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61 слой
bed, coat, coating, ( покрытия) course, fold, (штукатурного раствора, краски) lay, layer, ( при слоевой выемке с закладкой) lift горн., ( материала) ply, slice, seam, sheet, shell, stratum, (напр. картона) thickness, ( древесины) zone* * *слой м.1. layer2. ( покрытие) coat(ing)наноси́ть, напр. [m2], то́лстый или то́нкий слой кра́ски, сма́зки и т. п. — apply [give], e. g., a heavy or thin coat(ing) of paint, grease, etc.3. (многослойного материала, напр. стеклопластика, фанеры) plyадсорбцио́нный слой — adsorbed layerакти́вный слой — active layerслой атмосфе́ры, ве́рхний — the upper atmosphereслой атмосфе́ры, ни́жний — the lower atmosphereслой ба́зы транзи́стора — base layerбалла́стный слой — ballast (bed), body of ballastбарье́рный слой полупр. — barrier layerве́нтильный слой полупр. — barrier regionвертика́льный слой горн. — vertical sliceвпла́вленный слой полупр. — fused layerслой в подши́пниках скольже́ния, антифрикцио́нный — babbitt [white metal] liningвыра́внивающий слой стр. — levelling course, levelling blanketвы́ращенный слой полупр. — grown layerслой, вы́ращенный из га́зовой фа́зы полупр. — vapour-grown layerслой, вы́ращенный ме́тодом жи́дкостной эпитакси́и полупр. — liquid-epitaxial layer, layer grown by liquid-epitaxial techniqueслой, вы́ращенный ме́тодом парово́й эпитакси́и полупр. — vapour-epitaxial layerгоризонта́льный слой горн. — horizontal layerдвойно́й электри́ческий слой — electric double layerдиагона́льный слой горн. — diagonal sliceдрени́рующий слой стр. — damage blanketслой зама́зки, подсти́лочный ( для остекления) — bed(ding) of puttyзапо́рный слой ( варактора) — barrier layerслой B ионосфе́ры — B-layerслой C ионосфе́ры — C-layerслой D ионосфе́ры — D-layer, Chapman layerслой E ионосфе́ры — E-layer, Kennelly-Heaviside layerслой F ионосфе́ры — F-layer, Appleton layerкипя́щий слой — fluidized bedкипя́щий слой самовыра́внивается — the fluidized bed seeks its own levelколле́кторный слой ( транзистора) — collector layerламина́рный слой — laminar layerлеги́рованный слой полупр. — doped layerслой ле́нты ( конвейера) — belt plyмагнитогидродинами́ческий слой — magnetohydrodynamic [MHD] layerнакры́вочный слой стр. — finish(ing) coatслой намо́тки текст. — winding layerнапла́вленный слой метал. — built-up layerнапылё́нный слой — evaporated layerслой, напылё́нный в ва́кууме — vacuum-evaporated layerобеднё́нный слой полупр. — depletion layerобогащё́нный слой полупр. — enriched layerо́кисный слой — oxide layerосаждё́нный слой — deposited layerслой, осаждё́нный в ва́кууме — vacuum-deposited layerотде́лочный слой стр. — finish(ing) coatотража́ющий слой — reflecting layerпе́нный слой ( при тушении пожара) — foam blanketперехо́дный слой — физ. transition layer; полупр. transition regionпове́рхностный слой — surface layerпограни́чный слой — boundary layerподстила́ющий слой — underlayerслой полови́нного поглоще́ния физ. — half-thickness, half-value layerпристе́нный слой — wall layerпроводя́щий слой — conducting layerпротивоорео́льный слой кфт. — antihalation layerслой растяже́ния ( клиновидного ремня) — top reinforcing layerсветочувстви́тельный слой — light-sensitive layerсвязу́ющий слой стр. — binding [binder] course; tack coatслой сжа́тия ( клиновидного ремня) — compression layerуто́пленный слой ( интегральной схемы) — buried layerфильтру́ющий слой — filter bedслой ши́ны, бре́керный — breaker-strip ply of a tyreслой ши́ны, подпроте́кторный — undertread layer of a tyreслой ши́ны, поду́шечный — cushion ply of a tyreслой штукату́рки, выра́внивающий — floating coatслой штукату́рки, отде́лочный — setting coat, plaster finishслой штукату́рки, пе́рвый — rendering coatэпитаксиа́льной слой — epitaxial [epitaxially grown] layer, epi-layer -
62 если
•This term is useful, however, as long as the complexities involved are kept in mind.
•Once the surface of normal velocity has been obtained, the wave front may be easily constructed.
•The coke recovered in this operation is of electrode grade if produced from low-ash content feedstock.
•All these jugs are housed in wooden boxes to catch fragments in the event that atmospheric pressure shatters the glass.
•Such materials are satisfactory provided ( that) they do not form corrosive chlorides.
•Should the presence of cast iron escape the first examination it may then be detected and any adjustment necessary can be made on the spot.
* * *Если -- if; should; providing, provided; in the event, as long as; as, when. При переводе некоторых русских оборотов опускается (см. например, "Если говорить более конкретно", "Если говорить вкратце", "Если не принимать во внимание", "Если не считать этого обстоятельства", "Если подходить к этому вопросу реалистически")If these restrictions are satisfied, bubble-ring cavitation will definitely occur.Should a particular frequency response exhibit significant scatter, it generally reveals the presence of a nonlinearity in the sensing system.The vacuum shell acts as the lateral support for the toroidal field magnets in the event perturbations should develop in the toroidal fields from a fault condition.It can be shown that the minimum of W occurs at a value of rc greater than п as long as t0 ® Ґ.— если смотреть наРусско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > если
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63 aardschors
n. earth's crust, outer shell of the earth's surface -
64 ulkokuori
yks.nom. ulkokuori; yks.gen. ulkokuoren; yks.part. ulkokuorta; yks.ill. ulkokuoreen; mon.gen. ulkokuorten ulkokuorien; mon.part. ulkokuoria; mon.ill. ulkokuoriinexterior (noun)outer shell (noun)outside (noun)* * *• outside• external surface• the exterior• outer covering• outer cover• outer case• outer casing -
65 vaippa
yks.nom. vaippa; yks.gen. vaipan; yks.part. vaippaa; yks.ill. vaippaan; mon.gen. vaippojen vaippain; mon.part. vaippoja; mon.ill. vaippoihinblanket (noun)cape (noun)casing (noun)cloak (noun)cover (noun)diaper (noun)gown (noun)jacket (noun)mantle (noun)napkin (noun)nappy (noun)sheath (noun)shroud (noun)* * *technology• wraptechnology• mantletechnology• maskgeology• middle zonegeology• napkingeology• nappygeology• sheathingtechnology• jacketgeology• tunicgeology• sheathtechnology• shieldgeology• shroudgeology• skirtgeology• sleevegeology• surfacegeology• reduction zonetechnology• casinggeology• shellgeology• housinggeology• blanketgeology• cap• cape• casetechnology• cloaktechnology• coattechnology• covertechnology• coveringgeology• diapergeology• envelopegeology• gown• hood• capsule -
66 krate|r
m (G krateru) 1. (wulkanu) crater, mouth 2. (wyrwa w ziemi) crater- kratery po pociskach/bombach shell/bomb craters3. Antycz. crater (a bowl for wine) 4. Techn. crater- kratery powłoki lakierowanej craters in the coated surface- □ krater meteorytyczny Geol. (meteor) craterThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > krate|r
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67 Отходить от, исходить из (удаляться от)
This domain appears in the water after the shockwave proceeds from (moves off) the contact surface to the shellРусско-английский словарь по прикладной математике и механике > Отходить от, исходить из (удаляться от)
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68 Отходить от, исходить из (удаляться от)
This domain appears in the water after the shockwave proceeds from (moves off) the contact surface to the shellРусско-английский словарь по прикладной математике и механике > Отходить от, исходить из (удаляться от)
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69 область
1.region 2.range 3.area 4.zoneобласть антицентра Галактикиanticenter regionобласть взаимодействияinteraction regionобласть включающая источникиsource regionобласть влияния приливовtidewaterобласть всплывающего потокаemerging flux regionобласть вспышкиflare(-producting) regionобласть D ионосферыD-regionобласть Е ионосферыE-regionобласть F ионосферыF-regionобласть звездообразования1.region of star formation 2.star-forming regionобласть излучающая водородную линиюhydrogen emission regionобласть излученияemitting areaобласть ионизированного водорода1.ionized hydrogen region 2.H Ⅱ regionобласть между спиральными рукавами Галактикиinterarm regionобласть метровых волнmeter rangeобласть нейтрального водорода1.neutral hydrogen region 2.H Ⅰ regionобласть непрозрачностиopaque regionобласть охватаincidence (of aurora)область поглощенияabsorbing regionобласть прозрачностиtransparent regionобласть пространстваspatial regionобласть с низкой напряженностью магнитного поля на Солнцеneutral regionобласть солнечной короныsolar corona regionобласть СтремгренаStromgren sphere (of ionized hydrogen around hot star)область центра Галактикиcentral region of the Galaxyобласть чувствительностиsensitive regionобласть эффективного отраженияradar depth (in radio location of planets)область ядраnuclear region (of galaxy)активная областьactive regionактивная область на Солнцеsolar-active regionактивная область фотосферыactive photospheric regionбиполярная магнитная областьbipolar magnetic region (on the Sun)ближняя инфракрасная областьnear infraredблизкополюсная областьpolar region (of celestial sphere)видимая областьvisible rangeвнешняя областьouter regionвнутреняя областьinner regionвозмущенная область1.disturbed area 2.disturbed regionгарвардские стандартные областиHarvard standard regionsгелиевая областьhelium-rich shellдальняя инфракрасная область спектраfar-infrared regionдальняя ультрафиолетовая область спектраfar-ultraviolet regionинфракрасная область спектраinfraredизлучающая областьemission regionкомпактная область ионизированного водородаcompact H Ⅱ regionмагнитная униполярная областьunipolar magnetic regionмежспикульная областьinterspicular regionночная Е-областьnight-time E regionоколополярная область небаcircumpolar regionоптическая областьoptical region (of spectrum)переходная областьtransition regionподсолнечная областьsubsolar regionполярная областьpolar region (of a planet)рабочая областьoperating region (of spectrum)релятивистская областьrelativistic regionспектральная областьspectral rangeсредняя инфракрасная областьmid infraredтемная область удаленные областиdistant regions (of universe)ультрафиолетовая область спектраultraviolet regionэкваториальная областьequatorial regionэфемерная областьephemeral region -
70 структура
1.composition 2.construction 3.formation 4.structureструктура атмосферыatmospheric structureструктура ГалактикиGalactic structureструктура изображенияimage structureструктура источника радиоизлученияradio source structureструктура источника радиоизлучения с яркой центральной областью и слабым ореоломcore-halo structureструктура короныcoronal structureструктура местной системы нейтрального водородаlocal structure of neutral hydrogenструктура оболочкиshell structureвинтообразная структураscrew-like structureволокнистая структура елочная структураherringbone structureзебра-структураzebra patternзернистая структураgrain structureзональная структураzonal structureзубчатая структура хромосферыchromospheric textureкрупномасштабная структураlarge-scale structureлучистая структураray structureмежпланетная секторная структураinterplanetary sector structureмногослойная структураsandwich constructionповерхностная структураsurface compositionпространственная структураspatial structureредкая галактическая сотовая структураrare galactic honeycomb structureреликтовая структураrelict structureрешетчатая структураcross-hatching structureрыхлая структураloose structureсетчатая структураreticular structureслоистая структура1.bedded structure 2.laminated structureсолнечная вихревая структураsolar vortexсотовая структура спиральная структураspiral formation (of galaxies)тонкая структура хромосферы Солнцаchromospheric fine structureфотосферная секторная структураphotospheric sector structureчеточная структураbeaded structureячеистая структураcellular structure -
71 срединная поверхность оболочки
( разделяет пополам толщину оболочки) middle surface of a shellРусско-английский словарь по машиностроению > срединная поверхность оболочки
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72 поверхневе гартування
I = поверхневе зміцненняru\ \ [lang name="Russian"]поверхностная закалка [упрочнение]en\ \ shell hardeningde\ \ Randschichthärten\II (операція)ru\ \ поверхностная закалкаen\ \ surface quenchingde\ \ [lang name="German"]Oberflächenhärten, Oberflächenabschreckenfr\ \ \ trempe superficielle -
73 поверхностная закалка
I (операция)ua\ \ поверхневе гартуванняen\ \ surface quenchingde\ \ [lang name="German"]Oberflächenhärten, Oberflächenabschreckenfr\ \ \ trempe superficielle\II (упрочнение)ua\ \ поверхневе гартуванняen\ \ shell hardeningde\ \ Randschichthärten -
74 corium
cŏrĭum, ii, n. (ante-class. cŏrĭus, ii, m., Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 11; id. Fragm. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 60, 7; Sillig reads caros in both places; Varr. ap. Non. p. 199, 16) [for scorium, kindr. with scortum; Sanscr. kar; old Germ. sceran; Gr. chorion], skin, hide, leather.A.In gen.1.Prop., of animals, Cato, R. R. 135, 3; Varr. L. L. 7, § 84 Müll.; Lucr. 4, 935; Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 121; Caes. B. G. 7, 22; Plin. 13, 9, 19, § 63 et saep.: corium formā publicā percussum, of the leather money of the Lacedæmonians, Sen. Ben. 5, 14, 4.—2.Of human beings, only in comic or contemptuous sense:B.Erus meus elephanti corio circumtentust, non suo,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 80; cf. B. 3. infra. —In partic.1.Of plants, rind, skin, bark, covering, shell, etc., Plin. 15, 28, 34, § 112; Pall. Jan. 15, 12; Dig. 32, 52.—2.Of paper, Plin. 13, 12, 24, § 79.—3.Prov.: alicui corium concidere, to curry his hide, i.e. to beat him, Plaut. Am. prol. 85; cf.:II.fiet tibi puniceum corium, postea atrum denuo,
id. Rud. 4, 3, 61:Hercle detegetur corium de tergo meo,
id. Ep. 1, 1, 65;Varr. ap. Non. l. l.: satis facere alicui de corio alicujus,
Sen. Suas. 7, p. 53 Bip.:petere corium,
to flog, Cic. Tull. 24, 54; Sen. Const. 14, 2: canis a corio numquam absterrebitur uncto, i. e. habits stick closely, like the Gr. chalepon choriôi kuna geusai, it is bad to let the dog taste leather, Hor. S. 2, 5, 83; and:de alieno corio ludere,
i. e. at another's expense, App. M. 7, p. 193; cf. Tert. Pall. 3; and:corio suo ludere,
at one's own expense, Mart. 3, 16, 4.—Meton.A.A leather whip, thong, or strap, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 11; Auct. Her. 1, 13, 23.—B.In building, the upper surface, a layer, stratum of earth, lime, etc.:pavimenti,
Cato, R. R. 18, 7:harenae,
Vitr. 7, 3, 8:summum laterum,
id. 2, 3:parietum,
id. 2, 8; Pall. 1, 17; cf. id. 1, 15:terrae,
Plin. 31, 3, 28, § 47.—So of the building of the bees, Plin. 11, 7, 6, § 16. -
75 corius
cŏrĭum, ii, n. (ante-class. cŏrĭus, ii, m., Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 11; id. Fragm. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 60, 7; Sillig reads caros in both places; Varr. ap. Non. p. 199, 16) [for scorium, kindr. with scortum; Sanscr. kar; old Germ. sceran; Gr. chorion], skin, hide, leather.A.In gen.1.Prop., of animals, Cato, R. R. 135, 3; Varr. L. L. 7, § 84 Müll.; Lucr. 4, 935; Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 121; Caes. B. G. 7, 22; Plin. 13, 9, 19, § 63 et saep.: corium formā publicā percussum, of the leather money of the Lacedæmonians, Sen. Ben. 5, 14, 4.—2.Of human beings, only in comic or contemptuous sense:B.Erus meus elephanti corio circumtentust, non suo,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 80; cf. B. 3. infra. —In partic.1.Of plants, rind, skin, bark, covering, shell, etc., Plin. 15, 28, 34, § 112; Pall. Jan. 15, 12; Dig. 32, 52.—2.Of paper, Plin. 13, 12, 24, § 79.—3.Prov.: alicui corium concidere, to curry his hide, i.e. to beat him, Plaut. Am. prol. 85; cf.:II.fiet tibi puniceum corium, postea atrum denuo,
id. Rud. 4, 3, 61:Hercle detegetur corium de tergo meo,
id. Ep. 1, 1, 65;Varr. ap. Non. l. l.: satis facere alicui de corio alicujus,
Sen. Suas. 7, p. 53 Bip.:petere corium,
to flog, Cic. Tull. 24, 54; Sen. Const. 14, 2: canis a corio numquam absterrebitur uncto, i. e. habits stick closely, like the Gr. chalepon choriôi kuna geusai, it is bad to let the dog taste leather, Hor. S. 2, 5, 83; and:de alieno corio ludere,
i. e. at another's expense, App. M. 7, p. 193; cf. Tert. Pall. 3; and:corio suo ludere,
at one's own expense, Mart. 3, 16, 4.—Meton.A.A leather whip, thong, or strap, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 11; Auct. Her. 1, 13, 23.—B.In building, the upper surface, a layer, stratum of earth, lime, etc.:pavimenti,
Cato, R. R. 18, 7:harenae,
Vitr. 7, 3, 8:summum laterum,
id. 2, 3:parietum,
id. 2, 8; Pall. 1, 17; cf. id. 1, 15:terrae,
Plin. 31, 3, 28, § 47.—So of the building of the bees, Plin. 11, 7, 6, § 16. -
76 crusta
crusta, ae, f. [cf. crudus], the hard surface of a body, the rind, shell, crust, bark, etc.I.In gen.:II.luti,
Lucr. 6, 626; cf.soli,
Dig. 39, 2, 9:panis,
Plin. 19, 8, 53, § 168:glandis,
id. 15, 28, 34, § 112:piscium,
id. 9, 28, 44, § 83:locustarum,
id. 9, 30, 50, § 95:ulcerum,
the scab, Cels. 5, 9; cf. id. 5, 10: fluminis, a covering or crust of ice, Verg. G. 3, 360 et saep.—In partic., t. t. of plastic art, inlaid, chased, or embossed work on walls or vessels, plasterwork, stucco-work, mosaic work:* B.parietis,
Plin. 35, 12, 45, § 154; cf. id. 36, 6, 7, § 48:quae (vasa) probarant, eis crustae aut emblemata detrahebantur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 52; Plin. 36, 6, 6, § 47; 36, 6, 7, § 48:capaces Heliadum crustae,
Juv. 5, 38; Dig. 34, 2, 32, § 1.—Trop.: non est ista solida et sincera felicitas; crusta est et quidem tenuis, plaster- or outside-work, Sen. Prov. 6, 3; cf. tectorium. -
77 inroto
irrŏto ( inr-), āre, v. a. [in-roto], to play " ducks and drakes:" testam super undas (a boy's game, in which a shell or thin stone is thrown against the water in such a manner as to skip along the surface), Min. Fel. Oct. 3, 6. -
78 irroto
irrŏto ( inr-), āre, v. a. [in-roto], to play " ducks and drakes:" testam super undas (a boy's game, in which a shell or thin stone is thrown against the water in such a manner as to skip along the surface), Min. Fel. Oct. 3, 6. -
79 κρύος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `icy cold, frost' (Hes. Op. 494, A. in lyr., Arist., Jul.).Derivatives: κρυόεις `horrible, lugubrious' (Il., Hes., Pi.), `icy-cold' (A. R., AP, Orph.) with analogical - ο- (cf. also Debrunner Άντίδωρον 28); s. also ὀκρυόεις; κρυώδης `id.' (Plu., Poll.); further perh. κρυερός `horrible, lugubrious' (Hom., Hes., Ar. in lyr.), `icy-cold' (Simon., Ar. in lyr.); cf. below. - Beside κρύος there are as independent formations: 1. κρῡμός m. `icy cold, frost, horror' (Ion., trag., hell.) with κρυμώδης `icy-cold' (Hp., Ph., AP), κρυμαλέος `id.' (S. E.; Debrunner IF 23, 22, Chantraine Formation 254), κρυμ-αίνω `make cold' (Hdn.), - ώσσω `be rigid from cold' (Theognost.). -- 2. κρύσταλλος s.v.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The wordgroup has cognates in diff. languages. On κρύσταλλος, which is Pre-Greek, s.v. The word is sonnected (Chantraine Formation 247, Schwyzer 484) with Lat. crusta `bark, crust'. However, this is wrong as the Latin word has a quite different meaning: `the hard surface of a body, the rind, shell, crust, bark' which protects it' (Lewis and Short); so it has nothing to do with cold; it is used of flumen, indicating a covering or crust of ice, but this is an incidental use, a metaphor, not the central aspect of the meaning. The word, then, has nothing to do with words for `cold, ice'. (Its etymology with κρύος must therefore be given up; there is no other proposal.) Further one connects Toch. B krost, A kuraś etc. `cold' (Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 155 f.), but the -o- is difficult. One assumed for crusta the zero grade of an s-stem (so this is now wrong or irrelevant); beside it one proposed a full grade of the suffix in IE. *kruu̯-es- (?), Gr. κρύ-ος and in Latv. kruv-es-is `frozen mud'. Now *kruu̯-es- is not an admitted IE formation. It may have been * kruh₁-es-. [Not, with Frisk, to the word for `blood' Lat. cruōr \< * kreuh₂-ōs, Gr. κρέ(Ϝ)ας \< *kreu̯h₂-s-, s. v.] - With κρῡμός agrees Av. xrū-ma- `horrible'; but this word is analysed as * kruh₂-mo- and connected with the group of `blood' (above). One compared κρύος: κρῦμός with θύος: θῡμός, but the implication is not clear. The often assumed basic forms *κρύσ-ος, *κρυσ-μός are improbable (Frisk; does Chantraine accept this?) - κρυερός reminds of Skt. krūrá-, Av. xrūra- `wounded, raw, bloody, horrible', which points to * kruH-ro- (and Lat. crūdus `raw', if from * crūrus). κρυερός may have been rebuilt after the adj. in - ερός, but it can as well be an independent derivation from κρύος; cf. Bloch Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 23 n. 22. It might continue * kruh₁-er- (reconstructed above). Chantraine rejects the connection with `blood', as it would not fit semantically (but I think it fits very well) or formally. - A verbal * kreus- appears in Germanic, e.g. OWNo. *hrjósa, pret. hraus `shiver' with the zero grade verbal noun OHG hroso, -a `ice, crust'. On OIc. hrjósa see De Vries Wb., who denies that it has to do with cold or ice. - [Kluge22 s.v. Kruste derives it from `verkrustetes Blut', which must be wrong, s. above.].Page in Frisk: 2,28-29Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρύος
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80 κρύσταλλος
Grammatical information: m.Derivatives: κρυστάλλιον `id.' ( PHolm.), also plant-name = ψύλλιον (Dsc.; because of the cooling effect, Strömberg Pflanzennamen 83); κρυστάλλ-ινος `icy-cold' (Hp.), `of rock-crystall' (D. C.), - ώδης `icy, crystalclear' (Ptol., PHolm.); κρυσταλλ-όομαι `freeze' (Ph.), - ίζω `glow like crystal' (Apoc.); further κρυσταίνομαι `freeze' (Nic. Al. 314), prob. free analogical formation to κρύσταλλος after other cases of the interchange ν: λ (diff. Schwyzer 706; ?).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The word is sonnected (Chantraine Formation 247, Schwyzer 484) with Lat. crusta `bark, crust'. However, this is wrong as the Latin word has a quite different meaning: `the hard surface of a body, the rind, shell, crust, bark' which protects it' (Lewis and Short); so it has nothing to do with cold; it is used of flumen, indicating a covering or crust of ice, but this is an incidental use, a metaphor, not the central aspect of the meaning. The word, then, has nothing to do with words for `cold, ice'. (Its etymology with κρύος must therefore be given up; there is no other proposal.) - As Kuiper FS Kretschmer 1, 215 n. 16 remarked the word is Pre-Greek because of the suffix - αλλο- (all Greek words in - αλλο- are of Pre-Greek origin; there are no Greek words of IE origin with this suffix; it is not - αλ- with expressively geminated λ (as Chantraine often says) and not from κρύ-ος as then the formation cannot be explained. This is confirmed by the variant κρόστ-. The word means `ice' and was also used for rock-crystal, probably because this looks like (a piece of) ice, as it is transparant (in antiquity this was very remarkable). Pliny (37, 23) still thinks it is ice. We now know that rock-crystal is a mineral; it is quartz, a silicate (SiO₂). The semi-precious amethyst and agate are varieties. S. Beekes, FS Kortlandt.See also: s. κρύοςGreek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρύσταλλος
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