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  • 21 empresa

    f.
    1 company.
    pequeña y mediana empresa small and medium-sized business
    libre empresa free enterprise
    empresa conjunta joint venture
    empresa filial subsidiary
    empresa matriz parent company
    empresa privada private company
    la empresa privada the private sector
    empresa pública public sector firm
    la empresa pública the public sector
    2 enterprise, undertaking.
    se embarcó en una peligrosa empresa he embarked on a risky enterprise o undertaking
    * * *
    1 (compañía) firm, company
    2 (dirección) management
    3 (acción) undertaking, venture
    \
    empresa filial subsidiary company
    empresa matriz parent company
    empresa multinacional multinational company
    empresa naviera shipping company
    libre empresa free enterprise
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) company, corporation, firm, business
    2) undertaking, venture
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=tarea) enterprise
    2) (Com, Econ) (=compañía) firm, company

    empresa funeraria — undertaker's, mortician's (EEUU)

    3) (=dirección) management

    la empresa lamenta que... — the management regrets that...

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( compañía) company, firm (BrE)
    b) ( dirección) management
    2) (tarea, labor) venture, undertaking
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( compañía) company, firm (BrE)
    b) ( dirección) management
    2) (tarea, labor) venture, undertaking
    * * *
    empresa1
    1 = business [businesses, -pl.], commercial firm, company, corporation, firm, business enterprise, outfit, business interest, business firm, industrial firm, commercial enterprise, operating company.

    Ex: To a small or mid-sized business, information is critical for effective planning, growth and development.

    Ex: Difficulties over access to these can arise when research project has been financed by a scientific organization or commercial firm who have an interest in maintaining security.
    Ex: Among the companies offering 'Mice' are Microsoft, Vision and Apple, but more are anticipated.
    Ex: The main form of knowledge transfer and the basis for decision making within corporations has not been a paper, a document or a detailed report, but a set of overhead slides and the discussions around them.
    Ex: The European Development Fund finances projects in overseas countries for which European-based firms can supply equipment and know-how.
    Ex: The 'Books at work' project in Kalmar in southern Sweden is the result of collaboration between trade unions, business enterprises and the public library.
    Ex: The author compares the advantages and disadvantages of buying from the larger established companies and smaller outfits.
    Ex: As an example, the University of Hawaii libraries have installed an online catalogue on which they will hang a special assortment of databases that are needed by Hawaii and Pacific business interests.
    Ex: Collection and preservation of records is an expensive pursuit and the task of persuading cost conscious business firms that they ought to preserve their records is an unenviable one.
    Ex: In libraries serving industrial firms, for example, the cost of not finding information may be high; this is why 'hard headed businessmen' add to their overheads by paying for extensive library services.
    Ex: Some commercial enterprises subsidise satellite communications for academic institutions.
    Ex: In the future, these files will be made readily accessible to other Glaxo operating companies through the use of computers.
    * a cuenta de la empresa = at company expense.
    * administración de empresas = business administration.
    * admnistrador de empresa = firm administrator.
    * archivo de empresa = business archives.
    * biblioteca de empresa = commercial library, industrial library, corporate library, company library, business library.
    * bibliotecario de empresa = industrial librarian.
    * comida de empresa = company dinner.
    * como las empresas = business-like.
    * conglomerado de empresas = conglomerate.
    * contratación de personal cualificado de otras empresas = lateral hiring.
    * curso mixto de clases y práctica en la empresa = sandwich course.
    * dejar la empresa = jump + ship.
    * de la propia empresa = company-owned.
    * de toda la empresa = systemwide.
    * director de empresa = company director.
    * directorio de empresas en base de datos = corporate directory database, company directory database.
    * documentación de empresas = business record.
    * empresa afiliada = sister company.
    * empresa comercial = commercial agency, commercial vendor, commercial business, business firm.
    * empresa con solera = established player.
    * empresa consolidada = established player.
    * empresa constructora = property developer.
    * empresa consumada = established player.
    * empresa de búsqueda personalizada de ejecutivos = headhunter.
    * empresa de cobro de deudas = debt collection agency.
    * empresa de contabilidad = accounting firm.
    * empresa dedicada a la venta por correo = mail order company.
    * empresa dedicada al desarrollo de productos = product developer.
    * empresa dedicada a los sondeos de opinión = polling firm, polling agency.
    * empresa dedicada al proceso del cereal = corn processor.
    * empresa de grandes derroches = high roller.
    * empresa de investigación = research firm.
    * empresa de la limpieza = cleaning firm.
    * empresa de liempza = cleaning business.
    * empresa de limpieza = janitorial business.
    * empresa de medios de comunicación = media company.
    * empresa de mudanzas = mover.
    * empresa de nuestro grupo = sister company, sister organisation.
    * empresa de nueva creación = this sort of thing, startup [start-up].
    * empresa de ordenadores = computer company.
    * empresa de reparto de paquetes = package delivery company.
    * empresa de seguridad = security firm.
    * empresa de servicios = service organisation, service agency, service company.
    * empresa de servicios de información = information broker, broker, information broking.
    * empresa de servicio social = social utility.
    * empresa de servicios públicos = public utility, utility company.
    * empresa de solera = established player.
    * empresa de telecomunicaciones = computer bureau.
    * empresa de trabajo = industrial affiliation.
    * empresa de un grupo = operating company.
    * empresa de viajes = travel company.
    * empresa en la que sólo pueden trabajar empleados que pertenezcan a un sindic = close shop.
    * empresa farmacéutica = drug company.
    * empresa filial = subsidiary company.
    * empresa hipotecaria = mortgage company.
    * empresa industrial = industrial firm.
    * empresa organizadora de congresos = conference organiser.
    * empresa privada = private vendor, private company, private business, private firm.
    * empresa pública = civilian employer, public firm.
    * empresas americanas, las = corporate America.
    * empresa sindicada = union shop.
    * empresa televisiva = television company.
    * empresa transportadora = shipper, shipping agent.
    * en toda la empresa = company-wide, systemwide.
    * específico de las empresas = company-specific.
    * fusión de empresas = consolidation.
    * gasto de empresa = business expense.
    * gestión de empresas = business management.
    * grupo de empresas = business group.
    * guardería de la empresa = workplace crêche.
    * información sobre empresas = business intelligence.
    * intranet de empresa = corporate intranet.
    * libro de empresa = organisation manual.
    * mercado de la empresa = corporate market.
    * mundo de la empresa = business world.
    * mundo de la empresa, el = corporate world, the.
    * mundo de las empresas = business environment.
    * página web de empresa = business site, corporate site.
    * para toda la empresa = company-wide, enterprise-wide.
    * partícipe en la empresa = corporate insider.
    * patrocinado por la propia empresa = company-sponsored.
    * pequeña empresa = small business.
    * persona de la propia empresa = insider.
    * programa de prácticas en la empresa = internship program(me), internship.
    * programa mixto de clases y práctica en la empresa = sandwich programme.
    * propiedad de la empresa = company-owned.
    * PYME (Pequeña y Mediana Empresa) = SME (Small and Medium Sized Enterprise).
    * que afecta a toda la empresa = enterprise-wide.
    * sitio web de empresa = business site, corporate site.
    * trabajador cualificado contratado de otra empresa = lateral hire.
    * ya parte de la empresa = on board.

    empresa2
    2 = enterprise, scheme, venture, quest, operation, undertaking.

    Ex: Only those who have attempted to edit the proceedings of a conference can appreciate the magnitude and scope of such an enterprise.

    Ex: There are forty-six centres in twenty-five countries participating in the scheme.
    Ex: However rudimentary or advanced the system, and no matter what the age of the children involved, certain matters should be considered before setting out on the venture.
    Ex: It is a quest without a satisfactory conclusion - a holy grail of librarianship.
    Ex: When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.
    Ex: Since the file from 1966-1975 contains some 2,500,000 references, a search of the complete data base is a fairly large-scale undertaking.
    * empresa descabellada = fool's errand.
    * empresa próspera = success story.

    * * *
    A
    1 (compañía) company, firm ( BrE)
    empresa filial subsidiary company
    mediano, pequeño1 (↑ pequeño (1))
    2 (dirección) management
    la empresa no se hace responsable de … the management cannot accept liability for …
    libre1 (↑ libre (1))
    Compuestos:
    start-up
    public utility company, public utility
    sponsors (pl) ( of an artistic event)
    private sector company
    public sector company
    raider
    masculine and feminine (Ur) self-employed person, sole trader ( BrE)
    B (tarea, labor) venture, undertaking
    nos hemos embarcado en una arriesgada empresa we've undertaken a risky venture
    pereció en la empresa ( liter); she perished in the attempt ( liter)
    * * *

     

    empresa sustantivo femenino
    1 ( compañía) company, firm (BrE);

    2 (tarea, labor) venture, undertaking
    empresa sustantivo femenino
    1 Com Ind company, firm
    empresa pública, state-owned company
    2 (proyecto, tarea) undertaking, task: es una empresa muy arriesgada, it's a very risky venture
    ' empresa' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    administración
    - ámbito
    - amenaza
    - asegurar
    - bacalao
    - casa
    - CEPYME
    - compañía
    - constructor
    - constructora
    - contabilidad
    - contrata
    - dar
    - decorar
    - deficitaria
    - deficitario
    - definitivamente
    - departamento
    - depurar
    - dirección
    - dirigir
    - diversificarse
    - económica
    - económico
    - ejecutiva
    - ensalzar
    - entablar
    - escala
    - escáner
    - espaldarazo
    - estatal
    - estructuración
    - forjar
    - gestión
    - hipotecar
    - hostelería
    - imagen
    - imposición
    - inspección
    - juez
    - lanzamiento
    - ligarse
    - llevar
    - mecánica
    - nacional
    - negocio
    - negrera
    - negrero
    - patrón
    - patrona
    English:
    administration
    - amount to
    - association
    - audit
    - backbone
    - bankrupt
    - base
    - be
    - being
    - boss
    - branch out
    - builder
    - business
    - by-law
    - carrier
    - climb down
    - cock-up
    - collapse
    - come in
    - company
    - creativity
    - credit bureau
    - dark horse
    - deal with
    - department
    - developer
    - disorganized
    - division
    - do
    - down-market
    - effective
    - engineer
    - enter
    - enterprise
    - equal
    - established
    - exploit
    - firm
    - fixture
    - float
    - flourish
    - go down
    - go under
    - head
    - house
    - in-house
    - insider
    - intimidate
    - launch
    - launching
    * * *
    1. [sociedad] company;
    pequeña y mediana empresa small and medium-sized business;
    prohibido fijar carteles: responsable la empresa anunciadora [en letrero] post o stick no bills: advertisers will be held liable
    empresa común joint venture;
    empresa conjunta joint venture;
    empresa filial subsidiary;
    empresa funeraria undertaker's;
    empresa júnior junior enterprise, = firm set up and run by business studies students;
    empresa libre, libre empresa free enterprise;
    empresa matriz parent company;
    empresa mixta mixed company;
    empresa privada private company;
    empresa pública public sector firm;
    empresa punto com dot.com (company);
    empresa de seguridad security firm;
    empresa de servicio público public utility, US public service corporation;
    empresa de servicios service company;
    empresa de trabajo temporal Br temping o US temp agency;
    empresa de transportes Br haulage o US trucking firm;
    Urug empresa unipersonal sole trader, one person business
    2. [dirección] management;
    las negociaciones con la empresa the negotiations with management
    3. [acción] enterprise, undertaking;
    se embarcó en una peligrosa empresa he embarked on a risky enterprise o undertaking
    * * *
    f
    1 company;
    gran empresa large company;
    pequeña empresa small business;
    mediana empresa medium-sized business
    2 fig
    venture, undertaking
    * * *
    1) compañía, firma: company, corporation, firm
    2) : undertaking, venture
    * * *
    1. (entidad) company [pl. companies]
    2. (negocio) business [pl. businesses]

    Spanish-English dictionary > empresa

  • 22 Blumlein, Alan Dower

    [br]
    b. 29 June 1903 Hampstead, London, England
    d. 7 June 1942
    [br]
    English electronics engineer, developer of telephone equipment, highly linear electromechanical recording and reproduction equipment, stereo techniques, video and radar technology.
    [br]
    He was a very bright scholar and received a BSc in electrical technology from City and Guilds College in 1923. He joined International Western Electric (later to become Standard Telephone and Cables) in 1924 after a period as an instructor/demonstrator at City and Guilds. He was instrumental in the design of telephone measuring equipment and in international committee work for standards for long-distance telephony.
    From 1929 Blumlein was employed by the Columbia Graphophone Company to develop an electric recording cutterhead that would be independent of Western Electric's patents for the system developed by Maxfield and Harrison. He attacked the problems in a most systematic fashion, and within a year he had developed a moving-coil cutterhead that was much more linear than the iron-cored systems known at the time. Eventually Blumlein designed a complete line of recording equipment, from microphone and through-power amplifiers. The design was used by Columbia; after the merger with the Gramophone Company in 1931 to form Electrical and Musical Industries Ltd (later known as EMI) it became the company standard, certainly for coarse-groove records, until c.1950.
    Blumlein became interested in stereophony (binaural sound), and developed and demonstrated a complete line of equipment, from correctly placed microphones via two-channel records and stereo pick-ups to correctly placed loudspeakers. The advent of silent surfaces of vinyl records made this approach commercial from the late 1950s. His approach was independent and quite different from that of A.C. Keller.
    His extreme facility for creating innovative solutions to electronic problems was used in EMI's development from 1934 to 1938 of the electronic television system, which became the BBC standard of 405 lines after the Second World War, when television broadcasting again became possible. Independent of official requirements, EMI developed a 60 MHz radar system and Blumlein was involved in the development of a centimetric radar and display system. It was during testing of this aircraft mounted equipment that he was killed in a crash.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Blumlein was inventor or co-inventor of well over 120 patents, a complete list of which is to be found in Burns (1992; see below). The major sound-recording achievements are documented by British patent nos. 350,954, 350,998, 363,627 (highly linear cutterhead, 1930) and 394,325 (reads like a textbook on stereo technology, 1931).
    Further Reading
    The definitive biography of Blumlein has not yet been written; the material seems to have been collected, but is not yet available. However, R.W.Burns, 1992, "A.D.Blumlein, engineer extraordinary", Engineering Science and Education Journal (February): 19– 33 is a thorough account. Also B.J.Benzimra, 1967, "A.D. Blumlein: an electronics genius", Electronics \& Power (June): 218–24 provides an interesting summary.
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Blumlein, Alan Dower

  • 23 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

  • 24 Clark, Edward

    [br]
    fl. 1850s New York State, USA
    [br]
    American co-developer of mass-production techniques at the Singer sewing machine factory.
    [br]
    Born in upstate New York, where his father was a small manufacturer, Edward Clark attended college at Williams and graduated in 1831. He became a lawyer in New York City and from then on lived either in the city or on his rural estate near Cooperstown in upstate New York. After a series of share manipulations, Clark acquired a one-third interest in Isaac M. Singer's company. They soon bought out one of Singer's earlier partners, G.B.Zeiber, and in 1851, under the name of I.M.Singer \& Co., they set up a permanent sewing machine business with headquarters in New York.
    The success of their firm initially rested on marketing. Clark introduced door-to-door sales-people and hire-purchase for their sewing machines in 1856 ($50 cash down, or $100 with a cash payment of $5 and $3 a month thereafter). He also trained women to demonstrate to potential customers the capabilities of the Singer sewing machine. At first their sewing machines continued to be made in the traditional way, with the parts fitted together by skilled workers through hand filing and shaping so that the parts would fit only onto one machine. This resembled European practice rather than the American system of manufacture that had been pioneered in the armouries in that country. In 1856 Singer brought out their first machine intended exclusively for home use, and at the same time manufacturing capacity was improved. Through increased sales, a new factory was built in 1858–9 on Mott Street, New York, but it soon became inadequate to meet demand.
    In 1863 the Singer company was incorporated as the Singer Manufacturing Co. and began to modernize its production methods with special jigs and fixtures to help ensure uniformity. More and more specialized machinery was built for making the parts. By 1880 the factory, then at Elizabethport, New Jersey, was jammed with automatic and semi-automatic machine tools. In 1882 the factory was producing sewing machines with fully interchangeable parts that did not require hand fitting in assembly. Production rose from 810 machines in 1853 to half a million in 1880. A new family model was introduced in 1881. Clark had succeeded Singer, who died in 1875, as President of the company, but he retired in 1882 after he had seen through the change to mass production.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    National Cyclopaedia of American Biography.
    D.A.Hounshell, 1984, From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932. The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore (a thorough account of Clark's role in the development of Singer's factories).
    F.B.Jewell, 1975, Veteran Sewing Machines. A Collector's Guide, Newton Abbot.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Clark, Edward

  • 25 проявляющее устройство

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > проявляющее устройство

  • 26 проявляющее устройство с магнитной щёткой

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > проявляющее устройство с магнитной щёткой

  • 27 ניקולאי קופרניקוס

    Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), Polish astronomer, developer of the Copernican System (theory that the planets revolve around the sun)

    Hebrew-English dictionary > ניקולאי קופרניקוס

  • 28 web, la

    = Web, the.
    Ex. When some of the early technical review and usage analyses have been accomplished, the texts will be made available on the Web.
    ----
    * accesible a través de la web = Web-accessible.
    * adaptado a la web = web-compliant.
    * administrador de página web = webmaster.
    * administrador de servidor web = Web developer, webmaster.
    * administrador de sitio web = Web manager, webmaster.
    * agente de noticias web = newsbot.
    * alojamiento de páginas web = web hosting.
    * aplicación web = Web application.
    * a través de la web = Web-based, Web-supported.
    * autoedición de páginas web = Web authoring.
    * basado en tecnología web = Web-based.
    * buscador web = Web spider.
    * centrado en la web = Web-centric.
    * cliente web = WWW browser, Web browser.
    * colgar Algo en la web = put (out) + Nombre + on the web.
    * conservación de la web = Web archiving.
    * contenido web en formato RSS = RSS feed.
    * crear servidor web = put up + web site.
    * crear un servidor web = open up + web site.
    * dirección web = web address.
    * directorio web = Web directory.
    * edición web = WWW edition.
    * enlaces a sitios web = sitation.
    * en la web = Web-based, Web-supported.
    * experto en la confección de documentos web = text mark-up expert.
    * factor de impacto web = Web impact factor (WIF/Web-IF).
    * factor impacto en la web = Web impact factor (WIF/Web-IF).
    * formato generalizado para la codificación de documentos web = generalised markup format, generalised markup format.
    * formulario web = web form.
    * hecho exclusivamente para la web = Web-centric.
    * indizador de noticias web = newsbot.
    * lenguaje para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup language.
    * mapa web = site map, Web map.
    * navegar por la web = surf + the Web.
    * noticia web en formato RSS = RSS feed.
    * página web = Web page [Webpage], portal page, Internet site, Web site [website].
    * página web de empresa = business site, corporate site.
    * página web de universidad = academic site, university site.
    * página web de vacaciones = holiday site.
    * página web excéntrica = odd ball site.
    * para la web = Web-related.
    * portal web = Web portal, Web guide.
    * presencia en la web = Web presence.
    * publicación en la web = Web publishing.
    * que puede ser usado a través de la web = web-compliant.
    * quiosco Web = Web kiosk.
    * relacionado con la web = Web-related.
    * seminario web = webinar.
    * servidor web = Web site [website], web server, Internet site.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup system.
    * sitio web = Web site [website].
    * sitio web de empresa = business site, corporate site.
    * sitio web de información = content site, content Web site.
    * sitio web de universidad = academic site, university site.
    * tráfico de la web = Web traffic.
    * web invisible, la = invisible Web, the.
    * web oculta, la = hidden Web, the.
    * web profunda, la = deep Web, the.
    * web semántica, la = semantic web, the.
    * web social, la = social web, the.

    Spanish-English dictionary > web, la

  • 29 web

    f.
    web site.
    m.
    1 Web.
    2 web.
    * * *
    1 website
    * * *
    SM ó SF (=página) website; (=red) (World Wide) Web
    * * *
    la web
    = Web, the.

    Ex: When some of the early technical review and usage analyses have been accomplished, the texts will be made available on the Web.

    * accesible a través de la web = Web-accessible.
    * adaptado a la web = web-compliant.
    * administrador de página web = webmaster.
    * administrador de servidor web = Web developer, webmaster.
    * administrador de sitio web = Web manager, webmaster.
    * agente de noticias web = newsbot.
    * alojamiento de páginas web = web hosting.
    * aplicación web = Web application.
    * a través de la web = Web-based, Web-supported.
    * autoedición de páginas web = Web authoring.
    * basado en tecnología web = Web-based.
    * buscador web = Web spider.
    * centrado en la web = Web-centric.
    * cliente web = WWW browser, Web browser.
    * colgar Algo en la web = put (out) + Nombre + on the web.
    * conservación de la web = Web archiving.
    * contenido web en formato RSS = RSS feed.
    * crear servidor web = put up + web site.
    * crear un servidor web = open up + web site.
    * dirección web = web address.
    * directorio web = Web directory.
    * edición web = WWW edition.
    * enlaces a sitios web = sitation.
    * en la web = Web-based, Web-supported.
    * experto en la confección de documentos web = text mark-up expert.
    * factor de impacto web = Web impact factor (WIF/Web-IF).
    * factor impacto en la web = Web impact factor (WIF/Web-IF).
    * formato generalizado para la codificación de documentos web = generalised markup format, generalised markup format.
    * formulario web = web form.
    * hecho exclusivamente para la web = Web-centric.
    * indizador de noticias web = newsbot.
    * lenguaje para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup language.
    * mapa web = site map, Web map.
    * navegar por la web = surf + the Web.
    * noticia web en formato RSS = RSS feed.
    * página web = Web page [Webpage], portal page, Internet site, Web site [website].
    * página web de empresa = business site, corporate site.
    * página web de universidad = academic site, university site.
    * página web de vacaciones = holiday site.
    * página web excéntrica = odd ball site.
    * para la web = Web-related.
    * portal web = Web portal, Web guide.
    * presencia en la web = Web presence.
    * publicación en la web = Web publishing.
    * que puede ser usado a través de la web = web-compliant.
    * quiosco Web = Web kiosk.
    * relacionado con la web = Web-related.
    * seminario web = webinar.
    * servidor web = Web site [website], web server, Internet site.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup system.
    * sitio web = Web site [website].
    * sitio web de empresa = business site, corporate site.
    * sitio web de información = content site, content Web site.
    * sitio web de universidad = academic site, university site.
    * tráfico de la web = Web traffic.
    * web invisible, la = invisible Web, the.
    * web oculta, la = hidden Web, the.
    * web profunda, la = deep Web, the.
    * web semántica, la = semantic web, the.
    * web social, la = social web, the.

    * * *
    or
    la or el web the Web, the World Wide Web
    * * *

    web /(g)web/ f or m: la or el web the Web
    ' web' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    palmípeda
    - palmípedo
    - tejer
    - telaraña
    - explorar
    - navegar
    - página
    - sitio
    English:
    spider's web
    - web
    - spin
    - weave
    - World Wide Web
    - WWW
    * * *
    Web, web [we£] Informát
    ♦ nf
    [World Wide Web]
    la Web the Web
    ♦ nm o nf
    [página web] website
    * * *
    web n web

    Spanish-English dictionary > web

  • 30 устанавливать

    Устанавливать на - to set at, to set for, to set to, to preset for (на какой-либо уровень); to fit on, to fit to (вмонтировать); to mount onto (на чем-либо); to retrofit, to replace (на место)
     The replenishment rate is factory set at 45 cc/minute of developer and 90 cc/minute of fixer.
     With the coolant flow rate set to an intermediate value, the venting rate was slowly increased by opening the vent control valve until it was observed that the falling drops were slightly disturbed.
     A more sophisticated mounting system has now been developed by B&W to overcome this problem and will be fitted to future installations.
    Устанавливать по
     This drift was caused by a small inadvertent increase in coal feed rate which was identified by a decrease in observed flue gas O2 content.
     In those cases displaying an overshoot, the delay time can be identified with the minimum of the Nusselt number.
    —установить выключатель в положение «ВЫКЛ», «ВКЛ», «СТОП»

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > устанавливать

  • 31 отработанный

    1. developed
    2. worked-out
    3. burnt
    4. fat
    5. lean
    6. spent
    7. tail
    8. waste

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > отработанный

  • 32 Shingo, Shigeo

    (1909–90) Gen Mgt
    Japanese researcher and consultant. Inventor of the single minute exchange of dies and a developer of the Toyota production system. Methods to achieve zero defects were explained in Zero Quality Control (1985).

    The ultimate business dictionary > Shingo, Shigeo

  • 33 Bond, George Meade

    [br]
    b. 17 July 1852 Newburyport, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 6 January 1935 Hartford, Connecticut, USA
    [br]
    American mechanical engineer and metrologist, co-developer of the Rogers- Bond Comparator.
    [br]
    After leaving school at the age of 17, George Bond taught in local schools for a few years before starting an apprenticeship in a machine shop in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He then worked as a machinist with Phoenix Furniture Company in that city until his savings permitted him to enter the Stevens Institute of Technology at Hoboken, New Jersey, in 1876. He graduated with the degree of Mechanical Engineer in 1880. In his final year he assisted William A.Rogers, Professor of Astronomy at Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the design of a comparator for checking standards of length. In 1880 he joined the Pratt \& Whitney Company, Hartford, Connecticut, and was Manager of the Standards and Gauge Department from then until 1902. During this period he developed cylindrical, calliper, snap, limit, thread and other gauges. He also designed the Bond Standard Measuring Machine. Bond was elected a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1881 and of the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1887, and served on many of their committees relating to standards and units of measurement.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Vice-President, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1908–10. Honorary degrees of DEng, Stevens Institute of Technology 1921, and MSc, Trinity College, Hartford, 1927.
    Bibliography
    Engineers 3:122.
    1886, "Standard pipe and pipe threads", Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 7:311.
    Further Reading
    "Report of the Committee on Standards and Gauges", 1883, Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 4:21–9 (describes the Rogers-Bond Comparator).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Bond, George Meade

  • 34 Chanute, Octave Alexandre

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 18 February 1832 Paris, France
    d. 24 November 1910 Chicago, USA
    [br]
    American engineer, developer of successful hang-gliders in the 1890s and disseminator of aeronautical information.
    [br]
    Chanute was born in Paris, but from the age of 6 he lived in the United States, where he became a prominent railway engineer. He developed an interest in aviation relatively late in life, and in fact built his first glider at the age of 64. Before that, he had collected all the information he could find on aviation, especially on the work of Otto Lilienthal in Germany. In 1894 he published an account of these researches in a classic work, Progress in Flying Machines.
    By 1896 Chanute was ready to carry out practical experiments of his own and designed a series of hang-gliders. He started with a Lilienthal-type monoplane and progressed to his very successful biplane glider. He used a bridge-truss method of cross-bracing to give his wings the required strength, a system used by many of his successors, including the Wright brothers. Chanute's gliders were flown on the shore of Lake Michigan by his two young assistants A.M.Herring and W.Avery. The biplane glider made some seven hundred flights without mishap, covering up to 100 m (110 yds). In 1898 Herring fitted an engine into a modified glider and claimed to have made two short hops.
    In 1900 the Wright brothers made contact with Chanute and sought his advice, which he readily gave, indeed, he became one of their most trusted advisors. In 1903 Chanute travelled to Paris and gave an illustrated lecture describing his own and the Wrights' gliding successes, generating much interest amongst European aviators.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Royal Aeronautical Society Gold Medal 1910.
    Bibliography
    1894, Progress in Flying Machines, New York (Chanute's classic work).
    Further Reading
    C.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1986, Aviation, London.
    —1965, The Invention of the Aeroplane 1799–1909, London (both describe Chanute's place in the history of aviation).
    T.D.Crouch, A Dream of Wings, Americans and the Airplane 1875–1905 (includes several chapters on Chanute and a comprehensive bibliography).
    Chanute is also mentioned in most of the biographies of the Wright brothers.
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Chanute, Octave Alexandre

  • 35 Hounsfield, Sir Godfrey Newbold

    SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology
    [br]
    b. 28 August 1919 Newark, Nottinghamshire, England
    [br]
    English scientist, inventor and developer of computer-assisted tomography (CAT) scanning technique of radiographic examination.
    [br]
    After an education in Newark and London in radiocommunications and radar, Hounsfield volunteered and served in the RAF during 1939–45. He was a lecturer at Cranwell Radar School from c.1942 to 1945. From 1947 to 1951 he undertook further study in electrical and mechanical engineering, and in 1951 he joined Electrical and Musical Instruments (EMI) Ltd, where he led the design team for the first British all-transistor computer (EMIDEC, 1959). In 1969–72 he invented and developed the EMI computerized transverse axial tomography scanner system of X-ray examination; this, while applicable to other areas of the body, particularly permitted the elimination of difficulties presented since the earliest days of X-ray examination in the examination of the cranial contents.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1981. CBE 1976. FRS 1975. Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology (jointly with A.M.Cormack) 1979.
    Bibliography
    1973, "Computerized transverse axial scanning (Tomography)", British Journal of Radiology, American Journal of Roentgenology.
    MG

    Biographical history of technology > Hounsfield, Sir Godfrey Newbold

  • 36 Keller, Arthur

    [br]
    b. 18 August 1901 New York City, New York, USA d. 1983
    [br]
    American engineer and developer of telephone switching equipment who was instrumental in the development of electromechanical recording and stereo techniques.
    [br]
    He obtained a BSc in electrical engineering at Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York, in 1923 and an MSc from Yale University, and he did postgraduate work at Columbia University. Most of the time he was also on the staff of the Bell Telephone Laboratories. The Bell Laboratories and its predecessors had a long tradition in research in speech and hearing, and in a team of researchers under H.C. Harrison, Keller developed a number of definite improvements in electrical pick-ups, gold-sputtering for matrix work and electrical disc recording equipment. From 1931 onwards the team at Bell Labs developed disc recording for moving pictures and entered into collaboration with Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra concerning transmission and recording of high-fidelity sound over wires, and stereo techniques. Keller developed a stereo recording system for disc records independently of A.D. Blumlein that was used experimentally in the Bell Labs during the 1930s. During the Second World War Keller was in a team developing sonar (sound navigation and ranging) for the US Navy. After the war he concentrated on switching equipment for telephone exchanges and developed a miniature relay. In 1966 he retired from the Bell Laboratories, where he had been Director of several departments, ending as Director of the Switching Apparatus Laboratory. After retirement he was a consultant internationally, concerning electromechanical devices in particular. When, in 1980, the Bell Laboratories decided to issue LP re-recordings of a number of the experimental records made during the 1930s, Keller was brought in from retirement to supervise the project and decide on the selections.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Keller was inventor or co-inventor of forty patents, including: US patent no. 2,114,471 (the principles of stereo disc recording); US patent no. 2,612,586 (tape guides with air lubrication); US patent no. 3,366,901 (a miniature crossbar switch).
    Apart from a large number of highly technical papers, Keller also wrote the article "Phonograph" in the 1950 and 1957 editions of Encyclopaedia Britannica.
    1986, Reflections of a Stereo Pioneer, San Francisco: San Francisco Press (an honest, personal account).
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Keller, Arthur

  • 37 Ricardo, Sir Harry Ralph

    [br]
    b. 26 January 1885 London, England
    d. 18 May 1974 Graffham, Sussex, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer; researcher, designer and developer of internal combustion engines.
    [br]
    Harry Ricardo was the eldest child and only son of Halsey Ricardo (architect) and Catherine Rendel (daughter of Alexander Rendel, senior partner in the firm of consulting civil engineers that later became Rendel, Palmer and Tritton). He was educated at Rugby School and at Cambridge. While still at school, he designed and made a steam engine to drive his bicycle, and by the time he went up to Cambridge in 1903 he was a skilled craftsman. At Cambridge, he made a motor cycle powered by a petrol engine of his own design, and with this he won a fuel-consumption competition by covering almost 40 miles (64 km) on a quart (1.14 1) of petrol. This brought him to the attention of Professor Bertram Hopkinson, who invited him to help with research on turbulence and pre-ignition in internal combustion engines. After leaving Cambridge in 1907, he joined his grandfather's firm and became head of the design department for mechanical equipment used in civil engineering. In 1916 he was asked to help with the problem of loading tanks on to railway trucks. He was then given the task of designing and organizing the manufacture of engines for tanks, and the success of this enterprise encouraged him to set up his own establishment at Shoreham, devoted to research on, and design and development of, internal combustion engines.
    Leading on from the work with Hopkinson were his discoveries on the suppression of detonation in spark-ignition engines. He noted that the current paraffinic fuels were more prone to detonation than the aromatics, which were being discarded as they did not comply with the existing specifications because of their high specific gravity. He introduced the concepts of "highest useful compression ratio" (HUCR) and "toluene number" for fuel samples burned in a special variable compression-ratio engine. The toluene number was the proportion of toluene in heptane that gave the same HUCR as the fuel sample. Later, toluene was superseded by iso-octane to give the now familiar octane rating. He went on to improve the combustion in side-valve engines by increasing turbulence, shortening the flame path and minimizing the clearance between piston and head by concentrating the combustion space over the valves. By these means, the compression ratio could be increased to that used by overhead-valve engines before detonation intervened. The very hot poppet valve restricted the advancement of all internal combustion engines, so he turned his attention to eliminating it by use of the single sleeve-valve, this being developed with support from the Air Ministry. By the end of the Second World War some 130,000 such aero-engines had been built by Bristol, Napier and Rolls-Royce before the piston aero-engine was superseded by the gas turbine of Whittle. He even contributed to the success of the latter by developing a fuel control system for it.
    Concurrent with this was work on the diesel engine. He designed and developed the engine that halved the fuel consumption of London buses. He invented and perfected the "Comet" series of combustion chambers for diesel engines, and the Company was consulted by the vast majority of international internal combustion engine manufacturers. He published and lectured widely and fully deserved his many honours; he was elected FRS in 1929, was President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1944–5 and was knighted in 1948. This shy and modest, though very determined man was highly regarded by all who came into contact with him. It was said that research into internal combustion engines, his family and boats constituted all that he would wish from life.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1948. FRS 1929. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1944–5.
    Bibliography
    1968, Memo \& Machines. The Pattern of My Life, London: Constable.
    Further Reading
    Sir William Hawthorne, 1976, "Harry Ralph Ricardo", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 22.
    JB

    Biographical history of technology > Ricardo, Sir Harry Ralph

  • 38 Tainter, Charles Sumner

    SUBJECT AREA: Recording
    [br]
    b. 1854
    d. 1940
    [br]
    American scientific instrument maker, co-developer of practical cylinder recording.
    [br]
    He manufactured "philosophical devices" in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was approached by Alexander Graham Bell in connection with the construction of toys using sound recordings. A more formal co-operation was agreed, and after Bell's receipt of the French Volta prize in 1880 he financed the Volta Laboratory Association in Washington, DC. He founded this in 1881 together with a cousin and Tainter to develop a practical sound-recording and -reproducing system. Another area that was developed was the transmission of sound by means of modulated light and reception via a selenium cell.
    The advances in sound recording and reproduction were very positive, and T.A. Edison was approached in mid-1885 in order to establish co-operation in the further development of a cylinder instrument. In early 1886 the Volta Graphophone Company was incorporated in Virginia, and an experimental laboratory was established in Washington, DC. The investors were connected with the secretarial services at the House of Representatives and needed the development for increasing efficiency in debate reporting. In mid-1887 Edison, against the advice of his collaborators, declined co-operation and went ahead on his own. There is no doubt that Tainter's skill in developing functional equipment and the speed with which he was able to work in the crucial years provoked other developments in the field, in particular the perfection of the Edison phonograph and the development of the disc record by Berliner.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Tainter's patents were numerous; those on sound recording were the most important, because they incorporated so many fundamental ideas, and included US patent no. 341, 214 (with C.A.Bell), and US patent no. 375, 579 (a complete dictation outfit).
    Further Reading
    V.K.Chew, 1981, Talking Machines, London: Science Museum and HMSO, pp. 9–12 (provides a good overview, not only of Tainter's contribution, but also of early sound recording and reproduction).
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Tainter, Charles Sumner

  • 39 Türck, Ludwig

    SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology
    [br]
    b. 22 July 1810 Vienna, Austria
    d. 25 February 1868 Vienna, Austria
    [br]
    Austrian neurologist, developer of the techniques of laryngoscopy.
    [br]
    The son of a wealthy jeweller, he attended medical school in Vienna and qualified in 1836. Until 1844 he was engaged in research into the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. In 1844, while on a visit to Paris, he came to the attention of Baron Türckheim, Director of the General Hospital in Vienna. The consequence was the establishment of a special division of the hospital for nervous diseases, with Türck in charge.
    In 1857 he was appointed Chief Physician to the largest hospital in Vienna and at the same time he became aware of the invention in 1855 by Manuel García, a music teacher of Paris, of a practical laryngoscope. Türck adapted the apparatus to clinical purposes and proceeded to establish the diagnostic and therapeutic techniques required for its efficient use. Some conflict over priority ensued following a publication by Johann Nepomuk Czermak in 1858, but eventually a professional declaration asserted Türck's priority.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1862, Recherches cliniques sur diverses maladies du larynx, de la trachée et du pharynx étudiées à l'aide du laryngoscope, Paris.
    Papers in Allgemein. Wien. med. Zeit. 1856–68.
    MG

    Biographical history of technology > Türck, Ludwig

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