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  • 81 дистанционное техническое обслуживание

    1. remote sevice
    2. remote maintenance

     

    дистанционное техническое обслуживание
    Техническое обслуживание объекта, проводимое под управлением персонала без его непосредственного присутствия.
    [ОСТ 45.152-99 ]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент

    Service from afar

    Дистанционный сервис

    ABB’s Remote Service concept is revolutionizing the robotics industry

    Разработанная АББ концепция дистанционного обслуживания Remote Service революционизирует робототехнику

    ABB robots are found in industrial applications everywhere – lifting, packing, grinding and welding, to name a few. Robust and tireless, they work around the clock and are critical to a company’s productivity. Thus, keeping these robots in top shape is essential – any failure can lead to serious output consequences. But what happens when a robot malfunctions?

    Роботы АББ используются во всех отраслях промышленности для перемещения грузов, упаковки, шлифовки, сварки – всего и не перечислить. Надежные и неутомимые работники, способные трудиться день и ночь, они представляют большую ценность для владельца. Поэтому очень важно поддерживать их в надлежащей состоянии, ведь любой отказ может иметь серьезные последствия. Но что делать, если робот все-таки сломался?

    ABB’s new Remote Service concept holds the answer: This approach enables a malfunctioning robot to alarm for help itself. An ABB service engineer then receives whole diagnostic information via wireless technology, analyzes the data on a Web site and responds with support in just minutes. This unique service is paying off for customers and ABB alike, and in the process is revolutionizing service thinking.

    Ответом на этот вопрос стала новая концепция Remote Service от АББ, согласно которой неисправный робот сам просит о помощи. C помощью беспроводной технологии специалист сервисной службы АББ получает всю необходимую диагностическую информацию, анализирует данные на web-сайте и через считанные минуты выдает рекомендации по устранению отказа. Эта уникальная возможность одинаково ценна как для заказчиков, так и для самой компании АББ. В перспективе она способна в корне изменить весь подход к организации технического обслуживания.

    Every minute of production downtime can have financially disastrous consequences for a company. Traditional reactive service is no longer sufficient since on-site service engineer visits also demand great amounts of time and money. Thus, companies not only require faster help from the service organization when needed but they also want to avoid disturbances in production.

    Каждая минута простоя производства может привести к губительным финансовым последствиям. Традиционная организация сервиса, предусматривающая ликвидацию возникающих неисправностей, становится все менее эффективной, поскольку вызов сервисного инженера на место эксплуатации робота сопряжен с большими затратами времени и денег. Предприятия требуют от сервисной организации не только более быстрого оказания помощи, но и предотвращения возможных сбоев производства.

    In 2006, ABB developed a new approach to better meet customer’s expectations: Using the latest technologies to reach the robots at customer sites around the world, ABB could support them remotely in just minutes, thereby reducing the need for site visits. Thus the new Remote Service concept was quickly brought to fruition and was launched in mid-2007. Statistics show that by using the system the majority of production stoppages can be avoided.

    В 2006 г. компания АББ разработала новый подход к удовлетворению ожиданий своих заказчиков. Использование современных технологий позволяет специалистам АББ получать информацию от роботов из любой точки мира и в считанные минуты оказывать помощь дистанционно, в результате чего сокращается количество выездов на место установки. Запущенная в середине 2007 г. концепция Remote Service быстро себя оправдала. Статистика показывает, что её применение позволило предотвратить большое число остановок производства.

    Reactive maintenance The hardware that makes ABB Remote Service possible consists of a communication unit, which has a function similar to that of an airplane’s so-called black box 1. This “service box” is connected to the robot’s control system and can read and transmit diagnostic information. The unit not only reads critical diagnostic information that enables immediate support in the event of a failure, but also makes it possible to monitor and analyze the robot’s condition, thereby proactively detecting the need for maintenance.

    Устранение возникающих неисправностей Аппаратное устройство, с помощью которого реализуется концепция Remote Service, представляет собой коммуникационный блок, работающий аналогично черному ящику самолета (рис. 1). Этот блок считывает диагностические данные из контроллера робота и передает их по каналу GSM. Считывается не только информация, необходимая для оказания немедленной помощи в случае отказа, но и сведения, позволяющие контролировать и анализировать состояние робота для прогнозирования неисправностей и планирования технического обслуживания.

    If the robot breaks down, the service box immediately stores the status of the robot, its historical data (as log files), and diagnostic parameters such as temperature and power supply. Equipped with a built-in modem and using the GSM network, the box transmits the data to a central server for analysis and presentation on a dedicated Web site. Alerts are automatically sent to the nearest of ABB’s 1,200 robot service engineers who then accesses the detailed data and error log to analyze the problem.

    При поломке робота сервисный блок немедленно сохраняет данные о его состоянии, сведения из рабочего журнала, а также значения диагностических параметров (температура и характеристики питания). Эти данные передаются встроенным GSM-модемом на центральный сервер для анализа и представления на соответствующем web-сайте. Аварийные сообщения автоматически пересылаются ближайшему к месту аварии одному из 1200 сервисных инженеров-робототехников АББ, который получает доступ к детальной информации и журналу аварий для анализа возникшей проблемы.

    A remotely based ABB engineer can then quickly identify the exact fault, offering rapid customer support. For problems that cannot be solved remotely, the service engineer can arrange for quick delivery of spare parts and visit the site to repair the robot. Even if the engineer must make a site visit, service is faster, more efficient and performed to a higher standard than otherwise possible.

    Специалист АББ может дистанционно идентифицировать отказ и оказать быструю помощь заказчику. Если неисправность не может быть устранена дистанционно, сервисный инженер организовывает доставку запасных частей и выезд ремонтной бригады. Даже если необходимо разрешение проблемы на месте, предшествующая дистанционная диагностика позволяет минимизировать объем работ и сократить время простоя.

    Remote Service enables engineers to “talk” to robots remotely and to utilize tools that enable smart, fast and automatic analysis. The system is based on a machine-to-machine (M2M) concept, which works automatically, requiring human input only for analysis and personalized customer recommendations. ABB was recognized for this innovative solution at the M2M United Conference in Chicago in 2008 Factbox.

    Remote Service позволяет инженерам «разговаривать» с роботами на расстоянии и предоставляет в их распоряжение интеллектуальные средства быстрого автоматизированного анализа. Система основана на основе технологии автоматической связи машины с машиной (M2M), где участие человека сводится к анализу данных и выдаче рекомендаций клиенту. В 2008 г. это инновационное решение от АББ получило приз на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго (см. вставку).

    Proactive maintenance 
    Remote Service also allows ABB engineers to monitor and detect potential problems in the robot system and opens up new possibilities for proactive maintenance.

    Прогнозирование неисправностей
    Remote Service позволяет инженерам АББ дистанционно контролировать состояние роботов и прогнозировать возможные неисправности, что открывает новые возможности по организации профилактического обслуживания.

    The service box regularly takes condition measurements. By monitoring key parameters over time, Remote Service can identify potential failures and when necessary notify both the end customer and the appropriate ABB engineer. The management and storage of full system backups is a very powerful service to help recover from critical situations caused, for example, by operator errors.

    Сервисный блок регулярно выполняет диагностические измерения. Непрерывно контролируя ключевые параметры, Remote Service может распознать потенциальные опасности и, при необходимости, оповещать владельца оборудования и соответствующего специалиста АББ. Резервирование данных для возможного отката является мощным средством, обеспечивающим восстановление системы в критических ситуациях, например, после ошибки оператора.

    The first Remote Service installation took place in the automotive industry in the United States and quickly proved its value. The motherboard in a robot cabinet overheated and the rise in temperature triggered an alarm via Remote Service. Because of the alarm, engineers were able to replace a faulty fan, preventing a costly production shutdown.

    Первая система Remote Service была установлена на автозаводе в США и очень скоро была оценена по достоинству. Она обнаружила перегрев материнской платы в шкафу управления роботом и передала сигнал о превышении допустимой температуры, благодаря чему инженеры смогли заменить неисправный вентилятор и предотвратить дорогостоящую остановку производства.

    MyRobot: 24-hour remote access
    Having regular access to a robot’s condition data is also essential to achieving lean production. At any time, from any location, customers can verify their robots’ status and access maintenance information and performance reports simply by logging in to ABB’s MyRobot Web site. The service enables customers to easily compare performances, identify bottlenecks or developing issues, and initiate the most

    Сайт MyRobot: круглосуточный дистанционный доступ
    Для того чтобы обеспечить бесперебойное производство, необходимо иметь регулярный доступ к информации о состоянии робота. Зайдя на соответствующую страницу сайта MyRobot компании АББ, заказчики получат все необходимые данные, включая сведения о техническом обслуживании и отчеты о производительности своего робота. Эта услуга позволяет легко сравнивать данные о производительности, обнаруживать возможные проблемы, а также оптимизировать планирование технического обслуживания и модернизации. С помощью MyRobot можно значительно увеличить выпуск продукции и уменьшить количество выбросов.

    Award-winning solution
    In June 2008, the innovative Remote Service solution won the Gold Value Chain award at the M2M United Conference in Chicago. The value chain award honors successful corporate adopters of M2M (machine–to-machine) technology and highlights the process of combining multiple technologies to deliver high-quality services to customers. ABB won in the categoryof Smart Services.

    Приз за удачное решение
    В июне 2008 г. инновационное решение Remote Service получило награду Gold Value Chain (Золотая цепь) на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго. «Золотая цепь» присуждается за успешное масштабное внедрение технологии M2M (машина – машина), а также за достижения в объединении различных технологий для предоставления высококачественных услуг заказчикам. АББ одержала победу в номинации «Интеллектуальный сервис».

    Case study: Tetley Tetley GB Ltd is the world’s second-largest manufacturer and distributor of tea. The company’s manufacturing and distribution business is spread across 40 countries and sells over 60 branded tea bags. Tetley’s UK tea production facility in Eaglescliffe, County Durham is the sole producer of Tetley tea bags 2.

    Пример применения: Tetley Компания TetleyGB Ltd является вторым по величине мировым производителем и поставщиком чая. Производственные и торговые филиалы компании имеются в 40 странах, а продукция распространяется под 60 торговыми марками. Чаеразвесочная фабрика в Иглсклифф, графство Дарем, Великобритания – единственный производитель чая Tetley в пакетиках (рис. 2).

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which can help extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the cost of automated production.

    Предлагаемые АББ контракты на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и общую стоимость автоматизированного производства.

    Robots in the plant’s production line were tripping alarms and delaying the whole production cycle. The spurious alarms resulted in much unnecessary downtime that was spent resetting the robots in the hope that another breakdown could be avoided. Each time an alarm was tripped, several hours of production time was lost. “It was for this reason that we were keen to try out ABB’s Remote Service agreement,” said Colin Trevor, plant maintenance manager.

    Установленные в технологической линии роботы выдавали аварийные сигналы, задерживающие выполнение производственного цикла. Ложные срабатывания вынуждали перезапускать роботов в надежде предотвратить возможные отказы, в результате чего после каждого аварийного сигнала производство останавливалось на несколько часов. «Именно поэтому мы решили попробовать заключить с АББ контракт на дистанционное техническое обслуживание», – сказал Колин Тревор, начальник технической службы фабрики.

    To prevent future disruptions caused by unplanned downtime, Tetley signed an ABB Response Package service agreement, which included installing a service box and system infrastructure into the robot control systems. Using the Remote Service solution, ABB remotely monitors and collects data on the “wear and tear” and productivity of the robotic cells; this data is then shared with the customer and contributes to smooth-running production cycles.

    Для предотвращения ущерба в результате незапланированных простоев Tetley заключила с АББ контракт на комплексное обслуживание Response Package, согласно которому системы управления роботами были дооборудованы сервисными блоками с необходимой инфраструктурой. С помощью Remote Service компания АББ дистанционно собирает данные о наработке, износе и производительности роботизированных модулей. Эти данные предоставляются заказчику для оптимизации загрузки производственного оборудования.

    Higher production uptime
    Since the implementation of Remote Service, Tetley has enjoyed greatly reduced robot downtime, with no further disruptions caused by unforeseen problems. “The Remote Service package has dramatically changed the plant,” said Trevor. “We no longer have breakdown issues throughout the shift, helping us to achieve much longer periods of robot uptime. As we have learned, world-class manufacturing facilities need world-class support packages. Remote monitoring of our robots helps us to maintain machine uptime, prevent costly downtime and ensures my employees can be put to more valuable use.”

    Увеличение полезного времени
    С момента внедрения Remote Service компания Tetley была приятно удивлена резким сокращением простоя роботов и отсутствием незапланированных остановок производства. «Пакет Remote Service резко изменил ситуацию на предприятии», – сказал Тревор. «Мы избавились от простоев роботов и смогли резко увеличить их эксплуатационную готовность. Мы поняли, что для производственного оборудования мирового класса необходим сервисный пакет мирового класса. Дистанционный контроль роботов помогает нам поддерживать их в рабочем состоянии, предотвращать дорогостоящие простои и задействовать наш персонал для выполнения более важных задач».

    Service access
    Remote Service is available worldwide, connecting more than 500 robots. Companies that have up to 30 robots are often good candidates for the Remote Service offering, as they usually have neither the engineers nor the requisite skills to deal with robotics faults themselves. Larger companies are also enthusiastic about Remote Service, as the proactive services will improve the lifetime of their equipment and increase overall production uptime.

    Доступность сервиса
    Сеть Remote Service охватывает более 700 роботов по всему миру. Потенциальными заказчиками Remote Service являются компании, имеющие до 30 роботов, но не имеющие инженеров и техников, способных самостоятельно устранять их неисправности. Интерес к Remote Service проявляют и более крупные компании, поскольку они заинтересованы в увеличении срока службы и эксплуатационной готовности производственного оборудования.

    In today’s competitive environment, business profitability often relies on demanding production schedules that do not always leave time for exhaustive or repeated equipment health checks. ABB’s Remote Service agreements are designed to monitor its customers’ robots to identify when problems are likely to occur and ensure that help is dispatched before the problem can escalate. In over 60 percent of ABB’s service calls, its robots can be brought back online remotely, without further intervention.

    В условиях современной конкуренции окупаемость бизнеса часто зависит от соблюдения жестких графиков производства, не оставляющих времени для полномасштабных или периодических проверок исправности оборудования. Контракт Remote Service предусматривает мониторинг состояния роботов заказчика для прогнозирования возможных неисправностей и принятие мер по их предотвращению. В более чем 60 % случаев для устранения неисправности достаточно дистанционной консультации в сервисной службе АББ, дальнейшего вмешательства не требуется.

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which helps extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the total cost of ownership. With four new packages available – Support, Response, Maintenance and Warranty, each backed up by ABB’s Remote Service technology – businesses can minimize the impact of unplanned downtime and achieve improved production-line efficiency.

    Компания АББ предлагает гибкий выбор контрактов на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, которые позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и эксплуатационные расходы. Четыре новых пакета на основе технологии Remote Service – Support, Response, Maintenance и Warranty – позволяют минимизировать внеплановые простои и значительно повысить эффективность производства.

    The benefits of Remote Sevice are clear: improved availability, fewer service visits, lower maintenance costs and maximized total cost of ownership. This unique service sets ABB apart from its competitors and is the beginning of a revolution in service thinking. It provides ABB with a great opportunity to improve customer access to its expertise and develop more advanced services worldwide.

    Преимущества дистанционного технического обслуживания очевидны: повышенная надежность, уменьшение выездов ремонтных бригад, уменьшение затрат на обслуживание и общих эксплуатационных расходов. Эта уникальная услуга дает компании АББ преимущества над конкурентами и демонстрирует революционный подход к организации сервиса. Благодаря ей компания АББ расширяет доступ заказчиков к опыту своих специалистов и получает возможность более эффективного оказания технической помощи по всему миру.

    Тематики

    • тех. обсл. и ремонт средств электросвязи

    Обобщающие термины

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > дистанционное техническое обслуживание

  • 82 organización

    f.
    1 organization, hierarchy, array, structure.
    2 institution, entity, organism, foundation.
    3 organizing.
    * * *
    1 organization
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    OPEP
    * * *
    femenino organization

    una organización sindical — a labor (AmE) o (BrE) trade union

    * * *
    femenino organization

    una organización sindical — a labor (AmE) o (BrE) trade union

    * * *
    organización1
    1 = establishment, organisation [organization, -USA], institution.

    Ex: Since BC adheres closely to the educational and scientific consensus, BC found most favour with libraries in educational establishments.

    Ex: The author of a document is the person or organisation responsible for its creation.
    Ex: The distinction between 'societies' and 'institutions' lies at the heart of the code.
    * Comité de las Organizaciones = Committee of Agricultural Producer Organizations (COPA).
    * comportamiento de las organizaciones = organisational behaviour.
    * comunicación dentro de una organización = organisational communication.
    * conducta de las organizaciones = organisational behaviour.
    * OPEC, la [Organización de Países Exportadores de Petróleo] = OPEC [Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries].
    * organigrama de una organización = organisation chart.
    * organización afiliada = sister organisation.
    * organización agraria = agricultural organisation.
    * organización a la que pertenece = parent organisation.
    * organización benéfica = aid agency, aid organisation.
    * organización cívica = community organisation.
    * Organización Cultural, Científica y Educativa de las Naciones Unidas (UNESCO = UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization).
    * organización de voluntariado = voluntary body, voluntary agency, voluntary organisation.
    * organización empresarial = business organisation.
    * organización intergubernamental (OIG) = intergovernmental organisation (IGO).
    * organización internacional = international organisation.
    * Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) = International Labour Organisation (ILO).
    * Organización Internacional de Normalización = ISO.
    * organización mafiosa = crime syndicate.
    * organización miembro de una asociación = partner organisation.
    * Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) = World Health Organisation (WHO).
    * Organización Mundial para el Comercio = World Trade Organization (WTO).
    * Organización para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) = FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation).
    * Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE) = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
    * organización que actúa en representación de otras = umbrella organisation.
    * OTAN (Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte) = NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation).
    * una pieza más en la organización = a cog in the wheel, a cog in the machine.
    * uno más de tantos en la organización = a cog in the wheel, a cog in the machine.

    organización2
    2 = logistics, map, mapping, organisational setting, organising [organizing, -USA], setup [set-up], organisation [organization, -USA], work organisation, staging, set-up, structuring, implementation.

    Ex: Donald P Hammer, Executive Secretary of LITA, and Dorothy Butler, the Division's Administrative Secretary, handled all of the administrative details, arrangements, and logistics.

    Ex: A detailed study of a co-citation map, its core documents' citation patterns and the related journal structures, is presented.
    Ex: Recently, proponents of co-citation cluster analysis have claimed that in principle their methodology makes possible the mapping of science using the data in the Science Citation Index.
    Ex: Many students, after working with cases, have testified to the help they received in developing a clearer concept of the dynamics of human relationships in organizational settings.
    Ex: No course on management would be complete without articulating the principles of management (i.e., planning, organizing, staffing, directing, controlling).
    Ex: 'You know,' she had said amiably, 'there might be a better job for you here once things get rolling with this new regional setup'.
    Ex: This article discusses the history of the organisation of readers' camps for students of secondary schools in Slovakia which dates back to 1979.
    Ex: Quality of Work Life (QWL) can be defined as 'the degree to which members of a work organisation are able to satisfy important personal needs through their experiences in the organisation'.
    Ex: The author describes the success of a library in staging a series of music concerts as a public relations exercise.
    Ex: Areas of particular concern are: equipment set-up and use; helping develop search strategies, logon/logoff procedures; and emergency assistance when things go wrong.
    Ex: There are also suggestions for rules for structuring corporate body names.
    Ex: This software is important to the further implementation of the record format, especially in developing countries.
    * conocimientos básicos de búsqueda, recuperación y organización de la informa = information literacy.
    * desorganización = disorganisation [disorganization, -USA].
    * metaorganización = meta-organisation.
    * modelo de organización = organisational scheme.
    * organización bibliográfica = bibliographic organisation.
    * organización bibliotecaria = library organisation.
    * organización del trabajo = workflow [work flow], working arrangement.
    * organización de materias = subject organisation.
    * organización horizontal = flat organisation, horizontal organisation.
    * organización interna = organisational structure.
    * organización laboral = job structuring.
    * reorganización = respacing.
    * una organización de = a pattern of.

    * * *
    1 (acción) organization
    2 (agrupación, institución) organization
    una organización ecologista an ecological organization
    una organización sindical a labor ( AmE) o ( BrE) trade union
    organización de bienestar social welfare organization
    Compuestos:
    Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
    World Intellectual Property Organization
    World Trade Organization
    * * *

     

    organización sustantivo femenino
    organization
    organización sustantivo femenino
    1 organization: la organización del concierto fue un desastre, the concert was disastrously organized
    2 (asociación) organization
    Organización No Gubernamental (ONG), Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)
    ' organización' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adherirse
    - aparato
    - desactivar
    - endosar
    - entrar
    - escala
    - F.A.O.
    - INTERPOL
    - lucro
    - mafiosa
    - mafioso
    - ONG
    - OTAN
    - OUA
    - sede
    - seno
    - terrorista
    - adhesión
    - articulación
    - barón
    - boda
    - caritativo
    - correr
    - cuadro
    - cúspide
    - depurar
    - disolución
    - disolver
    - emplear
    - entidad
    - funcionario
    - infiltrar
    - ingresar
    - ingreso
    - integrar
    - jerarquía
    - marina
    - miembro
    - obra
    - ONCE
    - ONU
    - permanencia
    - pertenencia
    - programación
    - radio
    - remodelación
    - remodelar
    - renovación
    - renovar
    - representar
    English:
    base
    - charitable
    - charity
    - disband
    - entrance
    - Interpol
    - join
    - lead
    - motto
    - NATO
    - NGO
    - nonprofit
    - organization
    - outfit
    - patron
    - picketing
    - PLO
    - policy
    - reshape
    - service
    - set-up
    - shake up
    - show
    - start
    - superintendent
    - system
    - top-heavy
    - trust
    - umbrella organisation
    - voluntary organization
    - watchdog
    - credit
    - in-house
    - insider
    - second
    - syndicate
    - united
    * * *
    1. [orden] organization
    2. [organismo] organization;
    las organizaciones sindicales the trade o US labor unions
    organización de ayuda humanitaria humanitarian aid organization;
    organización benéfica charity, charitable organization;
    organización de consumidores consumer organization;
    Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development;
    Organización de Estados Americanos Organization of American States;
    Organización Internacional de Normalización International Standards Organization;
    Organización Internacional del Trabajo International Labour Organization;
    Organización para la Liberación de Palestina Palestine Liberation Organization;
    Organización Mundial del Comercio World Trade Organization;
    Organización Mundial de la Salud World Health Organization;
    Organización de las Naciones Unidas United Nations Organization;
    organización no gubernamental non-governmental organization;
    Organización de Países Exportadores de Petróleo Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries;
    Organización para la Seguridad y Cooperación en Europa Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe;
    Organización para la Unidad Africana Organization of African Unity;
    Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte North Atlantic Treaty Organization
    * * *
    f organization
    * * *
    organización nf, pl - ciones : organization
    * * *
    organización n organization

    Spanish-English dictionary > organización

  • 83 LOGSE

    * * *
    SF ABR
    = Ley de Ordenación General del Sistema Educativo LOGSE Spain's Ley de Ordenación General del Sistema Educativo (1990) provided for a new educational system which began to be implemented in the 1991-92 academic year. Amongst other things, it raised the school-leaving age from 14 to 16 and introduced compulsory vocational training for all students. Religious education became optional and special-needs provision was incorporated into mainstream education. Following the implementation of the LOGSE, compulsory education is divided into Educación Primaria (EP) and Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO).
    See:
    ver nota culturelle EP - EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA in EP,
    * * *
    /ˈloxse/
    * * *

    LOGSE f Esp (abr de Ley de Ordenación General del Sistema Educativo) educational system general organization act
    * * *
    = Spanish education act
    * * *

    Spanish-English dictionary > LOGSE

  • 84 Grammar

       I think that the failure to offer a precise account of the notion "grammar" is not just a superficial defect in linguistic theory that can be remedied by adding one more definition. It seems to me that until this notion is clarified, no part of linguistic theory can achieve anything like a satisfactory development.... I have been discussing a grammar of a particular language here as analogous to a particular scientific theory, dealing with its subject matter (the set of sentences of this language) much as embryology or physics deals with its subject matter. (Chomsky, 1964, p. 213)
       Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of his language are necessarily accurate. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 8)
       Much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet.... [The] transformational rules, at least for a substantial core grammar, can be reduced to the single rule, "Move alpha" (that is, "move any category anywhere"). (Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 21)
       4) The Relationship of Transformational Grammar to Semantics and to Human Performance
       he implications of assuming a semantic memory for what we might call "generative psycholinguistics" are: that dichotomous judgments of semantic well-formedness versus anomaly are not essential or inherent to language performance; that the transformational component of a grammar is the part most relevant to performance models; that a generative grammar's role should be viewed as restricted to language production, whereas sentence understanding should be treated as a problem of extracting a cognitive representation of a text's message; that until some theoretical notion of cognitive representation is incorporated into linguistic conceptions, they are unlikely to provide either powerful language-processing programs or psychologically relevant theories.
       Although these implications conflict with the way others have viewed the relationship of transformational grammars to semantics and to human performance, they do not eliminate the importance of such grammars to psychologists, an importance stressed in, and indeed largely created by, the work of Chomsky. It is precisely because of a growing interdependence between such linguistic theory and psychological performance models that their relationship needs to be clarified. (Quillian, 1968, p. 260)
       here are some terminological distinctions that are crucial to explain, or else confusions can easily arise. In the formal study of grammar, a language is defined as a set of sentences, possibly infinite, where each sentence is a string of symbols or words. One can think of each sentence as having several representations linked together: one for its sound pattern, one for its meaning, one for the string of words constituting it, possibly others for other data structures such as the "surface structure" and "deep structure" that are held to mediate the mapping between sound and meaning. Because no finite system can store an infinite number of sentences, and because humans in particular are clearly not pullstring dolls that emit sentences from a finite stored list, one must explain human language abilities by imputing to them a grammar, which in the technical sense is a finite rule system, or programme, or circuit design, capable of generating and recognizing the sentences of a particular language. This "mental grammar" or "psychogrammar" is the neural system that allows us to speak and understand the possible word sequences of our native tongue. A grammar for a specific language is obviously acquired by a human during childhood, but there must be neural circuitry that actually carries out the acquisition process in the child, and this circuitry may be called the language faculty or language acquisition device. An important part of the language faculty is universal grammar, an implementation of a set of principles or constraints that govern the possible form of any human grammar. (Pinker, 1996, p. 263)
       A grammar of language L is essentially a theory of L. Any scientific theory is based on a finite number of observations, and it seeks to relate the observed phenomena and to predict new phenomena by constructing general laws in terms of hypothetical constructs.... Similarly a grammar of English is based on a finite corpus of utterances (observations), and it will contain certain grammatical rules (laws) stated in terms of the particular phonemes, phrases, etc., of English (hypothetical constructs). These rules express structural relations among the sentences of the corpus and the infinite number of sentences generated by the grammar beyond the corpus (predictions). (Chomsky, 1957, p. 49)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Grammar

  • 85 система образования «Сочи-2014»

    1. Sochi 2014 education system

     

    система образования «Сочи-2014»
    Руководство по разработке и реализации программы Олимпийского образования в рамках организации Игр «Сочи-2014».
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    Sochi 2014 education system
    Olympic education program development and implementation guide in the scope of Sochi 2014 Games organization.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > система образования «Сочи-2014»

  • 86 partir

    v.
    1 to divide, to split.
    Ella partió la fruta She split the fruit.
    2 to break open.
    le partieron el brazo they broke his arm
    le partieron la ceja/el labio they split o cut her eyebrow/lip
    párteme un pedazo de pan break me off a piece of bread
    3 to leave, to set off.
    4 to depart, to get along, to go away, to leave.
    Ellos partieron ayer They departed yesterday.
    5 to crush, to move to pity, to shake.
    El dolor partió a Ricardo The pain crushed Richard.
    * * *
    1 (dividir) to divide, split
    2 (romper) to break; (nueces, almendras) to crack
    3 familiar (fastidiar) to mess up
    1 (irse) to leave, set out, set off
    2 (proceder) to originate from
    ■ ¿de quién partió la idea? whose idea was it?
    1 to break
    \
    a partir de hoy from now on
    partir a alguien por la mitad to ruin somebody's plans, mess somebody up
    partir la cara a alguien familiar to smash somebody's face in
    partirse de risa familiar to split one's sides laughing
    * * *
    verb
    1) to cut, halve, split
    2) break, crack
    4) depart, leave
    •
    - partir de
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=dividir) [+ tarta, sandía, baraja] to cut; [+ tableta de chocolate] to break; [+ tronco] to split

    parte la barra de pan por la mitad — [con cuchillo] cut the baguette in half; [con las manos] break the baguette in half

    ¿te parto un trozo de queso? — shall I cut you (off) a piece of cheese?

    2) (=romper) [+ hueso, diente] to break; [+ rama] to break off; [+ nuez, almendra] to crack

    ¡te voy a partir la cara! — * I'm going to smash your face in! *

    3) (=distribuir) to share out; (=compartir) to share
    4) * (=fastidiar) to mess up *

    no soporto estas reuniones a las 11, me parten toda la mañana — I hate these 11 o'clock meetings, they mess up the whole morning *

    2. VI
    1) (=ponerse en camino) [persona, expedición] to set off; [tren, avión] to depart (de from) ( para for)( hacia in the direction of)
    2)

    partiendo de la base de que... — working on the principle that..., assuming that...

    ¿de quién partió la idea? — whose idea was it?

    3)

    a partir del lunes — from Monday, starting on Monday

    ¿qué podemos deducir a partir de estos datos? — what can we deduce from these data?

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( con cuchillo) <tarta/melón> to cut

    lo partió en dos/por la mitad — he cut it in two/in half

    ¿me partes otro trozo? — can you cut me another piece?

    b) ( romper) <piedra/coco> to break, smash; <nuez/avellana> to crack; <rama/palo> to break
    c) ( con golpe) < labio> to split (open); < cabeza> to split open

    te voy a partir la cara! — (fam) I'll smash your face in! (colloq)

    d) frío < labios> to chap
    2.
    partir vi
    1)
    a) (frml) tren/avión/barco to leave, depart (frml); persona/delegación to leave, depart (frml)
    b) auto (Chi) to start
    2)
    a)

    partir DE algo — de una premisa/un supuesto to start from something

    debemos partir de la base de que... — we should start from the premise that...

    b)

    a partir de ahora/ese momento — from now on/that moment on

    a partir del cambio la situación ha mejorado — since the change, the situation has improved

    a partir de hoy — (as o starting) from today

    3.
    partirse v pron
    a) mármol/roca to split, smash

    se le partió un diente — she broke o chipped a tooth

    b) (refl) < labio> to split; < diente> to break, chip
    * * *
    = cleave, split, head out, go forth.
    Ex. Ethnic and racial differences cleaved the American working class.
    Ex. In the mechanised paper fibre process individual pages are soaked and split so that acid-free paper can be put between the two layers.
    Ex. It's tempting to splurge on a new hi-fi system or head out on a shopping spree, but the smart option might be to pay off an existing debt.
    Ex. Finally six men agreed to go forth in their underclothes and nooses around their necks in hopeful expectation that their sacrifice would satisfy the king's bloodlust and he would spare the rest of the citizens.
    ----
    * a partir de = based on, working from, from, on a diet of, in response to.
    * a partir de ahora = from now on, from this point on, henceforth, as of now.
    * a partir de ahora y durante + Cuantificador + algunos años = for + Cuantificador + years to come.
    * a partir de aquí = hereupon.
    * a partir de ello = therefrom.
    * a partir de entonces = from this time on, hereafter, thereafter, from then on, thenceforth, whereafter, henceforth, from that moment on.
    * a partir de ese momento = from that moment on.
    * a partir de este momento = hereinafter.
    * a partir de esto = on this basis.
    * a partir de + Fecha = from + Fecha, effective + Fecha.
    * a partir de hoy = as from today.
    * a partir de la medianoche = late night.
    * a partir de los títulos = title-based.
    * catalogar partiendo de cero = catalogue + from scratch.
    * comenzar partiendo de cero = build + from scratch.
    * compilar partiendo de cero = compile + from scratch, compile + from scratch.
    * construir partiendo de cero = construct + from scratch.
    * de partirse de risa = side-splitting.
    * hacer a partir de = make out of.
    * hacer una plancha a partir de un molde = cast + plate + from mould.
    * introducir datos partiendo de cero = enter from + scratch.
    * para partirse de risa = side-splitting.
    * partiendo de = on the basis of.
    * partiendo de cero = from scratch, from an empty slate, from the ground up.
    * partiendo de esto = on this basis, on that basis.
    * partiendo de la práctica = practice-led.
    * partiendo del hecho de que = based on the understanding that.
    * partir de = rest on/upon, stem from, draw on/upon, build on/upon, strike out from.
    * partir de cero = begin + from scratch.
    * partir de la base de que = start from + the premise that, build on + the premise that.
    * partir de la premisa de que = start from + the premise that, build on + the premise that.
    * partir de presupuestos = make + assumption.
    * partir de una premisa = base upon + assumption, assumption + undergird.
    * partir el bacalao = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.
    * partir en dos = halve, rend in + two.
    * partir por la mitad = halve, break in + half.
    * partir por medio = rend in + two.
    * partirse de reír = burst into + side-splitting laughter, burst into + a fit of laughter, be in fits of laughter.
    * partirse de risa = laugh + Posesivo + head off, burst into + side-splitting laughter, burst into + a fit of laughter.
    * partirse de risa = be in fits of laughter.
    * partirse la cara por = work + Reflexivo + to death, work + Reflexivo + to the ground.
    * ¡que + Pronombre + partir un rayo! = be damned!.
    * trabajar a partir de = work forward.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( con cuchillo) <tarta/melón> to cut

    lo partió en dos/por la mitad — he cut it in two/in half

    ¿me partes otro trozo? — can you cut me another piece?

    b) ( romper) <piedra/coco> to break, smash; <nuez/avellana> to crack; <rama/palo> to break
    c) ( con golpe) < labio> to split (open); < cabeza> to split open

    te voy a partir la cara! — (fam) I'll smash your face in! (colloq)

    d) frío < labios> to chap
    2.
    partir vi
    1)
    a) (frml) tren/avión/barco to leave, depart (frml); persona/delegación to leave, depart (frml)
    b) auto (Chi) to start
    2)
    a)

    partir DE algo — de una premisa/un supuesto to start from something

    debemos partir de la base de que... — we should start from the premise that...

    b)

    a partir de ahora/ese momento — from now on/that moment on

    a partir del cambio la situación ha mejorado — since the change, the situation has improved

    a partir de hoy — (as o starting) from today

    3.
    partirse v pron
    a) mármol/roca to split, smash

    se le partió un diente — she broke o chipped a tooth

    b) (refl) < labio> to split; < diente> to break, chip
    * * *
    = cleave, split, head out, go forth.

    Ex: Ethnic and racial differences cleaved the American working class.

    Ex: In the mechanised paper fibre process individual pages are soaked and split so that acid-free paper can be put between the two layers.
    Ex: It's tempting to splurge on a new hi-fi system or head out on a shopping spree, but the smart option might be to pay off an existing debt.
    Ex: Finally six men agreed to go forth in their underclothes and nooses around their necks in hopeful expectation that their sacrifice would satisfy the king's bloodlust and he would spare the rest of the citizens.
    * a partir de = based on, working from, from, on a diet of, in response to.
    * a partir de ahora = from now on, from this point on, henceforth, as of now.
    * a partir de ahora y durante + Cuantificador + algunos años = for + Cuantificador + years to come.
    * a partir de aquí = hereupon.
    * a partir de ello = therefrom.
    * a partir de entonces = from this time on, hereafter, thereafter, from then on, thenceforth, whereafter, henceforth, from that moment on.
    * a partir de ese momento = from that moment on.
    * a partir de este momento = hereinafter.
    * a partir de esto = on this basis.
    * a partir de + Fecha = from + Fecha, effective + Fecha.
    * a partir de hoy = as from today.
    * a partir de la medianoche = late night.
    * a partir de los títulos = title-based.
    * catalogar partiendo de cero = catalogue + from scratch.
    * comenzar partiendo de cero = build + from scratch.
    * compilar partiendo de cero = compile + from scratch, compile + from scratch.
    * construir partiendo de cero = construct + from scratch.
    * de partirse de risa = side-splitting.
    * hacer a partir de = make out of.
    * hacer una plancha a partir de un molde = cast + plate + from mould.
    * introducir datos partiendo de cero = enter from + scratch.
    * para partirse de risa = side-splitting.
    * partiendo de = on the basis of.
    * partiendo de cero = from scratch, from an empty slate, from the ground up.
    * partiendo de esto = on this basis, on that basis.
    * partiendo de la práctica = practice-led.
    * partiendo del hecho de que = based on the understanding that.
    * partir de = rest on/upon, stem from, draw on/upon, build on/upon, strike out from.
    * partir de cero = begin + from scratch.
    * partir de la base de que = start from + the premise that, build on + the premise that.
    * partir de la premisa de que = start from + the premise that, build on + the premise that.
    * partir de presupuestos = make + assumption.
    * partir de una premisa = base upon + assumption, assumption + undergird.
    * partir el bacalao = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.
    * partir en dos = halve, rend in + two.
    * partir por la mitad = halve, break in + half.
    * partir por medio = rend in + two.
    * partirse de reír = burst into + side-splitting laughter, burst into + a fit of laughter, be in fits of laughter.
    * partirse de risa = laugh + Posesivo + head off, burst into + side-splitting laughter, burst into + a fit of laughter.
    * partirse de risa = be in fits of laughter.
    * partirse la cara por = work + Reflexivo + to death, work + Reflexivo + to the ground.
    * ¡que + Pronombre + partir un rayo! = be damned!.
    * trabajar a partir de = work forward.

    * * *
    partir [I1 ]
    vt
    1 (con cuchillo) ‹tarta/melón› to cut
    partió la pera en dos/por la mitad he cut the pear in two/in half
    parte la empanada en cinco partes iguales cut the pie into five equal pieces
    ¿me partes otro trozo? can you cut me another piece?
    2 (romper) ‹piedra/coco› to break, smash; ‹nuez/avellana› to crack
    ¿me partes un pedazo de pan? could you break me off a piece of bread?
    el rayo partió el árbol por la mitad the lightning split the tree in two
    partió la vara en dos he broke o snapped the stick in two
    3 (con un golpe) ‹labio› to split, split open; ‹cabeza› to split open
    ¡te voy a partir la cara! ( fam); I'll smash your face in! ( colloq)
    4 «frío» ‹labios› to chap
    5 ‹baraja› to cut
    ■ partir
    vi
    A
    ( frml); «tren/avión/barco» to leave, depart ( frml); «persona/delegación» to set off, leave
    partió ayer con destino a Londres she left for London yesterday
    partiremos a las ocho we'll set off o set out at eight, we shall depart at eight o'clock ( frml)
    la expedición partirá de Lima hacia Cuzco el día 15 the expedition will leave Lima for Cuzco on the 15th
    B «auto» ( Chi) to start
    C
    1 partir DE algo ‹de una premisa/un supuesto› to start FROM sth
    debemos partir de la base de que lograremos los fondos we should start from the premise o assumption that we will obtain the funds, we should start by assuming that we will obtain the funds
    partiendo de esta hipótesis taking this hypothesis as a starting point
    si partimos de que estamos en inferioridad de condiciones if we start by assuming/accepting that we are at a disadvantage
    2
    a partir de ese momento ella empezó a cambiar from that moment she began to change
    a partir de la implementación de esas medidas la situación ha venido mejorando since the implementation of these measures, the situation has been improving
    a partir de hoy/del sábado (starting) from today/from Saturday
    a partir de ahora from now on, starting from now
    a partir de ese lugar el ascenso se hace cada vez más difícil from that point on the ascent becomes increasingly difficult
    a partir de estos datos ¿qué conclusiones podemos sacar? what conclusions can we draw from these facts?, given these facts, what conclusions can we draw?
    1 «mármol/roca» to split, smash, break
    se le partió un diente she broke o chipped a tooth
    2 ( refl) «persona» ‹labio› to split; ‹diente› to break, chip
    si te caes, te vas a partir la cabeza if you fall, you'll split o crack your head open
    * * *

     

    partir ( conjugate partir) verbo transitivo
    a) ( con cuchillo) ‹tarta/melón› to cut;


    b) ( romper) ‹piedra/coco› to break, smash;

    ‹nuez/avellana› to crack;
    ‹rama/palo› to break

    ‹ cabeza› to split open
    d) [ frío] ‹ labios› to chap

    verbo intransitivo
    1
    a) (frml) ( marcharse) to leave, depart (frml)

    b) [ auto] (Chi) to start

    2
    a) partir DE algo ‹de una premisa/un supuesto› to start from sth

    b)


    a partir de ahora/ese momento from now on/that moment on;
    a partir de hoy (as o starting) from today
    partirse verbo pronominal
    a) [mármol/roca] to split, smash

    b) ( refl) ‹ labio› to split;

    ‹ diente› to break, chip
    partir
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (romper, quebrar) to break: me parte el corazón verte tan desalentada, it's heartbreaking to see you so depressed
    partir una nuez, to shell a walnut
    2 (dividir) to split, divide
    (con un cuchillo) to cut
    II vi (irse) to leave, set out o off
    ♦ Locuciones: a partir de aquí/ahora, from here on/now on
    a partir de entonces no volvimos a hablarnos, we didn't speak to each other from then on
    ' partir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alma
    - cero
    - cortar
    - piñón
    - salir
    - tarde
    - dividir
    - largo
    - momento
    English:
    as
    - begin
    - break off
    - break up
    - evening
    - from
    - halve
    - on
    - onward
    - onwards
    - pally
    - scratch
    - snap
    - split
    - start
    - thereafter
    - upward
    - upwards
    - after
    - break
    - consent
    - depart
    - hence
    - then
    - there
    - to
    - today
    - up
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [dividir] to divide, to split (en into);
    parte el pastel en tres cut the cake in three;
    70 partido por 2 es igual a 35 70 divided by 2 equals 35
    2. [repartir] to share out;
    partió el dinero del premio con sus hermanos he shared the prize money with his brothers;
    partió el dinero del premio entre sus hermanos he shared out the prize money between his brothers
    3. [romper] to break open;
    [cascar] to crack; [cortar] to cut; [diente] to chip; [ceja, labio] to split (open), to cut;
    le partieron el brazo they broke his arm;
    le partieron la ceja/el labio they split o cut her eyebrow/lip;
    párteme un pedazo de pan break me off a piece of bread;
    párteme otra rodaja de melón cut me another slice of melon;
    partir una tarta por la mitad o [m5] en dos to cut a cake in half;
    Fam
    partirle la boca o [m5] la cara a alguien to smash sb's face in
    4. Fam [fastidiar]
    tener que salir de casa me parte por completo it's a real pain having to go out;
    aquel contratiempo nos partió la mañana that setback ruined our morning for us
    ♦ vi
    1. [marchar] to leave, to set off (de/para from/for);
    el buque partió de las costas británicas con rumbo a América the ship set sail from Britain for America
    2. [empezar]
    partir de to start from;
    partir de cero to start from scratch;
    la idea partió de un grupo de colegiales it was a group of schoolchildren that first had the idea;
    partimos de la base de que todos saben leer we are assuming that everyone can read;
    partiendo de este hecho, Newton creó una nueva teoría Newton built a new theory around this fact
    3. [repartir] to share out;
    el que parte y reparte se lleva la mejor parte people always save the biggest part for themselves
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 ( dividir, repartir) split
    2 ( romper) break open, split open
    3 ( cortar) cut
    II v/i ( irse) leave;
    partir de fig start from;
    a partir de hoy (starting) from today;
    a partir de ahora from now on
    * * *
    partir vt
    1) : to cut, to split
    2) : to break, to crack
    3) : to share (out), to divide
    partir vi
    1) : to leave, to depart
    2)
    partir de : to start from
    3)
    a partir de : as of, from
    a partir de hoy: as of today
    * * *
    partir vb
    1. (cortar) to cut [pt. & pp. cut]
    ¿me partes un trozo de queso? can you cut me a slice of cheese?
    2. (romper) to break [pt. broke; pp. broken]
    3. (marcharse) to leave [pt. & pp. left]
    partir algo por la mitad to cut something in half [pt. & pp. cut]
    partirse de risa to split your sides laughing [pt. & pp. split]

    Spanish-English dictionary > partir

  • 87 realización

    f.
    1 realization, accomplishment, attainment, achievement.
    2 liquidation, close-out, clearance sale, closeout.
    * * *
    1 (de un deseo) fulfilment (US fulfillment)
    2 (ejecución) execution, carrying out
    3 (de obra, película) production
    * * *
    noun f.
    realization, fulfilment
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de proyecto] carrying out
    2) [de promesa] fulfilment, fulfillment (EEUU)
    3) [de propósito] achievement, realization
    4) [de viaje, vuelo, visita, compra] making
    5) (Econ) realization; (=venta) sale, selling-up; (=liquidación) clearance sale

    realización de beneficios, realización de plusvalías — profit taking

    6) (Cine, TV) production; (Radio) broadcast
    7) (Ling) performance
    * * *
    1) ( de tarea) carrying out, execution (frml); (de sueños, deseos) fulfillment*, realization
    2) (Cin, TV) production
    3) ( de bienes) realization, disposal

    realización de beneficios or (AmL) utilidades — profit-taking

    * * *
    = execution, realisation [realization, -USA], actualisation [actualization, -USA].
    Ex. Those are the elements which will contribute directly to the execution of these skills with greater competence.
    Ex. Likewise, a library or consortium -- and ultimately the user -- is ill-served by a system which inhibits the realisation of a rational collection policy by permitting the duplication of expensive items.
    Ex. In today's economic situation we are seeing the actualization of the nongrowth library.
    ----
    * autorealización = self-actualisation [self-actualization, -USA].
    * encontrar la realización de Uno = be + Posesivo + big scene.
    * en realización = underway [under way], underway [under way], in progress, under preparation.
    * FEDRIP (Investigación Federal en Realización) = FEDRIP (Federal Research in Progress).
    * metodología para la realización de encuestas = survey methodology.
    * posibilidad de realización = potential for fulfilment.
    * realización de actividades = conduct of business.
    * realización de cursos = coursework [course work].
    * realización de los estudios escolares en casa = homeschooling [home schooling].
    * realización de préstamos = checkout [check-out].
    * realización de varias tareas simultáneamente = concurrent tasking.
    * realización personal = self-actualisation [self-actualization, -USA], self-fulfilment [self-fulfillment, -USA], self-realisation, personal fulfilment.
    * * *
    1) ( de tarea) carrying out, execution (frml); (de sueños, deseos) fulfillment*, realization
    2) (Cin, TV) production
    3) ( de bienes) realization, disposal

    realización de beneficios or (AmL) utilidades — profit-taking

    * * *
    = execution, realisation [realization, -USA], actualisation [actualization, -USA].

    Ex: Those are the elements which will contribute directly to the execution of these skills with greater competence.

    Ex: Likewise, a library or consortium -- and ultimately the user -- is ill-served by a system which inhibits the realisation of a rational collection policy by permitting the duplication of expensive items.
    Ex: In today's economic situation we are seeing the actualization of the nongrowth library.
    * autorealización = self-actualisation [self-actualization, -USA].
    * encontrar la realización de Uno = be + Posesivo + big scene.
    * en realización = underway [under way], underway [under way], in progress, under preparation.
    * FEDRIP (Investigación Federal en Realización) = FEDRIP (Federal Research in Progress).
    * metodología para la realización de encuestas = survey methodology.
    * posibilidad de realización = potential for fulfilment.
    * realización de actividades = conduct of business.
    * realización de cursos = coursework [course work].
    * realización de los estudios escolares en casa = homeschooling [home schooling].
    * realización de préstamos = checkout [check-out].
    * realización de varias tareas simultáneamente = concurrent tasking.
    * realización personal = self-actualisation [self-actualization, -USA], self-fulfilment [self-fulfillment, -USA], self-realisation, personal fulfilment.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de una tarea) carrying out, execution ( frml)
    2 (de sueños, deseos) fulfillment*, realization
    B ( Cin, TV) production
    C (de bienes) realization, disposal
    realización de beneficios or ( AmL) utilidades profit-taking
    * * *

     

    realización sustantivo femenino
    1 ( de tarea) carrying out, execution (frml);
    (de sueños, deseos) fulfillment( conjugate fulfillment), realization
    2 (Cin, TV) production
    realización sustantivo femenino
    1 (ejecución, elaboración) carrying out
    (consecución) achievement
    2 TV production
    Cine direction
    ' realización' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    confección
    - cumplimiento
    - ejecución
    - operación
    - culminación
    English:
    accomplishment
    - achievement
    - execution
    - fruition
    - fulfillment
    - fulfilment
    - performance
    - production
    - realization
    * * *
    1. [ejecución] [de esfuerzo, viaje, inversión] making;
    [de operación, experimento, trabajo] performing; [de encargo] carrying out; [de plan, reformas] implementation; [de desfile] organization
    2. [cumplimiento] [de sueños, deseos] fulfilment, realization
    4. [satisfacción personal] self-fulfilment
    5. [película, programa] production
    6. [actividad] [en cine] direction;
    [en televisión] editing
    7. Ling realization
    * * *
    f
    1 personal, de sueños fulfillment, Br
    fulfilment
    2 RAD, TV production
    * * *
    realización nf, pl - ciones : execution, realization

    Spanish-English dictionary > realización

  • 88 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

  • 89 ГИС

    1. GIS
    2. geographic information system

     

    ГИС
    Географическая информационная система
    геоинформационная система
    Информационная система, обеспечивающая сбор, хранение, обработку, доступ, отображение и распространение пространственно-координированных данных (пространственных данных). ГИС содержит данные о пространственных обьектах в форме их цифровых представлений (векторных, растровых, квадротомических и иных), включает соответствующий задачам набор функциональных возможностей ГИС, в которых реализуются операции геоинформационных технологий, или ГИС-технологий (GIS tehnology), поддерживается программным, аппаратным, информационным, нормативно-правовым, кадровым и организационным обеспечением. По территориапьному охвату различают глобальные, или планетарные ГИС (global GIS), субконтинентальные ГИС, национальные ГИС, зачастую имеющие статус государственных, региональные ГИС (regional GIS), субрегиональные ГИС и локальные, или местные ГИС (lokal GIS). ГИС различаются предметной областью информационного моделирования, к примеру, городские ГИС, или муниципальные ГИС, МГИС (urban GIS), природоохранные ГИС (environmental GIS) и т.п.; среди них особое наименование, как особо широко распространенные, получили земельные информационные системы. Проблемная ориентация ГИС определяется решаемыми в ней задачами (научными и прикладными), среди них инвентаризация ресурсов (в том числе кадастр), анализ, оценка, мониторинг, управление и ппантрование, поддержка принятия решений. Интегрированные ГИС, ИГИС (integrated GIS, IGIS) совмещают функциональные возможности ГИС и систем цифровой обработки изображений (материалов дистанционного зондирования) в единой интегрированной среде. Полимасштабные, или масштабно-независимые ГИС (multiscale GIS) основаны на множественных, или полимасштабных представпениях пространственных объектов (multiple representation, multiscale representation), обеспечивая графическое или картографическое вопроизведение данных на любом из избранных уровней масштабного ряда на основе единственного набора данных с наибольшим пространственным разрешением. Пространственно-временные ГИС (spatio-temporal GIS) оперируют пространственно-временными данными. Реализация геоинформационных проектов (GIS project), создание ГИС в широком смысле слова, включает этапы предпроектных исследований (feasibility stady), в том числе изучение требований пользователя (user requirements) и функциональных возможностей используемых программных средств ГИС, технико-экономическое обоснование, оценку соотношения "затраты/прибыль" (costs/benefits); системное проектирование ГИС (GIS designing), включая стадию пилот-проекта (pilot-project), разработку ГИС (GIS development); ее тестирование на небольшом территориальном фрагменте, или тестовом участке (test area), прототипирование, или создание опытного образца, прототипа (prototype); внедрение ГИС (GIS implementation), эксплуатацию и использование. Научные, технические, технологические и прикладные аспекты проектирования, создания и использования ГИС изучаются геоинформатикой.
    [ http://www.morepc.ru/dict/]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > ГИС

  • 90 требовать

    •

    This amount of leakage necessitates (or requires, or demands) large volumes in reserve.

    •

    The design calls for precision instrument ball bearings.

    •

    Computer-integrated manufacturing systems call for the coordinated participation of computers in all phases of...

    •

    The implementation of these applications of radiation pressure to atoms calls for laser sources of sufficient power and tunability.

    •

    The disadvantages of this system are the added equipment and maintenance costs it entails (or involves).

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > требовать

  • 91 вид с точки зрения реализации

    General subject: implementation view (в UML архитектура программной системы (software system) наиболее оптимально может быть описана с помощью пяти взаимосвязанных видов или представлений, каждый из которых является одной из возможных пр)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > вид с точки зрения реализации

  • 92 выполнение всех деталей графика

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > выполнение всех деталей графика

  • 93 дать добро на внедрение тридцатиканальной системы телевидения

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > дать добро на внедрение тридцатиканальной системы телевидения

  • 94 план мероприятий по обеспечению безопасности системы

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > план мероприятий по обеспечению безопасности системы

  • 95 план описания и использования системы

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > план описания и использования системы

  • 96 проекция реализации

    General subject: implementation view (в UML архитектура программной системы (software system) наиболее оптимально может быть описана с помощью пяти взаимосвязанных видов или представлений, каждый из которых является одной из возможных проекций орг)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > проекция реализации

  • 97 разработка

    1) General subject: developing, developing (и т.п.), development, elaboration, exploitation, formulation (теории, плана и т.п.), formulization (теории, плана и т.п.), lay-out, mining (полезного ископаемого), operation, solution, tillage, working, working out, working-out (плана), explotaciюn, (темы) consideration
    2) Computers: creation
    3) Geology: delf
    7) Construction: elaboration (напр. проекта), engineering operation
    8) Mathematics: investigation
    10) Australian slang: show
    12) Forestry: conversion
    14) Information technology: analysis, authoring, building, implementation
    15) Oil: development (месторождения), development work
    17) Astronautics: elaborating
    18) Business: formulation, project, product
    19) Microelectronics: design effort
    20) Programming: production, writing
    24) leg.N.P. exploitation (mining law), use (mining law)
    25) Makarov: development (проектно-конструкторская работа), exploitation (месторождений), exploitation (месторождения полезных ископаемых), incorporation, making, working-out (плана и т.п.)
    27) Energy system: modelisation
    28) SAP.tech. dev.
    29) oil&gas: development( phase 5), exploitation (месторождения), extraction (месторождения)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > разработка

  • 98 реализация системы, связанной с безопасностью

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > реализация системы, связанной с безопасностью

  • 99 система выявления и устранения неисправностей

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > система выявления и устранения неисправностей

  • 100 система обнаружения неисправности ракеты-носителя и аварийного сброса

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > система обнаружения неисправности ракеты-носителя и аварийного сброса

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  • Implementation — is the realization of an application, or execution of a plan, idea, model, design, specification, standard, algorithm, or policy.In computer science, an implementation is a realization of a technical specification or algorithm as a program,… …   Wikipedia

  • System — (from Latin systēma , in turn from Greek polytonic|σύστημα systēma) is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole. The concept of an integrated whole can also be stated in terms of a system… …   Wikipedia

  • System requirements (Spacecraft system) — System requirements in Spacecraft systems are the specific system requirements needed to design and operate a spacecraft or a Spacecraft subsystem. Overview [ V Model of the general Systems Development Life Cycle.… …   Wikipedia

  • System programming language — System programming languages (otherwise known as applications languages) are programming languages that are statically typed, allow arbitrarily complex data structures, compiled, and meant to operate largely independently of other programs.… …   Wikipedia

  • System Prevalence — is a simple software architectural pattern that combines system images (snapshots) and transaction journaling to provide speed, performance scalability, transparent persistence and transparent live mirroring of computer system state. In a… …   Wikipedia

  • System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces — SICOFAA emblem Active 1961 Current Country Argentina, Belize …   Wikipedia

  • Implementation of bus rapid transit by country — This page describes the implementation of bus rapid transit in different countries, and gives operational and historical details by country, as well as giving details of confirmed plans or proposals for new BRT systems.AfricaNigeria*Lagos State… …   Wikipedia

  • System call — In computing, a system call is the mechanism used by an application program to request service from the kernel. Background A system call is a request made by any arbitrary program to the kernel for performing tasks picked from a predefined set… …   Wikipedia

  • Implementation of mathematics in set theory — This article examines the implementation of mathematical concepts in set theory. The implementation of a number of basic mathematical concepts is carried out in parallel in ZFC (the dominant set theory) and in NFU, the version of Quine s New… …   Wikipedia

  • Implementation — Die Implementierung (von lateinisch implere, „anfüllen“, „erfüllen“) ist die Umsetzung von festgelegten Strukturen und (Arbeits )Abläufen in einem System unter Berücksichtigung von Rahmenbedingungen, Regeln und Zielvorgaben, also einer… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • implementation — noun a) The process of moving an idea from concept to reality. In business, engineering and other fields, implementation refers to the building process rather than the design process. Now that the requirements are complete we can move on to… …   Wiktionary

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