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technical+component

  • 1 Technical Component

    Electronics: TC

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Technical Component

  • 2 техническая деталь

    1) General subject: technicality
    2) Engineering: technic, technical point
    3) Advertising: technical component
    4) Makarov: technical

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > техническая деталь

  • 3 Teilegutachten

    n
    technical component report

    Deutsch-Englisches Wörterbuch > Teilegutachten

  • 4 компонентная база

    Русско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > компонентная база

  • 5 общая оценка за компоненты программы

    1. Program Component Score (PCS)

     

    общая оценка за компоненты программы
    В фигурном катании, помимо оценок за технические аспекты (общей оценки за технику) судейская бригада выставляет также пять оценок за компоненты программы (общую оценку за компоненты программы), каждый из которых оценивается по десятибалльной шкале с шагом 0,25: базовый уровень катания, связующие элементы, хореография, прокат/выполнение и выразительность.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    Program Component Score (PCS)
    In figure skating, judges mark not only the technical aspects (total element score), but also five program components (program component score): basic skating skills, transitions, choreography, performance/execution and interpretation. Each component is awarded a raw mark from 0 to 10 in increments of 0.25.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > общая оценка за компоненты программы

  • 6 publicación

    f.
    1 publication, bulletin, journal, periodical.
    2 broadcast, announcement, posting.
    3 publishing, putting forth.
    * * *
    1 publication
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    * * *
    femenino publication
    * * *
    = item, launch, publication, publication, publishing, issuance, printed work.
    Ex. A catalogue is a list of the materials or items in a library, with the entries representing the items arranged in some systematic order.
    Ex. A gathering of 10 CD-ROM application developers resulted in the launch of the CD-ROM Standards and Practices Action Group.
    Ex. A collection is two or more independent works or parts of works by one or more than one author published together and not written for the same occasion or for the publication in hand = Una colección son dos o más obras o partes de obras independientes de uno o más autores publicadas juntas y que no ha sido escritas para la misma ocasión o para la publicación en cuestión.
    Ex. In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex. It embodied programmes in secretarial studies, publishing, office management and graphic design.
    Ex. The date of publication must be inferred from the date of issuance or coverage on a periodical.
    Ex. The last mentioned covers, with certain provisos, periodical articles, other printed works, and copies for other libraries.
    ----
    * agencia de publicación = issuing bureau.
    * área de publicación = publication, distribution etc. area.
    * area de publicación o distribución = imprint.
    * artículo de publicación periódica = journal article, periodical article.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en las publicaciones seriadas = serials librarianship.
    * canales de publicación = publishing channels.
    * Catalogación en Publicación (CEP) = Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP).
    * catalogador de publicaciones seriadas = serials cataloguer.
    * catálogo de publicaciones = publication(s) list.
    * catálogo de publicaciones periódicas = serials catalogue.
    * cese de publicación de una revista = title cessation.
    * circulación de publicaciones periódicas = periodical routing.
    * colección de publicaciones monográficas = monograph stock.
    * colección de publicaciones periódicas = periodical stock, periodical collection.
    * comportamiento de publicación = publication behaviour.
    * control de la circulación de publicaciones seriadas = serials circulation control.
    * control de publicaciones periódicas = periodicals control.
    * control de publicaciones seriadas = serials control, periodicals inventory control.
    * departamento de publicaciones = publishing arm.
    * de próxima publicación = about to be published.
    * de reciente publicación = recently published, recently released, newly published.
    * Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional para Publicaciones Seria = ISBD(S) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Serials).
    * directorio de publicaciones periódicas = serials directory.
    * edición de publicaciones periódicas = serials publishing.
    * editor de publicación = publishing editor.
    * editor de publicaciones electrónicas = electronic publisher [e-publisher].
    * exceso de publicaciones = overpublishing.
    * explosión de las publicaciones = publication explosion.
    * explosión de las publicaciones, la = literature explosion, the.
    * expurgo de publicaciones periódicas = periodical collection weeding.
    * fecha de publicación = age, date of issue, date of publication.
    * fichero de control de publicaciones periódicas = periodicals file [periodical file], periodical holdings file.
    * fondos de publicaciones periódicas = serial holdings.
    * hábito de publicación = publishing habit.
    * índice de impacto de una publicación periódica = periodical impact factor.
    * índice de publicaciones periódicas = periodical index.
    * industria de las publicaciones periódicas, la = serial industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones seriadas, la = serials industry, the.
    * ISSN (Número Internacional Normalizado para Publicaciones Seriadas) = ISSN (International Standard Serial Number).
    * libertad de publicación = freedom to publish.
    * lista de publicaciones = publication(s) list.
    * lugar de publicación = place of publication.
    * módulo de control de publicaciones seriadas = serials control system, serials control system, serials control module.
    * no cumplir con el plazo de publicación = miss + publication deadline.
    * número de publicaciones = publication count.
    * parte de una publicación = component part.
    * pedido de publicaciones periódicas = serials ordering.
    * Programa Nacional para las Publicaciones Seriadas (NSDP) = National Serials Data Program (NSDP).
    * publicación académica = academic publication.
    * publicación científica = scholarly publication, scientific publication, scientific paper, research publication.
    * publicación comercial = trade publication.
    * publicación de documentos del gobierno = government publishing.
    * publicación de documentos oficiales = official publishing.
    * publicación del gobierno = government publication.
    * publicación de movimiento = movement publication.
    * publicación de recensiones bibliográficas = reviewing source.
    * publicación de reseñas bibliográficas = reviewing source.
    * publicación de resúmenes = abstracting and indexing publication, abstracting publication.
    * publicación de una noticia dos veces = crossposting [cross-posting].
    * publicación digital = digital publication.
    * publicación divulgativa = trade publication.
    * publicación electrónica = electronic publication [e-publication].
    * publicación en Internet = Web publishing.
    * publicación en la web = Web publishing.
    * publicación en microfilm = microfilm publication.
    * publicación en papel = paper publication.
    * publicación en prensa = forthcoming title.
    * publicación en publicaciones periódicas = serials publishing.
    * publicaciones = literature, publishing activity.
    * publicaciones académicas electrónicas = electronic scholarship [e-scholarship].
    * publicaciones alternativas = alternative publications.
    * publicaciones científicas electrónicas = electronic scholarship [e-scholarship].
    * publicaciones del parlamento = Command papers, parliamentary papers.
    * publicaciones divulgativas = trade literature.
    * publicaciones electrónicas = electronic publishing (e-publishing).
    * publicación especializada = specialised publication, specialist publication.
    * publicaciones periódicas = journal literature, periodical literature, serial literature.
    * publicación gratuita = free publication.
    * publicación gubernamental = government publication.
    * publicación mensual = monthly publication.
    * publicación no periódica = non-periodical publication.
    * publicación no seriada = non-serial.
    * publicación oficial = government publication, official publication.
    * publicación periódica = periodical, periodical title, serial, periodical publication.
    * publicación periódica electrónica = electronic serial.
    * publicación periódica en curso = current periodical.
    * publicación quinquenal = quinquennial.
    * publicación según la demanda = on-demand publishing.
    * publicación seriada = serial, serial publication, serials publication, serial(s) title.
    * publicación seriada activa = active serial.
    * publicación seriada de referencia = reference serial.
    * publicación seriada electrónica = electronic serial.
    * publicación seriada en curso = current serial.
    * publicación seriada impresa = print serial.
    * publicación seriada inactiva = inactive serial.
    * publicación seriada muerta = dead serial.
    * publicación seriada vigente = active serial.
    * publicación seriada viva = active serial.
    * publicación sin papel = paperless publishing.
    * publicación técnica = technical publication.
    * publicación trimestral = quarterly publication.
    * publicación troceada = salami publishing.
    * recepción de publicaciones periódicas = checking in [checking-in].
    * recepción de publicaciones seriadas = accessioning of serials.
    * reclamación de publicaciones periódicas = periodical claiming.
    * registro de publicaciones seriadas = serials record.
    * restricción a la publicación en prensa = press restriction.
    * rotación de publicaciones periódicas = routing, journal routing.
    * sección de publicaciones periódicas = serial department, periodicals area.
    * sección de últimos números de publicaciones periódicas = current periodicals area.
    * servicio centralizado de control de publicaciones seriadas = consolidation service.
    * servicio de indización de publicaciones peri = periodicals indexing service.
    * sistema de control de publicaciones seriadas = serials system, serials control system.
    * Sistema Internacional de Datos sobre Publicaciones Seriadas (ISDS) = ISDS (International Serials Data System).
    * título de la publicación periódica = serial title.
    * título de publicación periódica = periodical title.
    * * *
    femenino publication
    * * *
    = item, launch, publication, publication, publishing, issuance, printed work.

    Ex: A catalogue is a list of the materials or items in a library, with the entries representing the items arranged in some systematic order.

    Ex: A gathering of 10 CD-ROM application developers resulted in the launch of the CD-ROM Standards and Practices Action Group.
    Ex: A collection is two or more independent works or parts of works by one or more than one author published together and not written for the same occasion or for the publication in hand = Una colección son dos o más obras o partes de obras independientes de uno o más autores publicadas juntas y que no ha sido escritas para la misma ocasión o para la publicación en cuestión.
    Ex: In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex: It embodied programmes in secretarial studies, publishing, office management and graphic design.
    Ex: The date of publication must be inferred from the date of issuance or coverage on a periodical.
    Ex: The last mentioned covers, with certain provisos, periodical articles, other printed works, and copies for other libraries.
    * agencia de publicación = issuing bureau.
    * área de publicación = publication, distribution etc. area.
    * area de publicación o distribución = imprint.
    * artículo de publicación periódica = journal article, periodical article.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en las publicaciones seriadas = serials librarianship.
    * canales de publicación = publishing channels.
    * Catalogación en Publicación (CEP) = Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP).
    * catalogador de publicaciones seriadas = serials cataloguer.
    * catálogo de publicaciones = publication(s) list.
    * catálogo de publicaciones periódicas = serials catalogue.
    * cese de publicación de una revista = title cessation.
    * circulación de publicaciones periódicas = periodical routing.
    * colección de publicaciones monográficas = monograph stock.
    * colección de publicaciones periódicas = periodical stock, periodical collection.
    * comportamiento de publicación = publication behaviour.
    * control de la circulación de publicaciones seriadas = serials circulation control.
    * control de publicaciones periódicas = periodicals control.
    * control de publicaciones seriadas = serials control, periodicals inventory control.
    * departamento de publicaciones = publishing arm.
    * de próxima publicación = about to be published.
    * de reciente publicación = recently published, recently released, newly published.
    * Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional para Publicaciones Seria = ISBD(S) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Serials).
    * directorio de publicaciones periódicas = serials directory.
    * edición de publicaciones periódicas = serials publishing.
    * editor de publicación = publishing editor.
    * editor de publicaciones electrónicas = electronic publisher [e-publisher].
    * exceso de publicaciones = overpublishing.
    * explosión de las publicaciones = publication explosion.
    * explosión de las publicaciones, la = literature explosion, the.
    * expurgo de publicaciones periódicas = periodical collection weeding.
    * fecha de publicación = age, date of issue, date of publication.
    * fichero de control de publicaciones periódicas = periodicals file [periodical file], periodical holdings file.
    * fondos de publicaciones periódicas = serial holdings.
    * hábito de publicación = publishing habit.
    * índice de impacto de una publicación periódica = periodical impact factor.
    * índice de publicaciones periódicas = periodical index.
    * industria de las publicaciones periódicas, la = serial industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones seriadas, la = serials industry, the.
    * ISSN (Número Internacional Normalizado para Publicaciones Seriadas) = ISSN (International Standard Serial Number).
    * libertad de publicación = freedom to publish.
    * lista de publicaciones = publication(s) list.
    * lugar de publicación = place of publication.
    * módulo de control de publicaciones seriadas = serials control system, serials control system, serials control module.
    * no cumplir con el plazo de publicación = miss + publication deadline.
    * número de publicaciones = publication count.
    * parte de una publicación = component part.
    * pedido de publicaciones periódicas = serials ordering.
    * Programa Nacional para las Publicaciones Seriadas (NSDP) = National Serials Data Program (NSDP).
    * publicación académica = academic publication.
    * publicación científica = scholarly publication, scientific publication, scientific paper, research publication.
    * publicación comercial = trade publication.
    * publicación de documentos del gobierno = government publishing.
    * publicación de documentos oficiales = official publishing.
    * publicación del gobierno = government publication.
    * publicación de movimiento = movement publication.
    * publicación de recensiones bibliográficas = reviewing source.
    * publicación de reseñas bibliográficas = reviewing source.
    * publicación de resúmenes = abstracting and indexing publication, abstracting publication.
    * publicación de una noticia dos veces = crossposting [cross-posting].
    * publicación digital = digital publication.
    * publicación divulgativa = trade publication.
    * publicación electrónica = electronic publication [e-publication].
    * publicación en Internet = Web publishing.
    * publicación en la web = Web publishing.
    * publicación en microfilm = microfilm publication.
    * publicación en papel = paper publication.
    * publicación en prensa = forthcoming title.
    * publicación en publicaciones periódicas = serials publishing.
    * publicaciones = literature, publishing activity.
    * publicaciones académicas electrónicas = electronic scholarship [e-scholarship].
    * publicaciones alternativas = alternative publications.
    * publicaciones científicas electrónicas = electronic scholarship [e-scholarship].
    * publicaciones del parlamento = Command papers, parliamentary papers.
    * publicaciones divulgativas = trade literature.
    * publicaciones electrónicas = electronic publishing (e-publishing).
    * publicación especializada = specialised publication, specialist publication.
    * publicaciones periódicas = journal literature, periodical literature, serial literature.
    * publicación gratuita = free publication.
    * publicación gubernamental = government publication.
    * publicación mensual = monthly publication.
    * publicación no periódica = non-periodical publication.
    * publicación no seriada = non-serial.
    * publicación oficial = government publication, official publication.
    * publicación periódica = periodical, periodical title, serial, periodical publication.
    * publicación periódica electrónica = electronic serial.
    * publicación periódica en curso = current periodical.
    * publicación quinquenal = quinquennial.
    * publicación según la demanda = on-demand publishing.
    * publicación seriada = serial, serial publication, serials publication, serial(s) title.
    * publicación seriada activa = active serial.
    * publicación seriada de referencia = reference serial.
    * publicación seriada electrónica = electronic serial.
    * publicación seriada en curso = current serial.
    * publicación seriada impresa = print serial.
    * publicación seriada inactiva = inactive serial.
    * publicación seriada muerta = dead serial.
    * publicación seriada vigente = active serial.
    * publicación seriada viva = active serial.
    * publicación sin papel = paperless publishing.
    * publicación técnica = technical publication.
    * publicación trimestral = quarterly publication.
    * publicación troceada = salami publishing.
    * recepción de publicaciones periódicas = checking in [checking-in].
    * recepción de publicaciones seriadas = accessioning of serials.
    * reclamación de publicaciones periódicas = periodical claiming.
    * registro de publicaciones seriadas = serials record.
    * restricción a la publicación en prensa = press restriction.
    * rotación de publicaciones periódicas = routing, journal routing.
    * sección de publicaciones periódicas = serial department, periodicals area.
    * sección de últimos números de publicaciones periódicas = current periodicals area.
    * servicio centralizado de control de publicaciones seriadas = consolidation service.
    * servicio de indización de publicaciones peri = periodicals indexing service.
    * sistema de control de publicaciones seriadas = serials system, serials control system.
    * Sistema Internacional de Datos sobre Publicaciones Seriadas (ISDS) = ISDS (International Serials Data System).
    * título de la publicación periódica = serial title.
    * título de publicación periódica = periodical title.

    * * *
    1 (acción) publication
    fecha de publicación date of publication
    2 (obra) publication
    Compuesto:
    periodical
    * * *

     

    publicación sustantivo femenino
    publication
    publicación sustantivo femenino publication
    ' publicación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abono
    - boletín
    - bombazo
    - dicha
    - dicho
    - ejemplar
    - revista
    - secuestrar
    - traer
    - consagrar
    - índice
    - luz
    - mensual
    - número
    - reaparición
    - suscripción
    - trimestral
    English:
    appearance
    - milestone
    - paper
    - publication
    - quarterly
    - release
    - journal
    - monthly
    - periodical
    * * *
    1. [acción] publication;
    2. [escrito, revista] publication
    * * *
    f publication
    * * *
    publicación nf, pl - ciones : publication
    * * *
    publicación n publication

    Spanish-English dictionary > publicación

  • 7 небаланс напряжений

    1. voltage unbalance
    2. voltage imbalance
    3. unbalance voltage
    4. imbalance in the voltages

     

    небаланс напряжений
    Отличие по модулю значения хотя бы одного из фазных или линейных напряжений многофазной системы электроснабжения от значений напряжений других фаз.
    [ ГОСТ 23875-88]

    EN

    voltage unbalance
    phenomenon due to the differences between voltage deviations on the various phases, at a point of a polyphase system, resulting from differences between the phase currents or geometrical asymmetry in the line
    [IEV number 604-01-29]

    voltage unbalance (imbalance)
    in a polyphase system, a condition in which the magnitudes of the phase voltages or the phase angles between consecutive phases are not all equal (fundamental component)
    NOTE In three phase systems, the degree of inequality is usually expressed as the ratio of the negative and zero sequence components to the positive sequence component. In this technical report, voltage unbalance is considered in relation to three-phase systems and negative sequence only
    [IEC 61000-3-13, ed. 1.0 (2008-02)]

    voltage unbalance
    condition in a polyphase system in which the r.m.s. values of the line voltages (fundamental component), and/or the phase angles between consecutive line voltages, are not all equal
    NOTE 1 The degree of the inequality is usually expressed as the ratios of the negative- and zero-sequence components to the positive-sequence component.
    NOTE 2 In this standard, voltage unbalance is considered in relation to 3-phase systems.
    [IEC 61000-4-30, ed. 2.0 (2008-10)]

    FR

    déséquilibre des tensions d'un réseau
    phénomène résultant des différences de charge ou des dissymétries géométriques de lignes et qui provoque des différences entre les écarts de tension sur les diverses phases en un point d'un réseau polyphasé
    [IEV number 604-01-29]

    déséquilibre de tension
    dans un réseau d’énergie électrique polyphasé, état dans lequel les valeurs efficaces des tensions entre conducteurs (composante fondamentale), et/ou les différences de phase entre conducteurs successifs, ne sont pas toutes égales
    NOTE 1 Le taux de déséquilibre s’exprime habituellement par le rapport de la composante inverse ou homopolaire à la composante directe.
    NOTE 2 Dans la présente norme, le déséquilibre de tension est relatif aux réseaux triphasés
    [IEC 61000-4-30, ed. 2.0 (2008-10)]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    4748       4749      4750

    Voltage unbalance
    Voltage unbalance on the most unbalanced phase, displayed as a percentage of Vavg.
    [Schneider Electric]

    Небаланс напряжений
    Самое значительное отличие по модулю значения одного из линейных напряжений, выраженное в процентах от среднего напряжения Vavg.
    [Перевод Интент]

    Недопустимые, нерекомендуемые

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Смотри также

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > небаланс напряжений

  • 8 biblioteca

    f.
    1 library (lugar, conjunto de libros).
    biblioteca ambulante/pública mobile/public library
    biblioteca de préstamo lending library
    2 bookcase (forniture).
    * * *
    1 library
    2 (mueble) bookcase, bookshelf
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=edificio) library

    biblioteca ambulante — mobile library, bookmobile (EEUU)

    biblioteca circulante — [de préstamo] lending library; [ambulante] circulating library

    2) (=mueble) bookcase, bookshelves pl
    * * *
    a) (institución, lugar) library

    biblioteca pública/de consulta — public/reference library

    b) ( colección) book collection
    c) ( mueble) bookshelves (pl), bookcase
    * * *
    = library, document collection.
    Ex. A library is no longer constrained to choose either a classified or a dictionary catalogue.
    Ex. Finally, the tacit assumption so far has been that we are dealing with a single document collection.
    ----
    * actuar en defensa de los intereses de las bibliotecas y bibliot = library advocacy.
    * alfabetización en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.
    * amante de la biblioteca = library lover.
    * Amigos de la Biblioteca = Friends of the Library.
    * ampliación de la biblioteca = library extension.
    * ansiedad provocada por la biblioteca = library anxiety.
    * ARL (Asociación de Bibliotecas de Investigación) = ARL (Association of Research Libraries).
    * asesor técnico de bibliotecas = library consultant.
    * asesor técnico en construcción de bibliotecas = library building consultant.
    * Asociación Americana de Bibliotecas de Teología = American Theological Library Association (ATLA).
    * Asociación de Bibliotecas Especializadas = Special Libraries Association (SLA).
    * automatización de bibliotecas = library automation.
    * auxiliar de biblioteca = library assistant, library technician, page, library aide, library orderly.
    * ayudante de biblioteca = assistant librarian.
    * basado en la biblioteca = library-based.
    * biblioteca académica = academic library.
    * biblioteca arzobispal = archiepiscopal library.
    * biblioteca asociada = affiliated library.
    * biblioteca biomédica = biomedical library.
    * biblioteca Bodliana, la = Bodleian, the.
    * Biblioteca Británica = British Library (BL).
    * biblioteca central = central library, main library.
    * biblioteca cibernética = cyberlibrary [cyber-library].
    * biblioteca como edificio = library building.
    * biblioteca comunitaria = community library.
    * biblioteca con préstamos interbibliotecarios netos = net-lender, net-borrower.
    * biblioteca con un solo bibliotecario = one person library.
    * biblioteca de acceso restringido = closed-stack library.
    * biblioteca de agricultura = agricultural library.
    * Biblioteca de Alejandría, la = Alexandria Library, the.
    * biblioteca de alquiler = rental library.
    * biblioteca de arqueología = archaeology library.
    * biblioteca de arte = art library.
    * biblioteca de asociación = society's library.
    * biblioteca de barco = shipboard library, ship library.
    * biblioteca de barrio = district library, community library.
    * biblioteca de biomedicina = health care library, biomedical library.
    * biblioteca de botánica = botany library.
    * biblioteca de campo de concentración = concentration camp library.
    * biblioteca de catedral = cathedral library.
    * biblioteca de centro penitenciario = prison library.
    * biblioteca de ciencias = science library.
    * biblioteca de ciencias de la salud = health sciences library, health library.
    * biblioteca de condado = county library.
    * biblioteca de conservatorio = conservatoire library.
    * biblioteca de copyright = copyright library.
    * biblioteca de departamento = department library.
    * biblioteca de depósito = deposit library.
    * biblioteca de depósito legal = copyright library, depository library.
    * biblioteca de derecho = law library.
    * biblioteca de diplomatura = undergraduate library.
    * biblioteca de distrito = district library.
    * biblioteca de empresa = commercial library, industrial library, corporate library, company library, business library.
    * biblioteca de farmacia = pharmaceutical library.
    * biblioteca de hospital = patient library, hospital library.
    * biblioteca de hospital clínico = teaching hospital library.
    * biblioteca de institución de enseñanza superior = tertiary library.
    * biblioteca de investigación = research library.
    * biblioteca de jardín de infancia = kindergarten library.
    * biblioteca de juzgado = court library.
    * biblioteca de la comunidad = community library.
    * biblioteca de la zona ártica = arctic library.
    * Biblioteca del Congreso (LC) = Library of Congress (LC).
    * biblioteca de libre acceso = open access library.
    * Biblioteca del Museo Británico = British Museum Library.
    * Biblioteca del Vaticano, la = Vatican Library, the.
    * biblioteca de medicina = medical library.
    * biblioteca de mezquita = mosque library.
    * biblioteca de minoría étnica = ethnic library.
    * biblioteca de misión = mission library.
    * biblioteca de música = music library.
    * biblioteca de pacientes = patient library.
    * biblioteca de parlamento = parliamentary library.
    * biblioteca departamental = departmental library.
    * biblioteca de periódico = news library.
    * biblioteca de préstamo = lending library, circulating library, circulation library.
    * biblioteca de prisión = prison library.
    * biblioteca de recursos = resource library.
    * biblioteca de referencia = reference library.
    * biblioteca de sindicato = trade union library, union library.
    * biblioteca de suscripción = subscription library.
    * biblioteca de universidad politécnica = polytechnic library.
    * biblioteca de vestuario = costume library.
    * biblioteca de veterinaria = veterinary library.
    * biblioteca de zona rural = rural library.
    * biblioteca digital = digital library (DL).
    * biblioteca ducal = ducal library.
    * biblioteca eclesiástica = ecclesiastical library, church library.
    * biblioteca electrónica = electronic library (e-library), library without walls.
    * biblioteca en red = network library.
    * biblioteca escolar = school library.
    * biblioteca especializada = special library, specialised library, specialist library.
    * biblioteca especializada en música = music library.
    * biblioteca especializada en temas polares = polar library.
    * biblioteca estatal = state library.
    * biblioteca física = physical library, brick and mortar library.
    * biblioteca general = central library, general library.
    * biblioteca gestionada por microordenador = microlibrary.
    * biblioteca gubernamental = government library.
    * biblioteca hermana = sister library.
    * biblioteca híbrida = hybrid library, brick and click library.
    * biblioteca industrial = factory library.
    * biblioteca infantil = children's library.
    * biblioteca juvenil = junior library.
    * biblioteca local = local library, home library.
    * biblioteca mantenida por las donaciones de una fundación = donor-endowed library.
    * biblioteca metropolitana = metropolitan library.
    * biblioteca miembro de una cooperativa = member library.
    * biblioteca ministerial = ministerial library.
    * biblioteca monástica = monastic library.
    * biblioteca móvil = bookmobile, mobile library, mobile.
    * biblioteca móvil en trailer = trailer library.
    * biblioteca multimedia = multimedia library.
    * biblioteca municipal = town library, city library, municipal library, urban library, community library.
    * biblioteca nacional = national library.
    * Biblioteca Nacional Central = National Central Library.
    * Biblioteca Nacional de Agricultura (NAL) = National Agricultural Library (NAL).
    * Biblioteca Nacional de Alemania = Deutsche Bibliothek.
    * Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina (NLM) = National Library of Medicine (NLM).
    * Biblioteca Nacional de Préstamo para la Ciencia y Tecnología (NLL) = National Lending Library for Science and Technology (NLL).
    * Biblioteca Nacional Francesa = Bibliotheque Nationale.
    * biblioteca para ciegos = library for the blind.
    * biblioteca para pacientes = hospital patient library, patients' library.
    * biblioteca parroquial = parochial library, parish library.
    * biblioteca personal = personal library, home collection, personal collection, home library.
    * biblioteca popular = popular library.
    * biblioteca presidencial = presidential library, presidential archive.
    * biblioteca principal = main library.
    * biblioteca privada = private library.
    * biblioteca provincial = provincial library centre.
    * biblioteca pública = public library, public library service.
    * Biblioteca Pública de Nueva York (NYPL) = NYPL (New York Public Library).
    * biblioteca pública municipal = municipal public library.
    * biblioteca pública provincial = provincial public library.
    * biblioteca quiosco = kiosk library.
    * biblioteca regional = regional library.
    * biblioteca religiosa = religious library.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de agricultura = agricultural librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de arte = art librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de barrio = district librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de derecho = law librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de hospital = hospital librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca especializada = special librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca móvil = mobile librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca pública = public librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca sucursal = branch librarian.
    * biblioteca rural = rural library.
    * biblioteca sanitaria = health library.
    * biblioteca sin muros = library without walls.
    * biblioteca sin paredes = library without walls.
    * biblioteca sucursal = library branch, branch library, branch collection, library outlet.
    * biblioteca técnica = technical library.
    * biblioteca tradicional = brick and mortar library.
    * biblioteca tradicional y virtual = brick and click library.
    * biblioteca traditional = physical library.
    * biblioteca universitaria = college library, university library, research library.
    * biblioteca virtual = virtual library.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en las bibliotecas académica = college librarianship.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en las bibliotecas de investigación = research librianship.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en las bibliotecas universitarias = academic librarianship.
    * biblioteconomía para las bibliotecas de derecho = law librarianship.
    * biblioteconomía para las bibliotecas especializadas = special librarianship.
    * BLAISE (Servicio de Información Automatizada de la Biblioteca Británica) = BLAISE (British Library Automated Information Service).
    * carnet de biblioteca = library card.
    * catálogo de biblioteca = library catalogue.
    * Centro de Distribución de Documentos de la Biblioteca Británica (BLDSC) = British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC).
    * Coalición Internacional de Consorcios de Bibliotecas (ICOLC) = International Coalition of Library Consortia (ICOLC).
    * colección de la biblioteca = library collection [library's collection].
    * colección de una biblioteca = local holding.
    * comisión de biblioteca = library board, library committee.
    * con conocimiento básico en el uso de la biblioteca = library literate [library-literate].
    * Conferencia de Directores de Bibliotecas Nacionales (CDNL) = Conference of Directors of National Libraries (CDNL).
    * conocimientos básicos sobre el uso de las bibliotecas = library skills.
    * consejo de administración de la biblioteca = library trustees.
    * consorcio de bibliotecas = library consortium.
    * cooperativa de bibliotecas = library cooperative.
    * datos estadísticos de la biblioteca = library records, library statistics.
    * defensa de los intereses de las bibliotecas y bibliotecarios = library advocacy.
    * destreza en la búsqueda de información en una biblioteca = library research skills.
    * dirección de la biblioteca = library administrators.
    * dirección de la biblioteca, la = library administration, the.
    * director de biblioteca = library director.
    * director de la biblioteca = head librarian.
    * División de Préstamo de la Biblioteca Británica (BLLD) = British Library Lending Division (BLLD).
    * División de Servicios Bibliográficos de la Biblioteca Británica (BLBSD) = British Library Bibliographic Services Division (BLBSD).
    * dotación económica de las bibliotecas = library funding.
    * dotar de fondos a una biblioteca = stock + library.
    * edición para bibliotecas = library edition.
    * eficacia de la biblioteca = library goodness.
    * encontrar trabajo en una biblioteca = join + library.
    * encuadernación de biblioteca = library binding.
    * encuadernador de la biblioteca = library binder.
    * encuentro de bibliotecas móviles = mobile meet.
    * entre varias bibliotecas = cross-library.
    * especialista en bibliotecas = library specialist.
    * especialización en bibliotecas de prisiones = prison librarianship.
    * específico a la biblioteca = library-specific.
    * específico de la biblioteca = library-specific.
    * estadísticas de la biblioteca = library statistics.
    * estudio de usuarios de la biblioteca = library user study.
    * experiencia en bibliotecas = library experience.
    * facultativos de bibliotecas = library faculty.
    * feria de la biblioteca = library fair.
    * fondos de la biblioteca = library's stock, library materials.
    * formación en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.
    * función de la biblioteca = library's function.
    * gestión de la biblioteca = library management.
    * guía de biblioteca = library guide, library guiding.
    * hacerse socio de la biblioteca = join + library.
    * hecho por la propia biblioteca = in-house [inhouse].
    * hermanamiento de bibliotecas = library twinning.
    * historia de las bibliotecas = library history.
    * IFLA (Federación Internacional de Asociaciones de Bibliotecarios y Bibliotec = IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions).
    * imagen de la biblioteca = library's profile.
    * información de existencias por bibliotecas = local holdings information.
    * jefe de personal de la biblioteca = library personnel officer.
    * La Biblioteca Responde = Ask the Library.
    * la Biblioteca y el Archivo de Canadá = Library and Archives Canada.
    * LCCN (Notación de la Clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso) = LCCN (Library of Congress Classification Number).
    * LCSH (Lista de Encabezamientos de Materia de la Biblioteca del Congreso) = LCSH (Library of Congress List of Subject Headings).
    * lector de una biblioteca = library user.
    * legislación sobre bibliotecas = library law.
    * ley de bibliotecas = library law.
    * ley de bibliotecas, la = library act, the.
    * libro de la biblioteca = library book.
    * Lista de Encabezamientos de Materia de la Asociación de Bibliotecas Escolar = SLA List.
    * LRTS (Servicios Técnicos y de Recursos para la Biblioteca) = LRTS (Library Resources and Technical Services).
    * mapa de la biblioteca = library map.
    * MARC de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LC MARC.
    * Matica Slovenca (Biblioteca Nacional de Yugoslavia) = Matica Slovenska.
    * misión de la biblioteca = library's mission.
    * mundo de las bibliotecas, el = library world, the.
    * ordenanza de biblioteca = page.
    * organismo gestor de bibliotecas = library authority.
    * órgano encargado de bibliotecas = library authority.
    * perfil de la biblioteca = library profile.
    * personal de la biblioteca = library staff, library worker.
    * persona que utiliza la biblioteca = non-library user.
    * pertinente a las bibliotecas = library-related.
    * política de la biblioteca = library's policy.
    * prioridad de la biblioteca = library's priority.
    * profesional de la biblioteca = library professional.
    * profesional de las bibliotecas y la información = library and information professional.
    * profesionales de las bibliotecas y la información, los = library and information profession, the.
    * profesor encargado de la biblioteca = teacher-librarian.
    * programa de introducción a la biblioteca = library training programme.
    * programa integrado de gestión de bibliotecas = integrated library system (ILS), integrated library management system (ILMS).
    * programas de automatización de bibliotecas = library automation software.
    * proveedor de bibliotecas = library supplier.
    * Proyecto Cooperativo de Mecanización de las Bibliotecas de Birmingham (BLCMP = Birminghan Libraries Cooperative Mechanisation Project (BLCMP).
    * quiosco biblioteca = library kiosk.
    * ratón de biblioteca = bookish, bookworm.
    * red cooperativa de bibliotecas = cooperative network.
    * red de bibliotecas = library network, library system, library networking.
    * Red Informativa de las Bibliotecas de Investigación en USA = RLIN.
    * Reglas de Intercalación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = Library of Congress Filing Rules.
    * relacionado con las bibliotecas = library-related.
    * responsable de bibliotecas = library official.
    * responsable de la biblioteca = library manager.
    * responsable del personal de la biblioteca = library personnel officer.
    * reunión de bibliotecas móviles = mobilemeet.
    * RLG (Grupo de Bibliotecas de Investigación) = RLG (Research Libraries Group).
    * SCONUL (Sociedad de Bibliotecas Nacionales y Universitarias) = SCONUL (Society of College, National and University Libraries).
    * sección de la biblioteca = library section.
    * sello de la biblioteca = library stamp.
    * ser lector de una biblioteca = library membership.
    * sistema automatizado de bibliotecas = automated library information system, library computer system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de un sólo tipo = single-type library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.
    * sistema de automatización de bibliotecas = library automation system.
    * sistema de bibliotecas públicas = public library system.
    * sistema de clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LCC (Library of Congress Classification).
    * subalterno de biblioteca = library clerk, library page.
    * sucursal de biblioteca situada en un centro comercial = storefront library.
    * trabajo de información y de las bibliotecas = library and information work.
    * uso de la biblioteca = library use, library usage.
    * uso público en la propia biblioteca = in-library use.
    * usuario de la biblioteca = library user, library patron.
    * utilización de la biblioteca = library use, library usage.
    * visita guiada a la biblioteca = library tour, library orientation.
    * visitas a la biblioteca = library visits.
    * * *
    a) (institución, lugar) library

    biblioteca pública/de consulta — public/reference library

    b) ( colección) book collection
    c) ( mueble) bookshelves (pl), bookcase
    * * *
    = library, document collection.

    Ex: A library is no longer constrained to choose either a classified or a dictionary catalogue.

    Ex: Finally, the tacit assumption so far has been that we are dealing with a single document collection.
    * actuar en defensa de los intereses de las bibliotecas y bibliot = library advocacy.
    * alfabetización en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.
    * amante de la biblioteca = library lover.
    * Amigos de la Biblioteca = Friends of the Library.
    * ampliación de la biblioteca = library extension.
    * ansiedad provocada por la biblioteca = library anxiety.
    * ARL (Asociación de Bibliotecas de Investigación) = ARL (Association of Research Libraries).
    * asesor técnico de bibliotecas = library consultant.
    * asesor técnico en construcción de bibliotecas = library building consultant.
    * Asociación Americana de Bibliotecas de Teología = American Theological Library Association (ATLA).
    * Asociación de Bibliotecas Especializadas = Special Libraries Association (SLA).
    * automatización de bibliotecas = library automation.
    * auxiliar de biblioteca = library assistant, library technician, page, library aide, library orderly.
    * ayudante de biblioteca = assistant librarian.
    * basado en la biblioteca = library-based.
    * biblioteca académica = academic library.
    * biblioteca arzobispal = archiepiscopal library.
    * biblioteca asociada = affiliated library.
    * biblioteca biomédica = biomedical library.
    * biblioteca Bodliana, la = Bodleian, the.
    * Biblioteca Británica = British Library (BL).
    * biblioteca central = central library, main library.
    * biblioteca cibernética = cyberlibrary [cyber-library].
    * biblioteca como edificio = library building.
    * biblioteca comunitaria = community library.
    * biblioteca con préstamos interbibliotecarios netos = net-lender, net-borrower.
    * biblioteca con un solo bibliotecario = one person library.
    * biblioteca de acceso restringido = closed-stack library.
    * biblioteca de agricultura = agricultural library.
    * Biblioteca de Alejandría, la = Alexandria Library, the.
    * biblioteca de alquiler = rental library.
    * biblioteca de arqueología = archaeology library.
    * biblioteca de arte = art library.
    * biblioteca de asociación = society's library.
    * biblioteca de barco = shipboard library, ship library.
    * biblioteca de barrio = district library, community library.
    * biblioteca de biomedicina = health care library, biomedical library.
    * biblioteca de botánica = botany library.
    * biblioteca de campo de concentración = concentration camp library.
    * biblioteca de catedral = cathedral library.
    * biblioteca de centro penitenciario = prison library.
    * biblioteca de ciencias = science library.
    * biblioteca de ciencias de la salud = health sciences library, health library.
    * biblioteca de condado = county library.
    * biblioteca de conservatorio = conservatoire library.
    * biblioteca de copyright = copyright library.
    * biblioteca de departamento = department library.
    * biblioteca de depósito = deposit library.
    * biblioteca de depósito legal = copyright library, depository library.
    * biblioteca de derecho = law library.
    * biblioteca de diplomatura = undergraduate library.
    * biblioteca de distrito = district library.
    * biblioteca de empresa = commercial library, industrial library, corporate library, company library, business library.
    * biblioteca de farmacia = pharmaceutical library.
    * biblioteca de hospital = patient library, hospital library.
    * biblioteca de hospital clínico = teaching hospital library.
    * biblioteca de institución de enseñanza superior = tertiary library.
    * biblioteca de investigación = research library.
    * biblioteca de jardín de infancia = kindergarten library.
    * biblioteca de juzgado = court library.
    * biblioteca de la comunidad = community library.
    * biblioteca de la zona ártica = arctic library.
    * Biblioteca del Congreso (LC) = Library of Congress (LC).
    * biblioteca de libre acceso = open access library.
    * Biblioteca del Museo Británico = British Museum Library.
    * Biblioteca del Vaticano, la = Vatican Library, the.
    * biblioteca de medicina = medical library.
    * biblioteca de mezquita = mosque library.
    * biblioteca de minoría étnica = ethnic library.
    * biblioteca de misión = mission library.
    * biblioteca de música = music library.
    * biblioteca de pacientes = patient library.
    * biblioteca de parlamento = parliamentary library.
    * biblioteca departamental = departmental library.
    * biblioteca de periódico = news library.
    * biblioteca de préstamo = lending library, circulating library, circulation library.
    * biblioteca de prisión = prison library.
    * biblioteca de recursos = resource library.
    * biblioteca de referencia = reference library.
    * biblioteca de sindicato = trade union library, union library.
    * biblioteca de suscripción = subscription library.
    * biblioteca de universidad politécnica = polytechnic library.
    * biblioteca de vestuario = costume library.
    * biblioteca de veterinaria = veterinary library.
    * biblioteca de zona rural = rural library.
    * biblioteca digital = digital library (DL).
    * biblioteca ducal = ducal library.
    * biblioteca eclesiástica = ecclesiastical library, church library.
    * biblioteca electrónica = electronic library (e-library), library without walls.
    * biblioteca en red = network library.
    * biblioteca escolar = school library.
    * biblioteca especializada = special library, specialised library, specialist library.
    * biblioteca especializada en música = music library.
    * biblioteca especializada en temas polares = polar library.
    * biblioteca estatal = state library.
    * biblioteca física = physical library, brick and mortar library.
    * biblioteca general = central library, general library.
    * biblioteca gestionada por microordenador = microlibrary.
    * biblioteca gubernamental = government library.
    * biblioteca hermana = sister library.
    * biblioteca híbrida = hybrid library, brick and click library.
    * biblioteca industrial = factory library.
    * biblioteca infantil = children's library.
    * biblioteca juvenil = junior library.
    * biblioteca local = local library, home library.
    * biblioteca mantenida por las donaciones de una fundación = donor-endowed library.
    * biblioteca metropolitana = metropolitan library.
    * biblioteca miembro de una cooperativa = member library.
    * biblioteca ministerial = ministerial library.
    * biblioteca monástica = monastic library.
    * biblioteca móvil = bookmobile, mobile library, mobile.
    * biblioteca móvil en trailer = trailer library.
    * biblioteca multimedia = multimedia library.
    * biblioteca municipal = town library, city library, municipal library, urban library, community library.
    * biblioteca nacional = national library.
    * Biblioteca Nacional Central = National Central Library.
    * Biblioteca Nacional de Agricultura (NAL) = National Agricultural Library (NAL).
    * Biblioteca Nacional de Alemania = Deutsche Bibliothek.
    * Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina (NLM) = National Library of Medicine (NLM).
    * Biblioteca Nacional de Préstamo para la Ciencia y Tecnología (NLL) = National Lending Library for Science and Technology (NLL).
    * Biblioteca Nacional Francesa = Bibliotheque Nationale.
    * biblioteca para ciegos = library for the blind.
    * biblioteca para pacientes = hospital patient library, patients' library.
    * biblioteca parroquial = parochial library, parish library.
    * biblioteca personal = personal library, home collection, personal collection, home library.
    * biblioteca popular = popular library.
    * biblioteca presidencial = presidential library, presidential archive.
    * biblioteca principal = main library.
    * biblioteca privada = private library.
    * biblioteca provincial = provincial library centre.
    * biblioteca pública = public library, public library service.
    * Biblioteca Pública de Nueva York (NYPL) = NYPL (New York Public Library).
    * biblioteca pública municipal = municipal public library.
    * biblioteca pública provincial = provincial public library.
    * biblioteca quiosco = kiosk library.
    * biblioteca regional = regional library.
    * biblioteca religiosa = religious library.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de agricultura = agricultural librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de arte = art librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de barrio = district librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de derecho = law librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de hospital = hospital librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca especializada = special librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca móvil = mobile librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca pública = public librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca sucursal = branch librarian.
    * biblioteca rural = rural library.
    * biblioteca sanitaria = health library.
    * biblioteca sin muros = library without walls.
    * biblioteca sin paredes = library without walls.
    * biblioteca sucursal = library branch, branch library, branch collection, library outlet.
    * biblioteca técnica = technical library.
    * biblioteca tradicional = brick and mortar library.
    * biblioteca tradicional y virtual = brick and click library.
    * biblioteca traditional = physical library.
    * biblioteca universitaria = college library, university library, research library.
    * biblioteca virtual = virtual library.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en las bibliotecas académica = college librarianship.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en las bibliotecas de investigación = research librianship.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en las bibliotecas universitarias = academic librarianship.
    * biblioteconomía para las bibliotecas de derecho = law librarianship.
    * biblioteconomía para las bibliotecas especializadas = special librarianship.
    * BLAISE (Servicio de Información Automatizada de la Biblioteca Británica) = BLAISE (British Library Automated Information Service).
    * carnet de biblioteca = library card.
    * catálogo de biblioteca = library catalogue.
    * Centro de Distribución de Documentos de la Biblioteca Británica (BLDSC) = British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC).
    * Coalición Internacional de Consorcios de Bibliotecas (ICOLC) = International Coalition of Library Consortia (ICOLC).
    * colección de la biblioteca = library collection [library's collection].
    * colección de una biblioteca = local holding.
    * comisión de biblioteca = library board, library committee.
    * con conocimiento básico en el uso de la biblioteca = library literate [library-literate].
    * Conferencia de Directores de Bibliotecas Nacionales (CDNL) = Conference of Directors of National Libraries (CDNL).
    * conocimientos básicos sobre el uso de las bibliotecas = library skills.
    * consejo de administración de la biblioteca = library trustees.
    * consorcio de bibliotecas = library consortium.
    * cooperativa de bibliotecas = library cooperative.
    * datos estadísticos de la biblioteca = library records, library statistics.
    * defensa de los intereses de las bibliotecas y bibliotecarios = library advocacy.
    * destreza en la búsqueda de información en una biblioteca = library research skills.
    * dirección de la biblioteca = library administrators.
    * dirección de la biblioteca, la = library administration, the.
    * director de biblioteca = library director.
    * director de la biblioteca = head librarian.
    * División de Préstamo de la Biblioteca Británica (BLLD) = British Library Lending Division (BLLD).
    * División de Servicios Bibliográficos de la Biblioteca Británica (BLBSD) = British Library Bibliographic Services Division (BLBSD).
    * dotación económica de las bibliotecas = library funding.
    * dotar de fondos a una biblioteca = stock + library.
    * edición para bibliotecas = library edition.
    * eficacia de la biblioteca = library goodness.
    * encontrar trabajo en una biblioteca = join + library.
    * encuadernación de biblioteca = library binding.
    * encuadernador de la biblioteca = library binder.
    * encuentro de bibliotecas móviles = mobile meet.
    * entre varias bibliotecas = cross-library.
    * especialista en bibliotecas = library specialist.
    * especialización en bibliotecas de prisiones = prison librarianship.
    * específico a la biblioteca = library-specific.
    * específico de la biblioteca = library-specific.
    * estadísticas de la biblioteca = library statistics.
    * estudio de usuarios de la biblioteca = library user study.
    * experiencia en bibliotecas = library experience.
    * facultativos de bibliotecas = library faculty.
    * feria de la biblioteca = library fair.
    * fondos de la biblioteca = library's stock, library materials.
    * formación en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.
    * función de la biblioteca = library's function.
    * gestión de la biblioteca = library management.
    * guía de biblioteca = library guide, library guiding.
    * hacerse socio de la biblioteca = join + library.
    * hecho por la propia biblioteca = in-house [inhouse].
    * hermanamiento de bibliotecas = library twinning.
    * historia de las bibliotecas = library history.
    * IFLA (Federación Internacional de Asociaciones de Bibliotecarios y Bibliotec = IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions).
    * imagen de la biblioteca = library's profile.
    * información de existencias por bibliotecas = local holdings information.
    * jefe de personal de la biblioteca = library personnel officer.
    * La Biblioteca Responde = Ask the Library.
    * la Biblioteca y el Archivo de Canadá = Library and Archives Canada.
    * LCCN (Notación de la Clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso) = LCCN (Library of Congress Classification Number).
    * LCSH (Lista de Encabezamientos de Materia de la Biblioteca del Congreso) = LCSH (Library of Congress List of Subject Headings).
    * lector de una biblioteca = library user.
    * legislación sobre bibliotecas = library law.
    * ley de bibliotecas = library law.
    * ley de bibliotecas, la = library act, the.
    * libro de la biblioteca = library book.
    * Lista de Encabezamientos de Materia de la Asociación de Bibliotecas Escolar = SLA List.
    * LRTS (Servicios Técnicos y de Recursos para la Biblioteca) = LRTS (Library Resources and Technical Services).
    * mapa de la biblioteca = library map.
    * MARC de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LC MARC.
    * Matica Slovenca (Biblioteca Nacional de Yugoslavia) = Matica Slovenska.
    * misión de la biblioteca = library's mission.
    * mundo de las bibliotecas, el = library world, the.
    * ordenanza de biblioteca = page.
    * organismo gestor de bibliotecas = library authority.
    * órgano encargado de bibliotecas = library authority.
    * perfil de la biblioteca = library profile.
    * personal de la biblioteca = library staff, library worker.
    * persona que utiliza la biblioteca = non-library user.
    * pertinente a las bibliotecas = library-related.
    * política de la biblioteca = library's policy.
    * prioridad de la biblioteca = library's priority.
    * profesional de la biblioteca = library professional.
    * profesional de las bibliotecas y la información = library and information professional.
    * profesionales de las bibliotecas y la información, los = library and information profession, the.
    * profesor encargado de la biblioteca = teacher-librarian.
    * programa de introducción a la biblioteca = library training programme.
    * programa integrado de gestión de bibliotecas = integrated library system (ILS), integrated library management system (ILMS).
    * programas de automatización de bibliotecas = library automation software.
    * proveedor de bibliotecas = library supplier.
    * Proyecto Cooperativo de Mecanización de las Bibliotecas de Birmingham (BLCMP = Birminghan Libraries Cooperative Mechanisation Project (BLCMP).
    * quiosco biblioteca = library kiosk.
    * ratón de biblioteca = bookish, bookworm.
    * red cooperativa de bibliotecas = cooperative network.
    * red de bibliotecas = library network, library system, library networking.
    * Red Informativa de las Bibliotecas de Investigación en USA = RLIN.
    * Reglas de Intercalación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = Library of Congress Filing Rules.
    * relacionado con las bibliotecas = library-related.
    * responsable de bibliotecas = library official.
    * responsable de la biblioteca = library manager.
    * responsable del personal de la biblioteca = library personnel officer.
    * reunión de bibliotecas móviles = mobilemeet.
    * RLG (Grupo de Bibliotecas de Investigación) = RLG (Research Libraries Group).
    * SCONUL (Sociedad de Bibliotecas Nacionales y Universitarias) = SCONUL (Society of College, National and University Libraries).
    * sección de la biblioteca = library section.
    * sello de la biblioteca = library stamp.
    * ser lector de una biblioteca = library membership.
    * sistema automatizado de bibliotecas = automated library information system, library computer system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de un sólo tipo = single-type library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.
    * sistema de automatización de bibliotecas = library automation system.
    * sistema de bibliotecas públicas = public library system.
    * sistema de clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LCC (Library of Congress Classification).
    * subalterno de biblioteca = library clerk, library page.
    * sucursal de biblioteca situada en un centro comercial = storefront library.
    * trabajo de información y de las bibliotecas = library and information work.
    * uso de la biblioteca = library use, library usage.
    * uso público en la propia biblioteca = in-library use.
    * usuario de la biblioteca = library user, library patron.
    * utilización de la biblioteca = library use, library usage.
    * visita guiada a la biblioteca = library tour, library orientation.
    * visitas a la biblioteca = library visits.

    * * *
    1 (institución, lugar) library
    biblioteca universitaria/pública university/public library
    biblioteca de consulta reference library
    biblioteca ambulante or móvil mobile library
    biblioteca circulante mobile library
    biblioteca de componentes visuales ( Inf) visual component library, VCL
    ratón2 (↑ ratón (2))
    2 (colección) collection
    3 (mueble) bookshelves (pl), bookcase
    * * *

     

    biblioteca sustantivo femenino
    a) (institución, lugar) library;

    ◊ biblioteca pública/de consulta public/reference library



    biblioteca sustantivo femenino library
    biblioteca pública, public library
    ' biblioteca' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alcanzar
    - cerca
    - conservador
    - conservadora
    - descuidarse
    - laguna
    - pertenecer
    - pública
    - público
    - ratón
    - albergar
    - ambulante
    - carné
    - celador
    - consulta
    - curiosear
    English:
    bookmobile
    - bookworm
    - library
    - microfilm
    - mobile library
    - monastery
    - public library
    - reference library
    - sign out
    - addition
    - be
    - book
    - down
    - peace
    - reference
    * * *
    1. [lugar] library
    biblioteca ambulante mobile library;
    biblioteca de consulta reference library;
    biblioteca de préstamo lending library;
    biblioteca pública public library
    2. [conjunto de libros] library
    3. Chile, Perú, RP [mueble] bookcase
    * * *
    f
    1 library
    2 mueble bookcase
    * * *
    : library
    * * *
    1. (edificio, conjunto de libros) library [pl. libraries]
    2. (mueble) bookcase

    Spanish-English dictionary > biblioteca

  • 9 Nyquist, Harry

    [br]
    b. 7 February 1889 Nilsby, Sweden
    d. 4 April 1976 Texas, USA
    [br]
    Swedish-American engineer who established the formula for thermal noise in electrical circuits and the stability criterion for feedback amplifiers.
    [br]
    Nyquist (original family name Nykvist) emigrated from Sweden to the USA when he was 18 years old and settled in Minnesota. After teaching for a time, he studied electrical engineering at the University of North Dakota, gaining his first and Master's degrees in 1915 and 1916, and his PhD from Yale in 1917. He then joined the American Telegraph \& Telephone Company, moving to its Bell Laboratories in 1934 and remaining there until his retirement in 1954. A prolific inventor, he made many contributions to communication engineering, including the invention of vestigial-side band transmission. In the late 1920s he analysed the behaviour of analogue and digital signals in communication circuits, and in 1928 he showed that the thermal noise per unit bandwidth is given by 4 kT, where k is Boltzmann's constant and T the absolute temperature. However, he is best known for the Nyquist Criterion, which defines the conditions necessary for the stable, oscillation-free operation of amplifiers with a closed feedback loop. The problem of how to realize these conditions was investigated by his colleague Hendrik Bode.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Franklin Institute Medal 1960. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1960; Mervin J.Kelly Award 1961.
    Bibliography
    1924, "Certain factors affecting telegraph speed", Bell System Technical Journal 3:324. 1928, "Certain topics in telegraph transmission theory", Transactions of the American
    Institute of Electrical Engineers 47:617.
    1928, "Thermal agitation of electric charge in conductors", Physical Review 32:110. 1932, "Regeneration theory", Bell System Technical Journal 11:126.
    1940, with K.Pfleger, "Effect of the quadrature component in single-sideband transmission", Bell System Technical Journal 19:63.
    Further Reading
    Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1975, Mission Communications.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Nyquist, Harry

  • 10 частина

    ж
    1) part; (частка, пай) share, portion, piece, fraction, fragment; component; грам., мат. part

    більша частина — the main part, a large part, the body; the majority ( greater part); most (of)

    важлива частина — important part, significant part, essential part

    зовнішня частина — outer part, exterior

    частина програми комп. — coding, program section, program segment

    менша частина — small part, the lesser part; ( меншість) the minority

    складова частина — constituent, component

    запасні частини — spare parts; spares

    частинами — in parts ( instalments); (by) piecemeal

    2) ( відділ) branch, department, section
    4) військ.

    бойова частина (корабля) — department; (ракети, торпеди) warhead

    Українсько-англійський словник > частина

  • 11 σκηνοποιός

    σκηνοποιός, οῦ, ὁ
    ① maker of stage properties (acc. to Pollux 7, 189 the Old Comedy used the word as a synonym for μηχανοποιός=either a ‘stagehand’ who moved stage properties [as Aristoph., Pax 174] or a ‘manufacturer of stage properties’. Associated terms include σκηνογράφος Diog. L. 2, 125 and σκηνογραφία Arist., Poet. 1449a and Polyb. 12, 28a, 1, in ref. to painting of stage scenery) Ac 18:3. But if one understands σκηνή not as ‘scene’ but as ‘tent’ and considers it improbable that Prisca, Aquila, and Paul would have practiced such a trade in the face of alleged religious objections (s. Schürer II 54–55 on Jewish attitudes towards theatrical productions), one would follow the traditional rendering
    ② tentmaker. This interpretation has long enjoyed favor (s. Lampe s.v.; REB, NRSV; Hemer, Acts 119, 233), but several considerations militate against it. The term σκηνοποιός is not used outside the Bible (and its influence), except for Pollux (above) and Herm. Wr. 516, 10f=Stob. I, 463, 7ff. There it appears as an adj. and in a figurative sense concerning production of a dwelling appropriate for the soul. The context therefore clearly indicates a structure as the primary component, but in the absence of such a qualifier in Ac 18:3 it is necessary to take account of words and expressions that similarly contain the terms σκηνή and ποιεῖν. A survey of usage indicates that σκηνή appears freq. as the obj. of ποιέω in the sense ‘pitch’ or ‘erect a tent’ (s. ποιέω 1a; act. σκηνοποιέω Is 13:20 Sym. οὐδὲ σκηνοποιήσει ἐκεῖ ῎ Αραψ; 22:15 Sym.; mid. σκηνοποιέομαι Aristot., Meteor. 348b, 35; Clearch., Fgm. 48 W.; Polyb. 14, 1, 7; Diod S 3, 27, 4; Ps.-Callisth. 2, 9, 8.—Cp. σκηνοποιί̈α Aeneas Tact. 8, 3; Polyb. 6, 28, 3; ins, RevArch 3, ’34, 40; and acc. to the text. trad. of Dt 31:10 as an alternate expr. for σκηνοπηγία.—Ex 26:1, it is granted, offers clear evidence of use of the non-compounded σκηνή + ποιέω in the sense ‘produce’ or ‘manufacture [not pitch] a tent’, but the context makes the meaning unmistakable; cp. Herodian 7, 2, 4 on the building of rude housing). Analogously σκηνοποιός would mean ‘one who pitches or erects tents’, linguistically a more probable option than that of ‘tentmaker’, but in the passages cited for σκηνοποιέω and σκηνοποιί̈α components in the context (cp. the case for provision of housing in the Hermetic pass.) clearly point to the denotation ‘pitching of tents’, whereas Ac 18:3 lacks such a clear qualifier. Moreover, it is questionable whether residents of nomadic areas would depend on specialists to assist in such a common task (s. Mt 17:4 par. where a related kind of independent enterprise is mentioned).—That Prisca, Aquila, and Paul might have been engaged in the preparation of parts for the production of a tent is also improbable, since such tasks would have been left to their hired help. That they might have been responsible for putting a tent together out of various pieces is ruled out by the availability of the term σκηνορράφος (Ael., VH 2, 1 et al.; Bull. Inst. Arch. Bulg. 8, 69) in the sense of stitching together (the verb ἐπιτελεῖν Hb 8:5 does not support such a view, for it is not an alternate expr. for ‘production’ of a tent but denotes ‘completion’ of a project, connoting a strong sense of religious commitment; see ἐπιτελέω 2) in which the component ῥαφ-provides an unmistakable qualifier.—In modern times more consideration has been given to identification of Paul’s trade as ‘leather-worker’, an interpretation favored by numerous versions and patristic writings (s. Zahn, AG, ad loc.; L-S-J-M Suppl., s.v., as replacement for their earlier ‘tentmaker’; Haenchen, ad loc., after JJeremias, ZNW 30, ’31; Hock, s. below). As such he would make tents and other products from leather (Hock [s. below] 21). But this and other efforts at more precise definition, such as weaver of tent-cloth (a view no longer in fashion) may transmit reflections of awareness of local practice in lieu of semantic precision.—In the absence of any use of the term σκηνοποιός, beyond the pass. in Pollux and the Herm. Wr., and the lack of specific qualifiers in the text of Ac 18:3, one is left with the strong probability that Luke’s publics in urban areas, where theatrical productions were in abundance, would think of σκηνοποιός in ref. to matters theatrical (s. 1). In addition, Ac 20:34; 1 Cor 4:12; 1 Th 2:9; 2 Th 3:8 indicate that Paul’s work was of a technical nature and was carried out in metropolitan areas, where there would be large demand for such kind of work. What publics in other areas might understand is subject to greater question, for the evidence is primarily anecdotal.—JWeiss, Das Urchristentum 1917, 135; FGrosheide, Παῦλος σκηνοποιός: TSt 35, 1917, 241f; Zahn, AG II 632, 10; 634; Billerb. II 745–47; Beginn. IV, 223; PLampe, BZ 31, ’87, 211–21; RHock, The Social Context of Paul’s Ministry: Tentmaking and Apostleship ’80.—M-M. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > σκηνοποιός

  • 12 Межведомственный технический комитет по радиокомпонентам

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Межведомственный технический комитет по радиокомпонентам

  • 13 НКУ распределения и управления

    1. switchgear/controlgear
    2. switchgear and controlgear
    3. switchboard
    4. PSC-assembly
    5. power switchgear and controlgear assembly
    6. panel
    7. LV switchgear assembly
    8. LV switchgear and controlgear assembly
    9. low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
    10. low voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
    11. low voltage switchboard
    12. low voltage controlgear and assembly
    13. electrical switchboard
    14. assembly

     

    низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
    Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]

    низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
    Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
    Примечания
    1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
    2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
    3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
    [ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]

    EN

    power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
    low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
    [IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

    low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
    combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
    [IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]

    switchgear and controlgear
    a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
    [IEV number 441-11-01]

    switchgear and controlgear
    electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
    NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
    [IEV number 826-16-03 ]

    switchboard
    A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
    [ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]

    switchboard
    One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
    [ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]

    FR

    ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
    ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
    [IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

    appareillage, m
    matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
    NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
    [IEV number 826-16-03 ]

    appareillage
    terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
    [IEV number 441-11-01]


    A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
    Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
    The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
    1. Live-front vertical panels
    2. Dead-front boards
    3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)

    [American electricians’ handbook]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.

    Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.

    The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.

    It specifies in particular:

    > the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;

    > the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.

    All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.

    Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.

    A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.

    Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.

    What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.
    [Schneider Electric]

    НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.

    Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.

    Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).

    В частности, он определяет:

    > распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;

    > конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.

    В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.

    Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.

    Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.

    Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.

    Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.
    [Перевод Интент]

     

    LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.

    The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.

    In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.

    Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.

    The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.
    [ABB]

    Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.

    Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам

    Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.

    Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются

    Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.
    [Перевод Интент]

    Тематики

    • НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)

    Классификация

    >>>

    Действия

    Синонимы

    Сопутствующие термины

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    • Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte

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    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > НКУ распределения и управления

  • 14 состав

    analysis, composition, compound, constitution, formula, formulation, (материала, композиции, сплава) makeup, mixture пищ., repertoire, repertory, ( смеси) proportion, temper, train, ( вагонеток) trip горн.
    * * *
    соста́в м.
    1. composition
    включа́ть в соста́в — include as a component of …
    анте́нны включа́ются в соста́в радиоста́нции — antennas are included as components of the radio set
    вводи́ть в соста́в — be (come) part of, be (come) a member of
    разъё́м вхо́дит в соста́в бло́ка B [m2]-1 — the connector is part of unit B -1
    задава́ть соста́в — specify an analysis [a composition]
    соста́в «попада́ет в ана́лиз» — the analysis is in control
    3. ( рецептура) formula, formulation
    5. ( поездной) train
    комплектова́ть поездно́й соста́в — gather a train
    антикоррози́йный соста́в — corrosion preventive compound
    наноси́ть антикоррози́йный соста́в, напр. ки́стью, погруже́нием, заполне́нием, поли́вом — apply corrosion preventive compound by, e. g., brushing, dipping, sluicing, flow-over
    аппрети́рующий соста́в — finishing composition
    соста́в бето́на — concrete mix, proportions of a concrete mix
    проекти́ровать соста́в бето́на по объё́му — design a concrete mix by (the) volume (method)
    уточня́ть соста́в бето́на — adjust the trial proportions of a concrete mix
    воспламени́тельный соста́в — igniter composition
    гаранти́рованный соста́в ( сырья) хим. — guaranteed analysis
    герметизи́рующий соста́в — sealant, sealing compound
    гранулометри́ческий соста́в — grain-size analysis; granulometric composition
    закрепля́ющий соста́в — fixing agent, fixative
    инжене́рно-техни́ческий соста́в — technical staff
    консерви́рующий соста́в — preservative (compound)
    соста́в кра́ски — (paint) formulation
    лё́тный соста́в — flight personnel
    ли́чный соста́в — personnel, staff
    механи́ческий соста́в — mechanical composition
    обезжи́ривающий соста́в — degreaser
    пламегася́щий соста́в — extinguishant, fire-extinguishing agent
    подвижно́й соста́в ж.-д. — rolling stock
    пропи́точный соста́в — impregnating compound
    противогни́лостный соста́в — preservative (compound)
    соста́в публика́ции (напр. инструкции) — the make-up of a publication
    соста́в рабо́чей сме́си двс. — air-fuel ratio
    светя́щийся соста́в — luminous compound
    си́товый соста́в — sieve analysis
    спи́сочный соста́в ( работающих на предприятии) — payroll
    стехиометри́ческий соста́в — stoichiometric composition
    хими́ческий соста́в — chemical composition, analysis
    обы́чно у́голь име́ет сле́дующий хими́ческий соста́в — the typical analysis of coal is …
    хими́ческий соста́в мета́лла в ковше́ — ladle analysis
    хими́ческий соста́в мета́лла, за́данный на вы́пуске — tapping specification
    хими́ческий соста́в мета́лла при вы́пуске — tapping analysis
    элемента́рный соста́в — elementary composition
    соста́в ядра́ — constitution of the nucleus
    * * *

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > состав

  • 15 Darby, Abraham

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1678 near Dudley, Worcestershire, England
    d. 5 May 1717 Madely Court, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England
    [br]
    English ironmaster, inventor of the coke smelting of iron ore.
    [br]
    Darby's father, John, was a farmer who also worked a small forge to produce nails and other ironware needed on the farm. He was brought up in the Society of Friends, or Quakers, and this community remained important throughout his personal and working life. Darby was apprenticed to Jonathan Freeth, a malt-mill maker in Birmingham, and on completion of his apprenticeship in 1699 he took up the trade himself in Bristol. Probably in 1704, he visited Holland to study the casting of brass pots and returned to Bristol with some Dutch workers, setting up a brassworks at Baptist Mills in partnership with others. He tried substituting cast iron for brass in his castings, without success at first, but in 1707 he was granted a patent, "A new way of casting iron pots and other pot-bellied ware in sand without loam or clay". However, his business associates were unwilling to risk further funds in the experiments, so he withdrew his share of the capital and moved to Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. There, iron ore, coal, water-power and transport lay close at hand. He took a lease on an old furnace and began experimenting. The shortage and expense of charcoal, and his knowledge of the use of coke in malting, may well have led him to try using coke to smelt iron ore. The furnace was brought into blast in 1709 and records show that in the same year it was regularly producing iron, using coke instead of charcoal. The process seems to have been operating successfully by 1711 in the production of cast-iron pots and kettles, with some pig-iron destined for Bristol. Darby prospered at Coalbrookdale, employing coke smelting with consistent success, and he sought to extend his activities in the neighbourhood and in other parts of the country. However, ill health prevented him from pursuing these ventures with his previous energy. Coke smelting spread slowly in England and the continent of Europe, but without Darby's technological breakthrough the ever-increasing demand for iron for structures and machines during the Industrial Revolution simply could not have been met; it was thus an essential component of the technological progress that was to come.
    Darby's eldest son, Abraham II (1711–63), entered the Coalbrookdale Company partnership in 1734 and largely assumed control of the technical side of managing the furnaces and foundry. He made a number of improvements, notably the installation of a steam engine in 1742 to pump water to an upper level in order to achieve a steady source of water-power to operate the bellows supplying the blast furnaces. When he built the Ketley and Horsehay furnaces in 1755 and 1756, these too were provided with steam engines. Abraham II's son, Abraham III (1750–89), in turn, took over the management of the Coalbrookdale works in 1768 and devoted himself to improving and extending the business. His most notable achievement was the design and construction of the famous Iron Bridge over the river Severn, the world's first iron bridge. The bridge members were cast at Coalbrookdale and the structure was erected during 1779, with a span of 100 ft (30 m) and height above the river of 40 ft (12 m). The bridge still stands, and remains a tribute to the skill and judgement of Darby and his workers.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Raistrick, 1989, Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust (the best source for the lives of the Darbys and the work of the company).
    H.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Darby, Abraham

  • 16 Lanchester, Frederick William

    [br]
    b. 28 October 1868 Lewisham, London, England
    d. 8 March 1946 Birmingham, England
    [br]
    English designer and builder of the first all-British motor car.
    [br]
    The fourth of eight children of an architect, he spent his childhood in Hove and attended a private preparatory school, from where, aged 14, he went to the Hartley Institution (the forerunner of Southampton University). He was then granted a scholarship to the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, and also studied practical engineering at Finsbury Technical College, London. He worked first for a draughtsman and pseudo-patent agent, and was then appointed Assistant Works Manager of the Forward Gas Engine Company of Birmingham, with sixty men and a salary of £1 per week. He was then aged 21. His younger brother, George, was apprenticed to the same company. In 1889 and 1890 he invented a pendulum governor and an engine starter which earned him royalties. He built a flat-bottomed river craft with a stern paddle-wheel and a vertical single-cylinder engine with a wick carburettor of his own design. From 1892 he performed a number of garden experiments on model gliders relating to problems of lift and drag, which led him to postulate vortices from the wingtips trailing behind, much of his work lying behind the theory of modern aerodynamics. The need to develop a light engine for aircraft led him to car design.
    In February 1896 his first experimental car took the road. It had a torsionally rigid chassis, a perfectly balanced and almost noiseless engine, dynamically stable steering, epicyclic gear for low speed and reverse with direct drive for high speed. It turned out to be underpowered and was therefore redesigned. Two years later an 8 hp, two-cylinder flat twin appeared which retained the principle of balancing by reverse rotation, had new Lanchester valve-gear and a new method of ignition based on a magneto generator. For the first time a worm and wheel replaced chain-drive or bevel-gear transmission. Lanchester also designed the machinery to make it. The car was capable of about 18 mph (29 km/h): future cars of his travelled at twice that speed. From 1899 to 1904 cars were produced for sale by the Lanchester Engine Company, which was formed in 1898. The company had to make every component except the tyres. Lanchester gave up the managership but remained as Chief Designer, and he remained in this post until 1914.
    In 1907–8 his two-volume treatise Aerial Flight was published; it included consideration of skin friction, boundary-layer theory and the theory of stability. In 1909 he was appointed to the Government's Committee for Aeronautics and also became a consultant to the Daimler Company. At the age of 51 he married Dorothea Cooper. He remained a consultant to Daimler and worked also for Wolseley and Beardmore until 1929 when he started Lanchester Laboratories, working on sound reproduction. He also wrote books on relativity and on the theory of dimensions.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS.
    Bibliography
    bht=1907–8, Aerial Flight, 2 vols.
    Further Reading
    P.W.Kingsford, 1966, F.W.Lanchester, Automobile Engineer.
    E.G.Semler (ed.), 1966, The Great Masters. Engineering Heritage, Vol. II, London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers/Heinemann.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Lanchester, Frederick William

  • 17 Royce, Sir Frederick Henry

    [br]
    b. 27 March 1863 Alwalton, Huntingdonshire, England
    d. 22 April 1933 West Wittering, Sussex, England.
    [br]
    English engineer and industrialist.
    [br]
    Royce was the younger son of a flour miller. His father's death forced him to earn his own living from the age of 10 selling newspapers, as a post office messenger boy, and in other jobs. At the age of 14, he became an apprentice at the Great Northern Railway's locomotive works, but was unable to complete his apprenticeship due to a shortage of money. He moved to a tool company in Leeds, then in 1882 he became a tester for the London Electric Light \& Power Company and attended classes at the City \& Guilds Technical College. In the same year, the company made him Chief Electrical Engineer for the lighting of the streets of Liverpool.
    In 1884, at the age of 21, he founded F.H. Royce \& Co (later called Royce Ltd, from 1894 to 1933) with a capital of £70, manufacturing arc lamps, dynamos and electric cranes. In 1903, he bought a 10 hp Deauville car which proved noisy and unreliable; he therefore designed his own car. By the end of 1903 he had produced a twocylinder engine which ran for many hundreds of hours driving dynamos; on 31 March 1904, a 10 hp Royce car was driven smoothly and silently from the works in Cooke Street, Manchester. This car so impressed Charles S. Rolls, whose London firm were agents for high-class continental cars, that he agreed to take the entire output from the Manchester works. In 1906 they jointly formed Rolls-Royce Ltd and at the end of that year Royce produced the first 40/50 hp Silver Ghost, which remained in production until 1925 when it was replaced by the Phantom and Wraith. The demand for the cars grew so great that in 1908 manufacture was transferred to a new factory in Derby.
    In 1911 Royce had a breakdown due to overwork and his lack of attention to taking regular meals. From that time he never returned to the works but continued in charge of design from a drawing office in his home in the south of France and later at West Wittering, Sussex, England. During the First World War he designed the Falcon, Hawk and Condor engines as well as the VI2 Eagle, all of which were liquid-cooled. Later he designed the 36.7-litre Rolls-Royce R engines for the Vickers Supermarine S.6 and S.6B seaplanes which were entered for the Schneider Trophy (which they won in 1929 and 1931, the 5.5 having won in 1927 with a Napier Lion engine) and set a world speed record of 408 mph (657 km/h) in 1931; the 1941 Griffon engine was derived from the R.
    Royce was an improver rather than an innovator, though he did invent a silent form of valve gear, a friction-damped slipper flywheel, the Royce carburettor and a spring drive for timing gears. He was a modest man with a remarkable memory who concentrated on perfecting the detail of every component. He married Minnie Punt, but they had no children. A bust of him at the Derby factory is captioned simply "Henry Royce, Mechanic".
    [br]
    Further Reading
    R.Bird, 1995, Rolls Royce Heritage, London: Osprey.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Royce, Sir Frederick Henry

  • 18 факторный анализ

    1. component analysis
    2. factor analysis

    Русско-английский научный словарь > факторный анализ

  • 19 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 20 Grammar

       I think that the failure to offer a precise account of the notion "grammar" is not just a superficial defect in linguistic theory that can be remedied by adding one more definition. It seems to me that until this notion is clarified, no part of linguistic theory can achieve anything like a satisfactory development.... I have been discussing a grammar of a particular language here as analogous to a particular scientific theory, dealing with its subject matter (the set of sentences of this language) much as embryology or physics deals with its subject matter. (Chomsky, 1964, p. 213)
       Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of his language are necessarily accurate. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 8)
       Much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet.... [The] transformational rules, at least for a substantial core grammar, can be reduced to the single rule, "Move alpha" (that is, "move any category anywhere"). (Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 21)
       4) The Relationship of Transformational Grammar to Semantics and to Human Performance
       he implications of assuming a semantic memory for what we might call "generative psycholinguistics" are: that dichotomous judgments of semantic well-formedness versus anomaly are not essential or inherent to language performance; that the transformational component of a grammar is the part most relevant to performance models; that a generative grammar's role should be viewed as restricted to language production, whereas sentence understanding should be treated as a problem of extracting a cognitive representation of a text's message; that until some theoretical notion of cognitive representation is incorporated into linguistic conceptions, they are unlikely to provide either powerful language-processing programs or psychologically relevant theories.
       Although these implications conflict with the way others have viewed the relationship of transformational grammars to semantics and to human performance, they do not eliminate the importance of such grammars to psychologists, an importance stressed in, and indeed largely created by, the work of Chomsky. It is precisely because of a growing interdependence between such linguistic theory and psychological performance models that their relationship needs to be clarified. (Quillian, 1968, p. 260)
       here are some terminological distinctions that are crucial to explain, or else confusions can easily arise. In the formal study of grammar, a language is defined as a set of sentences, possibly infinite, where each sentence is a string of symbols or words. One can think of each sentence as having several representations linked together: one for its sound pattern, one for its meaning, one for the string of words constituting it, possibly others for other data structures such as the "surface structure" and "deep structure" that are held to mediate the mapping between sound and meaning. Because no finite system can store an infinite number of sentences, and because humans in particular are clearly not pullstring dolls that emit sentences from a finite stored list, one must explain human language abilities by imputing to them a grammar, which in the technical sense is a finite rule system, or programme, or circuit design, capable of generating and recognizing the sentences of a particular language. This "mental grammar" or "psychogrammar" is the neural system that allows us to speak and understand the possible word sequences of our native tongue. A grammar for a specific language is obviously acquired by a human during childhood, but there must be neural circuitry that actually carries out the acquisition process in the child, and this circuitry may be called the language faculty or language acquisition device. An important part of the language faculty is universal grammar, an implementation of a set of principles or constraints that govern the possible form of any human grammar. (Pinker, 1996, p. 263)
       A grammar of language L is essentially a theory of L. Any scientific theory is based on a finite number of observations, and it seeks to relate the observed phenomena and to predict new phenomena by constructing general laws in terms of hypothetical constructs.... Similarly a grammar of English is based on a finite corpus of utterances (observations), and it will contain certain grammatical rules (laws) stated in terms of the particular phonemes, phrases, etc., of English (hypothetical constructs). These rules express structural relations among the sentences of the corpus and the infinite number of sentences generated by the grammar beyond the corpus (predictions). (Chomsky, 1957, p. 49)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Grammar

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