयो नॄणामुत्तमाधममध्यमाः Ms.12.3.(-जः) 1 the holy fig-tree.-2 the Kali age.-3 the banian tree.-4 the effect arising from human acts:-- संयोग, विभाग &c.-5 heaven.-6 hell.-ज्ञ a. one acquaint- ed with religious rites.-त्यागः renunciation of worldly duties or ceremonial acts.-दुष्ट a. corrupt in action, wick- ed, immoral, disrespectable.-देवः a god through religious action; ये शतं गन्धर्वलोक आनन्दाः स एकः कर्मदेवानामानन्दः Bṛi. Up.4.3.33.-दोषः 1 sin, vice; अवेक्षेत गतीर्नॄणां कर्मदोष- समुद्भवाः Ms.6.61,95.-2 an error, defect, or blunder (in doing an act); कर्मदोषैर्न लिप्यते Ms.1,14.-3 evil consequence of human acts.-4 discreditable conduct.-धारयः N. of a compound, a subdivision of Tatpu- ruṣa, (in which the members of the compound are in apposition) तत्पुरुषः समानाधिकरणः कर्मधारयः P.I. 2.42. तत्पुरुष कर्म धारय येनाहं स्यां बहुव्रीहिः Udb.-ध्वंसः 1 loss of fruit arising from religious acts.-2 dis- appointment.-नामन् (in gram.) a participal noun.-नामधेयम् N. of an act or sacrifice. These names are not arbitrary or technical such as गुण and वृद्धि but are always significant; सर्वेष्वेव कर्मनामधेयेषु अर्थसमन्वयेनानुवाद- भूतो नामशद्बो वर्तते, न लौकिकार्थतिरस्कारेण परिभाषामात्रेण वृद्धिगुणवत् ŚB. on MS.1.6.41.-नाशा N. of a river between Kaśi and Bihar.-निश्चयः a decision of action; न लेमे कर्मनिश्चयम् Bm.1.648.-निषद्या a manufactory; Kau. A.2.4.-निष्ठ a. devoted to the performance of religious acts; अग्निर्वीरं श्रुत्यं कर्मनिष्ठाम् Rv.1.8.1; Ms.3.134.-न्यासः renunciation of the result of religious acts.-पथः 1 the direction or source of an action.-2 the path of religious rites (opp. ज्ञानमार्ग).-पाकः ripening of actions, reward of actions done in a former life; Pt.1.372.-प्रवचनीयः a term for certain prepositions, particles, or ad- verbs when they are not connected with verbs and govern a noun in some case; literally-the term means, 'Concerned with the setting forth of an action'. According to Indian grammarians it means 'that which spoke of an action (क्रियां प्रोक्तवन्तः)' e. g. आ in आ मुक्तेः संसारः is a कर्मप्रवचनीय; so अनु in जपमनु प्रावर्षत् &c; कर्म प्रोक्तवन्तः कर्मप्रवचनीया इति Mbh. on P.I.4.83. cf. उपसर्ग, गति and निपात also.-फलम् 1 fruit or reward of actions done in a former life; (pain, pleasure); न मे कर्मफले स्पृहा Bg.4.14;5.12;6.1; ˚फलत्याग Bg.12.11,18.2; ˚फलत्यागिन् Bg.18.11; ˚फलप्रेप्सुः Bg.18.27; ˚फलसंयोग Bg.5.14; ˚फलहेतु Bg.2.47. एवं संचिन्त्य मनसा प्रेत्य कर्मफलोदयम् Ms.11.231.-2 the fruit of Averrhoa Carambola (Mar. कर्मर); also कर्मरङ्ग.-बन्धः, -बन्धनम् confinement to repeated birth, as the consequence of religious acts, good or bad (by which the soul is attached to worldly plea- sures &c.); बुद्ध्या युक्तो यथा पार्थ कर्मबन्धं प्रहास्यति Bg.2.39.-भूः, -भूमिः f.1 the land of religious rites, i. e. भरतवर्ष, this world (a place for man's probation); प्राप्येमां कर्मभूमिम् Bh.2.1; K.174,319.-2 ploughed ground.-मासः the Calendar month of thirty days.-मीमांसा the Mīmāṁsā of ceremonial acts; see मीमांसा.-मूलम् a kind of sacred grass called कुश.-युगम् the fourth (the present) age of the world, i. e. the Kaliyuga.-योगः 1 performance of actions, worldly and religious rites; कर्मयोगेन योगिनाम् Bg.3.3;3.7;5.2;13.24.-2 active exertion, industry; Ms.1.115.-वचनम् (with Buddhists) the ritual.-वज्रः an epithet of a Śūdra.-वशः fate considered as the inevitable result of actions done in a former life.-वाटी a lunar day (तिथि).-विपाक = कर्मपाक.-शाला a work-shop.-शील, -शूर a. assiduous, active, laborious; cf. कर्म- शीलस्तु कर्मठे । Nm.-शौचम् humility.-श्रुतिः f. The word expressive of the act; कर्मश्रुतेः परार्थत्वात् MS.11. 2.6. (read या अत्र कर्मश्रुतिः दर्शपूर्णमासाभ्यामिति सा परार्था तृतीया-योगात् &c. शबर).-सङ्गः attachment to worldly duties and their results. तन्निबध्नाति... कर्मसङ्गेन Bg.14.7.-सचिवः a minister.-संन्यासिकः, -संन्यासिन् m.1 a religious person who has withdrawn from every kind of worldly act.-2 an ascetic who performs religious deeds without looking to their reward.-साक्षिन् m.1 an eyewitness; वह्निर्विवाहं प्रति कर्मसाक्षी Ku.7.83.-2 one who witnesses the good or bad actions of man; आदित्य भो लोककृताकृतज्ञ लोकस्य सत्यानृप- कर्मसाक्षिन् Rām.3.63.16. (There are nine divinities which are said to witness and watch over all human actions; सूर्यः सोमो यमः कालो महाभूतानि पञ्च च । एते शुभाशुभ- स्येह कर्मणो नव साक्षिणः ॥)-सिद्धिः f. accomplishment of any business or desired object; success. स्वकर्मसिद्धिं पुनरा- शशंसे Ku.-स्थानम् a public office, a place of business. -
28 ufficio
m (pl -ci) officeufficio cambi bureau de changeufficio oggetti smarriti lost propertyufficio postale post officeufficio stampa press officeufficio di collocamento Jobcentreufficio turistico tourist information office* * *ufficio s.m.1 ( struttura burocratica, posto di lavoro) office; ( reparto) department; ( edificio, locali) (office) premises (pl.): domani sarò in ufficio alle otto, I'll be in the office tomorrow at eight; l'ufficio chiude a mezzogiorno, the office closes at noon; hanno un ufficio in affitto vicino alla stazione, they rent premises near the station; mobili per ufficio, office furniture; orario d'ufficio, office hours // (amm.): ufficio centrale, central office; ufficio distaccato, di zona, branch (o field) office; ufficio contabile, accounting office; ufficio governativo, government office (o bureau); uffici doganali, customs house; ufficio imposte, tax office; ufficio legale, legal office (o department); ufficio tecnico, technical department, ( di impresa) production engineering department; ufficio turistico, viaggi, tourist, travel office; ufficio acquisti, purchase department; ufficio commerciale, vendite, sales office (o department); ufficio cassa, cashier's office; ufficio del personale, personnel department; ufficio di rappresentanza, representative office; ufficio pubblicità, advertising office (o department)2 ( carica, funzione) office, task, function, job, post, position: l'ufficio di direttore, di ministro, the office of director, of minister; accettare, rifiutare un ufficio, to accept, to refuse an office; conferire un ufficio, to appoint to an office; sospendere qlcu. dall'ufficio, to suspend s.o. from his post // d'ufficio, officially: doveri d'ufficio, office (o official) duties; ragioni d'ufficio, official reasons; segreto d'ufficio, official secret; omissione d'atti d'ufficio, failure to perform official duties; mettersi in contatto con qlcu. d'ufficio, to get in touch with s.o. officially // (dir.): reato perseguibile d'ufficio, indictable offence; nominato d'ufficio, appointed by the court; difensore d'ufficio, consel appointed by the court (o public defender); procedimento ( penale) d'ufficio, prosecution ex officio3 ( dovere) duty: adempiere al proprio ufficio, to do one's duty; fuori ufficio, off duty; è ufficio del giudice essere imparziale, it is the duty of a judge to be impartial4 ( intervento): interporre i propri uffici a favore di qlcu., to intercede on s.o.'s. behalf; buoni uffici, good offices; per merito dei suoi buoni uffici ottenni questo posto, thanks to his good offices I got this post5 (eccl.) → uffizio.* * *1) (locale di lavoro) office, bureau*; (settore di una compagnia) department, sectionufficio acquisti, (del) personale — purchasing department, personnel (department)
lavoro d'ufficio — clerical work, deskwork (anche spreg.)
orario di ufficio — office o business hours
2) (incarico, carica) officesospendere qcn. da un ufficio — to suspend sb. from his post
3) (autorità)d'ufficio — [pensionamento, licenziamento] compulsory
abuso d'ufficio — abuse of authority, misfeasance
avvocato d'ufficio — duty solicitor BE, public defender AE
4) form. (favore, intervento)5) relig. office, service•* * *ufficiopl. -ci /uf'fit∫o, t∫i/sostantivo m.1 (locale di lavoro) office, bureau*; (settore di una compagnia) department, section; ufficio acquisti, (del) personale purchasing department, personnel (department); lavoro d'ufficio clerical work, deskwork (anche spreg.); orario di ufficio office o business hours2 (incarico, carica) office; ufficio pubblico public office; ufficio di giudice justiceship; sospendere qcn. da un ufficio to suspend sb. from his post3 (autorità) d'ufficio [pensionamento, licenziamento] compulsory; abuso d'ufficio abuse of authority, misfeasance; avvocato d'ufficio duty solicitor BE, public defender AE5 relig. office, service; l'ufficio funebre the office for the deadufficio del catasto land office; ufficio di collocamento employment exchange; ufficio informazioni information bureau; ufficio postale post office; ufficio stampa press office; ufficio del turismo tourist (information) office. -
29 потерять популярность
Потерять популярность-- Equipment was primitive and the coloring materials lacked technical development. Results were often a bad dispersion with a streaky effect, and the method fell into disrepute. Потребитель - consumer; customer (заказчик); user (пользователь)Under the auspices of the Task Force, industry representatives met with consumer group leaders to discuss these issues.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > потерять популярность
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30 штат служащих
Персонал, помогающий руководителю в выполнении поставленной задачи. Сюда входят конторские служащие, секретари, технический и административно-управленческий персонал. — The personnel who assist a director in carrying out an assigned task. This includes clerical, secretarial, technical and managerial personnel.
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31 ἐπέχω
A , D. 45.88: [tense] aor. ἐπέσχον, imper. ἐπίσχες, inf. ἐπισχεῖν; poet. (lyr.),ἐπέσχεθον A.R.4.1622
: [tense] pf.ἐπέσχηκα Supp.Epigr. 1.362.12
(Samos, iv B.C.):— have or hold upon, θρῆνυν.., τῷ κεν ἐπισχοίης (v.l. ἐπίσχοιας)λιπαροὺς πόδας Il.14.241
, cf. Od.17.410; ποτῷ κρωσσὸν ἐ. hold it to or for.., Theoc.13.46; λόγον ζωῆς ἐπέχοντες (sc. κόσμῳ) holding it out like a torch, Ep.Phil.2.16:—[voice] Med., hold by,χειρός A.R.4.751
.II hold out to, present, offer,οἶνον ἐπισχών Il. 9.489
;ἐπέσχε τε οἶνον ἐρυθρόν Od.16.444
;κοτύλην.. ἐπέσχε Il.22.494
; εἴ ποτέ τοι.. μαζὸν ἐπέσχον ib.83, cf. E.Andr. 225; also γάλακτι δ' οὐκ ἐπέσχον οὐδὲ μαστῷ τροφεῖα ματρός I offered not mother's food with my breast, Id. Ion 1492: c. inf.,πιεῖν ἐπέσχον Ar.Nu. 1382
: abs., Id. Pax 1167:—[voice] Med., ἐπισχόμενος (sc. τὴν κύλικα) ἐξέπιεν having put it to his lips, Pl.Phd. 117c, cf. Stesich.7, A.R.1.472, Luc.Tox.37;ἐπὶ χείλεσι.. μαστὸν ἐπισχομένη Euph.92
; present a sum of money, τῇ πόλει Supp.Epigr.l.c.3 simply, hold, ([place name] Panticapaeum); of writings, contain, Philostr.VS2.24.2, cf. 2.9.1.4 enjoin, impose a task, c. dat. pers., Procop.Arc.17, Vand.1.8.III hold or direct towards,ἔπεχε τόξον σκοπῷ Pi.O.2.89
;ἄλλῳ ἐπεῖχε τόξα E.HF 984
:— [voice] Med., abs., ἐπισχόμενος βάλεν ἰῷ having aimed at him he hit him, Od.22.15.b intr., aim at, attack, τί μοι ὧδ' ἐπέχεις; why thus launch out against me? 19.71; in tmesi,ἐπὶ αὐτῷ πάντες ἔχωμεν 22.75
;ἀλλήλοις ἐ. Hes.Th. 711
;ἄνδρα ἐπέχοντα τῷ Πύρρῳ Plu.Pyrrh. 16
;ἐπέχειν ἐπί τινα Hdt.9.59
;τὰς ἐπὶ σφίσι ναῦς ἐπεχούσας Th.8.105
;πρός τι Plu.Ant.66
: c. dat., ἀκτῇσιν ἐπέσχεθον held straight for the beach, A.R.4.1766: abs., E.Ba. 1131.2 ἐπέχειν τὴν διάνοιαν ἐπί τινι direct one's mind to a thing, Pl.Lg. 926b;τῷ πολέμῳ τὴν γνώμην Plu.Aem.8
, etc.; also ἐ. ἑαυτόν τινι attend to him, Pl.R. 399b codd.b abs., ἐπέχειν (sc. τὸν νοῦν) intend, purpose, c. inf.,ἐπεῖχε ἐλλάμψεσθαι Hdt.1.80
, cf. 153, 6.96: c. dat. rei, to be intent upon, ταῖς ἀρχαῖς, διαβάσει, etc., Ar.Lys. 490, Plb.3.43.2, etc.IV hold back, keep in check,ἐπέσχε δὲ καλὰ ῥέεθρα Il. 21.244
;καὶ πῶς ἐπέσχε χεῖρα μαιμῶσαν φόνου; S.Aj.50
; ἐπισχὼν ἡνίαν ib. 847;ἐπίσχωμεν τὸ πλεῖν Id.Ph. 881
; ;οὐκ ἐφέξετε στόμα; Id.Hec. 1283
; χρησμοὺς ἐ. withhold them, Id.Ph. 866; ἐπέχειν τινὰ τῷ ξύλῳ keep him down with the stick, Ar. Pax 1121;τὸ εὐθέως ἐπιχειρεῖν Th.7.33
; confine, as the earth a corpse, AP7.461 (Mel.);ἐ. τῇ χειρὶ τὸ στόμα
cover,Plu.
Cat.Mi.28;ἐπέχομεν τὴν ἐκπνοήν Gal.6.172
;τὰς διαχωρήσεις ἐ. Id.Vict.Att.12
:—[voice] Med.,ἐπισχόμενος τὰ ὦτα Pl.Smp. 216a
:—[voice] Pass.,τοῦ βάθους ἐπεσχημένου J. AJ5.1.3
; to be prevented, hindered,ὑπό τινος PFreib.11.13
(iv A.D.); of the menses, Gal.1.184.b stay or adjourn proceedings,τὰ πρὸς Ἀργείους Th.5.46
; τὴν ζημίαν καὶ τὴν κατασκαφήν ib.63;τὴν δίαιταν D.21.84
; suspend payments, in [voice] Pass., PTeb.337.4 (ii/iii A.D.), cf. PGiss.48.11 (iii A.D.).cἐ. τινά τινος
stop, hinder from,E.
Andr. 160, Ar.Lys. 742, D.S.13.87: c. inf., σε μήτε νὺξ μήτε ἡμέρα ἐπισχέτω ὥστε ἀνεῖναι.. let them not stop thee so that thou neglect.., Th.1.129;ἐ. τινὰ μὴ πράσσειν τι S.El. 517
, Ph. 349; :—[voice] Pass., μηδενὸς ἐπεχομένου no objection being taken, PTeb.327.37 (ii A.D.).d impers., there is a hindrance,Astramps.
Orac.97.3.2 abs., stay, pause,Ἀντίνοος δ' ἔτ' ἐπεῖχε Od.21.186
; refrain, Hdt.1.32, 5.51, 7.139; εἰ δ' ἐφέξετον if you tarry, S.El. 1369, etc.: folld. by a Conj., esp. in imper., ἐπίσχες ἢν.. wait and see whether.., E.Supp. 397;ἐπίσχες ἔστ' ἂν.. προσμάθῃς A.Pr. 697
;ἐ. ἕως.. D.4.1
;μέχρι τοσούτου ἔως.. Th.1.90
; ἐπίσχες, abs., hold! stop! A.Ch. 896, S.OC 856, etc.;ἐπίσχετε, μηδὲ συρίξητε Timocl.2.6D.
;ἐπίσχετον, μάθωμεν S.Ph. 539
, cf. E. Hipp. 567; in part.,ἐπισχὼν ὀλίγον χρόνον Hdt.1.132
, al.; τὸ ἐπισχεῖν, opp. τὸ παραχρῆμα, Antipho 5.73; οὐ πολὺν χρόνον ἐπισχὼν ἧκεν came after a short interval, Pl.Phd. 59e; μικρὸν ἐπισχόντα διεφθείροντο they very shortly died, Thphr.HP4.4.13, cf. Diocl.Fr.43; in Th.2.81 οὐκ ἐπέσχον τὸ στρατόπεδον καταλαβεῖν did not halt for the purpose of occupying a camp (unless it, = ' had no intention of occupying').b c. gen. rei, stop or cease from,ἐπίσχες τοῦ δρόμου Ar.Av. 1200
;τῆς πορείας X.Cyr.4.2.12
;τούτου Th.8.31
; alsoἐ. περί τινος Id.5.32
, cf. 8.5: so c. inf., leave off, cease to do, X.Mem.3.6.10: c. part., cease doing,ἀναλῶν οὐκ ἐφέξεις Ar.Eq. 915
(lyr.), cf. E.Ph. 449.c as technical term of the Sceptics, suspend judgement, doubt, Str.2.1.11, Ph.1.387, S.E.P.1.196;ἐ. ἐν τοῖς ἀδήλοις Plu. 2.955c
;< πρὸς> τὰ ἄδηλα Arr. Epict.1.7.5
.3 [voice] Med., maintain reserve,ἐπείχετο [ἡ σύγκλητος] κατὰ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους Plb.30.19.17
(s. v.l.).V reach or extend over a space,ἐπτὰ δ' ἐπέσχε πέλεθρα Il. 21.407
; ὁπόσσον ἐπέσχε πυρὸς μένος so far as the fire reached, 23.238, cf. Hdt.7.19, Th.2.77, f.l. in Hp.Aër.5, etc.: [tense] aor. [voice] Med., ἐπέσχετο he lay outstretched, Hes. Th. 177; prevailed over..,Epigr.Gr.
793.5 ([place name] Apollonia);ἀφορία ἐ. τὸν βίον Longin.44.1
.VI have power over, occupy a country,οἱ Σκύθαι τὴν Ἀσίην πᾶσαν ἐπέσχον Hdt.1.104
, cf. 108, 8.32, Th.2.101, 7.62, etc.; of things, ἐπ' ὀκτὼ μῆνας Κυρηναίους ὀπώρη ἐ. occupies or engages them, Hdt.4.199;τὴν πόλιν ἐπεῖχε κλαυθμός Plu.Oth.17
; ὧν τὰς χρόας τὸἡμερινὸν φῶς ἐ.
overspreads,Pl.
R. 508c:κραυγῆς ἐπεχούσης τὴν ἐκκλησίαν D.S.13.87
; : generally, occupy, τὴν κρατίστην μοῖραν ἐ. hold the foremost place, Longin.9.1, cf. 44.12;ὕλης ἐ. τάξιν Stoic.3.27
;τὴν γῆν κέντρου λόγον ἐπέχουσαν D.L.7.155
, cf. Placit.3.Praef.;τὸν τέλειον ἐ. λόγον Gal.19.160
; δίκην ἐπέχειν ἡμᾶς φυτῶν we are like plants, MenoIatr. 6.18.2 abs., prevail, predominate,ἢν μὴ λαμπρὸς ἄνεμος ἐπέχῃ Hdt.2.96
; ; πάντῃ ἐπεῖχε γαλήνη Timo 63; [τῶν νεῶν] ἐπὶ πολὺ τῆς θαλάσσης ἐπεχουσῶν
being spread over..,Th.
1.50;τὴν [τύχην].., ἣ νῦν ἐπέχει D.18.253
;ἐτησίων ἐπεχόντων Plb.5.5.6
.b of Time, continue,τὴν θύραν ἐπεῖχε κρούων Ar.Ec. 317
; continuously,Pl.
Tht. 165e;ἐπὶ πλείους ἡμέρας ὁ σεισμὸς ἐπεῖχεν D.C.68.25
; σκότος, νὺξ ἐπέσχε, came on, Plu.Mar.20, Crass.30, etc. -
32 Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich von
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Photography, film and optics, Public utilities[br]b. 24 August 1772 Durlach, Baden, Germanyd. 21 May 1826 Munich, Germany[br]German engineer.[br]While he was attending the Military School at Mannheim, Reichenbach drew attention to himself due to the mathematical instruments that he had designed. On the recommendation of Count Rumford in Munich, the Bavarian government financed a two-year stay in Britain so that Reichenbach could become acquainted with modern mechanical engineering. He returned to Mannheim in 1793, and during the Napoleonic Wars he was involved in the manufacture of arms. In Munich, where he was in the service of the Bavarian state from 1796, he started producing precision instruments in his own time. His basic invention was the design of a dividing machine for circles, produced at the end of the eighteenth century. The astronomic and geodetic instruments he produced excelled all the others for their precision. His telescopes in particular, being perfect in use and of solid construction, soon brought him an international reputation. They were manufactured at the MathematicMechanical Institute, which he had jointly founded with Joseph Utzschneider and Joseph Liebherr in 1804 and which became a renowned training establishment. The glasses and lenses were produced by Joseph Fraunhofer who joined the company in 1807.In the same year he was put in charge of the technical reorganization of the salt-works at Reichenhall. After he had finished the brine-transport line from Reichenhall to Traunstein in 1810, he started on the one from Berchtesgaden to Reichenhall which was an extremely difficult task because of the mountainous area that had to be crossed. As water was the only source of energy available he decided to use water-column engines for pumping the brine in the pipes of both lines. Such devices had been in use for pumping purposes in different mining areas since the middle of the eighteenth century. Reichenbach knew about the one constructed by Joseph Karl Hell in Slovakia, which in principle had just been a simple piston-pump driven by water which did not work satisfactorily. Instead he constructed a really effective double-action water-column engine; this was a short time after Richard Trevithick had constructed a similar machine in England. For the second line he improved the system and built a single-action pump. All the parts of it were made of metal, which made them easy to produce, and the pumps proved to be extremely reliable, working for over 100 years.At the official opening of the line in 1817 the Bavarian king rewarded him generously. He remained in the state's service, becoming head of the department for roads and waterways in 1820, and he contributed to the development of Bavarian industry as well as the public infrastructure in many ways as a result of his mechanical skill and his innovative engineering mind.[br]Further ReadingBauernfeind, "Georg von Reichenbach" Allgemeine deutsche Biographie 27:656–67 (a reliable nineteenth-century account).W.Dyck, 1912, Georg v. Reichenbach, Munich.K.Matschoss, 1941, Grosse Ingenieure, Munich and Berlin, 3rd edn. 121–32 (a concise description of his achievements in the development of optical instruments and engineering).WKBiographical history of technology > Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich von
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33 σκηνοποιός
σκηνοποιός, οῦ, ὁ① maker of stage properties (acc. to Pollux 7, 189 the Old Comedy used the word as a synonym for μηχανοποιός=either a ‘stagehand’ who moved stage properties [as Aristoph., Pax 174] or a ‘manufacturer of stage properties’. Associated terms include σκηνογράφος Diog. L. 2, 125 and σκηνογραφία Arist., Poet. 1449a and Polyb. 12, 28a, 1, in ref. to painting of stage scenery) Ac 18:3. But if one understands σκηνή not as ‘scene’ but as ‘tent’ and considers it improbable that Prisca, Aquila, and Paul would have practiced such a trade in the face of alleged religious objections (s. Schürer II 54–55 on Jewish attitudes towards theatrical productions), one would follow the traditional rendering② tentmaker. This interpretation has long enjoyed favor (s. Lampe s.v.; REB, NRSV; Hemer, Acts 119, 233), but several considerations militate against it. The term σκηνοποιός is not used outside the Bible (and its influence), except for Pollux (above) and Herm. Wr. 516, 10f=Stob. I, 463, 7ff. There it appears as an adj. and in a figurative sense concerning production of a dwelling appropriate for the soul. The context therefore clearly indicates a structure as the primary component, but in the absence of such a qualifier in Ac 18:3 it is necessary to take account of words and expressions that similarly contain the terms σκηνή and ποιεῖν. A survey of usage indicates that σκηνή appears freq. as the obj. of ποιέω in the sense ‘pitch’ or ‘erect a tent’ (s. ποιέω 1a; act. σκηνοποιέω Is 13:20 Sym. οὐδὲ σκηνοποιήσει ἐκεῖ ῎ Αραψ; 22:15 Sym.; mid. σκηνοποιέομαι Aristot., Meteor. 348b, 35; Clearch., Fgm. 48 W.; Polyb. 14, 1, 7; Diod S 3, 27, 4; Ps.-Callisth. 2, 9, 8.—Cp. σκηνοποιί̈α Aeneas Tact. 8, 3; Polyb. 6, 28, 3; ins, RevArch 3, ’34, 40; and acc. to the text. trad. of Dt 31:10 as an alternate expr. for σκηνοπηγία.—Ex 26:1, it is granted, offers clear evidence of use of the non-compounded σκηνή + ποιέω in the sense ‘produce’ or ‘manufacture [not pitch] a tent’, but the context makes the meaning unmistakable; cp. Herodian 7, 2, 4 on the building of rude housing). Analogously σκηνοποιός would mean ‘one who pitches or erects tents’, linguistically a more probable option than that of ‘tentmaker’, but in the passages cited for σκηνοποιέω and σκηνοποιί̈α components in the context (cp. the case for provision of housing in the Hermetic pass.) clearly point to the denotation ‘pitching of tents’, whereas Ac 18:3 lacks such a clear qualifier. Moreover, it is questionable whether residents of nomadic areas would depend on specialists to assist in such a common task (s. Mt 17:4 par. where a related kind of independent enterprise is mentioned).—That Prisca, Aquila, and Paul might have been engaged in the preparation of parts for the production of a tent is also improbable, since such tasks would have been left to their hired help. That they might have been responsible for putting a tent together out of various pieces is ruled out by the availability of the term σκηνορράφος (Ael., VH 2, 1 et al.; Bull. Inst. Arch. Bulg. 8, 69) in the sense of stitching together (the verb ἐπιτελεῖν Hb 8:5 does not support such a view, for it is not an alternate expr. for ‘production’ of a tent but denotes ‘completion’ of a project, connoting a strong sense of religious commitment; see ἐπιτελέω 2) in which the component ῥαφ-provides an unmistakable qualifier.—In modern times more consideration has been given to identification of Paul’s trade as ‘leather-worker’, an interpretation favored by numerous versions and patristic writings (s. Zahn, AG, ad loc.; L-S-J-M Suppl., s.v., as replacement for their earlier ‘tentmaker’; Haenchen, ad loc., after JJeremias, ZNW 30, ’31; Hock, s. below). As such he would make tents and other products from leather (Hock [s. below] 21). But this and other efforts at more precise definition, such as weaver of tent-cloth (a view no longer in fashion) may transmit reflections of awareness of local practice in lieu of semantic precision.—In the absence of any use of the term σκηνοποιός, beyond the pass. in Pollux and the Herm. Wr., and the lack of specific qualifiers in the text of Ac 18:3, one is left with the strong probability that Luke’s publics in urban areas, where theatrical productions were in abundance, would think of σκηνοποιός in ref. to matters theatrical (s. 1). In addition, Ac 20:34; 1 Cor 4:12; 1 Th 2:9; 2 Th 3:8 indicate that Paul’s work was of a technical nature and was carried out in metropolitan areas, where there would be large demand for such kind of work. What publics in other areas might understand is subject to greater question, for the evidence is primarily anecdotal.—JWeiss, Das Urchristentum 1917, 135; FGrosheide, Παῦλος σκηνοποιός: TSt 35, 1917, 241f; Zahn, AG II 632, 10; 634; Billerb. II 745–47; Beginn. IV, 223; PLampe, BZ 31, ’87, 211–21; RHock, The Social Context of Paul’s Ministry: Tentmaking and Apostleship ’80.—M-M. TW.
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