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1 Elitism
In spite of the national commitment to the principles of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, France remains marked by traditions of elitism that are ingrained in the very fibre of society. The French Revolution was supposed to have done away with privileges and elites, and usher in an age of greater equality; in the event, it - and subsequent upheavals - changed the nature of the elites in France, without making a great impact on the underlying system. Indeed, the notion of 'republican elites' is one that was fundamental in the shaping of post-Revolutionary France.In terms of local power, the role of local notables - important figures - remains strong. Notables frequently fulfil multiple roles in local administration and structures, sometimes combining these with elected positions on a regional or national scale, giving them and their close supporters a considerable degree of power. (See Cumul des mandats). They are frequently referred to as les elites locales. The process of devolution in France, set in motion in 1982, has had the effect of strengthening the power base of local elites.The French education system, while offering a good quality non-selective education to all children at lower levels, is increasingly elitist towards the top, particularly when it comes to preparing for higher education. Manyclasses préparatoires, particularly those preparing students for entrance to the top institutions of higher education, called Grandes Ecoles, are very selective, and the selection process - and for that matter the system itself - often disfavours students from humble or poorer backgrounds. The Grandes Ecoles themselves, tailor-made to the needs of the nation, train the future leaders and decision makers in specific fields of the public or private sector, producing very close networks of former students, that make the British concept of the "old-boy network" seem rather informal.Places in the top grandes écoles and some other institutions are highly sought after, as graduates from these schools are seen in France as a sort of caste, membership of which is highly recommended, if not essential, for anyone wanting to reach the top. The classic example of this is the ENA, Ecole Normale d'Administration, the Grande Ecole designed to train top civil servants and future political leaders. In the corridors of French power, many if not most of the top positions are occupied by Enarques, graduates of the ENA. In 1967, Jean-Pierre Chevènement - himself an Enarque, and later to be Minister of the Interior under François Mitterrand - coined the word Enarchie, to define the French system of state elites.As for business elites, a 2006 review in the Economist observed that they "often seem to owe more allegiance to the group from which they are drawn than to the international corporations they work for."Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Elitism
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2 formule
formule [fɔʀmyl]feminine nounc. ( = méthode) system* * *fɔʀmyl1) ( expression) expression2) ( option) option3) ( méthode) method4) ( conception) concept5) ( en science) formula6) ( automobile)formule un/deux/trois — Formula One/Two/Three
7) (d'émission, de magazine) format•Phrasal Verbs:* * *fɔʀmyl nf1) (chimique, mathématique) formula2) (= arrangement, mode d'organisation) (pour des vacances) optionC'est une formule idéale pour le voyageur pressé. — It's an ideal option for travellers who are short of time., (au restaurant)
3) (= expression) phraseformule de politesse — polite phrase, (en fin de lettre) letter ending
4) (= formulaire) form* * *formule nf1 ( expression) expression; la formule est heureuse that's well put; formule toute faite set phrase; une formule creuse an empty formula;2 Comm ( option) option; la formule train-bateau n'est pas économique the boat-train option isn't economical; nous proposons plusieurs formules d'hébergement we offer several accommodation options;3 ( méthode) method; formule de paiement method of payment; il a trouvé la bonne formule pour s'enrichir he hit on a good way of making money;4 ( conception) concept; nouvelles formules de vie familiale new concepts of family life;5 Sci formula;6 ( formulaire) form;7 Sport Aut formule un/deux/trois Formula One/Two/Three; un Grand prix de formule un a Formula One Grand Prix;8 ( présentation) (d'émission, de magazine) format; l'émission a changé de formule the programmeGB has a new format.formule dentaire Dent dental formula; formule développée Phys structural formula; formule exécutoire Jur order for enforcement; formule incantatoire incantation; formule magique ( en magie) magic words; fig magic formula; formule de politesse gén polite phrase; ( à la fin d'une lettre) letter ending.[fɔrmyl] nom fémininelle a terminé sa lettre par une belle formule/une formule toute faite she ended her letter with a well-turned phrase/a ready-made phraseformule de politesse [dans une lettre] letter ending2. [imprimé] formils ont (trouvé) la formule pour ne pas avoir d'ennuis they've found a way of not having any problems6. [en langage publicitaire] wayune nouvelle formule de spectacle/restaurant a new kind of show/restaurantnotre restaurant vous propose sa formule à 16 euros ou sa carte our restaurant offers you a set menu at 16 euros or an à la carte menu8. MÉDECINE -
3 Modèle français, le
The French socio-economic system, which for a long time was seen by the majority of people in France, of all political persuasions, as being more caring, more egalitarian, and preferable to the other major western socio-economic system, known to the French as le modèle anglo-saxon (and considered too libéral).. However, since the start of the 21st century, the shine has come off the concept of le modèle français, as a result of France's major social problems, including ethnic tensions (see les Banlieues) and unemployment, and economic problems.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Modèle français, le
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4 Tribunal d'Instance
The lowest level in the hierarchy of the French courts system, for the hearing of small cases. The Tribunal d'Instance is the French equivalent of a UK Magistrate's Court, except for the fact that a TI is overseen by a juge, a stipendiary magistrate (i.e. a trained jurist, paid for the job), not by Justices of the Peace (unpaid volunteer citizens). The concept of Justice of the Peace, as found in many English-speaking countries, does not exist in the French legal system.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Tribunal d'Instance
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5 concevoir
concevoir [kɔ̃s(ə)vwaʀ]➭ TABLE 28 transitive verba. ( = penser) to imagine ; [+ fait, concept, idée] to conceive ofb. ( = élaborer) [+ voiture, maison, produit] to design ; [+ solution, projet, moyen] to devise• bien/mal conçu [projet, livre] well/badly thought out ; [voiture, maison] well/badly designedc. ( = envisager) voilà comment je conçois la chose that's how I see itd. ( = comprendre) to understande. [+ enfant] to conceive* * *kɔ̃s(ə)vwaʀ
1.
1) ( élaborer) to design [produit, projet]bien/mal conçu — well/badly designed
2) ( procréer) to conceive [enfant]3) ( comprendre) to understandje ne conçois pas de faire — I cannot conceive of ou imagine having to do
4) ( considérer) to see ( comme as)5) ( ressentir) fml to conceive [haine]; to have [doute]
2.
se concevoir verbe pronominal1) ( être imaginable) to be conceivable2) ( être compréhensible) to be understandable3) ( s'élaborer)* * *kɔ̃s(ə)vwaʀ1. vt1) [idée, projet] to conceive, to conceive of2) [méthode, plan d'appartement, décoration] to plan, to designmaison bien conçue — well-designed house, well-planned house
maison mal conçue — badly-designed house, badly-planned house
3) [enfant] to conceive2. vi[femme] to conceive* * *concevoir verb table: recevoirA vtr1 ( élaborer) to design [produit, système, projet] (pour qch for sth; pour faire to do); conçu et réalisé par designed and produced by; un système conçu comme flexible a system which is designed to be adaptable; notre hôtel a d'abord été conçu comme une maison we wanted our hotel to be first and foremost a home; bien/mal conçu well/badly designed; conçu en ces termes phrased in these terms;2 ( procréer) to conceive [enfant];3 ( comprendre) to understand [attitude, réaction]; on conçoit tout à fait que it is perfectly understandable that; je conçois très bien que I fully understand why; je ne conçois pas de faire I cannot conceive of ou imagine having to do;5 ( considérer) to see [phénomène, activité] (comme as); concevoir la politique comme un métier to see politics as a job; la rencontre a été conçue comme une première étape the meeting was envisaged as a first step;B se concevoir vpr1 ( être imaginable) to be conceivable; l'avenir ne se conçoit pas sans lui the future is inconceivable without him;2 ( être compréhensible) [attitude, réaction] to be understandable; cela se conçoit aisément this is quite understandable;3 ( s'élaborer) to be designed; se concevoir sur ordinateur to be designed on a computer.[kɔ̃s(ə)vwar] verbe transitifc'est ainsi que je conçois l'amour this is my idea of love ou how I see lovecela vous est difficile, je le conçois I can (well) understand that it's difficult for you5. [créer - meuble, décor, ouvrage] to design ; [ - plan, programme] to conceive, to devise, to think up (separable)parc bien/mal conçu well-/poorly-designed gardenune lettre conçue en ces termes a letter written as follows ou couched in the following terms————————se concevoir verbe pronominal -
6 théorie
théorie [teɔʀi]feminine noun* * *teɔʀinom féminin theory* * *teɔʀi nf* * *théorie nf1 ( connaissance abstraite) theory (de of); la théorie littéraire/des quanta literary/quantum theory; en théorie in theory; des cours de théorie gén lessons in theory; Mus theory lessons;[teɔri] nom féminin2. [ensemble de concepts] theory3. [ensemble des règles] theory4. [opinion] theoryc'est la théorie du gouvernement that's the government's theory ou that's what the government claims5. [connaissance spéculative] theorytout cela, c'est de la théorie this is all purely theoretical6. (littéraire) [défilé] procession————————en théorie locution adverbialeen théorie, tu as raison, en fait le système est inapplicable in theory you're right, but in actual fact the system is unworkable
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