system+development+process

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics, Telecommunications

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Steinheil studied under Gauss at Göttingen and Bessel at Königsberg before jointing his parents at Munich. There he concentrated on optics before being appointed Professor of Physics and Mathematics at the University of Munich in 1832. Immediately after the announcement of the first practicable photographic processes in 1839, he began experiments on photography in association with another professor at the University, Franz von Kobell. Steinheil is reputed to have made the first daguerreotypes in Germany; he certainly constructed several cameras of original design and suggested minor improvements to the daguerreotype process. In 1849 he was employed by the Austrian Government as Head of the Department of Telegraphy in the Ministry of Commerce. Electromagnetic telegraphy was an area in which Steinheil had worked for several years previously, and he was now appointed to supervise the installation of a working telegraphic system for the Austrian monarchy. He is considered to be the founder of electromagnetic telegraphy in Austria and went on to perform a similar role in Switzerland.

Steinheil's son, Hugo Adolph, was educated in Munich and Augsburg but moved to Austria to be with his parents in 1850. Adolph completed his studies in Vienna and was appointed to the Telegraph Department, headed by his father, in 1851. Adolph returned to Munich in 1852, however, to concentrate on the study of optics. In 1855 the father and son established the optical workshop which was later to become the distinguished lens-manufacturing company C.A. Steinheil Söhne. At first the business confined itself almost entirely to astronomical optics, but in 1865 the two men took out a joint patent for a wide-angle photographic lens claimed to be free of distortion. The lens, called the "periscopic", was not in fact free from flare and not achromatic, although it enjoyed some reputation at the time. Much more important was the achromatic development of this lens that was introduced in 1866 and called the "Aplanet"; almost simultaneously a similar lens, the "Rapid Rentilinear", was introduced by Dallmeyer in England, and for many years lenses of this type were fitted as the standard objective on most photographic cameras. During 1866 the elder Steinheil relinquished his interest in lens manufacturing, and control of the business passed to Adolph, with administrative and financial affairs being looked after by another son, Edward. After Carl Steinheil's death Adolph continued to design and market a series of high-quality photographic lenses until his own death.

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job: active job вчт. выполняемая работа additional job дополнительная работа additional job дополнительная специальность agent's job агентская работа job sl. кража; an inside job амер. кража совершенная кем либо из своих assign a job назначать на должность background job вчт. фоновое задание a job of work нелегкая работенка; a bad job безнадежное дело; неудача batch job вчт. пакетное задание batched job вчт. пакетное задание job работа, труд; сдельная работа; by the job сдельно, поурочно (об оплате) create a job создавать рабочее место development job задача развития divided job вчт. расчлененное задание to lie down on the job работать кое-как; to do (smb.'s) job, to do the job (for smb.) разг. погубить (кого-л.) to lie down on the job работать кое-как; to do (smb.'s) job, to do the job (for smb.) разг. погубить (кого-л.) foreground job вчт. приоритетное задание full-time job полная занятость full-time job работа полный рабочий день a good job хорошие дела (положение вещей); ирон. хорошенькое дело; to make a good job of it сделать (что-л.) хорошо; a good job you made of it! хорошеньких дел вы натворили! a good job хорошо выполненная работа a good job хорошие дела (положение вещей); ирон. хорошенькое дело; to make a good job of it сделать (что-л.) хорошо; a good job you made of it! хорошеньких дел вы натворили! graphic job вчт. графическое задание job использование своего положения в личных целях; his appointment was a job он получил назначение по протекции in-process job вчт. незавершенная работа job полигр. акциденция job брать внаем лошадей, напрокат экипажи job внезапный удар, толчок job внезапный удар, толчок job действовать недобросовестно (при заключении сделок и т. п.) job действовать недобросовестно (при заключении сделок) job дело job тех. деталь, изделие, обрабатываемый предмет job задание; урок job вчт. задание job задание job заказ job заниматься посредническими операциями job изделие Job: Job библ. Иов job: job использование своего положения в личных целях; his appointment was a job он получил назначение по протекции job использование своего положения в личных целях job квалификация job колоть, вонзать; пронзать; пырнуть (at) job лошадь или экипаж, взятые напрокат job разг. место, служба; out of job без работы job место работы Job: Job многострадальный, терпеливый человек; to be as patient as Job = обладать ангельским терпением job: job злоупотреблять своим положением; to job (smb.) into a post устроить (кого-л.) на место по протекции job нанимать на сдельную работу job профессия job работа, труд; сдельная работа; by the job сдельно, поурочно (об оплате) job работа, труд, сдельная работа job работа job работать нерегулярно, случайно job работать сдельно job работать сдельно job сдавать подряды; давать внаем лошадей, напрокат экипажи job сдельная работа job сильно дернуть лошадь за удила job спекулировать, барышничать; быть маклером job специальность job толкнуть; ударить job труд Job: Job: job's comforter человек, который под видом утешения только усугубляет (чье-л.) горе job: job: active job вчт. выполняемая работа Job: Job: this would try the patience of job от этого хоть у кого терпение лопнет; Job's news плохая весть, печальные новости job: job: trainee job стажировка job as an apprentice обучаться специальности на рабочем месте job attr. нанятый на определенную работу; наемный; job classification амер. основная ставка (зарплаты рабочего) job cost system система калькуляции издержек производства по заказам job costing accountant бухгалтер-калькулятор издержек производства по заказам job creating investment инвестиции для создания новых рабочих мест job creation programme программа создания рабочих мест job creation scheme программа создания рабочих мест job lot вещи, купленные по дешевке с целью перепродажи job lot партия разрозненных товаров, продающихся оптом job lot разрозненная коллекция lot: job job одиночный заказ на партию изделий job job отдельная партия товаров job job партия разрозненных товаров, продающаяся оптом job lot purchase покупка отдельной партии изделий job lot sale продажа отдельной партии изделий a job of work нелегкая работенка; a bad job безнадежное дело; неудача job offer scheme система предложения работы job order cost accounting бухгалтерский учет затрат на изготовление партии продукции job order costing калькуляция затрат на изготовление партии продукции job ranking method метод классификации рабочих заданий job security agreement соглашение о гарантиях занятости job sl. кража; an inside job амер. кража совершенная кем либо из своих job time ticket талон, подтверждающий время завершения операции on the job готовый на все; just the job то самое, как раз то, что требуется to lie down on the job работать кое-как; to do (smb.'s) job, to do the job (for smb.) разг. погубить (кого-л.) a good job хорошие дела (положение вещей); ирон. хорошенькое дело; to make a good job of it сделать (что-л.) хорошо; a good job you made of it! хорошеньких дел вы натворили! to make the best of a bad job мужественно переносить невзгоды newly starting job новая работа odd job нерегулярная работа odd job случайная работа odd: job случайный; odd job случайная работа; odd man (или lad, hand) человек, выполняющий случайную работу; разнорабочий on the job в действии, в движении on the job готовый на все; just the job то самое, как раз то, что требуется on the job очень занятой one-off job одноразовая работа one-off job случайная работа one-shot job вчт. разовое задание job разг. место, служба; out of job без работы permanent job постоянная работа to put up a job (on smb.) амер. сыграть (с кем-л.) шутку remote job вчт. дистанционное задание rush job срочная работа stacked job вчт. пакетированное задание job: trainee job стажировка unskilled job работа, не требующая квалификации

   1) A Comparison of the Digital Computer and the Brain

   The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)

   2) Computers Do Not Crunch Numbers, They Manipulate Symbols

   It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....

   The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)

   3) Getting Computers to Explain Things to Themselves

   The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)

   4) Some Limits of Artificial Intelligence

   In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)

   5) The Computer as a Humanizing Influence

   A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.

   In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....

   It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)

   6) The Intentionality of Computers Is Essentially Borrowed, Hence Derivative

   [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)

   7) The Possibility of Computer Thought

   he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)

   8) We Are Getting Better at Building Even Better Computers, an Ever- Escalating Upward Spiral

   t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.

   According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)

    10) Why People Are Smarter Than Computers

   What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.

   What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.

   In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

 

ввод в эксплуатацию
Событие, фиксирующее готовность изделия к использованию по назначению, документально оформленное в установленном порядке.
Примечание - Для специальных видов техники к вводу в эксплуатацию дополнительно относят подготовительные работы, контроль, приемку и закрепление изделия за эксплуатирующим подразделением
[ ГОСТ 25866-83 Эксплуатация техники. Термины и определения.]

FR

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

No more pulleys nor belts to adjust during start up and service
[Lennox]

Не нужно регулировать положение шкивов и натяжение ремней при вводе в эксплуатацию и во время технического обслуживания.
[Перевод Интент]

START-UP
Once the equipment has been placed in its definitive location, Schneider Electric CPCS factory-trained service personnel will energize and check the functionality of the equipment in all modes of operation and conduct various tests to obtain internal power supply voltage readings, temperature, pressure and other critical checks.

CPCS - Critical Power & Cooling Services
[Schneider Electric]

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Putting into operation vs. Commissioning

Hello!
What is the difference in the use of terms "commissioning" and "putting into operation"?
Are they absolutely interchangeable or there are certain tints in their meaning, which limit their applicatoin in this or that context?
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I am an engineer who works in the field, commissioning equipment.

Commissioning is the process where everything associated with the equipment is fully checked, all items are simulated or caused to happen, all possible events are tested, all methods of failure are accounted for. In other words, the complete design of the equipment is tested. Then, and only then, equipment is run and shown to be according to the design.

This is commissioning.

You could put equipment into operation without fully checking all systems. You can just run equipment and hope that all safety systems work according to plan.

That is the difference. No manufacturer or reputable engineering firm would simply put equipment into operation.
[ http://www.usingenglish.com/forum/threads/136100-Putting-into-operation-vs-Commissioning]

Тематики

• система техн. обслуж. и ремонта техники

EN

• BIS
• breaking-in
• breakingin
• bringing into service
• commission
• commissioning
• going into operation
• implementation
• installation
• putting into operation
• start up
• start-up
• start-up service
• startup

 

внедрение
1. Процесс планомерного перевода объекта (предприятия или организации, системы управления, отдельного процесса или его элемента) из существующего состояния в новое, предусмотренное проектом.
2. Распространение нововведений, достижение практического использования прогрессивных идей, изобретений, результатов научных исследований.
[ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/buh/index.html]

Тематики

• бухгалтерский учет

EN

• adaptation
• adoption
• coupling
• deployment
• distribution
• implementation
• installation
• introduction
• intrusion
• realization
• uptake

 

осуществление системы автоматизации подстанции
Фаза разработки, на которой достигается работоспособное состояние аппаратных и программных средств системы автоматизации подстанции.
[ ГОСТ Р 54325-2011 (IEC/TS 61850-2:2003)]

EN

implementation
development phase in which the hardware and software of a system become operational
[IEC 61850-2, ed. 1.0 (2003-08)]

Тематики

• релейная защита

EN

• implementation